基于正交异性AE传感器的损伤信号处理技术
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摘要
声发射检测(AET)是一种动态被动无损检测技术，所监测的信号直接来自缺陷发展本身，因而比较复杂。但采用特殊的方法，根据声发射信号特征可以实时判断结构缺陷的损伤机理及其严重程度，进而较好地实现结构健康检测。
在声发射检测中，传感器是获取损伤信息的重要器件，而对信号的分析处理则是损伤识别的关键。本文首先介绍了声发射信号的特征和声发射传感器的特性，对自制的1-1型正交异性压电复合材料AE传感元件的传感特性进行了系统研究，找到了其对信号的响应规律。基于此规律，通过特定的方法分布式正交异性AE传感器能实现模拟损伤信号的精确定位。
然后，针对声发射信号中各种伪信息的存在及有效特征量提取的困难，本文引入了近年新兴的信号处理技术——Hilbert-Huang变换(HHT)。文中系统地阐述了HHT的基本理论、特点及其改进方法，用Matlab软件编程实现了HHT的计算过程，对多个实测AE信号进行了分析处理。结果显示：HHT是一种有效的非线性、非平稳信号处理技术；得到的各阶固有模态函数对研究信号产生机理的分析有巨大帮助；相比于Gabor小波谱，Hilbert谱能更好地反映信号的瞬时特性；论文还借助HHT理论及方法，分析了预应力钢筋混凝土构件在不同破坏阶段的特征信息，获得了破坏过程中裂纹失稳的重要的前兆特征。
本论文的研究成果是在实验室环境下完成的，这些成果应用到工程实践中还需要大量的试验去进一步论证和改进。
Acoustic emission testing (AET) is a dynamic passive nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technique. We can estimate the nature and mechanism of the damage, using a special method according to the characteristics of the complicated AE signals come from the damage. And then the structure health monitoring technique using acoustic emission technique could be realized.
AE sensor is an important device for acquiring damage information, and the analysis processing of the AE signal is the key of damage identification in AET. In this paper, based on the introduction of the characteriscics of AE signals, the sensing characteristics of the 1-1 orthotropic piezoelectric composite materials AE sensors were studied, and the response rule of the sensor to signals was found. Based on the rule, the damage position (simulated by the lead break) coule be located exactly using distributed orthotropic AE sensors through a unique method.
For the existences of many spurious signals and the difficulties of AE signals' feature extraction, Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) appears resently years was introduced to analysis AE signals. In this article, we illustrated the basic theory, characterics and the improve methods of HHT systermly, and used Matlab sofrware realize the computational process of HHT.
The analysis results of several real AE signals show that: HHT is a powerful nonlinearity and non-stationary signal processing method; The Intrinsic Mode Functions are very helpful to study the mechanism of signals' production; Compared to the Gabor spectrum, Hilbert spectrum could reflect the transient property more clearly.
By HHT analysis, the critical states of prestressed concrete beams are found. There are many marked characterics during the failure process of the prestressed concrete specimens. Thus, we can find the important portent that the cracks are unstable.
These conclusions result from the experiments carried out in the laboratory, and they might need some deeper reasoning and improvement, if it is applied to the engineering practice.
在声发射检测中，传感器是获取损伤信息的重要器件，而对信号的分析处理则是损伤识别的关键。本文首先介绍了声发射信号的特征和声发射传感器的特性，对自制的1-1型正交异性压电复合材料AE传感元件的传感特性进行了系统研究，找到了其对信号的响应规律。基于此规律，通过特定的方法分布式正交异性AE传感器能实现模拟损伤信号的精确定位。
然后，针对声发射信号中各种伪信息的存在及有效特征量提取的困难，本文引入了近年新兴的信号处理技术——Hilbert-Huang变换(HHT)。文中系统地阐述了HHT的基本理论、特点及其改进方法，用Matlab软件编程实现了HHT的计算过程，对多个实测AE信号进行了分析处理。结果显示：HHT是一种有效的非线性、非平稳信号处理技术；得到的各阶固有模态函数对研究信号产生机理的分析有巨大帮助；相比于Gabor小波谱，Hilbert谱能更好地反映信号的瞬时特性；论文还借助HHT理论及方法，分析了预应力钢筋混凝土构件在不同破坏阶段的特征信息，获得了破坏过程中裂纹失稳的重要的前兆特征。
本论文的研究成果是在实验室环境下完成的，这些成果应用到工程实践中还需要大量的试验去进一步论证和改进。
Acoustic emission testing (AET) is a dynamic passive nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technique. We can estimate the nature and mechanism of the damage, using a special method according to the characteristics of the complicated AE signals come from the damage. And then the structure health monitoring technique using acoustic emission technique could be realized.
AE sensor is an important device for acquiring damage information, and the analysis processing of the AE signal is the key of damage identification in AET. In this paper, based on the introduction of the characteriscics of AE signals, the sensing characteristics of the 1-1 orthotropic piezoelectric composite materials AE sensors were studied, and the response rule of the sensor to signals was found. Based on the rule, the damage position (simulated by the lead break) coule be located exactly using distributed orthotropic AE sensors through a unique method.
For the existences of many spurious signals and the difficulties of AE signals' feature extraction, Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) appears resently years was introduced to analysis AE signals. In this article, we illustrated the basic theory, characterics and the improve methods of HHT systermly, and used Matlab sofrware realize the computational process of HHT.
The analysis results of several real AE signals show that: HHT is a powerful nonlinearity and non-stationary signal processing method; The Intrinsic Mode Functions are very helpful to study the mechanism of signals' production; Compared to the Gabor spectrum, Hilbert spectrum could reflect the transient property more clearly.
By HHT analysis, the critical states of prestressed concrete beams are found. There are many marked characterics during the failure process of the prestressed concrete specimens. Thus, we can find the important portent that the cracks are unstable.
These conclusions result from the experiments carried out in the laboratory, and they might need some deeper reasoning and improvement, if it is applied to the engineering practice.
引文
[1] 姚锋，廖烈奎．无损检测技术在混凝土工程中的应用．铁道技术监督
[2] 孙晓燕．桥梁结构健康监测技术研究进展．中外公路．2006，vol．26：141～146
[3] 袁振明 马羽宽 何泽云．声发射技术及其应用[M]．北京：机械工业出版社．1985：1～4
[4] 王余刚 骆英 柳祖亭．全波形声发射技术用于混凝土材料损伤监测研究[J]．岩石力学与工程学报，2005，24(5)：803～807
[5] Mannur J Sundaresan, Anindya Ghoshal, Mark J Schulz. A continuous sensor for damage detection in bars [J]. Smart Mater. Struct. 2002,11:475-488
[6] 骆英．正交异性压电复合材料功能元件的研究[博士学位论文][D]．南京航空航天大学，2000
[7] Luoying ,Taobaoqi .The OPCM Strain Gauges for Strain & Stress Measurement of the Orthotropic Material Structures, Acta MECHANICAL SOLIDA sinica,2000,Vol. 13.No.4, 337-345.
[8] Luoying, Research on the Orthotropic Piezoelectric Composite Mawrials Actuator and its Preliminary Application[C], SPIE Vol. 3699,2002, San Diego, California USA
[9] 陈玉华 刘时风 耿荣生 沈功田．声发射信号的谱分析和相关分析[J]．无损检测，2002，24(9)：395～399
[10] Norden E. Huang, Zheng Shen. The empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and non-stationary time series analysis [J]. Proc Royal Society of London Series, 1998,454:903～995
[11] 耿荣生，沈功田，刘时风．声发射信号处理和分析技术[J]．无损检测，24(1)：23～28
[12] Kaiser J. Untersuchungen uber das Auftreten yon Geruschen beim Zugversuch[D].Munich:Technische Hochachule, 1950
[13] Dunegan HL, Harris DO. Acoustic emission, a new nondestructive tool[J]. ltrasonics, 1969,7(7):160～166
[14] 耿荣生，沈攻田，刘时风．基于波形分析的声发射信号处理技术[J]．无损检测，2002，24 (6)：257～261
[15] 郭健，孙炳楠．桥梁健康监测中的关键性问题和损伤识别方法[J]．公路，2006．4：108～116
[16] 沈功田 主编．声发射检测培训教材．2004．8
[17] 王祖萌．声发射技术基础．山东：科学技术出版社，1990
[18] Lee CK and Moon FC(1990),Modal sensors/actuators, Trans ASME,J Apple Mech. 57,434-441
[19] Tzou.H.S. and C.I.Tseng. 1991. "Distributed Vibration Control and Identification of Coupled Elastic/Piezoelectric System: Finite Element Formulations and Applications," Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 5(3):215-231
[20] Ha, S.K., C. Keilers and F.K.Chang. 1992. "Finite Element Analysis of Composite Structures Containing Distributed Piezoceramic Sensors and Actuators," AIAA Journal, 30(3):772-780
[21] Tzou HS(1993), Electromechanics of a thick hexagonal Piezoelectric shell applied to active structures, J Wave-Mater Interact 8(2): 121-141
[22] Tzou HS(1993), Electromechanics of a thick hexagonal Piezoelectric shell applied to active structures, J Wave-Mater Interact 8(2): 121-141
[23] Smith JP, Fuller CR and Burdisso RA(1996),Control of Broadband acoustic radiation with adaptive structures, J Intell Mat Syst Struct 7,54-64
[24] Esteban J. Wave Localization due to Material Damping. Computer Matthews in Appl. Mech. and Engrg. 1999,177(1-2):93-108
[25] Schulz M J, Ghoshal A, Sundaresan M J, Ferguson F, Pai P F and Chung J H, 2000,Distributed sensors for health monitoring of composite materials ACUN-2 Int. Composites Meeting, Composites In The Transportation Industry (Univesity of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, Feb. 2000) ed S Bandyopadhyay, N Gowripalan, N Drayton and R Heslehurst (Technomic Publishing) vol 1, pp 676-85
[26] Mannur J Sundaresan, Anindya Ghoshal, Mark J Schulz. A continuous sensor for damage detection in bars.Smart Mater.Struct.2002,11:475-488
[27] Mao Q B, Xu B L, Jiang Z. A piezoelectric array for sensing radiation modes. Applied Acoustics,2003,(64):669-680
[28] Z.Huang, Q.Zhang Piezoelectric PZT films for MEMS and their characterization by interferometry. Electroceram (2006) 17:549-556
[29] 卢启柱等．一种新型声发射传感器的设计．自动化与仪表，Vol．13．No．3，5-9
[30] 王忠民，王信义等．一种新型谐振式非接触流体声发射传感器的研制．传感技术学报，2002，2期，128-131
[31] 梁家惠．声发射研究用的非接触式传感器．无损检测，2003年1月：31-35
[32] 王庆峰，吴斌等，新型PVDF声发射传感器的设计方法及应用．仪表技术与传感器(J) 2006．No11：7-9
[33] 骆英，陶宝祺．片状正交异性压电复合材料的研究．材料导报，2001，15(3)：59-64
[34] L. Cohen. Time-frequency distributions: a new review. IEEE Proc,1989,77(7):941～981
[35] 胡聿贤，张郁山，梁建文．基于HHT方法的场地液化的识别．土木工程学报，2006 39(2)：66-77
[36] Olivier Adam.The use of the Hilbert-Huang transform to analyze transient signals emitted by sperm whales.Applied Acoustics 2006(67):1134-1143
[37] A.M.Bassiuny, Xiaoli Li. Flute breakage detection during end milling using Hilbert-Huang transform and smoothed nonlinear energy operator. Inernational Journal of Machine Tools&Manufacture 47(2007):1011-1020
[38] 刘贵忠，邸双亮等．小波分析及其应用．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，1992
[39] 徐佩霞．小波分析与应用实例．合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，1991
[40] 程正兴．小波分析算法与应用．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，1998
[41] 常鸣，袁慎芳 一种新型数字信号处理技术的研究 计算机测量与控制 2005．13(4)
[42] 张义平，李夕兵，赵国彦 基于HHT方法的爆破地震信号分析 工程爆破 2005．03
[43] 何存富，李颖，王秀彦，吴斌，李隆涛．基于小波变换及Wigner-Ville变换方法的超声导波信号分析 实验力学 2005，20(4)：584-588
[44] Priestley, Evolutionary spectra and non-stationary processes. J.R. Statist. Soc.B27,204-237 M.B 1965
[45] 彭晓林．离散系统稳定与不稳定的代数判据[J]．科学通报，1991，36(16)：1273-1274
[46] 彭晓林，罗晓．灰色离散系统稳定与不稳定的代数判据[J]．应用数学，1991，4(2)：76-81．
[47] Sezer M E,Siliak D D. On Stability of Interval Matrices [J]. IEEE Trans. on Automat. Contr., 1994,39(2):368-371.
[48] 钟佑明，秦树人，汤宝平．希尔伯特-黄变换中边际谱的研究[J]．系统工程与电子技术，2004，26(9)1323-1326．
[49] 钟佑明，秦树人，汤宝平Hilbert-Huang变换中的理论研究[J]．振动与冲击，2002，21 (4)：13-17
[50] 王春，彭东林．Hilbert-Huang变换及其在去噪方面的方面[J]．仪器仪表学报，2004，25 (4)：42-45
[51] 邓拥军，王伟，钱成春等EMD方法及Hilbert变换中边界问题的处理[J]．科学通报，2001，46(3)：257-263
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[55] 罗奇峰，石春香．一种改进的Hilbert能量谱算法研究[J]．同济大学学报，2003，(6)：637-641
[2] 孙晓燕．桥梁结构健康监测技术研究进展．中外公路．2006，vol．26：141～146
[3] 袁振明 马羽宽 何泽云．声发射技术及其应用[M]．北京：机械工业出版社．1985：1～4
[4] 王余刚 骆英 柳祖亭．全波形声发射技术用于混凝土材料损伤监测研究[J]．岩石力学与工程学报，2005，24(5)：803～807
[5] Mannur J Sundaresan, Anindya Ghoshal, Mark J Schulz. A continuous sensor for damage detection in bars [J]. Smart Mater. Struct. 2002,11:475-488
[6] 骆英．正交异性压电复合材料功能元件的研究[博士学位论文][D]．南京航空航天大学，2000
[7] Luoying ,Taobaoqi .The OPCM Strain Gauges for Strain & Stress Measurement of the Orthotropic Material Structures, Acta MECHANICAL SOLIDA sinica,2000,Vol. 13.No.4, 337-345.
[8] Luoying, Research on the Orthotropic Piezoelectric Composite Mawrials Actuator and its Preliminary Application[C], SPIE Vol. 3699,2002, San Diego, California USA
[9] 陈玉华 刘时风 耿荣生 沈功田．声发射信号的谱分析和相关分析[J]．无损检测，2002，24(9)：395～399
[10] Norden E. Huang, Zheng Shen. The empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and non-stationary time series analysis [J]. Proc Royal Society of London Series, 1998,454:903～995
[11] 耿荣生，沈功田，刘时风．声发射信号处理和分析技术[J]．无损检测，24(1)：23～28
[12] Kaiser J. Untersuchungen uber das Auftreten yon Geruschen beim Zugversuch[D].Munich:Technische Hochachule, 1950
[13] Dunegan HL, Harris DO. Acoustic emission, a new nondestructive tool[J]. ltrasonics, 1969,7(7):160～166
[14] 耿荣生，沈攻田，刘时风．基于波形分析的声发射信号处理技术[J]．无损检测，2002，24 (6)：257～261
[15] 郭健，孙炳楠．桥梁健康监测中的关键性问题和损伤识别方法[J]．公路，2006．4：108～116
[16] 沈功田 主编．声发射检测培训教材．2004．8
[17] 王祖萌．声发射技术基础．山东：科学技术出版社，1990
[18] Lee CK and Moon FC(1990),Modal sensors/actuators, Trans ASME,J Apple Mech. 57,434-441
[19] Tzou.H.S. and C.I.Tseng. 1991. "Distributed Vibration Control and Identification of Coupled Elastic/Piezoelectric System: Finite Element Formulations and Applications," Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 5(3):215-231
[20] Ha, S.K., C. Keilers and F.K.Chang. 1992. "Finite Element Analysis of Composite Structures Containing Distributed Piezoceramic Sensors and Actuators," AIAA Journal, 30(3):772-780
[21] Tzou HS(1993), Electromechanics of a thick hexagonal Piezoelectric shell applied to active structures, J Wave-Mater Interact 8(2): 121-141
[22] Tzou HS(1993), Electromechanics of a thick hexagonal Piezoelectric shell applied to active structures, J Wave-Mater Interact 8(2): 121-141
[23] Smith JP, Fuller CR and Burdisso RA(1996),Control of Broadband acoustic radiation with adaptive structures, J Intell Mat Syst Struct 7,54-64
[24] Esteban J. Wave Localization due to Material Damping. Computer Matthews in Appl. Mech. and Engrg. 1999,177(1-2):93-108
[25] Schulz M J, Ghoshal A, Sundaresan M J, Ferguson F, Pai P F and Chung J H, 2000,Distributed sensors for health monitoring of composite materials ACUN-2 Int. Composites Meeting, Composites In The Transportation Industry (Univesity of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, Feb. 2000) ed S Bandyopadhyay, N Gowripalan, N Drayton and R Heslehurst (Technomic Publishing) vol 1, pp 676-85
[26] Mannur J Sundaresan, Anindya Ghoshal, Mark J Schulz. A continuous sensor for damage detection in bars.Smart Mater.Struct.2002,11:475-488
[27] Mao Q B, Xu B L, Jiang Z. A piezoelectric array for sensing radiation modes. Applied Acoustics,2003,(64):669-680
[28] Z.Huang, Q.Zhang Piezoelectric PZT films for MEMS and their characterization by interferometry. Electroceram (2006) 17:549-556
[29] 卢启柱等．一种新型声发射传感器的设计．自动化与仪表，Vol．13．No．3，5-9
[30] 王忠民，王信义等．一种新型谐振式非接触流体声发射传感器的研制．传感技术学报，2002，2期，128-131
[31] 梁家惠．声发射研究用的非接触式传感器．无损检测，2003年1月：31-35
[32] 王庆峰，吴斌等，新型PVDF声发射传感器的设计方法及应用．仪表技术与传感器(J) 2006．No11：7-9
[33] 骆英，陶宝祺．片状正交异性压电复合材料的研究．材料导报，2001，15(3)：59-64
[34] L. Cohen. Time-frequency distributions: a new review. IEEE Proc,1989,77(7):941～981
[35] 胡聿贤，张郁山，梁建文．基于HHT方法的场地液化的识别．土木工程学报，2006 39(2)：66-77
[36] Olivier Adam.The use of the Hilbert-Huang transform to analyze transient signals emitted by sperm whales.Applied Acoustics 2006(67):1134-1143
[37] A.M.Bassiuny, Xiaoli Li. Flute breakage detection during end milling using Hilbert-Huang transform and smoothed nonlinear energy operator. Inernational Journal of Machine Tools&Manufacture 47(2007):1011-1020
[38] 刘贵忠，邸双亮等．小波分析及其应用．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，1992
[39] 徐佩霞．小波分析与应用实例．合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，1991
[40] 程正兴．小波分析算法与应用．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，1998
[41] 常鸣，袁慎芳 一种新型数字信号处理技术的研究 计算机测量与控制 2005．13(4)
[42] 张义平，李夕兵，赵国彦 基于HHT方法的爆破地震信号分析 工程爆破 2005．03
[43] 何存富，李颖，王秀彦，吴斌，李隆涛．基于小波变换及Wigner-Ville变换方法的超声导波信号分析 实验力学 2005，20(4)：584-588
[44] Priestley, Evolutionary spectra and non-stationary processes. J.R. Statist. Soc.B27,204-237 M.B 1965
[45] 彭晓林．离散系统稳定与不稳定的代数判据[J]．科学通报，1991，36(16)：1273-1274
[46] 彭晓林，罗晓．灰色离散系统稳定与不稳定的代数判据[J]．应用数学，1991，4(2)：76-81．
[47] Sezer M E,Siliak D D. On Stability of Interval Matrices [J]. IEEE Trans. on Automat. Contr., 1994,39(2):368-371.
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