基于开关电容矩阵的波形数字化技术研究
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摘要
波形数字化技术是未来粒子物理实验前端电子学非常重要的发展趋势之一,通过探测器波形,实验者可以获取其携带的所有物理信息。传统基于FADC (Flash ADC)的波形数字化技术路线不仅集成度低,成本高昂,而且随着采样率的提高,功耗越来越大,已经不能满足未来粒子物理实验发展的需求。新兴的基于开关电容矩阵(Switched-Capacitor Arrays:SCA)的波形数字化技术采用模拟采样+数字变换的路线,即：开关电容矩阵高速采样模拟信号,采样电荷再通过慢速高精度ADC数字化。该技术解决了高速采样和高精度A/D变换之间的矛盾,同时由于避免采用高速ADC,降低了系统的功耗。此外,基于开关电容矩阵的波形数字化技术在系统集成度和成本方面相对于FADC也具有明显优势。
随着电子科学技术的发展,基于SCA的专用集成电路(ASIC)技术已经趋于成熟。在国外已经出现了多款专为粒子物理实验前端电子学设计的SCA ASIC:比如瑞士PSI研究所MEG实验的DRS系列、位于地中海的ANTARES实验的ARS等。国内基于开关电容矩阵的波形数字化技术研究刚刚开始,目前还没有比较系统的报道。我们采用瑞士PSI研究所的SCA ASIC:DRS4,研究基于开关电容矩阵的波形数字化技术,以及其在粒子物理实验中的应用。论文的组织按章节如下：
第一章分析了当今粒子物理实验的特点,指出波形数字化技术是未来粒子物理实验前端电子学的重要发展方向之一。自上个世纪80年代开始,基于FADC的波形数字化技术已经在很多物理实验中成功应用。然而,随着粒子物理实验的发展,该技术在系统集成度、功耗以及成本等方面已经跟不上粒子物理实验发展的步伐,取而代之的是基于开关电容矩阵的波形数字化技术。进入本世纪,相继有多个粒子物理实验选择基于SCA的波形数字化技术,并取得成功应用。
第二章阐述了基于开关电容矩阵的波形数字化的几种技术实现路线。SCA技术的发展和粒子物理实验的发展息息相关,一方面,不同实验需求的差别,催生了SCA ASIC的多种技术实现路线；另一方面,SCA ASIC技术的进步也推动了粒子物理实验的发展。该章归纳总结当今主流的SCA技术路线,并选择具有代表性的SCA芯片分类介绍。
第三章介绍了基于DRS4的两版波形数字化系统的设计；第四章介绍两版波形数字化系统的性能,及相关的修正算法,包括采样单元直流偏置误差补偿,采样间隔不均匀性修正等。在此基础上,评估系统的波形定时精度。该章中还探讨了基于PCB走线延时实现DRS4模拟通道采样内插的方法。
第五章探讨了基于DRS4的波形数字化技术在粒子物理实验中的应用。该章通过具体的物理实验,研究基于探测器信号波形提取粒子时间和电荷的方法。
第六章总结全文,并展望未来工作。
Waveform digitization offers the experimenter the maximum possible information of the pulse from detectors. The arrival time and charge information can be easily extracted from the waveform. Traditionally we use Flash ADC for digitization; however such systems suffer from low channel densities, huge power comsuption, as well as high finicial cost. An alternative to flash ADCs is the switched-capacitor arrays (SCAs). Detector signals are sampled and stored in an array of fast capacitors at a very high speed, and digitized with a commercial ADC at a lower rate before a new waveform is acquired.
Up to the present, several Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) have been developed abroad. Some of the representatives are as Domino Ring Sampler from Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Switzerland, and Analogue Ring Sampler (ARS) in ANTARES neutrino telescope, about40km off the Frech Riviera coast near Toulon. Currently we donot find any reports about waveform digitization with SCAs at home. In this thesis, we present the research of waveform digitization with DRS4, the fourth version of DRS, as well as its application in particle physics experiments. This thesis is arranged as follows.
In chapter1, we discussed the trend of front-end electronics in future particle experiments. There is gaining evidence that waveform digitization will play an important role in front-end electronics in the next two decades. At first, Flash ADCs were widely used for digitization since the1980s, but they are now replaced by SCAs to meet the increasing requirements of nowadays particle experiments. We also gave experiments ultizing FADCs and SCAs for example in this chapter.
In chapter2, we presented the various techniques of realization of current available SCAs. We tried to classify them and gave introductions of their implementation and characterization according to their catalog. Finally, we summarized our classification and gave the tendency of the next gereration of SCAs.
In chapter3, we introduced the implementation of our two versions of waveform digitization system with DRS4. In Chapter4, we showed the performance of the waveform digitization systems. We developed a series of calibration strategies as DC offset compensation and uneven sampling intervals calibration. We also evaluated the timing performance of the system and the interleaved sampling scheme of analog channels of DRS4with PCB routing delay on board. Generally, the timing performance of the system is as low as10ps after calibration and we achieved about10GS/s with2channels interleaved.
In chapter5, we put the waveform digization system into one of our physics experiments. We tried to extract the timing information of detector signals from their waveform and compared different timing techniques. We also gave our consideration of the extraction of the charge from the sampled waveform.
Finally, in chapter6, we conclude this thesis and summarize what have been achieved.
随着电子科学技术的发展,基于SCA的专用集成电路(ASIC)技术已经趋于成熟。在国外已经出现了多款专为粒子物理实验前端电子学设计的SCA ASIC:比如瑞士PSI研究所MEG实验的DRS系列、位于地中海的ANTARES实验的ARS等。国内基于开关电容矩阵的波形数字化技术研究刚刚开始,目前还没有比较系统的报道。我们采用瑞士PSI研究所的SCA ASIC:DRS4,研究基于开关电容矩阵的波形数字化技术,以及其在粒子物理实验中的应用。论文的组织按章节如下：
第一章分析了当今粒子物理实验的特点,指出波形数字化技术是未来粒子物理实验前端电子学的重要发展方向之一。自上个世纪80年代开始,基于FADC的波形数字化技术已经在很多物理实验中成功应用。然而,随着粒子物理实验的发展,该技术在系统集成度、功耗以及成本等方面已经跟不上粒子物理实验发展的步伐,取而代之的是基于开关电容矩阵的波形数字化技术。进入本世纪,相继有多个粒子物理实验选择基于SCA的波形数字化技术,并取得成功应用。
第二章阐述了基于开关电容矩阵的波形数字化的几种技术实现路线。SCA技术的发展和粒子物理实验的发展息息相关,一方面,不同实验需求的差别,催生了SCA ASIC的多种技术实现路线；另一方面,SCA ASIC技术的进步也推动了粒子物理实验的发展。该章归纳总结当今主流的SCA技术路线,并选择具有代表性的SCA芯片分类介绍。
第三章介绍了基于DRS4的两版波形数字化系统的设计；第四章介绍两版波形数字化系统的性能,及相关的修正算法,包括采样单元直流偏置误差补偿,采样间隔不均匀性修正等。在此基础上,评估系统的波形定时精度。该章中还探讨了基于PCB走线延时实现DRS4模拟通道采样内插的方法。
第五章探讨了基于DRS4的波形数字化技术在粒子物理实验中的应用。该章通过具体的物理实验,研究基于探测器信号波形提取粒子时间和电荷的方法。
第六章总结全文,并展望未来工作。
Waveform digitization offers the experimenter the maximum possible information of the pulse from detectors. The arrival time and charge information can be easily extracted from the waveform. Traditionally we use Flash ADC for digitization; however such systems suffer from low channel densities, huge power comsuption, as well as high finicial cost. An alternative to flash ADCs is the switched-capacitor arrays (SCAs). Detector signals are sampled and stored in an array of fast capacitors at a very high speed, and digitized with a commercial ADC at a lower rate before a new waveform is acquired.
Up to the present, several Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) have been developed abroad. Some of the representatives are as Domino Ring Sampler from Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Switzerland, and Analogue Ring Sampler (ARS) in ANTARES neutrino telescope, about40km off the Frech Riviera coast near Toulon. Currently we donot find any reports about waveform digitization with SCAs at home. In this thesis, we present the research of waveform digitization with DRS4, the fourth version of DRS, as well as its application in particle physics experiments. This thesis is arranged as follows.
In chapter1, we discussed the trend of front-end electronics in future particle experiments. There is gaining evidence that waveform digitization will play an important role in front-end electronics in the next two decades. At first, Flash ADCs were widely used for digitization since the1980s, but they are now replaced by SCAs to meet the increasing requirements of nowadays particle experiments. We also gave experiments ultizing FADCs and SCAs for example in this chapter.
In chapter2, we presented the various techniques of realization of current available SCAs. We tried to classify them and gave introductions of their implementation and characterization according to their catalog. Finally, we summarized our classification and gave the tendency of the next gereration of SCAs.
In chapter3, we introduced the implementation of our two versions of waveform digitization system with DRS4. In Chapter4, we showed the performance of the waveform digitization systems. We developed a series of calibration strategies as DC offset compensation and uneven sampling intervals calibration. We also evaluated the timing performance of the system and the interleaved sampling scheme of analog channels of DRS4with PCB routing delay on board. Generally, the timing performance of the system is as low as10ps after calibration and we achieved about10GS/s with2channels interleaved.
In chapter5, we put the waveform digization system into one of our physics experiments. We tried to extract the timing information of detector signals from their waveform and compared different timing techniques. We also gave our consideration of the extraction of the charge from the sampled waveform.
Finally, in chapter6, we conclude this thesis and summarize what have been achieved.
引文
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