车载Ad Hoc网络媒体访问控制与信息广播技术研究
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摘要
车载Ad Hoc网络能够实现车辆之间相互通信,并且提供安全相关业务来减少交通事故,以及多媒体业务来向用户提供信息、娱乐服务,近些年已经逐渐成为无线通信领域研究热点。作为智能交通系统(ITS)不可或缺的一部分,车载Ad Hoc网络能够完全以自组织、分布式的方式运行,并且不需要路边无线通信设备的介入。但是,由于车辆的高速移动、拓扑的快速变化、路边基础设备的缺失、以及恶劣的数据通信环境,使得车载Ad Hoc网络无线资源分配面临相当大的挑战。此外,多跳无线传输面临媒体访问控制(MAC)层的暴露终端、隐藏终端、公平性、可靠性问题,以及网络层的广播风暴问题,使得车载Ad Hoc网络难以满足各种业务的服务质量(QoS)要求,例如,安全相关的业务需要快速、可靠的数据传输,而多媒体业务需要高的吞吐量以及公平性。因此,设计高效的通信协议以满足车载Ad Hoc网络中各种业务QoS需求是迫切需要的。本文的研究成果总结如下：
(1)设计多信道令牌环媒体访问控制协议MCTRP。
当节点密度增高时,传统的Ad Hoc网络采用的IEEE802.11协议分布式管理功能(DCF)使得数据帧碰撞不断增加,延长了数据信道访问时间,因而DCF难以保证车载Ad Hoc网络中对时延有严格要求的安全类业务QoS需求。尽管目前许多研究工作致力于减少安全信息的信道访问延迟,但是这些工作往往以降低信道利用率为代价,难以同时保证多媒体业务高吞吐量与安全业务低延迟。本文针对车载Ad Hoc网络特点和应用业务QoS需求,设计了一种多信道令牌环媒体访问协议MCTRP。该协议采用IEEE802.11p的多信道结构,通过自适应的令牌环管理以及动态的信道调度,车辆能够被组织到工作在不同信道的令牌环。此外,本文建立了马尔可夫链数学模型来动态跟踪环内节点数量的变化,并且以此为基础来分析MCTRP的性能,例如,平均环建立延迟、安全消息延迟、环的吞吐量等。最后,本文做了大量仿真实验来验证数学模型,并与其它MAC协议作了性能比较。数学分析与仿真结果表明,MCTRP能够快速、有效地传递安全消息,进一步提升多媒体业务的数据吞吐量,满足了车载Ad Hoc网络不同业务的QoS需求。
(2)提出基于地理位置的单路由判据多跳广播协议PMBP。
为了让车载Ad Hoc网络中的远距离节点能够尽快地接收到安全类信息,本文提出了一种基于地理位置的多跳广播协议(PMBP)来快速广播安全消息,从而实现车载Ad Hoc网络的辅助驾驶。PMBP在MAC层采用跨层的方法,在信息传播方向上选择传输距离范围内最远的邻居节点作为中继节点,从而使得安全消息能够以最快速度传递到远处节点。此外,本文建立了数学模型来分析PMBP的性能,例如,单跳内接收节点数量、端到端延迟、广播节点与接收节点的比例等。相对于IEEE802.11DCF的广播机制,PMBP能够克服多跳信息广播所面临的诸多难题,例如,信息冗余、链路的不可靠性、隐藏终端、广播风暴等问题,极大地提高了网络的性能。
(3)设计基于信道质量、移动速度、以及地理位置的多路由判据多跳广播协议CLBP
车载Ad Hoc网络中,恶劣的通信环境、信号的路径衰落、以及车辆的快速移动,使得数据帧的误包率大大提高。发送节点往往因为没有收到确认信息而不断重传数据帧来增加信息的可靠性,从而延长了链路层的传输时间。因此,对于多跳信息广播,当信道质量较差时误包率较高的远距离邻居节点并不是理想的中继节点。为了适应车载Ad Hoc网络物理信道特点,本文提出了一种多跳跨层广播协议(CLBP)来传输安全类信息。首先,一个新颖的复合式的中继向量被提出用来进行下一跳中继选择,该中继向量综合考虑了车辆的地理位置、物理信道状态、车辆的移动速度。基于此中继向量,本文设计了一个分布式的中继节点选择协议,以此在消息传播方向上选择唯一的节点来可靠地中继安全消息。同时,该协议改进基于优先级的IEEE802.11e EDCA机制用来保证安全类业务QoS要求。此外,本文建立了数学模型来分析CLBP的性能,并在此基础上计算误包率、中继节点选择延迟、安全消息访问延迟等性能指标。数学分析与仿真结果表明,CLBP不仅能够减少车载Ad Hoc网络中广播消息的信息冗余,而且能够快速、可靠地传递安全消息。
Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) enabling vehicles to communicate with each other, and providing safety services to reduce traffic accidents on the road as well as multimedia services to supply information and entertainment to traveling people, has become hot research area in wireless communications. As an indispensable part of intelligent transportation system (ITS), VANET can operate autonomously in self-organized, distributed mode without the support of roadside wireless communication equipments. However, the lack of infrastructure support, high mobility of vehicles, dynamic topology changes, and hostile wireless communication environment make the wireless resource allocation of VANET extremely challenging. In addition, exposed terminal, hidden terminal, fairness, reliability problems on the MAC layer, and broadcast storm problem on the network layer, make VANET difficult to guarantee quality of service (QoS) requirements of various applications. For instance, safety related services demand quick and reliable message delivery, while multimedia services usually require high throughput and good fairness performance. Therefore, it is very important to design efficient protocols to meet different QoS requirements of vehicular applications in VANET. The contributions of the thesis are concluded as follows:
(1) Propose a multi-channel token ring media access control (MAC) protocol MCTRP.
The traditional Ad Hoc networks adopt the distributed coordination function (DCF) of IEEE802.11, and the packet collisions increase when the node density goes up, which prolongs the channel access delay of data packets. Therefore, DCF is diffucult to guarantee the QoS requirements of safety services, which have stringent delay requirement. Although most current research works aim to reduce the channel access delay of safety messages at the cost of decreasing the efficiency of channel resource, they cannot guarantee high throughput for multimedia services and low delay for safety services simultaneously. Based on the characteristics of VANET and QoS requirements of its services, we design a multi-channel token ring MAC protocol MCTRP. The protocol adopts the IEEE802.11p multi-channel structure, and through adaptive ring coordination and dynamic channel scheduling, vehicles are autonomously organized into multiple rings operating on different service channels. In addition, a Markov chain model is developed to dynamically keep track of the number of nodes in a ring, and further evaluate the performance of MCTRP in terms of the average full ring delay, emergency message delay, and ring throughput, etc. Extensive simulations are conducted to validate the analytical model, and performance comparisons with other MAC protocols are also performed. Analysis and simulation results show that MCTRP can quickly and effectively deliver safety messages, improve the throughput for multimedia services, and finally guarantee the QoS requirements of various services in VANET.
(2) Propose a single relaying metric multi-hop broadcast protocol PMBP based on geographical position.
In order to make safety messages be received by remote nodes as fast as possible in VANET, a position based on multi-hop broadcast protocol (PMBP) is proposed to deliver safety messages, and thus achieve cooperative driving in VANET. PMBP adopts a cross-layer approach on the MAC layer, and selects the neighboring node with the farthest distance from the source node in the message propagation direction as the next relaying node, which ensures emergency messages can be delivered to remote nodes with low time latency。 Furthermore, a mathematical model is developed to analyze the performance of PMBP, such as number of receiving nodes at each hop, end to end delay, ratio of informed vehicles to broadcasting vehicles, etc. Compared with the mechanism of DCF in IEEE802.11, PMBP is able to overcome several challenging problems of multi-hop information broadcast, for instance, message redundancy, unreliable link, hidden terminal, broadcast storm problems, and greatly improve the performance of the network.
(3) Propose a mutiple relaying metrics multi-hop broadcast protocol CLBP based on channel conditions, moving velocities, and geographical location.
In VANET, hostile communication environment, pass loss of signal, and fast movement of vehicles increase the packet error rate (PER). The transmitting node always repeadly transmits data packets to increase the message reliability due to the lack of acknowledgement, which prolongs the delay on the link layer. Therefore, under bad channel conditions, the farthest neighboring node with high PER is not the ideal relaying node for multi-hop information broadcast. To adapt the characteristics of physical channel in VANET, a cross layer broadcast protocol (CLBP) is proposed to deliver safety messages. A novel composite relaying metric is firstly designed for next hop relaying node selection, which jointly considers geographical locations of vehicles, physical layer channel conditions, and moving velocities of vehicles. Based on the designed relaying metric, a distributed relay selection scheme is proposed to assure a unique relay is selected to reliably forward the safety message in the information propagation direction, and IEEE802.11e EDCA MAC is further revised to guarantee QoS provisioning to safety services. In addition, a mathematical model is developed to study the performance of the proposed CLBP, and performance metrics PER, relay selection delay, emergency message access delay are thus calculated. Mathematical analysis and simulation results show that CLBP can not only reduce the broadcast message redundancy, but also quickly and reliably deliver safety messages in VANET.
(1)设计多信道令牌环媒体访问控制协议MCTRP。
当节点密度增高时,传统的Ad Hoc网络采用的IEEE802.11协议分布式管理功能(DCF)使得数据帧碰撞不断增加,延长了数据信道访问时间,因而DCF难以保证车载Ad Hoc网络中对时延有严格要求的安全类业务QoS需求。尽管目前许多研究工作致力于减少安全信息的信道访问延迟,但是这些工作往往以降低信道利用率为代价,难以同时保证多媒体业务高吞吐量与安全业务低延迟。本文针对车载Ad Hoc网络特点和应用业务QoS需求,设计了一种多信道令牌环媒体访问协议MCTRP。该协议采用IEEE802.11p的多信道结构,通过自适应的令牌环管理以及动态的信道调度,车辆能够被组织到工作在不同信道的令牌环。此外,本文建立了马尔可夫链数学模型来动态跟踪环内节点数量的变化,并且以此为基础来分析MCTRP的性能,例如,平均环建立延迟、安全消息延迟、环的吞吐量等。最后,本文做了大量仿真实验来验证数学模型,并与其它MAC协议作了性能比较。数学分析与仿真结果表明,MCTRP能够快速、有效地传递安全消息,进一步提升多媒体业务的数据吞吐量,满足了车载Ad Hoc网络不同业务的QoS需求。
(2)提出基于地理位置的单路由判据多跳广播协议PMBP。
为了让车载Ad Hoc网络中的远距离节点能够尽快地接收到安全类信息,本文提出了一种基于地理位置的多跳广播协议(PMBP)来快速广播安全消息,从而实现车载Ad Hoc网络的辅助驾驶。PMBP在MAC层采用跨层的方法,在信息传播方向上选择传输距离范围内最远的邻居节点作为中继节点,从而使得安全消息能够以最快速度传递到远处节点。此外,本文建立了数学模型来分析PMBP的性能,例如,单跳内接收节点数量、端到端延迟、广播节点与接收节点的比例等。相对于IEEE802.11DCF的广播机制,PMBP能够克服多跳信息广播所面临的诸多难题,例如,信息冗余、链路的不可靠性、隐藏终端、广播风暴等问题,极大地提高了网络的性能。
(3)设计基于信道质量、移动速度、以及地理位置的多路由判据多跳广播协议CLBP
车载Ad Hoc网络中,恶劣的通信环境、信号的路径衰落、以及车辆的快速移动,使得数据帧的误包率大大提高。发送节点往往因为没有收到确认信息而不断重传数据帧来增加信息的可靠性,从而延长了链路层的传输时间。因此,对于多跳信息广播,当信道质量较差时误包率较高的远距离邻居节点并不是理想的中继节点。为了适应车载Ad Hoc网络物理信道特点,本文提出了一种多跳跨层广播协议(CLBP)来传输安全类信息。首先,一个新颖的复合式的中继向量被提出用来进行下一跳中继选择,该中继向量综合考虑了车辆的地理位置、物理信道状态、车辆的移动速度。基于此中继向量,本文设计了一个分布式的中继节点选择协议,以此在消息传播方向上选择唯一的节点来可靠地中继安全消息。同时,该协议改进基于优先级的IEEE802.11e EDCA机制用来保证安全类业务QoS要求。此外,本文建立了数学模型来分析CLBP的性能,并在此基础上计算误包率、中继节点选择延迟、安全消息访问延迟等性能指标。数学分析与仿真结果表明,CLBP不仅能够减少车载Ad Hoc网络中广播消息的信息冗余,而且能够快速、可靠地传递安全消息。
Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) enabling vehicles to communicate with each other, and providing safety services to reduce traffic accidents on the road as well as multimedia services to supply information and entertainment to traveling people, has become hot research area in wireless communications. As an indispensable part of intelligent transportation system (ITS), VANET can operate autonomously in self-organized, distributed mode without the support of roadside wireless communication equipments. However, the lack of infrastructure support, high mobility of vehicles, dynamic topology changes, and hostile wireless communication environment make the wireless resource allocation of VANET extremely challenging. In addition, exposed terminal, hidden terminal, fairness, reliability problems on the MAC layer, and broadcast storm problem on the network layer, make VANET difficult to guarantee quality of service (QoS) requirements of various applications. For instance, safety related services demand quick and reliable message delivery, while multimedia services usually require high throughput and good fairness performance. Therefore, it is very important to design efficient protocols to meet different QoS requirements of vehicular applications in VANET. The contributions of the thesis are concluded as follows:
(1) Propose a multi-channel token ring media access control (MAC) protocol MCTRP.
The traditional Ad Hoc networks adopt the distributed coordination function (DCF) of IEEE802.11, and the packet collisions increase when the node density goes up, which prolongs the channel access delay of data packets. Therefore, DCF is diffucult to guarantee the QoS requirements of safety services, which have stringent delay requirement. Although most current research works aim to reduce the channel access delay of safety messages at the cost of decreasing the efficiency of channel resource, they cannot guarantee high throughput for multimedia services and low delay for safety services simultaneously. Based on the characteristics of VANET and QoS requirements of its services, we design a multi-channel token ring MAC protocol MCTRP. The protocol adopts the IEEE802.11p multi-channel structure, and through adaptive ring coordination and dynamic channel scheduling, vehicles are autonomously organized into multiple rings operating on different service channels. In addition, a Markov chain model is developed to dynamically keep track of the number of nodes in a ring, and further evaluate the performance of MCTRP in terms of the average full ring delay, emergency message delay, and ring throughput, etc. Extensive simulations are conducted to validate the analytical model, and performance comparisons with other MAC protocols are also performed. Analysis and simulation results show that MCTRP can quickly and effectively deliver safety messages, improve the throughput for multimedia services, and finally guarantee the QoS requirements of various services in VANET.
(2) Propose a single relaying metric multi-hop broadcast protocol PMBP based on geographical position.
In order to make safety messages be received by remote nodes as fast as possible in VANET, a position based on multi-hop broadcast protocol (PMBP) is proposed to deliver safety messages, and thus achieve cooperative driving in VANET. PMBP adopts a cross-layer approach on the MAC layer, and selects the neighboring node with the farthest distance from the source node in the message propagation direction as the next relaying node, which ensures emergency messages can be delivered to remote nodes with low time latency。 Furthermore, a mathematical model is developed to analyze the performance of PMBP, such as number of receiving nodes at each hop, end to end delay, ratio of informed vehicles to broadcasting vehicles, etc. Compared with the mechanism of DCF in IEEE802.11, PMBP is able to overcome several challenging problems of multi-hop information broadcast, for instance, message redundancy, unreliable link, hidden terminal, broadcast storm problems, and greatly improve the performance of the network.
(3) Propose a mutiple relaying metrics multi-hop broadcast protocol CLBP based on channel conditions, moving velocities, and geographical location.
In VANET, hostile communication environment, pass loss of signal, and fast movement of vehicles increase the packet error rate (PER). The transmitting node always repeadly transmits data packets to increase the message reliability due to the lack of acknowledgement, which prolongs the delay on the link layer. Therefore, under bad channel conditions, the farthest neighboring node with high PER is not the ideal relaying node for multi-hop information broadcast. To adapt the characteristics of physical channel in VANET, a cross layer broadcast protocol (CLBP) is proposed to deliver safety messages. A novel composite relaying metric is firstly designed for next hop relaying node selection, which jointly considers geographical locations of vehicles, physical layer channel conditions, and moving velocities of vehicles. Based on the designed relaying metric, a distributed relay selection scheme is proposed to assure a unique relay is selected to reliably forward the safety message in the information propagation direction, and IEEE802.11e EDCA MAC is further revised to guarantee QoS provisioning to safety services. In addition, a mathematical model is developed to study the performance of the proposed CLBP, and performance metrics PER, relay selection delay, emergency message access delay are thus calculated. Mathematical analysis and simulation results show that CLBP can not only reduce the broadcast message redundancy, but also quickly and reliably deliver safety messages in VANET.
引文
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