高职学生英语听力元认知策略的研究
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摘要
本论文旨在调查高职大专学生听力元认知策略的基本状况。主要研究问题分别为:(1)学生在听力过程中主要使用的元认知策略有哪些?(2)元认知策略的运用是否能更好地促进听力理解?(3)哪些因素可能影响学生对听力元认知策略的使用?
论文采用问卷调查、回溯口述和采访方式,所得数据通过SPSS进行定量分析,并使用Vandergrift(1997)所设计的元认知听力策略分类进行定性分析。来自广州工商职业技术学院外语系的129名学生参与此次调查。
本次研究主要发现有;首先,高职大专学生最常使用的听力元认知策略分别是注意力策略、问题指认策略和监控策略。其次,调查表明元认知策略运用有利于听力理解。学习英语年限、学习经验和信念等因素都会影响到听力元认知策略。本次研究的结果对英语教学和学习有一定促进作用。
This thesis is to find out what metacognitive strategies vocational college students employ in EFL listening process. Three research questions explored in the study include: (1) What are the common metacognitive strategies adopted by EFL listeners when they listen? (2) Is the employment of metacognitive listening strategies related to better comprehension? (3) What factors may affect the use of metacognitive listening strategies by EFL learners?
The present study adopts multi-methods to analyze EFL listeners' performance, by which listeners' metacognitive listening strategies are identified from questionnaire, retrospective verbalization and interview. All data is operated on the computer by SPSS and analyzed based on the categories of metacognitive strategies from Vandergrift(1997). Participants are 129 vocational college students from the department of foreign language.
Main conclusions are made based on the findings of this study. Firstly, the top three metacognitive listening strategies frequently used are Attention, Identification, and Monitoring respectively. Secondly, research also shows that metacognitive strategies have a positive influence on English listening comprehension. Furthermore, it is found that the number of years of learning English, learning experience and beliefs contributed to the participants' use of metacognitive listening strategy. The results of the study present some implications for teaching and learning.
论文采用问卷调查、回溯口述和采访方式,所得数据通过SPSS进行定量分析,并使用Vandergrift(1997)所设计的元认知听力策略分类进行定性分析。来自广州工商职业技术学院外语系的129名学生参与此次调查。
本次研究主要发现有;首先,高职大专学生最常使用的听力元认知策略分别是注意力策略、问题指认策略和监控策略。其次,调查表明元认知策略运用有利于听力理解。学习英语年限、学习经验和信念等因素都会影响到听力元认知策略。本次研究的结果对英语教学和学习有一定促进作用。
This thesis is to find out what metacognitive strategies vocational college students employ in EFL listening process. Three research questions explored in the study include: (1) What are the common metacognitive strategies adopted by EFL listeners when they listen? (2) Is the employment of metacognitive listening strategies related to better comprehension? (3) What factors may affect the use of metacognitive listening strategies by EFL learners?
The present study adopts multi-methods to analyze EFL listeners' performance, by which listeners' metacognitive listening strategies are identified from questionnaire, retrospective verbalization and interview. All data is operated on the computer by SPSS and analyzed based on the categories of metacognitive strategies from Vandergrift(1997). Participants are 129 vocational college students from the department of foreign language.
Main conclusions are made based on the findings of this study. Firstly, the top three metacognitive listening strategies frequently used are Attention, Identification, and Monitoring respectively. Secondly, research also shows that metacognitive strategies have a positive influence on English listening comprehension. Furthermore, it is found that the number of years of learning English, learning experience and beliefs contributed to the participants' use of metacognitive listening strategy. The results of the study present some implications for teaching and learning.
引文
Anderson,A.& Lynch,T.(1995).Listening.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Anderson,J.R.(1983).The Architecture of Cognition.Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press.
Anderson,J.R.(1985).Cognitive Psychology and its Implications(2nd ed.).New York:Freeman.
Anderson,N.J.(2005).L2 learning strategies.In E.Hinkel(Ed),Handbook of Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning(pp.757-771).Mahwah,NJ:Erlbaum Associates.
Anderson,N.J.,& Vandergrift,L.(1996).Increasing metacognitive awareness in the L2 classroom by using think-aloud protocols and other verbal report formats.In R.L.Oxford(Ed.),Language learning strategies around the world:Cross-cultural perspectives.Manoa:University of Hawaii's Press.
Bacon,S.(1992).The relationship between gender,comprehension,processing strategies,and cognitive and affective response in foreign language listening.Modern Language Journal,76(2),160-178.
Bacon,S.(1992).Phases of listening to authentic input in Spanish:A descriptive study.Foreign Language Annals,25,317-334.
Barker,L.(1971).Listening Behavior.Englewood Cliff.NJ:Prentice Hall.
Brown,A.L.,& Day,J.D.(1983).Macrorules for summarizing texts:The development of expertise.Journal of Memory and Language,22,1-14.
Brown,G..(1993).Listening to Spoken English.Longman
Brown,T.S.,& Perry,F.L.Jr.(1991).A comparison of three learning strategies for ESL vocabulary acquisition.TESOL Quarterly,25(4),655-670.
Byrnes,H.(1984).The role of listening comprehension:A theoretical base.Foreign Language Annals,17(4),317-329.
Carrell,P.L.(1989).Metacognitive awareness and second language reading.The Modern Language Journal,73,121-134.
Casanave,C.P.(1988).Comprehension monitoring in ESL reading:A neglected essential.TESOL Quarterly,22(2),283-302.
Chamot,A.O.(1990).Cognitive instruction in the second language classroom.In J.E.Alatis(Ed.),Linguistics,Language Teaching and Language Acquisition:The Interdependence of Theory,Practice and Research(pp.496-513).Washington,DC:Georgetown University Press.
Chamot,A.U.& Kupper,L.(1989).Learning strategies in foreign language instruction.Foreign Language Annals,22,13-24.
Chamot,A.U.,O'Malley,J.M.,Kupper,L.,& Impink-Hemandez,M.V.(1987).A study of learning strategies in foreign language instruction:first year report.Rosslyn,VA:Interstate Research Associates.
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Chamot,A.U.,& O'Malley,J.M.(1994).The CALLA handbook:Implementing the Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach.New York:Longman.
Chan,C.Y.,(2005).A Study of Metacognitive Strategies in EFL Listening Comprehension.Jiangxi Normal University,Nanchang.
Chao,J.Y.(1997).The influence of strategy use in comprehension and recall of authentic listening texts by Chinese EFL students.Shanghai International Studies University,Shanghai.
Chaudron,C.(1985).Intake:On models and methods for discovering learners'processing of input.Studies in Second Language Acquisition,7,1-14.
Cohen,A.D.(1990).Language Learning:Insights for Learners,Teachers,and Researchers.New York:Newbury House
Cohen,A.D.(1996).Verbal reports as a source of insights into second language learner strategies.Applied Linguistics,7(1),5-24.
Cohen,A.D.,& Weaver,S.J.(2006).Styles-and strategies-based instruction:A teachers 'guide.Beijing,China:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Cotterall,S.(1999).Key variables in language learning:What do learners believe about them? System,27,493-513.
Dickinson,L.(1987).Self-instruction in Language Learning.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press
Duffy,G.G.(2002).The case for direct explanation of strategies.In C.C.Block & M.Pressley(Eds.),Comprehension Instruction:Research-based Best Practices(pp.28-41).New York:Guilford.
Dunkel,P.A.(1986).Developing listening fluency in L2:Theoretical principles and pedagogical considerations.Modern Language Journal,70(2),99-106
Ehrman,M.,& Oxford,R.(1989).Effects of sex differences,career choice,and psychological type on adult language learning strategies.Modern Language Journal,73(1),1-13.
Ely,C.M.(1989).Tolerance of ambiguity and use of second language strategies.Foreign Language Annals,22,437-445.
Flavell,J.H.(1979).Metacognition and cognitive monitoring:A new area of cognitive developmental inquiry.American Psychologist 34:906-911.
Flavell,J.H.(1985).Cognitive Development(2nd.).Engiewood Cliffs,New Jersey Prentice-Hall,Inc.
Fraser,C.,& Gaskell,G(1990).The Social Psychology of Widespread Beliefs.Oxford:Clarendon Press.
Fujita,J.N.(1985).A preliminary inquiry into the successful and unsuccessful listening strategies of beginning college Japanese students.Dissertation Abstracts International,45(8),2424A.
Garner,R.(1988).Verbal report data on cognitive and metacognitive strategies.In C.E.Weinstein,E.T.Goers,& P.A.Alexander(Eds.),Learning and Study Strategies:Issues in Assessment,Instruction,and Evaluation(pp.135-158).San Diego:Academic Press.
Goh,C.(1997).Metacognitive awareness and second language listeners.ELT Journal, 51,361-369.
Gob,C.(1998).How ESL learners with different listening abilities use comprehension strategies and tactics.Language Teaching Research,2(2),124-147.
Gob,C.(2002).Exploring listening comprehension tactics and their interaction patterns.System,30,185-206.
Goh,C.,& Taib,Y.(2006).Metacognitive instruction in listening for young learners.ELT Journal,60(3),222-232.
Green,J.M.,& Oxford,R.(1995).A closer look as learning strategies,L2 proficiency,and gender.TESOL Quarterly,29,261-297.
Horwitz,E.K.(1957).Surveying students beliefs about language learning.In A.L.Wenden & J.Rubin(Eds.),Learner strategies in language learning(pp.119-129).Englewood Cliffs,N J:Pretence-Hall.
Hotwitz,E.K.(1988).The beliefs about language learning of beginning university foreign language students.Modern Language Journal,72,283-294.
Howard,D.V.(1983).Cognitive psychology:Memory,language,and thought.New York:Macmillan.
Kelly,P.(1991).Lexical ignorance:The main obstacle to listening comprehension with advanced foreign language learners.IRAL,29:125-149.
Ku,P.Y.(1995).Strategies associated with listening comprehension of EFL students.Shanghai International Studies University,Shanghai.
Lee,H.L.(1997).A study of the listening comprehension strategies of junior college EFL students in Taiwan.Proceedings of the 14th Conference on English Teaching and Learning in the Republic of China(pp.393-412).Taipei,Taiwan:The Crane Publisher Co.
Mason,L.H.,Meadan,H.,Hedin,L.,& Corso,L.(2006).Self-regulated strategy development instruction for expository text comprehension.Teaching Exceptional children,38(4),47-52.
Mendelsohn,D.(1998).Teaching listening.Annual Review of Applied Linguistics,18,81-101.
Mokhtari,K.and C.A.Reichard.(2002).Assessing students' metacogntive awareness of reading strategies.Journal of Educational Psychology 94:249-259.
Moreira,M.L.(1996).On listening comprehension:Linguistic strategies used by second language learners in non-collaborative discourse(Doctoral dissertation,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,(1995) Dissertation Abstracts International,56,3562A.
Murphy,J.M.(1987).The listening strategies of English as a second language college students.Research & Teaching in Developmental Education,4(1),27-46.
Norman,D.A.(1980).Cognitive engineering and education.In D.T.Tuma & E Reif (Eds.),Problem Solving and Education(pp.97-107).Hillsdale,N J:Erlbaum.
Nunan,D.(1996).Learner strategy training in the classroom:An action research study.TESOL Journal,6,35-41.
Okada,M.,Oxford,R.L.,& Abo,S.(1999).Not all alike:Motivation and learning strategies among students of Japanese and Spanish in an exploratory study.In R.L.Oxford,(Ed.),Language learning motivation:Pathways to the new century (pp.105-119).Manoa:University of Hawaii's Press.
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O'Malley,J.M.,Chamot,A.U.,& Kupper,L.(1989).Listening comprehension strategies in second language acquisition.Applied Linguistics,10,418-437.
Oxford,R.(1985).,4 New Taxonomy of Second Language Learning Strategies.Washington,DC:ERIC Cleaminghouse on Language and Linguistics.
Oxford,R.(1993).Research update on L2 listening.System,21,205-211.
Oxford,R.L.(1990).Language learning strategies:What every teacher should know.New York:Newbury House Publishers.
Oxford,R.L.,& Ehrman,M.(1993).Second language research on individual difference.Annual Review of Applied Linguistics,13,188-205.
Oxford,R.L.,& Ehrman,M.E.,(1995).Adults' language learning strategies in an intensive foreign language program in the United States.System,23,359-386.
Oxford,R.L.,& Nyikos,M.(1989).Variables affecting choice of language learning strategies by university students.Modern Language Journal,73,291-300.
Paris,G.S.,& Winograd,P.(1990).How metacognition can promote academic learning and instruction.In B.F.Jones & L.Idol(Eds.),Dimensions of Thinking and Cognitive Instruction(pp.15-51).Hillsdale,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum.
Peng,I.N.(2001).EFL motivation and strategy use among Taiwanese senior high school learners.Taipei,Taiwan.
Pressley,M.,Borkowski,J.G.,& O'Sullivan,J.T.(1984).Memory strategy instruction is made of this:Metamemory and double strategy use.Educational Psychologist,19,94-10
Rankin,J.M.(1988).Designing thinking-aloud studies in ESL reading.Reading in a Foreign Language,4(2),467-478.
Rivers,W.P.(2001).Autonomy at all costs:An ethnography of metacognitive self-assessment and self-management among experienced language learners.The Modern Language Journa185:278-290.
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Anderson,N.J.,& Vandergrift,L.(1996).Increasing metacognitive awareness in the L2 classroom by using think-aloud protocols and other verbal report formats.In R.L.Oxford(Ed.),Language learning strategies around the world:Cross-cultural perspectives.Manoa:University of Hawaii's Press.
Bacon,S.(1992).The relationship between gender,comprehension,processing strategies,and cognitive and affective response in foreign language listening.Modern Language Journal,76(2),160-178.
Bacon,S.(1992).Phases of listening to authentic input in Spanish:A descriptive study.Foreign Language Annals,25,317-334.
Barker,L.(1971).Listening Behavior.Englewood Cliff.NJ:Prentice Hall.
Brown,A.L.,& Day,J.D.(1983).Macrorules for summarizing texts:The development of expertise.Journal of Memory and Language,22,1-14.
Brown,G..(1993).Listening to Spoken English.Longman
Brown,T.S.,& Perry,F.L.Jr.(1991).A comparison of three learning strategies for ESL vocabulary acquisition.TESOL Quarterly,25(4),655-670.
Byrnes,H.(1984).The role of listening comprehension:A theoretical base.Foreign Language Annals,17(4),317-329.
Carrell,P.L.(1989).Metacognitive awareness and second language reading.The Modern Language Journal,73,121-134.
Casanave,C.P.(1988).Comprehension monitoring in ESL reading:A neglected essential.TESOL Quarterly,22(2),283-302.
Chamot,A.O.(1990).Cognitive instruction in the second language classroom.In J.E.Alatis(Ed.),Linguistics,Language Teaching and Language Acquisition:The Interdependence of Theory,Practice and Research(pp.496-513).Washington,DC:Georgetown University Press.
Chamot,A.U.& Kupper,L.(1989).Learning strategies in foreign language instruction.Foreign Language Annals,22,13-24.
Chamot,A.U.,O'Malley,J.M.,Kupper,L.,& Impink-Hemandez,M.V.(1987).A study of learning strategies in foreign language instruction:first year report.Rosslyn,VA:Interstate Research Associates.
Chamot,A.U.,& O'Malley,J.M.(1987).The cognitive academic language learning approach:A bridge to the mainstream.TESOL Quarterly,21,227-249.
Chamot,A.U.,& O'Malley,J.M.(1994).The CALLA handbook:Implementing the Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach.New York:Longman.
Chan,C.Y.,(2005).A Study of Metacognitive Strategies in EFL Listening Comprehension.Jiangxi Normal University,Nanchang.
Chao,J.Y.(1997).The influence of strategy use in comprehension and recall of authentic listening texts by Chinese EFL students.Shanghai International Studies University,Shanghai.
Chaudron,C.(1985).Intake:On models and methods for discovering learners'processing of input.Studies in Second Language Acquisition,7,1-14.
Cohen,A.D.(1990).Language Learning:Insights for Learners,Teachers,and Researchers.New York:Newbury House
Cohen,A.D.(1996).Verbal reports as a source of insights into second language learner strategies.Applied Linguistics,7(1),5-24.
Cohen,A.D.,& Weaver,S.J.(2006).Styles-and strategies-based instruction:A teachers 'guide.Beijing,China:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Cotterall,S.(1999).Key variables in language learning:What do learners believe about them? System,27,493-513.
Dickinson,L.(1987).Self-instruction in Language Learning.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press
Duffy,G.G.(2002).The case for direct explanation of strategies.In C.C.Block & M.Pressley(Eds.),Comprehension Instruction:Research-based Best Practices(pp.28-41).New York:Guilford.
Dunkel,P.A.(1986).Developing listening fluency in L2:Theoretical principles and pedagogical considerations.Modern Language Journal,70(2),99-106
Ehrman,M.,& Oxford,R.(1989).Effects of sex differences,career choice,and psychological type on adult language learning strategies.Modern Language Journal,73(1),1-13.
Ely,C.M.(1989).Tolerance of ambiguity and use of second language strategies.Foreign Language Annals,22,437-445.
Flavell,J.H.(1979).Metacognition and cognitive monitoring:A new area of cognitive developmental inquiry.American Psychologist 34:906-911.
Flavell,J.H.(1985).Cognitive Development(2nd.).Engiewood Cliffs,New Jersey Prentice-Hall,Inc.
Fraser,C.,& Gaskell,G(1990).The Social Psychology of Widespread Beliefs.Oxford:Clarendon Press.
Fujita,J.N.(1985).A preliminary inquiry into the successful and unsuccessful listening strategies of beginning college Japanese students.Dissertation Abstracts International,45(8),2424A.
Garner,R.(1988).Verbal report data on cognitive and metacognitive strategies.In C.E.Weinstein,E.T.Goers,& P.A.Alexander(Eds.),Learning and Study Strategies:Issues in Assessment,Instruction,and Evaluation(pp.135-158).San Diego:Academic Press.
Goh,C.(1997).Metacognitive awareness and second language listeners.ELT Journal, 51,361-369.
Gob,C.(1998).How ESL learners with different listening abilities use comprehension strategies and tactics.Language Teaching Research,2(2),124-147.
Gob,C.(2002).Exploring listening comprehension tactics and their interaction patterns.System,30,185-206.
Goh,C.,& Taib,Y.(2006).Metacognitive instruction in listening for young learners.ELT Journal,60(3),222-232.
Green,J.M.,& Oxford,R.(1995).A closer look as learning strategies,L2 proficiency,and gender.TESOL Quarterly,29,261-297.
Horwitz,E.K.(1957).Surveying students beliefs about language learning.In A.L.Wenden & J.Rubin(Eds.),Learner strategies in language learning(pp.119-129).Englewood Cliffs,N J:Pretence-Hall.
Hotwitz,E.K.(1988).The beliefs about language learning of beginning university foreign language students.Modern Language Journal,72,283-294.
Howard,D.V.(1983).Cognitive psychology:Memory,language,and thought.New York:Macmillan.
Kelly,P.(1991).Lexical ignorance:The main obstacle to listening comprehension with advanced foreign language learners.IRAL,29:125-149.
Ku,P.Y.(1995).Strategies associated with listening comprehension of EFL students.Shanghai International Studies University,Shanghai.
Lee,H.L.(1997).A study of the listening comprehension strategies of junior college EFL students in Taiwan.Proceedings of the 14th Conference on English Teaching and Learning in the Republic of China(pp.393-412).Taipei,Taiwan:The Crane Publisher Co.
Mason,L.H.,Meadan,H.,Hedin,L.,& Corso,L.(2006).Self-regulated strategy development instruction for expository text comprehension.Teaching Exceptional children,38(4),47-52.
Mendelsohn,D.(1998).Teaching listening.Annual Review of Applied Linguistics,18,81-101.
Mokhtari,K.and C.A.Reichard.(2002).Assessing students' metacogntive awareness of reading strategies.Journal of Educational Psychology 94:249-259.
Moreira,M.L.(1996).On listening comprehension:Linguistic strategies used by second language learners in non-collaborative discourse(Doctoral dissertation,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,(1995) Dissertation Abstracts International,56,3562A.
Murphy,J.M.(1987).The listening strategies of English as a second language college students.Research & Teaching in Developmental Education,4(1),27-46.
Norman,D.A.(1980).Cognitive engineering and education.In D.T.Tuma & E Reif (Eds.),Problem Solving and Education(pp.97-107).Hillsdale,N J:Erlbaum.
Nunan,D.(1996).Learner strategy training in the classroom:An action research study.TESOL Journal,6,35-41.
Okada,M.,Oxford,R.L.,& Abo,S.(1999).Not all alike:Motivation and learning strategies among students of Japanese and Spanish in an exploratory study.In R.L.Oxford,(Ed.),Language learning motivation:Pathways to the new century (pp.105-119).Manoa:University of Hawaii's Press.
O'Malley,J.M.,& Chamot,A.U.(1990).Learning strategies in second language acquisition.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
O'Malley,J.M.,Chamot,A.U.,& Kupper,L.(1989).Listening comprehension strategies in second language acquisition.Applied Linguistics,10,418-437.
Oxford,R.(1985).,4 New Taxonomy of Second Language Learning Strategies.Washington,DC:ERIC Cleaminghouse on Language and Linguistics.
Oxford,R.(1993).Research update on L2 listening.System,21,205-211.
Oxford,R.L.(1990).Language learning strategies:What every teacher should know.New York:Newbury House Publishers.
Oxford,R.L.,& Ehrman,M.(1993).Second language research on individual difference.Annual Review of Applied Linguistics,13,188-205.
Oxford,R.L.,& Ehrman,M.E.,(1995).Adults' language learning strategies in an intensive foreign language program in the United States.System,23,359-386.
Oxford,R.L.,& Nyikos,M.(1989).Variables affecting choice of language learning strategies by university students.Modern Language Journal,73,291-300.
Paris,G.S.,& Winograd,P.(1990).How metacognition can promote academic learning and instruction.In B.F.Jones & L.Idol(Eds.),Dimensions of Thinking and Cognitive Instruction(pp.15-51).Hillsdale,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum.
Peng,I.N.(2001).EFL motivation and strategy use among Taiwanese senior high school learners.Taipei,Taiwan.
Pressley,M.,Borkowski,J.G.,& O'Sullivan,J.T.(1984).Memory strategy instruction is made of this:Metamemory and double strategy use.Educational Psychologist,19,94-10
Rankin,J.M.(1988).Designing thinking-aloud studies in ESL reading.Reading in a Foreign Language,4(2),467-478.
Rivers,W.P.(2001).Autonomy at all costs:An ethnography of metacognitive self-assessment and self-management among experienced language learners.The Modern Language Journa185:278-290.
Rost,M.(2002).Teaching and Researching Listening.London:Pearson Education.
Ross,S.,& Rost,M.(1991).Learner use of strategies in interaction:Typology and teachability.Language Learning,41,235-273.
Rubin,J.(1981).Study of cognitive process in second language learning.Applied Linguistics,11(2),117-131.
Rubin,J.(1994).A review of second language listening comprehension research.Modern Language Review,78(2),199-211.
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