论刑事被害人的权利救济和权利保障
摘要
近年来,我国的刑事诉讼制度一直是以被告人作为刑事诉讼的核心,与维护被告人的权利所作出的努力相比,被害人的权利保护显然没有得到足够的重视。这对没有过错相反还受到犯罪行为侵害的被害人而言显然是不公平的,一个社会实现法治文明的重要标志就是被害人权利得到妥善的保障。如果对被害人的权利问题处理不当,就可能引出新的社会矛盾,甚至于新的报复性犯罪。本人从被害人的概念、特征出发,分析我国刑事被害人权利救济和权利保障的现状,在此基础上提出了几点建议,以引起我国对刑事被害人权利救济和权利保障的关注。为此我认为有必要从健全我国诉讼法律制度出发,重视完善我国被害人权利保障制度。
In today's wave of human rights development, the school the victim of criminal has been rise around the world, an increasing number of countries is searching for the balance between the victims’and the defendants’right of action in criminal proceedings. They focused more and take much more measures on the protection of the rights of victims in stead of the defendants in litigation. However in China, the victims of a criminal just has been the subject of criminal legal status, criminal system has always taken the defendant as the core of the criminal proceedings, compared to the efforts made in maintaining the rights of the accused, the protection of the rights of the victims apparently were not enough. The reality is not optimistic in the judicial practice, or even exists in name only. Thus, I tried to begin with the concept and the features of the victims, look through China's current criminal system and legal practice, to find out the problem and put forward my own proposals ,so as to make up for our legal loopholes and build a socialist legal system Countries better.
In the first part, as the cornerstone of the language, I try to clarify the definition and identity of the criminal victims, although still controversial in academic circles in China, I believe that the criminal victims are those take part in criminal proceedings because of their legitimate rights or interests are injured directly by crime in criminal cases, in order to require for the criminal responsibility and civil liability accounted by the defendant. (Due to limited space, the author's concern is limited to the victim in the public prosecution cases). Besides, the most important features are the injure-ness, that is, they are the victims of the crime, including the eliciting, the susceptibility and the capacitive in particular. In addition, the victims’right is optional; they have to give the evidence like a witness sometimes, their interaction with the crime somewhat, their self-responsibility.
In the second part, the author looked back to the legislation practice, examined the existing legal system of the rights of victims in our country, in order to relief to protect the status quo and problems.
systemically, even though there was no accurate definition of the victims, our country's legislation did not lack, we have had the initial structure of China's relief and protection of the rights of victims: 1, In Procedure Law, Criminal Procedure Code gives victims he most basic right of action, such as statement , The right to legal representation and provide evidence. 2. In the substantive law, criminal law has established a system of criminal damage and criminal infringement compensation. 3, though it is the initial stage, we has initially formed the legal aid system contain of four level from the central to the local.
Of course, the clear legislation does not mean sound and reasonable in practice. since the package legal system has not been established, we still can see so many problems in relieving and safeguarding the victims’right practice:1.Through a cumbersome and complex proceedings, the civil compensation for the victims Available is so limited, difficult to implement finally, rested on the accused’s own economic to a large extent. 2. According to the Supreme People's Court documents related, the criminal compensation is limited to the material damage, eliminating the spirit damage. 3.In the public prosecution cases, the victims do not have the statutory right to appeal, they just can protest to the People's Procurator to appeal if they disobey the court’s first adjudicate, the one can make the final decision is the People's Procurator not the victims, this makes the unfairness and irrational between the defendants and the victims. 4. As the law does not empower the victim appear in court clearly, the rules on the victim’s agent’s authority are not clear, resulting in the major defects in the victim's right in the practical application. In addition, the rights of victims exist in name only in judicial practice, because of some of the judiciary’s or the law enforcement officers’disregard ness.
In the third part, on the basis of the problems addressed above, I propose the following areas for improvement and perfection:
First of all, it is necessary to improve the victim's litigation right in the procedure law: 1. we shall provides the victims to appear in court clearly in the Criminal Procedure Code, specify the Court’s obligation to, so as to give the same seats to the victims with their agents and the defendants with their counsel. 2. Provide the victims the independent appeal right away from the restrictions of the prosecutors in the rules In the light of Germany. 3, Based on the feasible and reasonable principle, we shall reshape the classifying criteria of the private prosecution case: take account of the subjective vicious of the crime, the victim's wishes, the evidence’s conclusively, give victims a greater right to choose whether to prosecute, on the other hand, establish prosecute hearing procedure, or the judicial review procedure to strengthen the supervision against the not-to-prosecuted cases. 4. Improve the criminal settlement or mediation system and the related supervision rule; clarify the conditions for its application. 5. Expand the scope of the lawyer; cancel to limit on their investigation and evidence collection right; further clarified the responsibility of agents of the proceedings of the victim, aimed at improving the agency system. 6. Give a flexible civil suit right to the victim, allowing they brought the civil suit along the criminal cases before the declaration verdict or after the suit.
Second, we shall improve the compensation system in the substantive law: 1.Put the spirit damage to the victim into the compensation system by reducing the severity of the penalty and, or using the "General Principles of Civil Law," the 120th properly. 2. Establish a national system of compensation; victims can be given appropriate material compensation. 3. Based on the principle of compensation as soon as possible, building a more complete system for the protection of property rights and interests of victims, by making a clear compensation system, the implementation of the“punishment substitute for the damage " system, establishing the appropriate national subsidy system, setting up the social assistance system. And we can setting up the social assistance system by appropriate focus and bold attempt in establishing a sound social welfare system, encouraging insurance; establishing victim services; giving timely medical services and effective financial assistance, counseling services, security, protection and legal aid services; allowing the families of the perpetrators voluntary compensation.
Finally, I believe that the relief and protection for the rights of criminal victims is of great significance for building a country ruled by law and establishing a harmonious society, much more attention should be given dully. We should not only improve the institutional mechanism but also go deep into the victim’s heart, given the social, national or even every member of our human care.
In today's wave of human rights development, the school the victim of criminal has been rise around the world, an increasing number of countries is searching for the balance between the victims’and the defendants’right of action in criminal proceedings. They focused more and take much more measures on the protection of the rights of victims in stead of the defendants in litigation. However in China, the victims of a criminal just has been the subject of criminal legal status, criminal system has always taken the defendant as the core of the criminal proceedings, compared to the efforts made in maintaining the rights of the accused, the protection of the rights of the victims apparently were not enough. The reality is not optimistic in the judicial practice, or even exists in name only. Thus, I tried to begin with the concept and the features of the victims, look through China's current criminal system and legal practice, to find out the problem and put forward my own proposals ,so as to make up for our legal loopholes and build a socialist legal system Countries better.
In the first part, as the cornerstone of the language, I try to clarify the definition and identity of the criminal victims, although still controversial in academic circles in China, I believe that the criminal victims are those take part in criminal proceedings because of their legitimate rights or interests are injured directly by crime in criminal cases, in order to require for the criminal responsibility and civil liability accounted by the defendant. (Due to limited space, the author's concern is limited to the victim in the public prosecution cases). Besides, the most important features are the injure-ness, that is, they are the victims of the crime, including the eliciting, the susceptibility and the capacitive in particular. In addition, the victims’right is optional; they have to give the evidence like a witness sometimes, their interaction with the crime somewhat, their self-responsibility.
In the second part, the author looked back to the legislation practice, examined the existing legal system of the rights of victims in our country, in order to relief to protect the status quo and problems.
systemically, even though there was no accurate definition of the victims, our country's legislation did not lack, we have had the initial structure of China's relief and protection of the rights of victims: 1, In Procedure Law, Criminal Procedure Code gives victims he most basic right of action, such as statement , The right to legal representation and provide evidence. 2. In the substantive law, criminal law has established a system of criminal damage and criminal infringement compensation. 3, though it is the initial stage, we has initially formed the legal aid system contain of four level from the central to the local.
Of course, the clear legislation does not mean sound and reasonable in practice. since the package legal system has not been established, we still can see so many problems in relieving and safeguarding the victims’right practice:1.Through a cumbersome and complex proceedings, the civil compensation for the victims Available is so limited, difficult to implement finally, rested on the accused’s own economic to a large extent. 2. According to the Supreme People's Court documents related, the criminal compensation is limited to the material damage, eliminating the spirit damage. 3.In the public prosecution cases, the victims do not have the statutory right to appeal, they just can protest to the People's Procurator to appeal if they disobey the court’s first adjudicate, the one can make the final decision is the People's Procurator not the victims, this makes the unfairness and irrational between the defendants and the victims. 4. As the law does not empower the victim appear in court clearly, the rules on the victim’s agent’s authority are not clear, resulting in the major defects in the victim's right in the practical application. In addition, the rights of victims exist in name only in judicial practice, because of some of the judiciary’s or the law enforcement officers’disregard ness.
In the third part, on the basis of the problems addressed above, I propose the following areas for improvement and perfection:
First of all, it is necessary to improve the victim's litigation right in the procedure law: 1. we shall provides the victims to appear in court clearly in the Criminal Procedure Code, specify the Court’s obligation to, so as to give the same seats to the victims with their agents and the defendants with their counsel. 2. Provide the victims the independent appeal right away from the restrictions of the prosecutors in the rules In the light of Germany. 3, Based on the feasible and reasonable principle, we shall reshape the classifying criteria of the private prosecution case: take account of the subjective vicious of the crime, the victim's wishes, the evidence’s conclusively, give victims a greater right to choose whether to prosecute, on the other hand, establish prosecute hearing procedure, or the judicial review procedure to strengthen the supervision against the not-to-prosecuted cases. 4. Improve the criminal settlement or mediation system and the related supervision rule; clarify the conditions for its application. 5. Expand the scope of the lawyer; cancel to limit on their investigation and evidence collection right; further clarified the responsibility of agents of the proceedings of the victim, aimed at improving the agency system. 6. Give a flexible civil suit right to the victim, allowing they brought the civil suit along the criminal cases before the declaration verdict or after the suit.
Second, we shall improve the compensation system in the substantive law: 1.Put the spirit damage to the victim into the compensation system by reducing the severity of the penalty and, or using the "General Principles of Civil Law," the 120th properly. 2. Establish a national system of compensation; victims can be given appropriate material compensation. 3. Based on the principle of compensation as soon as possible, building a more complete system for the protection of property rights and interests of victims, by making a clear compensation system, the implementation of the“punishment substitute for the damage " system, establishing the appropriate national subsidy system, setting up the social assistance system. And we can setting up the social assistance system by appropriate focus and bold attempt in establishing a sound social welfare system, encouraging insurance; establishing victim services; giving timely medical services and effective financial assistance, counseling services, security, protection and legal aid services; allowing the families of the perpetrators voluntary compensation.
Finally, I believe that the relief and protection for the rights of criminal victims is of great significance for building a country ruled by law and establishing a harmonious society, much more attention should be given dully. We should not only improve the institutional mechanism but also go deep into the victim’s heart, given the social, national or even every member of our human care.
引文
[1]李亚军:《刑事被害人权利保障制度的完善》,载《东方法眼》2003年第4期。
[2]柯葛壮:《刑事诉讼中的人权保障制度》,上海交通大学出版社2006年版,第28页。
[3]莫洪宪:《形式被害救济理论与实务》,武汉大学出版社2004年出版,第34页。
[4]金占良:《试论刑事被害人权利的救济和保障》,载《法学》2006年第5期。
[5]邓晓霞:《试论犯罪被害人补偿制度之价值》,载《法商研究》2002年第4期。
[6]张振高、梁卫东:《论犯罪被害人的权利保护》,《中央检察官管理学院学报》1997年第3期。.
[7]施红霞乔朋闯:《完善刑事被害人权利保障制度初析》,http://www.lunwentianxia.com/product.free.5567999.1/,2008年5月4日。
[8][意]贝卡利亚著,黄风译:《论犯罪与刑罚》,中国大百科全书出版社1993年版,第9页。
[9]高铭暄主编:《刑法专论》(上编),高等教育出版社2002年版,第495-497页。
[10]高铭暄主编:《刑法专论》(上编),高等教育出版社2002年版,第499-500页。
[11]夏红:《刑事诉讼中被害人权利保障程序问题研究》,载《辽宁师范大学学报》2002年第3期。
[12]任留存:《浅析刑事被害人权利保障》,http://www.law-lib.com/lw/lw_view.asp?no=6103,2008年5月8日。
[13]周道鸾、张泗汉:《刑事诉讼法的修改和适用》,人民法院出版社2002年版,第65页。
[14]张文锋:《关于创建我国刑事被害人财产权益保护制度构想》,载《中国律师》2000年第8期。
[15]柯葛壮:《刑事诉讼中的人权保障制度》,上海交通大学出版社2006年版,第79页。
[16][意]贝卡利亚:《论犯罪与刑罚》,黄风译,中国大百科全书出版社1993年版,第56—59页。
[17]汤啸天:《刑事损害补偿立法刍论》,《上海交通大学学报》1999年第3期,第35页。
[18]杨正万:《刑事被害人问题研究—从诉讼角度的观察》,中国人民公安大学出版社2002年版,第33页。
[19]杨正万:《刑事被害人问题研究—从诉讼角度的观察》,中国人民公安大学出版社2002年版,第34页。
[20]杨正万:《刑事被害人问题研究—从诉讼角度的观察》,中国人民公安大学出版社2002年版,第334页。
1.谢佑平:《刑事诉讼国际准则研究》,法律出版社2002年第版。
2.莫宏宪:《形式被害救济理论与实务》,武汉大学出版社2004年第版。
3.杨正万:《刑事被害人问题研究—从诉讼角度的观察》,中国人民公安大学出版社2002年版。
4.陈光中、丹尼尔?普瑞方廷(加)主编:《联合国刑事司法准则与中国刑事法制》,法律出版社1998年版。
5.郭建安主编:《犯罪被害人学》,北京大学出版社1997年版。
6.孙孝福:《刑事诉讼人权保障的运行机制研究》,法律出版社2001版。
7.李亚军:《刑事被害人权利保障制度的完善》,东方出版社2003年版。
8.柯葛壮:《刑事诉讼中的人权保障制度》,上海交通大学出版社2006年版。
9.魏平雄主编:《犯罪学教程》,中国政法大学出版社1998年版。
10.宋浩波:《犯罪学原理,》中国人民公安大学出版社2001年版。
1.邓晓霞:《试论犯罪被害人补偿制度之价值》,载《法商研究》2002年4期。
2.李利:《迁移对刑事被害人的权利保护》,载《社科纵横》2007年第4期。
3.梁玉霞:《刑事被害补偿争议》,载《法商研究》1998年第4期。
4.苏惠渔、林建华:《(关于公正对待犯罪和滥用权力的被害人的基本原则宣言)述评》,载《法学研究》1991年第3期。
5.樊学勇:《关于对刑事被害人建立国家补偿制度的构想》,载《中国人民大学学报》1997年第6期
6.杜爱平、袁劲秋:《浅谈刑事被害人》,载《云南法学》1997年第2期。
[2]柯葛壮:《刑事诉讼中的人权保障制度》,上海交通大学出版社2006年版,第28页。
[3]莫洪宪:《形式被害救济理论与实务》,武汉大学出版社2004年出版,第34页。
[4]金占良:《试论刑事被害人权利的救济和保障》,载《法学》2006年第5期。
[5]邓晓霞:《试论犯罪被害人补偿制度之价值》,载《法商研究》2002年第4期。
[6]张振高、梁卫东:《论犯罪被害人的权利保护》,《中央检察官管理学院学报》1997年第3期。.
[7]施红霞乔朋闯:《完善刑事被害人权利保障制度初析》,http://www.lunwentianxia.com/product.free.5567999.1/,2008年5月4日。
[8][意]贝卡利亚著,黄风译:《论犯罪与刑罚》,中国大百科全书出版社1993年版,第9页。
[9]高铭暄主编:《刑法专论》(上编),高等教育出版社2002年版,第495-497页。
[10]高铭暄主编:《刑法专论》(上编),高等教育出版社2002年版,第499-500页。
[11]夏红:《刑事诉讼中被害人权利保障程序问题研究》,载《辽宁师范大学学报》2002年第3期。
[12]任留存:《浅析刑事被害人权利保障》,http://www.law-lib.com/lw/lw_view.asp?no=6103,2008年5月8日。
[13]周道鸾、张泗汉:《刑事诉讼法的修改和适用》,人民法院出版社2002年版,第65页。
[14]张文锋:《关于创建我国刑事被害人财产权益保护制度构想》,载《中国律师》2000年第8期。
[15]柯葛壮:《刑事诉讼中的人权保障制度》,上海交通大学出版社2006年版,第79页。
[16][意]贝卡利亚:《论犯罪与刑罚》,黄风译,中国大百科全书出版社1993年版,第56—59页。
[17]汤啸天:《刑事损害补偿立法刍论》,《上海交通大学学报》1999年第3期,第35页。
[18]杨正万:《刑事被害人问题研究—从诉讼角度的观察》,中国人民公安大学出版社2002年版,第33页。
[19]杨正万:《刑事被害人问题研究—从诉讼角度的观察》,中国人民公安大学出版社2002年版,第34页。
[20]杨正万:《刑事被害人问题研究—从诉讼角度的观察》,中国人民公安大学出版社2002年版,第334页。
1.谢佑平:《刑事诉讼国际准则研究》,法律出版社2002年第版。
2.莫宏宪:《形式被害救济理论与实务》,武汉大学出版社2004年第版。
3.杨正万:《刑事被害人问题研究—从诉讼角度的观察》,中国人民公安大学出版社2002年版。
4.陈光中、丹尼尔?普瑞方廷(加)主编:《联合国刑事司法准则与中国刑事法制》,法律出版社1998年版。
5.郭建安主编:《犯罪被害人学》,北京大学出版社1997年版。
6.孙孝福:《刑事诉讼人权保障的运行机制研究》,法律出版社2001版。
7.李亚军:《刑事被害人权利保障制度的完善》,东方出版社2003年版。
8.柯葛壮:《刑事诉讼中的人权保障制度》,上海交通大学出版社2006年版。
9.魏平雄主编:《犯罪学教程》,中国政法大学出版社1998年版。
10.宋浩波:《犯罪学原理,》中国人民公安大学出版社2001年版。
1.邓晓霞:《试论犯罪被害人补偿制度之价值》,载《法商研究》2002年4期。
2.李利:《迁移对刑事被害人的权利保护》,载《社科纵横》2007年第4期。
3.梁玉霞:《刑事被害补偿争议》,载《法商研究》1998年第4期。
4.苏惠渔、林建华:《(关于公正对待犯罪和滥用权力的被害人的基本原则宣言)述评》,载《法学研究》1991年第3期。
5.樊学勇:《关于对刑事被害人建立国家补偿制度的构想》,载《中国人民大学学报》1997年第6期
6.杜爱平、袁劲秋:《浅谈刑事被害人》,载《云南法学》1997年第2期。