遥感数字影像处理在三维地形地貌可视化中的研究与应用
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摘要
随着遥感数据的空间、光谱、时间和辐射分辨率的不断提高,遥感科学的迅猛发展,以及遥感信息提取数字影像处理算法的不断改进,我们从遥感数据中提取定量信息的能力大大提高,这些信息逐渐成为我们用于理解自然和人文生态系统的空间分布模型的重要参数。
三维真实感地形图能够逼真地反映外部真实世界,在地理信息系统、数字城市、军事领域具有广泛的应用价值。而三维真实感地形的建立,就需要大量真实遥感数据的支持,两者的有机结合,能够产生高真实感的三维地形地貌。
本文以教育部春晖计划——“基于网格的喀斯特地区数字博物馆的基础研究”为背景,结合遥感数字影像处理,研究三维真实感地形的建模和可视化方法。
研究了多比例尺综合和多细节层次(Levels Of Detail,LOD)地形绘制算法及行列均匀地形绘制算法,提出了基于三角平面对象的行列均匀地形绘制算法。结合OpenGL索引顶点、显示列表、视觉裁减等技术,提高地形绘制算法的执行效率。利用中巴卫星提供的遥感影像获得梵净山地区的高度图,初步完成梵净山地区的地形绘制。
在多波段遥感数据融合的过程中,研究了加权平均融合法、金字塔融合法、HIS变换融合。并提出了,基于最佳指数因子的交互式权值图像融合算法。通过计算最佳指数因子,确定融合的三个最佳波段,交互式的指定权值,加权融合到RGB三个通道。实现了真彩图,空间域及频率域图像处理,如图像增强、滤波等。
在海量地形绘制方面,提出基于多任务的分块等分辨率地形实时绘制算法,使用多线程实现不同分块的并行绘制。由于分块间的分辨率相同,不存在裙边裂缝问题,独立绘制的分块在绘制后拼合与海量同时绘制效果相同,解决了模型转换时的图像跳跃缺陷。实验显示本算法执行效率快,地形绘制效果良好。基于RGB位平面,研究了大幅纹理图的映射技术,采用了基于颜色材质的块匹配方法。初步完成了梵净山地区的高真实感地形绘制。
最后,使用Visual Studio.Net 2005开发了遥感影像处理软件:RmtSenImageProc。
Along with the increase of remote sensing technology and digital image processing arithmetic, the resolving power of space, spectrum and radiation are more and more detailed the capability of us distilling information from remote sensing image developed fast, these information are important parameters of space model in many fields.
The rendering of 3D terrain scene is playing a key role in many research fields such as virtual reality, geographic information system and simulation system, etc. It's third dimension can not be replaced by other way. As we know the build of third dimension scene needs a lots of real remote sensing images, theirs combination is one efficient way to high third dimension.
This paper combines digital image processing with the ChunHui program of Ministry ofEducation------"The Basic Research about Digital Museum of Karst Topography Based on GirdingTechnology", investigates modeling and visual arts of 3D terrain scene.
The LOD (levels of detail) algorithm is researched. We bring up one way of terrain rendering based on vertex stack. Using the display-list and face-cut can improve the efficiency of the rendering. The methods of gaining the height fields from the remote sensing images supplied by the China and Brazil Earth Resource Satellite are described. The rendering of the region around the FanJingShan is preliminarily realized by using the technologies discussed above.
In the field of great terrain rendering, the real-time, multi-tasks and blocking terrain rendering based on same distinguish is put forward. Because of same distinguish there are no cracks among blocks. The final sense is no different between great-block and multi-blocks. The exercise proves that this method is fast and working well.
During the process of multi-wave-band images amalgamation, weighted arithmetic average method, pyramid method and PCA (principal component analysis) method are analyzed. We bring up alternating weighted average method of image amalgamation based on RGB bit planes. We choose three wave band images according to OIF (optimum index factor), alternate weight, and assign to RGB bit planes. We realized true color image processing both in space domain and frequency domain. Such as image enhance and filter.
A framework based on RGB bit planes is established to manage the texture partitions and the corresponding terrain blocks. We elementarily realize real-time rendering of the region around the FanJingShan.
三维真实感地形图能够逼真地反映外部真实世界,在地理信息系统、数字城市、军事领域具有广泛的应用价值。而三维真实感地形的建立,就需要大量真实遥感数据的支持,两者的有机结合,能够产生高真实感的三维地形地貌。
本文以教育部春晖计划——“基于网格的喀斯特地区数字博物馆的基础研究”为背景,结合遥感数字影像处理,研究三维真实感地形的建模和可视化方法。
研究了多比例尺综合和多细节层次(Levels Of Detail,LOD)地形绘制算法及行列均匀地形绘制算法,提出了基于三角平面对象的行列均匀地形绘制算法。结合OpenGL索引顶点、显示列表、视觉裁减等技术,提高地形绘制算法的执行效率。利用中巴卫星提供的遥感影像获得梵净山地区的高度图,初步完成梵净山地区的地形绘制。
在多波段遥感数据融合的过程中,研究了加权平均融合法、金字塔融合法、HIS变换融合。并提出了,基于最佳指数因子的交互式权值图像融合算法。通过计算最佳指数因子,确定融合的三个最佳波段,交互式的指定权值,加权融合到RGB三个通道。实现了真彩图,空间域及频率域图像处理,如图像增强、滤波等。
在海量地形绘制方面,提出基于多任务的分块等分辨率地形实时绘制算法,使用多线程实现不同分块的并行绘制。由于分块间的分辨率相同,不存在裙边裂缝问题,独立绘制的分块在绘制后拼合与海量同时绘制效果相同,解决了模型转换时的图像跳跃缺陷。实验显示本算法执行效率快,地形绘制效果良好。基于RGB位平面,研究了大幅纹理图的映射技术,采用了基于颜色材质的块匹配方法。初步完成了梵净山地区的高真实感地形绘制。
最后,使用Visual Studio.Net 2005开发了遥感影像处理软件:RmtSenImageProc。
Along with the increase of remote sensing technology and digital image processing arithmetic, the resolving power of space, spectrum and radiation are more and more detailed the capability of us distilling information from remote sensing image developed fast, these information are important parameters of space model in many fields.
The rendering of 3D terrain scene is playing a key role in many research fields such as virtual reality, geographic information system and simulation system, etc. It's third dimension can not be replaced by other way. As we know the build of third dimension scene needs a lots of real remote sensing images, theirs combination is one efficient way to high third dimension.
This paper combines digital image processing with the ChunHui program of Ministry ofEducation------"The Basic Research about Digital Museum of Karst Topography Based on GirdingTechnology", investigates modeling and visual arts of 3D terrain scene.
The LOD (levels of detail) algorithm is researched. We bring up one way of terrain rendering based on vertex stack. Using the display-list and face-cut can improve the efficiency of the rendering. The methods of gaining the height fields from the remote sensing images supplied by the China and Brazil Earth Resource Satellite are described. The rendering of the region around the FanJingShan is preliminarily realized by using the technologies discussed above.
In the field of great terrain rendering, the real-time, multi-tasks and blocking terrain rendering based on same distinguish is put forward. Because of same distinguish there are no cracks among blocks. The final sense is no different between great-block and multi-blocks. The exercise proves that this method is fast and working well.
During the process of multi-wave-band images amalgamation, weighted arithmetic average method, pyramid method and PCA (principal component analysis) method are analyzed. We bring up alternating weighted average method of image amalgamation based on RGB bit planes. We choose three wave band images according to OIF (optimum index factor), alternate weight, and assign to RGB bit planes. We realized true color image processing both in space domain and frequency domain. Such as image enhance and filter.
A framework based on RGB bit planes is established to manage the texture partitions and the corresponding terrain blocks. We elementarily realize real-time rendering of the region around the FanJingShan.
引文
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[李德仁2003]李德仁。论21世纪遥感与GIS的发展[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2003,28(2):127-131.
[刘占平等2002]刘占平,王宏武,汪国平,蓝士海.面向数字地球的虚拟现实系统关键技术研究[J].中国图像图形学报,2002,7(2):160-164.
[齐敏等2000]齐敏,郝重阳,佟明安.三维地形生成及实时显示技术研究进展[J].中国图像图形学报,2000,5(4):269-275.
[石教英2002]石教英主编.虚拟现实基础及实用算法[M].北京:科学出版社.2002.4
[苏虎等2003]苏虎,周美玉.一种大规模地形的实时绘制算法[J].武汉大学学报(工学版)2003,36(3):81-85.
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[孙敏等2002]孙敏,薛勇,马蔼乃.基于格网划分的大数据集DEM三维可视化[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2002,14(6):566-570.
[(美)施仁奈2006](美)施仁奈.OpenGL编程指南[M].北京:机械工业出版社.2006,51-302
[汤晓安等2002]汤晓安,陈敏,孙茂印.一种新的地景模型简化与快速绘制方法[J].系统仿真学报,2002,14(2):83-85。
[陶闯等2003]陶闯,林宗坚,卢健。分形地形模拟[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报.1996,8(3):178-188.
[涂超2003]涂超.基于位图的大规模地形景观生成技术研究[J].郑州大学学报2003,24(1):70-72.
[汪成为等1996]汪成为,高文,王行仁.灵境(虚拟现实)技术的理论、实现及应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社.1996.
[王淑礼等2004][4]王淑礼,张磊译.游戏编程精粹Ⅰ[M].北京:人民邮电出版社.2004:164-171.
[王行风等2002][2]王行风,徐寿成.三维地形飞行浏览的研究及实现[J].计算机应用研究.2002,12(6):54-57.
[徐青2003]徐青.地形三维可视化技术IN].北京:测绘出版社.2000,83-103
[杨晓霞等2005]杨晓霞,齐华.一种大规模地形的高效绘制算法[J].计算机工程与应用,2005,41(14):229-232.
[赵友兵等2002]赵友兵,石教英,周骥,潘志庚.一种大规模地形的快速漫游算法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报2002,14(7):624-628.
[Alex 1994]Alex Heng_Keong Wong.Waterfull-A Particel System Animation[D].Computer Science Department Comell University.1994,5.
[Alok 1996]Alok K Chaturvedi,Les A Piegl.Procedural method for terrain surface interpolation[J].Computer & Graphics.1996,20(4):541-566.
[Boer et al 2000]De Boer,W.H.Fast terrain rendering using geometrical mipmapping[EB/OL].http://www.flipcode.com/articles/article_geomima ps.pdf.2000.
[Brandon et al 2002]Brandon Lloyd,Parris Egbert.Horizon Occlusion Culling for Real-time Rendering of Hierarchical Terrains[J].IEEE Visualization,2002(11):403-409
[Chen 1995]S E Chen.QuickTime VR:An imaged-based approach to virtual environment navigation[J].Computer Graphics,1995,29(4):29-37
[Cignoni et al 2003]Cignoni,P.,Ganovelli,F,Gobbetti,E.,Marton,F,Ponchio,F,Scopigno,R.BDAM -- Batched Dynamic AdaptiveMeshes for high performance terrain visualization[J].ComputerGraphics Forum,2003,22(3):505-514.
[Darius et al 2003]Darius Burschka,Dana Cobzas,Zach Dodds.Recent Methods for Image-based Modeling and Rendering[J].IEEE Virtual Reality,2003tutorial 1
[Donald 1997]Donald Trim.Applied Partial Differential Equations[M].PWS-Kent,1990.
[Hoppe 1996]Hoppe Hugues.Progressive mesh[C].Comuputer Graphics Proceedings Annual Conference Series ACM SIGGRAPH.1996,pp.97-108
[Hoppe1997]Hoppe H.View-Dependent Refinement of Progressive Meshes [C].SIGGRAPH'97 Proceedings,1997,(26):189-198.
[Hoppe 1998]Hoppe,H.1998.Smooth view-dependent level-of-detail control and its application to terrain rendering[C].In VIS '98:Proceedings of the conference on Visualization IEEE,1998,pp.35-42.
[John R 2007]John R Jensen.遥感数字影像处理导论[M].北京:机械工业出版社.2007.
[Koller et al 1995]Koller D.,Lindstrom P.,Ribarsky W.,Hodges L.F.,Faust N.,Turner G.Virtual GIS:A real time 3D geographic information system[C].IEEE Conference,1995:94-100.
[Larsen et al 2003]Larsen,B.D.,and Christensen,N.J.Real-time terrain rendering using smooth hardware optimized level of detail[J].Journal of WSCG,2003,11(11).
[Laura et al 2001]Laura Downs,Tomas Moller,Carlo H.Sequin.Occlusion horizons for driving through urban scenery[C].In Proc.of the 2001 Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics,2001,pp.121-124.
[Levenberg 2002]Levenberg,J..Fast view-dependent level-of-detail rendering using cached geometry[J].In VIS'02:Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '02 IEEE Computer Society,2002.
[Lindstrom et al 1996]Lindstrom P.,Koller D.,Ribarsky W.,Hodges,L.F,Faust N.,Turner G.A.Real-Time Continuous Level of Detail Rendering of Height Fields[C].In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH'96,pp.109-118.
[Lindstrom et al 2001]Lindstrom P.,Pascucci V.Visualization of Large Terrains Made Easy[J].IEEE Visualization 2001,pp.363-370.
[Lindstrom et al 2002]Lindstrom P.,Pascucci V.Terrain Simplification Simplified:A General Framework for View-Dependent Out-of-Core Visualization[J].IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics,2002,pp.239-254.
[Losasso et a12004]Losasso,F,and Hoppe,H.Geometry clipmaps:terrain rendering using nested regular grids[J].ACM Transactions on Graphics,200423(3):769-776.
[Pajarola 1998]Renato Pajarola.Large scale Terrain Visualization using the Restricted Quadtree Triangulation[C].Proceedings IEEE Visualization'98:19-26
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[戴晨光等2004]戴晨光,邓雪清,张永生。海量地形数据实时可视化算法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报2004,16(1):1603-1607.
[冈萨雷斯等1999]冈萨雷斯等.数字图像处理第二版[M].北京:电子工业出版社.1999.
[和平鸽工作室2003]和平鸽工作室.OpenGL三维图形系统开发和实用技术[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社.2003,115-129.
[李德仁2003]李德仁。论21世纪遥感与GIS的发展[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2003,28(2):127-131.
[刘占平等2002]刘占平,王宏武,汪国平,蓝士海.面向数字地球的虚拟现实系统关键技术研究[J].中国图像图形学报,2002,7(2):160-164.
[齐敏等2000]齐敏,郝重阳,佟明安.三维地形生成及实时显示技术研究进展[J].中国图像图形学报,2000,5(4):269-275.
[石教英2002]石教英主编.虚拟现实基础及实用算法[M].北京:科学出版社.2002.4
[苏虎等2003]苏虎,周美玉.一种大规模地形的实时绘制算法[J].武汉大学学报(工学版)2003,36(3):81-85.
[孙家广等2002]孙家广著.计算机图形学(第三版)[M].北京:清华大学出版社.1998.
[孙敏等2002]孙敏,薛勇,马蔼乃.基于格网划分的大数据集DEM三维可视化[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2002,14(6):566-570.
[(美)施仁奈2006](美)施仁奈.OpenGL编程指南[M].北京:机械工业出版社.2006,51-302
[汤晓安等2002]汤晓安,陈敏,孙茂印.一种新的地景模型简化与快速绘制方法[J].系统仿真学报,2002,14(2):83-85。
[陶闯等2003]陶闯,林宗坚,卢健。分形地形模拟[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报.1996,8(3):178-188.
[涂超2003]涂超.基于位图的大规模地形景观生成技术研究[J].郑州大学学报2003,24(1):70-72.
[汪成为等1996]汪成为,高文,王行仁.灵境(虚拟现实)技术的理论、实现及应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社.1996.
[王淑礼等2004][4]王淑礼,张磊译.游戏编程精粹Ⅰ[M].北京:人民邮电出版社.2004:164-171.
[王行风等2002][2]王行风,徐寿成.三维地形飞行浏览的研究及实现[J].计算机应用研究.2002,12(6):54-57.
[徐青2003]徐青.地形三维可视化技术IN].北京:测绘出版社.2000,83-103
[杨晓霞等2005]杨晓霞,齐华.一种大规模地形的高效绘制算法[J].计算机工程与应用,2005,41(14):229-232.
[赵友兵等2002]赵友兵,石教英,周骥,潘志庚.一种大规模地形的快速漫游算法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报2002,14(7):624-628.
[Alex 1994]Alex Heng_Keong Wong.Waterfull-A Particel System Animation[D].Computer Science Department Comell University.1994,5.
[Alok 1996]Alok K Chaturvedi,Les A Piegl.Procedural method for terrain surface interpolation[J].Computer & Graphics.1996,20(4):541-566.
[Boer et al 2000]De Boer,W.H.Fast terrain rendering using geometrical mipmapping[EB/OL].http://www.flipcode.com/articles/article_geomima ps.pdf.2000.
[Brandon et al 2002]Brandon Lloyd,Parris Egbert.Horizon Occlusion Culling for Real-time Rendering of Hierarchical Terrains[J].IEEE Visualization,2002(11):403-409
[Chen 1995]S E Chen.QuickTime VR:An imaged-based approach to virtual environment navigation[J].Computer Graphics,1995,29(4):29-37
[Cignoni et al 2003]Cignoni,P.,Ganovelli,F,Gobbetti,E.,Marton,F,Ponchio,F,Scopigno,R.BDAM -- Batched Dynamic AdaptiveMeshes for high performance terrain visualization[J].ComputerGraphics Forum,2003,22(3):505-514.
[Darius et al 2003]Darius Burschka,Dana Cobzas,Zach Dodds.Recent Methods for Image-based Modeling and Rendering[J].IEEE Virtual Reality,2003tutorial 1
[Donald 1997]Donald Trim.Applied Partial Differential Equations[M].PWS-Kent,1990.
[Hoppe 1996]Hoppe Hugues.Progressive mesh[C].Comuputer Graphics Proceedings Annual Conference Series ACM SIGGRAPH.1996,pp.97-108
[Hoppe1997]Hoppe H.View-Dependent Refinement of Progressive Meshes [C].SIGGRAPH'97 Proceedings,1997,(26):189-198.
[Hoppe 1998]Hoppe,H.1998.Smooth view-dependent level-of-detail control and its application to terrain rendering[C].In VIS '98:Proceedings of the conference on Visualization IEEE,1998,pp.35-42.
[John R 2007]John R Jensen.遥感数字影像处理导论[M].北京:机械工业出版社.2007.
[Koller et al 1995]Koller D.,Lindstrom P.,Ribarsky W.,Hodges L.F.,Faust N.,Turner G.Virtual GIS:A real time 3D geographic information system[C].IEEE Conference,1995:94-100.
[Larsen et al 2003]Larsen,B.D.,and Christensen,N.J.Real-time terrain rendering using smooth hardware optimized level of detail[J].Journal of WSCG,2003,11(11).
[Laura et al 2001]Laura Downs,Tomas Moller,Carlo H.Sequin.Occlusion horizons for driving through urban scenery[C].In Proc.of the 2001 Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics,2001,pp.121-124.
[Levenberg 2002]Levenberg,J..Fast view-dependent level-of-detail rendering using cached geometry[J].In VIS'02:Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '02 IEEE Computer Society,2002.
[Lindstrom et al 1996]Lindstrom P.,Koller D.,Ribarsky W.,Hodges,L.F,Faust N.,Turner G.A.Real-Time Continuous Level of Detail Rendering of Height Fields[C].In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH'96,pp.109-118.
[Lindstrom et al 2001]Lindstrom P.,Pascucci V.Visualization of Large Terrains Made Easy[J].IEEE Visualization 2001,pp.363-370.
[Lindstrom et al 2002]Lindstrom P.,Pascucci V.Terrain Simplification Simplified:A General Framework for View-Dependent Out-of-Core Visualization[J].IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics,2002,pp.239-254.
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