对等流媒体系统中媒体数据管理机制的研究
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摘要
对等计算通过对参与服务节点的资源协调、聚合来完成大数据分发，极大地降低服务器开销，因而成为支撑大规模网络流媒体的技术基础。但是，基于对等架构的大规模网络流媒体服务尚面临着媒体数据层面的重要挑战，主要表现为：1）用户节点规模庞大，导致用户发往中心节点的定期更新的媒体索引数据量巨大，查询延时大；2）对等网络环境具有抖动性和异构性，这使得流媒体服务必须考虑质量分级，采用多码率机制分发数据；3）参与服务的对等节点具有显著的动态性，这使得媒体数据的缓存设计变得困难，难以维持一个稳定的缓存状态。上述挑战可以归纳为：媒体数据的有效索引与快速查询、媒体数据的高性能分发及媒体数据的高效缓存难题。研究大规模对等流媒体服务的媒体数据管理机制，将有效提升服务质量，具有重要的现实意义和理论价值。
针对大规模对等网络流媒体服务系统中的媒体数据索引与查询问题，提出了基于周期性信息共享的媒体数据分布式索引机制。基于周期性信息共享的媒体数据分布式索引机制包括了分布组织的索引服务器组织策略、分布式的索引信息组织方式以及大规模分布式用户节点与索引服务器之间的周期性索引信息汇报机制等。而高效查询机制则通过两种策略实施：基于索引管理服务器代理的分布式查询策略和基于周期性信息共享的查询策略。通过上述一系列的策略和方法的应用，实验结果表明：基于周期性信息共享的媒体数据分布式索引机制具有与集中式索引算法一致的查询能力，优于基于随机行走的分布式索引方法；而且查询时间优于集中式策略。
针对大规模对等网络流媒体服务系统中的媒体数据传输适应性问题，设计了适用于抖动、震荡的网络环境中的基于多码率拓扑的媒体数据自适应分发机制。该策略为混合码率传输策略，可以根据底层的网络环境，动态地改变网络传输的流媒体码率。其主要内容包括多码率媒体数据的缓冲区管理、多码率媒体数据的层次化拓扑设计、多码率媒体数据的数据调度算法以及转换决策机制等关键内容。实验结果表明：与传统单码率传输机制相比，基于多码率拓扑的媒体数据自适应分发机制保证了较好的启动延迟，提高了动态、抖动网络环境中的媒体播放连续性，降低了媒体源服务器的负载，所增加的客户端节点的网络带宽仍在可接受的范围内；与多源流传输机制相比，具有更好的启动延迟、更低的服务器开销和相当的缓冲区填充比例。
针对对等网络流媒体服务系统中的媒体数据缓存与平衡分布问题，设计了基于多拓扑融合的媒体数据缓冲管理机制，包括基于时间分片的媒体数据缓存组织结构、缓存数据状态维护算法、全网拓扑的媒体数据平衡分布算法等关键性的策略和方法。并通过多组实验证明了媒体数据高效缓存和平衡共享的优化方法具有良好的执行效果，可以分担约50%的媒体源服务器负载，且处理器和内存保持较低的利用率范围。该机制可有效提高整体网络的数据共享效率，帮助动态性强的、自主性高的用户节点抵御网络抖动、用户退出及用户播放时拖动跳跃引起的震荡，并最终提高播放质量；总体性能优于传统单拓扑的缓存管理机制。
With the help of Peer-to-Peer computing, massive media streaming data can bedistributed among the users, which can decrease the overhead of servers greatly. So,Peer-to-Peer computing is the base to support large-scale network streaming services. But,based on P2P architecture, there are several challenges in the media data management:1)there are large-scale peers in the streaming system, and all peers will send the updateinformation of local media data periodically, which will bring big overhead to indexservers to deal with the update information. And the big update information also will leadthe long searching delay;2) network environment in P2P computing is heterogeneous andjitter. The system cannot send the media services with the same quality to all peers, whichare in different network environment. A media distributing scheme based on multi-rate canbe selected to solve the problem;3) peers in the P2P network are unstable, which willbring the big challenges to the media buffering. Totally, above challenges can be describedinto three topics: media indexing, media distributing and media buffering. The three topicsare very important to build large-scale media streaming services.
About the media indexing problem in large-scale P2P based media streaming services,we have proposed a distributed media indexing structure and optimized searching schemesbased on periodical information sharing and exchanging. Distributed media data indexingstructure includes distributed index servers organization, distributed media indexinformation structure and periodical updates management from normal peers to indexservers. And searching scheme with high efficiency can do work by two strategies: one isdistributed searching scheme with the help of the agent of index manager; the other one isthat the searching request can be sent to anyone index server because all index servers willshare index information periodically. Based on the above schemes and algorithms,compared with central indexing scheme, the experiments prove that distributed indexingscheme has the same searching ability, but performance good at running overhead andsearching delay.
About the media data adaptive transmission problem in large-scale P2P based mediastreaming services, we have proposed an adaptive media data distribution scheme in unstable network environment based on multi-rate topologies. It is a new transmissionstrategy with mixed-rate, which can dynamically replace the streaming rate according tothe network environment’s change. The main algorithms and functions in the schemeinclude: buffer management of multi-rate media data, layered topology design ofmulti-rate media data, scheduling of multi-rate media data and streaming rates switchingdecision. Based on the above schemes and algorithms, compared with traditional schemebased on single streaming rate, the experiments prove that it has good startup delay,improved playback continuity and decreased overhead of media servers, even though thebandwidth occupations of peers have been increased a little, which is acceptable. AndCompared with multi-source streaming distribution scheme, it has better startup delay,server load and almost the same playback continuity.
About the media data buffering and sharing problem in large-scale P2P based mediastreaming services, we have proposed an efficient buffering and balanced sharing schemebased on multiple integrated topologies. The new scheme includes media data clip’sorganization based on time, states maintaince and distribution algorithm of buffer,balanced media data distribution optimization algorithm in the distributed topology. Basedon the above schemes and algorithms, the experiments prove that the new scheme hasgood performance. With the help of the buffering scheme, at least50%overhead of mediaservers have been transferred into the distributed peers. The new scheme can improve theefficiency of media sharing in the whole network, and help peers against the networktremble. The performances of the new scheme are better than those of single topologybased buffering schemes.
针对大规模对等网络流媒体服务系统中的媒体数据索引与查询问题，提出了基于周期性信息共享的媒体数据分布式索引机制。基于周期性信息共享的媒体数据分布式索引机制包括了分布组织的索引服务器组织策略、分布式的索引信息组织方式以及大规模分布式用户节点与索引服务器之间的周期性索引信息汇报机制等。而高效查询机制则通过两种策略实施：基于索引管理服务器代理的分布式查询策略和基于周期性信息共享的查询策略。通过上述一系列的策略和方法的应用，实验结果表明：基于周期性信息共享的媒体数据分布式索引机制具有与集中式索引算法一致的查询能力，优于基于随机行走的分布式索引方法；而且查询时间优于集中式策略。
针对大规模对等网络流媒体服务系统中的媒体数据传输适应性问题，设计了适用于抖动、震荡的网络环境中的基于多码率拓扑的媒体数据自适应分发机制。该策略为混合码率传输策略，可以根据底层的网络环境，动态地改变网络传输的流媒体码率。其主要内容包括多码率媒体数据的缓冲区管理、多码率媒体数据的层次化拓扑设计、多码率媒体数据的数据调度算法以及转换决策机制等关键内容。实验结果表明：与传统单码率传输机制相比，基于多码率拓扑的媒体数据自适应分发机制保证了较好的启动延迟，提高了动态、抖动网络环境中的媒体播放连续性，降低了媒体源服务器的负载，所增加的客户端节点的网络带宽仍在可接受的范围内；与多源流传输机制相比，具有更好的启动延迟、更低的服务器开销和相当的缓冲区填充比例。
针对对等网络流媒体服务系统中的媒体数据缓存与平衡分布问题，设计了基于多拓扑融合的媒体数据缓冲管理机制，包括基于时间分片的媒体数据缓存组织结构、缓存数据状态维护算法、全网拓扑的媒体数据平衡分布算法等关键性的策略和方法。并通过多组实验证明了媒体数据高效缓存和平衡共享的优化方法具有良好的执行效果，可以分担约50%的媒体源服务器负载，且处理器和内存保持较低的利用率范围。该机制可有效提高整体网络的数据共享效率，帮助动态性强的、自主性高的用户节点抵御网络抖动、用户退出及用户播放时拖动跳跃引起的震荡，并最终提高播放质量；总体性能优于传统单拓扑的缓存管理机制。
With the help of Peer-to-Peer computing, massive media streaming data can bedistributed among the users, which can decrease the overhead of servers greatly. So,Peer-to-Peer computing is the base to support large-scale network streaming services. But,based on P2P architecture, there are several challenges in the media data management:1)there are large-scale peers in the streaming system, and all peers will send the updateinformation of local media data periodically, which will bring big overhead to indexservers to deal with the update information. And the big update information also will leadthe long searching delay;2) network environment in P2P computing is heterogeneous andjitter. The system cannot send the media services with the same quality to all peers, whichare in different network environment. A media distributing scheme based on multi-rate canbe selected to solve the problem;3) peers in the P2P network are unstable, which willbring the big challenges to the media buffering. Totally, above challenges can be describedinto three topics: media indexing, media distributing and media buffering. The three topicsare very important to build large-scale media streaming services.
About the media indexing problem in large-scale P2P based media streaming services,we have proposed a distributed media indexing structure and optimized searching schemesbased on periodical information sharing and exchanging. Distributed media data indexingstructure includes distributed index servers organization, distributed media indexinformation structure and periodical updates management from normal peers to indexservers. And searching scheme with high efficiency can do work by two strategies: one isdistributed searching scheme with the help of the agent of index manager; the other one isthat the searching request can be sent to anyone index server because all index servers willshare index information periodically. Based on the above schemes and algorithms,compared with central indexing scheme, the experiments prove that distributed indexingscheme has the same searching ability, but performance good at running overhead andsearching delay.
About the media data adaptive transmission problem in large-scale P2P based mediastreaming services, we have proposed an adaptive media data distribution scheme in unstable network environment based on multi-rate topologies. It is a new transmissionstrategy with mixed-rate, which can dynamically replace the streaming rate according tothe network environment’s change. The main algorithms and functions in the schemeinclude: buffer management of multi-rate media data, layered topology design ofmulti-rate media data, scheduling of multi-rate media data and streaming rates switchingdecision. Based on the above schemes and algorithms, compared with traditional schemebased on single streaming rate, the experiments prove that it has good startup delay,improved playback continuity and decreased overhead of media servers, even though thebandwidth occupations of peers have been increased a little, which is acceptable. AndCompared with multi-source streaming distribution scheme, it has better startup delay,server load and almost the same playback continuity.
About the media data buffering and sharing problem in large-scale P2P based mediastreaming services, we have proposed an efficient buffering and balanced sharing schemebased on multiple integrated topologies. The new scheme includes media data clip’sorganization based on time, states maintaince and distribution algorithm of buffer,balanced media data distribution optimization algorithm in the distributed topology. Basedon the above schemes and algorithms, the experiments prove that the new scheme hasgood performance. With the help of the buffering scheme, at least50%overhead of mediaservers have been transferred into the distributed peers. The new scheme can improve theefficiency of media sharing in the whole network, and help peers against the networktremble. The performances of the new scheme are better than those of single topologybased buffering schemes.
引文
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