半胱胺、二甲基砜和天然植物提取物对肉鸭的促生长作用及其机理研究
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摘要
本研究共设三个试验,比较研究了半胱胺、二甲基砜和天然植物提取物对肥育肉鸭生产性能的影响及其促生长机制。
试验一采用单因子试验设计,分别选择体重、血缘相近、健康的14日龄天府肉鸭264只(平均体重660±11g),随机分为11个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复6只鸭(公母各半)。基础日粮中分别添加250mg/kg、500mg/kg、750mg/kg的半胱胺、250 mg/kg、500mg/kg、1000 mg/kg二甲基砜和500 mg/kg、1000 mg/kg、2000 mg/kg、3000 mg/kg天然植物提取物(西洋参、黄芪、神曲、甘草、白术、枸杞的水溶和醇溶的浓缩混合物)即为相应的试验日粮,对照组饲喂基础日粮,基础日粮为玉米-豆粕型日粮(ME 2.9Mcal/kg,CP 18%),考察了植物提取物、半胱胺和二甲基砜对肥育肉鸭生长性能、屠宰性能、养分利用率、激素水平及血液生化指标的影响。试验期28d。试验结束,进行屠宰试验和代谢试验,代谢试验期7d。
结果表明:
1.植物提取物、半胱胺和二甲基砜提高了肉鸭的增重速度和饲料利用率,植物提取物改善肉鸭生产性能的效果大于半胱胺和二甲基砜,分别比对照组提高ADG 7.05%,2.80%和1.88%;降低F/G 9.67%,2.43%和2.68%;分别比对照组提高DM利用率7.99%,2.33%和4.27%;提高CP利用率8.38%,8.16%和15.24%;提高能量利用率5.93%,1.28%和3.99%。
2.植物提取物、半胱胺和二甲基砜改善了肉鸭的屠宰性能,植物提取物的改善效果更明显,分别比对照组提高瘦肉率16.37%(P＜0.05),0.84%和2.70%;降低腹脂率25.19%(P＜0.01),11.41和13.69%;
3.植物提取物对肉鸭生产性能和屠宰性能的影响存在显著的剂量效应关系,呈显著或极显著二次曲线关系(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),半胱胺和二甲基砜不存在剂量效应关系。
4.不同水平半胱胺、二甲基砜和植物提取物均提高了肉鸭的免疫器官指数,分别比对照组提高总指数6.02%-12.65%(P＜0.05),2.26%-8.73%,1.05%-13.55%(P＜0.05);2000mg/kg植物提取物显著提高血清IgG、IgA和IgM水平33.95%(P＜0.05),11.74%(P＜0.05)和25.75%(P＜0.05);
5.植物提取物改善血液生化指标的幅度大于半胱胺和二甲基砜;半胱胺、二甲基砜和植物提取物分别提高血清抗体总蛋白水平1.37%,0.14%和7.69%;改善脂肪代谢,分别降低甘油三酯20.79%,31.90%和40.32%;降低总胆固醇20.70%,16.58%和28.10%;降低VLDL-胆固醇水平25.40%,39.68%和45.24%;提高乳酸脱氢酶活性13.78%,10.30%和22.645;提高碱性磷酸酶活性23.29%,23.33%和17.52%;改善蛋白质代谢,明显降低尿素9.19%,8.67和12.39%和显著降低尿酸含量29.29%,28.97%和33.21%;有提高肌酐的趋势6.72%,4.77%和5.43%;对肌酸激酶、谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶无显著影响。
6.日粮中添加半胱胺、二甲基砜和植物提取物提高了肉鸭血清GH和INS水平:与对照组相比,分别提高GH 7.89%-22.81%,1.75%-29.82%,28.07%-47.37%(P＜0.05);分别提高INS 9.15%-45.53%(P＜0.05),17.17%-42.07%(P＜0.05),8.43%-46.95%(P＜0.05)。
7.不同水平半胱胺、二甲基砜和植物提取物提高了肉鸭机体抗氧化能力:与对照组相比,分别提高T-AOC 7.87%,6.37%,16.08%,9.72%,13.07%,4.36%,22.45%,26.80%,40.70%(P＜0.05)和13.07%;分别降低MDA 25.24%(P＜0.05),18.56%(P＜0.05),26.19%(P＜0.05),2.65%,27.36%(P＜0.05),23.12%(P＜0.05),21.95%(P＜0.05),9.33,52.60%(P＜0.01)和11.98%。
试验二研究了半胱胺、二甲基砜和植物提取物对肉鸭脾脏PPAR-γmRNA表达量的影响。试验设计和饲养管理同试验一。结果表明:
1半胱胺、二甲基砜和植物提取物均提高了肉鸭脾脏PPAR-γmRNA的表达,分别比对照组提高31.33%,65.91%(P＜0.05)和199.06%(P＜0.01);
2回归分析表明,PPAR-γmRNA随植物提取物和二甲基砜剂量的增加呈显著二次曲线上升(P＜0.05);PPAR-γmRNA随半胱胺剂量的增加线性增加(P＜0.05)。
试验三采用3×6因子试验设计,研究了半胱胺、二甲基砜和植物提取物对肉鸭外周血淋巴细胞增殖和信号转导的影响。
结果表明:
1半胱胺、二甲基砜和植物提取物分别比对照组提高肉鸭外周血淋巴细胞转化率19.45%,16.97%和28.41%;三者对淋巴细胞转化率的影响呈显著二次曲线关系变化(P＜0.05);
2半胱胺、二甲基砜和植物提取物分别比对照组提高肉鸭外周血淋巴细胞培养液中IL-1水平35.12%,25.86%和41.87%;分别降低IL-6水平35.61%,41.38%和47.11%:随添加剂量增加,细胞培养液中IL-1均呈显著二次曲线上升(P＜0.05)。IL-6水平均随剂量增加呈显著二次曲线下降(P＜0.05)。
3半胱胺、二甲基砜和植物提取物分别比对照组降低了NO 9.26%,4.94%和11.42%;分别降低NOS 2.67%,2.31%和7.33%;分别降低iNOS 6.59%,6.95%和17.37%。随植物提取物添加剂量增加,培养液中NO水平和iNOS呈二次曲线显著下降(P＜0.05)。
4半胱胺、二甲基砜和植物提取物有提高外周血淋巴细胞培养液中cAMP水平的趋势,比对照组分别提高0.32%,2.59%和5.18%;分别提高cGMP水平81.11%,65%和92.22%;分别比对照组降低cAMP/cGMP 39.188%,31.34%和39.77%。随半胱胺、二甲基砜和植物提取物剂量增加,细胞培养液中cAMP和cGMP水平均呈显著二次曲线上升(P＜0.05),cAMP/cGMP呈显著二次曲线下降(P＜0.05)。
以上结果显示,植物提取物对上述指标的影响程度均大于半胱胺和二甲基砜。
总体结论:
1植物提取物提高肉鸭生产性能和屠宰性能的程度明显大于半胱胺和二甲基砜;植物提取物对肉鸭生产性能和屠宰性能的影响呈显著或极显著二次曲线关系变化(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),半胱胺和二甲基砜不存在剂量效应关系。
2植物提取物、半胱胺和二甲基砜可促进免疫器官发育,提高体液免疫水平和外周血淋巴细胞增殖率,降低细胞培养液中iNOS活性和NO水平,提高cGMP水平;植物提取物的作用程度明显大于半胱胺和二甲基砜;
3植物提取物提高肉鸭抗氧化能力的幅度大于半胱胺和二甲基砜;
4植物提取物、半胱胺和二甲基砜可显著提高肉鸭脾脏PPAR-γmRNA的表达;植物提取物提高的幅度最大。植物提取物和二甲基砜对PPAR-γmRNA的影响呈显著二次曲线变化(P＜0.05);PPAR-γmRNA随半胱胺剂量的增加线性增加(P＜0.05)。
5植物提取物、半胱胺和二甲基砜通过提高机体免疫功能和抗氧化能力促进肉鸭快速生长,,通过降低iNOS活性,降低NO水平,激活鸟苷酸环化酶,进而提高cGMP水平,起到调节免疫功能的作用。
In this study,four experiments were designed to comparatively investigate whether exogenous metabolism-regulatory substances(natural plant extracts,cysteamine and methylsulfonylmethane) possess growth promoting effects and the mechanisms in finishing meat-type ducks.
Experiment 1 A one-factor experiment was designed to investigate the effects of natural plant extracts(PE)(a mixture of aqueous and ethanobic extracts from American ginseng,Radix Astragali,Glycyrrhiza,Rhizama Atractylodis Macrocephalae,massa medicata fermentata and Lycium Chinense Mill.),cysteamine(CS) and methylsulfonylmethane(MSM) on growth performance,dressing performance,nutrient utilization efficiency,hormone level and blood biochemical indexes in meat-type ducks.264 healthy d 14 Tian-Fu meat-type ducks weighing 660±11g with similar consanguinity were chosen and allotted randomly to 11 treatments,4 replicates in each treatment and 6 ducks per replicate(3 males and 3 females). The basal experimental diet was corn and soya bean meal containing 2.9Mcal ME/kg and 18%CP.Ducks were fed basal diet,basal diet+250mg/kg CS,basal diet+500mg/kg CS,basal diet+750mg/kg CS,basal diet+250mg/kg MSM,basal diet+500mg/kg MSM,basal diet+1000mg/kg MSM,basal diet+500mg/kg PE,basal diet+1000mg/kg PE,basal diet+2000mg/kg PE,basal diet+3000mg/kg PE,respectively.The growth experiment lasted for 28 days.When the growth experiment finished,the slaughter and metabolism experiment were implemented.The metabolism experiment lasted for 7days.
The results showed that:
1.PE,CS and MSM increased weight gain rate and feed utilization efficiency in finishing meat-type ducks.The effects of PE on prductive performance were much greater than CS and MSM.Compared with the control group,PE,CS and MSM increased ADG by 7.05%,2.80%and 1.88%;decreased F/G by 9.67%,2.43%and 2.68%;increased DM availability by 7.99%,2.33%和4.27%;increased CP availability by 8.38%,8.16%and 15.24%;increased energy availability by 5.93%,1.28%and 3.99%respectively.
2.PE,CS and MSM improved slaughter characteristics,the effects of PE were much obvious.Compared with the control group,PE,CS and MSM increased lean meat ratio by 16.37%(P<0.05),0.84%and 2.70%;decreased abdominal fat deposition by 25.19% (P<0.01),11.41 and 13.69%respectively.
3.The effects of PE on growth performance and slaughter characteristics exist significant dose-effect relationship in finishing meat-type ducks(P<0.01 or P<0.05).CS and MSM didn't exist significant dose-effect relationship.
4.Different levels of CS,MSM and PE improved immune organ index.Compared with the control group,CS,MSM and PE increased the total index by 6.02%-12.65%(P<0.05), 2.26%-8.73%,1.05%-13.55%(P<0.05).2000mg/kg PE significantly increased IgG、IgA and IgM by 33.95%(P<0.05),11.74%(P<0.05) and 25.75%(P<0.05).
5.The effects of PE on blood biochemical indexes were much greater than CS and MSM. Compared with the control group,CS,MSM and PE increased TP by 1.37%,0.14%and 7.69%;influenced fat metabolism,decreased TG by 20.79%,31.90%and 40.32%;decreased TCH by 20.70%,16.58%and 28.10%;decreased VLDL-C by 25.40%,39.68%and 45.24%; increased LDH by 13.78%,10.30%and 22.645;increased AKP by 23.29%,23.33%and 17.52%;decreased BU by 9.19%,8.67 and 12.39%;improved protein metabolism, decreased UA by 29.29%,28.97%and 33.21%;increased CREA by 6.72%,4.77%and 5.43%respectively;had no significant effects on CK,ALT and AST.
6.Dietary supplementation of different levels of CS,MSM and PE increased GH and INS levels:Compared with the control group,increased GH by GH 7.89%-22.81%, 1.75%-29.82%,28.07%-47.37%(P<0.05);increased INS by 9.15%-45.53%(P<0.05), 17.17%-42.07%(P<0.05),8.43%-46.95%(P<0.05) respectively.
7.Different levels of CS,MSM and PE increased antioxidative capacity of meat-type ducks:Compared with the control group,increased by T-AOC7.87%,6.37%,16.08%, 9.72%,13.07%,4.36%,22.45%,26.80%,40.70%(P<0.05)and 13.07%;decreased MDA by 25.24%(P<0.05),18.56%(P<0.05),26.19%(P<0.05),2.65%,27.36%(P<0.05), 23.12%(P<0.05),21.95%(P<0.05),9.33,52.60%(P<0.01) and 11.98%respectively.
Experiment 2 The effects of PE,CS and MSM on expression of PPAR-γmRNA in duck spleen was investigated in Experiment 2.The experimental design and the feeding management were the same as Experiment 1.The results showed that:
1 CS,MSM and PE increased expression of PPAR-γmRNA.Compared with the control group,CS,MSM and PE increased expression of PPAR-γmRNA by 31.33%,65.91%and 199.06%respectively.
2 The regression analysis showed that,dietary supplementation of PE and MSM had quadratic effects(P<0.05) on PPAR-γmRNA.With the increasing of supplemental dosage of CS,PPAR-γmRNA increased linearly(P<0.05).
Experiment 3 A 3×6 factor experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of PE, CS and MSM on peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation and signal transduction in meat-type ducks.
The results showed that:
1 Compared with the control group,CS,MSM and PE increased peripheral blood lymphocyte(PBL) proliferation by 19.45%,16.97%and 28.41%respectively.CS,MSM and PE had quadratic effects(P<0.05) on PBL proliferation.
2 Compared with the control group,CS,MSM and PE increased IL-1 level in the peripheral blood lymphocyte culture fluid by 35.12%,25.86%and 41.87%;decreased IL-6 by 35.61%,41.38%and 47.11%respectively;CS,MSM and PE had quadratic effects(P<0.05) on IL-1 and IL-6 levels.
3 Compared with the control group,CS,MSM and PE decreased NO by 9.26%,4.94% and 11.42%;decreased NOS by 2.67%,2.31%and 7.33%;decreased iNOS by 6.59%,6.95% and 17.37%respectively.PE had quadratic effects(P<0.05) on NO and iNOS.
4 Compared with the control group,CS,MSM and PE tended to increase cAMP in the peripheral blood lymphocyte culture fluid by 0.32%,2.59%and 5.18%respectively; increased cGMP by 81.11%,65%and 92.22%;decreased cAMP/cGMP by 39.188%,31.34% and 39.77%respectively.CS,MSM and PE had quadratic effects(P<0.05) on cAMP,cGMP and cAMP/cGMP.
The above results showed that,the effects of PE were larger than CS and MSM.
The following conclusions could be drawn from all the above results:
1 The effects of PE on growth performance and slaughter characteristics were larger than CS and MSM.PE had quadratic effects(P<0.05 or P<0.01) on growth performance and slaughter characteristics.CS and MSM had no dose-effects.
2 PE,CS and MSM could improve immune organ development,increase humoral immunity level and peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation,decrease iNOS activity and NO level and increase cGMP level in the lymphocyte culture fluid.The effects of PE were larger than CS and MSM.
3 The effects of PE on antioxidative capacity were much greater than CS and MSM.
4 CS,MSM and PE increased expression of PPAR-γmRNA.The effects of PE were larger than CS and MSM.PE and MSM had quadratic effects(P<0.05) on PPAR-γmRNA. With the increasing of supplemental dosage of CS,PPAR-γmRNA increased linearly (P<0.05).
5 PE,CS and MSM improved growth rate of meat-type ducks through improving immunity and antioxidative capacity,through decreasing iNOS activity,decrease NO level, stimulate GC,increase cGMP level and modulate immune functions.
试验一采用单因子试验设计,分别选择体重、血缘相近、健康的14日龄天府肉鸭264只(平均体重660±11g),随机分为11个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复6只鸭(公母各半)。基础日粮中分别添加250mg/kg、500mg/kg、750mg/kg的半胱胺、250 mg/kg、500mg/kg、1000 mg/kg二甲基砜和500 mg/kg、1000 mg/kg、2000 mg/kg、3000 mg/kg天然植物提取物(西洋参、黄芪、神曲、甘草、白术、枸杞的水溶和醇溶的浓缩混合物)即为相应的试验日粮,对照组饲喂基础日粮,基础日粮为玉米-豆粕型日粮(ME 2.9Mcal/kg,CP 18%),考察了植物提取物、半胱胺和二甲基砜对肥育肉鸭生长性能、屠宰性能、养分利用率、激素水平及血液生化指标的影响。试验期28d。试验结束,进行屠宰试验和代谢试验,代谢试验期7d。
结果表明:
1.植物提取物、半胱胺和二甲基砜提高了肉鸭的增重速度和饲料利用率,植物提取物改善肉鸭生产性能的效果大于半胱胺和二甲基砜,分别比对照组提高ADG 7.05%,2.80%和1.88%;降低F/G 9.67%,2.43%和2.68%;分别比对照组提高DM利用率7.99%,2.33%和4.27%;提高CP利用率8.38%,8.16%和15.24%;提高能量利用率5.93%,1.28%和3.99%。
2.植物提取物、半胱胺和二甲基砜改善了肉鸭的屠宰性能,植物提取物的改善效果更明显,分别比对照组提高瘦肉率16.37%(P＜0.05),0.84%和2.70%;降低腹脂率25.19%(P＜0.01),11.41和13.69%;
3.植物提取物对肉鸭生产性能和屠宰性能的影响存在显著的剂量效应关系,呈显著或极显著二次曲线关系(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),半胱胺和二甲基砜不存在剂量效应关系。
4.不同水平半胱胺、二甲基砜和植物提取物均提高了肉鸭的免疫器官指数,分别比对照组提高总指数6.02%-12.65%(P＜0.05),2.26%-8.73%,1.05%-13.55%(P＜0.05);2000mg/kg植物提取物显著提高血清IgG、IgA和IgM水平33.95%(P＜0.05),11.74%(P＜0.05)和25.75%(P＜0.05);
5.植物提取物改善血液生化指标的幅度大于半胱胺和二甲基砜;半胱胺、二甲基砜和植物提取物分别提高血清抗体总蛋白水平1.37%,0.14%和7.69%;改善脂肪代谢,分别降低甘油三酯20.79%,31.90%和40.32%;降低总胆固醇20.70%,16.58%和28.10%;降低VLDL-胆固醇水平25.40%,39.68%和45.24%;提高乳酸脱氢酶活性13.78%,10.30%和22.645;提高碱性磷酸酶活性23.29%,23.33%和17.52%;改善蛋白质代谢,明显降低尿素9.19%,8.67和12.39%和显著降低尿酸含量29.29%,28.97%和33.21%;有提高肌酐的趋势6.72%,4.77%和5.43%;对肌酸激酶、谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶无显著影响。
6.日粮中添加半胱胺、二甲基砜和植物提取物提高了肉鸭血清GH和INS水平:与对照组相比,分别提高GH 7.89%-22.81%,1.75%-29.82%,28.07%-47.37%(P＜0.05);分别提高INS 9.15%-45.53%(P＜0.05),17.17%-42.07%(P＜0.05),8.43%-46.95%(P＜0.05)。
7.不同水平半胱胺、二甲基砜和植物提取物提高了肉鸭机体抗氧化能力:与对照组相比,分别提高T-AOC 7.87%,6.37%,16.08%,9.72%,13.07%,4.36%,22.45%,26.80%,40.70%(P＜0.05)和13.07%;分别降低MDA 25.24%(P＜0.05),18.56%(P＜0.05),26.19%(P＜0.05),2.65%,27.36%(P＜0.05),23.12%(P＜0.05),21.95%(P＜0.05),9.33,52.60%(P＜0.01)和11.98%。
试验二研究了半胱胺、二甲基砜和植物提取物对肉鸭脾脏PPAR-γmRNA表达量的影响。试验设计和饲养管理同试验一。结果表明:
1半胱胺、二甲基砜和植物提取物均提高了肉鸭脾脏PPAR-γmRNA的表达,分别比对照组提高31.33%,65.91%(P＜0.05)和199.06%(P＜0.01);
2回归分析表明,PPAR-γmRNA随植物提取物和二甲基砜剂量的增加呈显著二次曲线上升(P＜0.05);PPAR-γmRNA随半胱胺剂量的增加线性增加(P＜0.05)。
试验三采用3×6因子试验设计,研究了半胱胺、二甲基砜和植物提取物对肉鸭外周血淋巴细胞增殖和信号转导的影响。
结果表明:
1半胱胺、二甲基砜和植物提取物分别比对照组提高肉鸭外周血淋巴细胞转化率19.45%,16.97%和28.41%;三者对淋巴细胞转化率的影响呈显著二次曲线关系变化(P＜0.05);
2半胱胺、二甲基砜和植物提取物分别比对照组提高肉鸭外周血淋巴细胞培养液中IL-1水平35.12%,25.86%和41.87%;分别降低IL-6水平35.61%,41.38%和47.11%:随添加剂量增加,细胞培养液中IL-1均呈显著二次曲线上升(P＜0.05)。IL-6水平均随剂量增加呈显著二次曲线下降(P＜0.05)。
3半胱胺、二甲基砜和植物提取物分别比对照组降低了NO 9.26%,4.94%和11.42%;分别降低NOS 2.67%,2.31%和7.33%;分别降低iNOS 6.59%,6.95%和17.37%。随植物提取物添加剂量增加,培养液中NO水平和iNOS呈二次曲线显著下降(P＜0.05)。
4半胱胺、二甲基砜和植物提取物有提高外周血淋巴细胞培养液中cAMP水平的趋势,比对照组分别提高0.32%,2.59%和5.18%;分别提高cGMP水平81.11%,65%和92.22%;分别比对照组降低cAMP/cGMP 39.188%,31.34%和39.77%。随半胱胺、二甲基砜和植物提取物剂量增加,细胞培养液中cAMP和cGMP水平均呈显著二次曲线上升(P＜0.05),cAMP/cGMP呈显著二次曲线下降(P＜0.05)。
以上结果显示,植物提取物对上述指标的影响程度均大于半胱胺和二甲基砜。
总体结论:
1植物提取物提高肉鸭生产性能和屠宰性能的程度明显大于半胱胺和二甲基砜;植物提取物对肉鸭生产性能和屠宰性能的影响呈显著或极显著二次曲线关系变化(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),半胱胺和二甲基砜不存在剂量效应关系。
2植物提取物、半胱胺和二甲基砜可促进免疫器官发育,提高体液免疫水平和外周血淋巴细胞增殖率,降低细胞培养液中iNOS活性和NO水平,提高cGMP水平;植物提取物的作用程度明显大于半胱胺和二甲基砜;
3植物提取物提高肉鸭抗氧化能力的幅度大于半胱胺和二甲基砜;
4植物提取物、半胱胺和二甲基砜可显著提高肉鸭脾脏PPAR-γmRNA的表达;植物提取物提高的幅度最大。植物提取物和二甲基砜对PPAR-γmRNA的影响呈显著二次曲线变化(P＜0.05);PPAR-γmRNA随半胱胺剂量的增加线性增加(P＜0.05)。
5植物提取物、半胱胺和二甲基砜通过提高机体免疫功能和抗氧化能力促进肉鸭快速生长,,通过降低iNOS活性,降低NO水平,激活鸟苷酸环化酶,进而提高cGMP水平,起到调节免疫功能的作用。
In this study,four experiments were designed to comparatively investigate whether exogenous metabolism-regulatory substances(natural plant extracts,cysteamine and methylsulfonylmethane) possess growth promoting effects and the mechanisms in finishing meat-type ducks.
Experiment 1 A one-factor experiment was designed to investigate the effects of natural plant extracts(PE)(a mixture of aqueous and ethanobic extracts from American ginseng,Radix Astragali,Glycyrrhiza,Rhizama Atractylodis Macrocephalae,massa medicata fermentata and Lycium Chinense Mill.),cysteamine(CS) and methylsulfonylmethane(MSM) on growth performance,dressing performance,nutrient utilization efficiency,hormone level and blood biochemical indexes in meat-type ducks.264 healthy d 14 Tian-Fu meat-type ducks weighing 660±11g with similar consanguinity were chosen and allotted randomly to 11 treatments,4 replicates in each treatment and 6 ducks per replicate(3 males and 3 females). The basal experimental diet was corn and soya bean meal containing 2.9Mcal ME/kg and 18%CP.Ducks were fed basal diet,basal diet+250mg/kg CS,basal diet+500mg/kg CS,basal diet+750mg/kg CS,basal diet+250mg/kg MSM,basal diet+500mg/kg MSM,basal diet+1000mg/kg MSM,basal diet+500mg/kg PE,basal diet+1000mg/kg PE,basal diet+2000mg/kg PE,basal diet+3000mg/kg PE,respectively.The growth experiment lasted for 28 days.When the growth experiment finished,the slaughter and metabolism experiment were implemented.The metabolism experiment lasted for 7days.
The results showed that:
1.PE,CS and MSM increased weight gain rate and feed utilization efficiency in finishing meat-type ducks.The effects of PE on prductive performance were much greater than CS and MSM.Compared with the control group,PE,CS and MSM increased ADG by 7.05%,2.80%and 1.88%;decreased F/G by 9.67%,2.43%and 2.68%;increased DM availability by 7.99%,2.33%和4.27%;increased CP availability by 8.38%,8.16%and 15.24%;increased energy availability by 5.93%,1.28%and 3.99%respectively.
2.PE,CS and MSM improved slaughter characteristics,the effects of PE were much obvious.Compared with the control group,PE,CS and MSM increased lean meat ratio by 16.37%(P<0.05),0.84%and 2.70%;decreased abdominal fat deposition by 25.19% (P<0.01),11.41 and 13.69%respectively.
3.The effects of PE on growth performance and slaughter characteristics exist significant dose-effect relationship in finishing meat-type ducks(P<0.01 or P<0.05).CS and MSM didn't exist significant dose-effect relationship.
4.Different levels of CS,MSM and PE improved immune organ index.Compared with the control group,CS,MSM and PE increased the total index by 6.02%-12.65%(P<0.05), 2.26%-8.73%,1.05%-13.55%(P<0.05).2000mg/kg PE significantly increased IgG、IgA and IgM by 33.95%(P<0.05),11.74%(P<0.05) and 25.75%(P<0.05).
5.The effects of PE on blood biochemical indexes were much greater than CS and MSM. Compared with the control group,CS,MSM and PE increased TP by 1.37%,0.14%and 7.69%;influenced fat metabolism,decreased TG by 20.79%,31.90%and 40.32%;decreased TCH by 20.70%,16.58%and 28.10%;decreased VLDL-C by 25.40%,39.68%and 45.24%; increased LDH by 13.78%,10.30%and 22.645;increased AKP by 23.29%,23.33%and 17.52%;decreased BU by 9.19%,8.67 and 12.39%;improved protein metabolism, decreased UA by 29.29%,28.97%and 33.21%;increased CREA by 6.72%,4.77%and 5.43%respectively;had no significant effects on CK,ALT and AST.
6.Dietary supplementation of different levels of CS,MSM and PE increased GH and INS levels:Compared with the control group,increased GH by GH 7.89%-22.81%, 1.75%-29.82%,28.07%-47.37%(P<0.05);increased INS by 9.15%-45.53%(P<0.05), 17.17%-42.07%(P<0.05),8.43%-46.95%(P<0.05) respectively.
7.Different levels of CS,MSM and PE increased antioxidative capacity of meat-type ducks:Compared with the control group,increased by T-AOC7.87%,6.37%,16.08%, 9.72%,13.07%,4.36%,22.45%,26.80%,40.70%(P<0.05)and 13.07%;decreased MDA by 25.24%(P<0.05),18.56%(P<0.05),26.19%(P<0.05),2.65%,27.36%(P<0.05), 23.12%(P<0.05),21.95%(P<0.05),9.33,52.60%(P<0.01) and 11.98%respectively.
Experiment 2 The effects of PE,CS and MSM on expression of PPAR-γmRNA in duck spleen was investigated in Experiment 2.The experimental design and the feeding management were the same as Experiment 1.The results showed that:
1 CS,MSM and PE increased expression of PPAR-γmRNA.Compared with the control group,CS,MSM and PE increased expression of PPAR-γmRNA by 31.33%,65.91%and 199.06%respectively.
2 The regression analysis showed that,dietary supplementation of PE and MSM had quadratic effects(P<0.05) on PPAR-γmRNA.With the increasing of supplemental dosage of CS,PPAR-γmRNA increased linearly(P<0.05).
Experiment 3 A 3×6 factor experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of PE, CS and MSM on peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation and signal transduction in meat-type ducks.
The results showed that:
1 Compared with the control group,CS,MSM and PE increased peripheral blood lymphocyte(PBL) proliferation by 19.45%,16.97%and 28.41%respectively.CS,MSM and PE had quadratic effects(P<0.05) on PBL proliferation.
2 Compared with the control group,CS,MSM and PE increased IL-1 level in the peripheral blood lymphocyte culture fluid by 35.12%,25.86%and 41.87%;decreased IL-6 by 35.61%,41.38%and 47.11%respectively;CS,MSM and PE had quadratic effects(P<0.05) on IL-1 and IL-6 levels.
3 Compared with the control group,CS,MSM and PE decreased NO by 9.26%,4.94% and 11.42%;decreased NOS by 2.67%,2.31%and 7.33%;decreased iNOS by 6.59%,6.95% and 17.37%respectively.PE had quadratic effects(P<0.05) on NO and iNOS.
4 Compared with the control group,CS,MSM and PE tended to increase cAMP in the peripheral blood lymphocyte culture fluid by 0.32%,2.59%and 5.18%respectively; increased cGMP by 81.11%,65%and 92.22%;decreased cAMP/cGMP by 39.188%,31.34% and 39.77%respectively.CS,MSM and PE had quadratic effects(P<0.05) on cAMP,cGMP and cAMP/cGMP.
The above results showed that,the effects of PE were larger than CS and MSM.
The following conclusions could be drawn from all the above results:
1 The effects of PE on growth performance and slaughter characteristics were larger than CS and MSM.PE had quadratic effects(P<0.05 or P<0.01) on growth performance and slaughter characteristics.CS and MSM had no dose-effects.
2 PE,CS and MSM could improve immune organ development,increase humoral immunity level and peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation,decrease iNOS activity and NO level and increase cGMP level in the lymphocyte culture fluid.The effects of PE were larger than CS and MSM.
3 The effects of PE on antioxidative capacity were much greater than CS and MSM.
4 CS,MSM and PE increased expression of PPAR-γmRNA.The effects of PE were larger than CS and MSM.PE and MSM had quadratic effects(P<0.05) on PPAR-γmRNA. With the increasing of supplemental dosage of CS,PPAR-γmRNA increased linearly (P<0.05).
5 PE,CS and MSM improved growth rate of meat-type ducks through improving immunity and antioxidative capacity,through decreasing iNOS activity,decrease NO level, stimulate GC,increase cGMP level and modulate immune functions.
引文
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