中职生自我同一性对职业成熟度的影响
|
摘要
职业成熟度是指个人掌握与其职业发展阶段相适应的职业发展目标的程度。职业成熟度作为个体职业发展中的一个重要评估指标,开展中职生职业成熟度的研究不仅可以为中职生的职业辅导提供理论基础,也是我国职业心理学发展的重要组成部分。自我同一性是青少年心理发展的关键标志,青少年在“主我”和“客我”上有清楚的认识时,表明其自我同一性的形成。
本研究以探讨中职生自我同一性对职业成熟度的影响为目的。在借鉴国内外相关研究的基础上,与心理专家讨论并确立了自我同一性和职业成熟度问卷,以500名中职生为研究被试,运用验证性因素分析分别对本研究所使用的问卷结构进行了验证和分析,调查了我国中职生自我同一性对职业成熟度的影响以及中职生职业成熟度的发展特点。
本研究获得如下结论:
(1)我国中职生的职业成熟度不同的性别具有显著差异,女生对自我的认知比男生更深刻。
(2)我国中职生的职业成熟度在不同的家庭环境(城乡差异)上也具有一定的差异,城市的孩子对职业规划和专业知识上认识更多一些,也表现的更加自信一些。
(3)我国中职生的职业成熟度在不同的年级上差异表现十分显著;
(4)我国中职生自我同一性不同维度(角色尝试、价值定向、自我确定、时间观念、工作无力、权威混淆)分别对职业成熟度二级指标(知识和态度)有显著影响,其中工作无力和权威混淆两个维度对职业成熟度的影响较大。
Career maturity is the extent to which individual is ready for coping with career development tasks appropriate to his or her age.Because the situation which takes up an occupation becomes more and more difficult,it is necessary to provide the pertinent career guidance.Career maturity is an important index which could evaluate the stage in one's career development,the study on the career maturity of secondary vocational school students will not only provide theoretic basis for career guidance,but also meet the urgent need for the development of Chinese vocational psychology.Ego-identity is the key symbol in the adolescent psychology development.If the adolescent have clear recognition,his ego-identity has formed.
This study was to explore the effects of ego-identity on career maturity of secondary vocational school students.Based on related studies,ego-identity status scale and career maturity scale were reedited through discussions with experts.Confirmatory Factor Analysis was used to confirm and analyze the structure of the scales.500 secondary vocational school students were requested to answer the scales and the study has explored the effects of ego-identity on career maturity and development characteristics of career maturity of secondary vocational school students.
The research results indicate that:
(1) There is a significant difference of career maturity on gender,and the schoolgirl has more profundity in the self-recognition.
(2) The different family area has difference in the career maturity of Secondary Vocational School Students.It indicates that the boy of the city has the knowing in the career programming and specialty knowledge,and show the more self-confidence.
(3) There is significant difference of career maturity from grade-one to grade-there.
(4) The six dimensions of ego-identity(role experimentation,value-orientation,self-certainty, time perspective,work paralysis,authority confusion) had significant effects on the two secondary indices of career maturity(knowledge and attitude),and the two dimensions of work paralysis and authority confusion have more effects.
本研究以探讨中职生自我同一性对职业成熟度的影响为目的。在借鉴国内外相关研究的基础上,与心理专家讨论并确立了自我同一性和职业成熟度问卷,以500名中职生为研究被试,运用验证性因素分析分别对本研究所使用的问卷结构进行了验证和分析,调查了我国中职生自我同一性对职业成熟度的影响以及中职生职业成熟度的发展特点。
本研究获得如下结论:
(1)我国中职生的职业成熟度不同的性别具有显著差异,女生对自我的认知比男生更深刻。
(2)我国中职生的职业成熟度在不同的家庭环境(城乡差异)上也具有一定的差异,城市的孩子对职业规划和专业知识上认识更多一些,也表现的更加自信一些。
(3)我国中职生的职业成熟度在不同的年级上差异表现十分显著;
(4)我国中职生自我同一性不同维度(角色尝试、价值定向、自我确定、时间观念、工作无力、权威混淆)分别对职业成熟度二级指标(知识和态度)有显著影响,其中工作无力和权威混淆两个维度对职业成熟度的影响较大。
Career maturity is the extent to which individual is ready for coping with career development tasks appropriate to his or her age.Because the situation which takes up an occupation becomes more and more difficult,it is necessary to provide the pertinent career guidance.Career maturity is an important index which could evaluate the stage in one's career development,the study on the career maturity of secondary vocational school students will not only provide theoretic basis for career guidance,but also meet the urgent need for the development of Chinese vocational psychology.Ego-identity is the key symbol in the adolescent psychology development.If the adolescent have clear recognition,his ego-identity has formed.
This study was to explore the effects of ego-identity on career maturity of secondary vocational school students.Based on related studies,ego-identity status scale and career maturity scale were reedited through discussions with experts.Confirmatory Factor Analysis was used to confirm and analyze the structure of the scales.500 secondary vocational school students were requested to answer the scales and the study has explored the effects of ego-identity on career maturity and development characteristics of career maturity of secondary vocational school students.
The research results indicate that:
(1) There is a significant difference of career maturity on gender,and the schoolgirl has more profundity in the self-recognition.
(2) The different family area has difference in the career maturity of Secondary Vocational School Students.It indicates that the boy of the city has the knowing in the career programming and specialty knowledge,and show the more self-confidence.
(3) There is significant difference of career maturity from grade-one to grade-there.
(4) The six dimensions of ego-identity(role experimentation,value-orientation,self-certainty, time perspective,work paralysis,authority confusion) had significant effects on the two secondary indices of career maturity(knowledge and attitude),and the two dimensions of work paralysis and authority confusion have more effects.
引文
Ackerman, GR.&Marshall,S.K.(1996).A developmental social psychology If identity: Understanding the person-in-context. Journal of Adolescence, 19,429～442.
Adams,G&Fitch,S.(1982).Ego stage and identity status development: A cross-sequential analysis.Joumal If Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 574—583.
Adams,GGullotta,T.,&Montemayor,R.(1992).Adolescent identity formation. Newbury Park,CA:Sage.
Archer,S.(1989).Gender difference in identity development.Issues of process,domain,and timing. Journal of Adolescence, 12,117～ 138.
Archer,S.L.&Waterman,A.S.(1988).Psychological individualism:Gender differences or gender neutrality?Human Development, 31,65 ～ 81.
Alan, S. K.&Edward, F. E.(2001). The relationship of Demographic and Psychological Variables to career maturity of Junior College Student-Athletes. Journal of college student Development, 42(2): 122-132.
Barber,B.&Olsen,J.(1997).Socialization in context:Connection,regulation,and autonomy im the family,school,neighborhood,and with peers.Journal of Adolescent Research, 12,287～ 315.
Berxonsky,M.D,&Lombardo,J.P.( 1983).Pubertal timing and identity crises:A preliminary investigation.. Journal of Early Adolescence,3,239～246.
Books-Gunn,J,&Ruble,D.N.(1982).The development of menstrual-related beliefs and behaviors during early adolescence. Child Development,53,1567～ 1577.
Bulcroft,R.(1991). The value of physical change in adolescence: Consequence for the parent adolescent exchange relationship. Journal of Youth and Adolescence,20,89～ 105.
Bandura A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: Asocial cognitive theory. Engle wood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 81-91.
Betz NE. (1988). The assessment of career development and maturity. In: WB Walsh & SHO sipow, Career decision making, 93-99.
Betz NE,& Taylor KM. (1993) Manual for the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale. Columbus, OH: Author;
BetzNE,LuzzoDA. (1996). Career assessment and the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale. Journal of Career Assess-ment, 4(4):413-428.
Betz NE, Klein KL,Taylor KM. (1996) Evaluation of a short form of The Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale. Journal of Career Assessment, 4(1):47-57.
Cobb,N.(1995).Adolescence: Continuity, change, and diversity. Mountain View, CAMay
Dorn, L.D., Crockett, L.J., &Peterson, A.C. (1988).The relation of pubertal status to intrapersonal changes in young adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence,8,405～419.
Dryer,P.H.(1994).Designing curricular identity Interventions for secondary schools.In S.L.Archer(Ed),Interventions for adolescent identity development (pp. 121 ～ 140).Thousand Oaks,CA:Sage.
Erikson,E.( 1968).Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
Eva S-R, Rainer, K.S (1998). Career maturity determinants: individual development social context and historical time. The Career Development Quarterly, 47, 16-31.
Erikson, E. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
Eirini Flouri. & Ann Buchanan. (2002). The role of work-related skills and career role models in adolescent career maturity. The career Development Quarterly, 51(1): 36-43.
Fulton,A( 1997). Identity status, religious orientation, and prejudice. Journal of Youth and Adolescence,26,1 ～ 11.
Grotevant,H.D.,Copper,C.R.,& Kramer.(1986). Exploration as a predictor of congruence in adolescents'career choices .Journal of Vocational Behavior,29,201—215.
Harter,S.(1990).Identity and self development. In S. Feldman & GElliott (Eds.), At the threshold: The developing adolescent. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 352—387.
Hauser, S.T., Powers, L.I., Noam, GG, et al. (1984). Familial contexts of adolescent ego development. Child Development, 5,195—213.
Hardin,E.E.,Leong,F.T.L.,and Osipow,S.H. (2001). Cultural Relativity in the Conceptualization of Career Maturity [J]. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 58, 36-52.
Holland,J.L. (1985). Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personal it is and work environments[M].Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Haper,R.J.Bruch,M.A. (1997). Personality Factor sand Inhibited Career Development: Testing the Unique Contribution of Shyness[J].Journal of Vocational Behavior. 50, 382-400.
Hackett G, & Watkins C E, Jr. (1995). Researching career assessment: Abilities, Interests, decision making, and career development. In: WB Walsh & HSO sipow, Hand book of vocational psychology: theory, research, and practice.NewJersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 196-198.
Hough, L.M. & Oswald, F.L. (2000). Personnel selection: Looking toward the future-remembering the past [J] .Annual Review of Psychology. 51, 631-664.
Hardin, E. E., Leong, F T.L., & Osipow, S.H. (2001). Culture relativity in the concept ululation of career maturity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, 36-52.
Kroger, J. (1995).The differentiation of "firm" and "development" foreclosure identity statuses: A longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescence Research, 10, 317—337.
Kroger, J. (1996). Identity, regression, and development. Journal of Adolescence ,19, 203—222.
Kroger, J. (2000).Identity development: Adolescence through adulthood. Sage Publication, Inc.
King, S. (1989). Sex differences in a causal model of maturity. Journal of counseling and development. 68(2): 208-215.
J.B. Green, C.J. & Millon, T. (1986) Separation-Individuation Test of Adolescence. Journal of Personality Assessment. 50,123—137.
Lessomg. E. E. (1968). Demographic, developmental and personality correlates of length of future time perspective (FTP). Journal of personality, 6,183—201.
Lennings, C. J. ( 1994). An investigation of the effects of agency and time perspective variables on career maturity. The Journal of psychology, 128(3):243-251.
Levinson, E.M., Ohler, D.L., Caswell, S., & Kiewra K. (1998). Six approaches to the assessment of career maturity. Journal of counseling & development, 76(4):475-482.
Luzzo DA. (1996). A psychometric evaluation of the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale. Journal of Counseling and De-velopment, 74(3):276-279
Luzzo, D. A. (1991) Social class and ethnic differences in college students' career maturity: A Quantitative and Qualitative analysis.
Luzzo, D. A.(1993). Predicting the career maturity of undergraduates: A comparison of personal, educational and psychological factors. Journal of college student Development. 34,271-275.
Luzzo, D. A. (1995). The relationship between career aspiration-current occupation congruence and the career maturity undergraduates. Journal of Employment counseling. 32(3): 132-140.
Luzzo, D. A.( 1995). Gender differences in college students' career maturity and perceive barriers in career development. Journal of Counseling and Development, 73(3):319-322.
Luzzo, D. A. & Htrtcheson, K. G.(1996). Causal attributions and sex differences associated with perceptions of occupational barriers. Journal of counseling and development, 75(2):213-236
Leong, F.T.L. (1991). Career Development attributes and occupational values of Asian American and White American college students [J] .Career Development Quarterly, 39,221-230.
LeeKi-Hak. (2001). A Cross-Cultural Study of the career maturity of Korean and the United States school students [J] Journal of career development. 28 (1):43-57.
Miner, C.U., Osbornc, W.L, Jaeger, RM.(1997). The ability of career maturity indicators to predict interest score Differentiation, Consistency, and Elevation. Measurement and evaluation in Counseling and development, 29(4): 187-201.
Marcia, J. (1966). Developmental and validation of ego identity status. Journal of personality and social psychology, 3, 551-558.
Marcia,J.( 1966).Developmental and validation of ego identity status. Journal of personality and social psychology,3,551 —558.
Marcia,J.E. (1991). Identity and self-development. In R. Lerner , A.C. Petersen , & J.Brook-Gunn. Encyclopedias of Adolescence. New York: Garland Publishers.
Marcia,J.E.& Strayer, J.(1993). The relational roots lf identity. In J, Kroger (Ed), Discussions on ego identity (pp. 101 ～ 120). Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum.
Morash,M.A. (1980). Working class membership and the adolescent identity crisis, Adolescence, 15, 313—320.
Moracco,J.C.Vocational maturity of Arab and American high school students[J]. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1976, 8, 367-373.
OsipowS.H.&Kitayama,S. (1996). Theories of career development(4~(th) edition)[M]. Allen & Bacon.
Paterson, J. Pryor, J., & Field, J.(1995). Adolescent attachment to parents and friends in relation to aspects of self-esteem [J]. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24, 365～376.
Peterson SL,Del Mas RC. (1998). The component structure of Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy for under prepared college students[J].Journal of Career Development,24(3):209-225.
Petersen,A.(1988).Adolescent development.Annual Review of Psychology,39,583-607.
Powell,D.E & Luzzo,DA.(1998).Evaluating factors associated with the career maturity of high school students[J].The Career Development Quarterly,47,145-158.
Peter,A C.,Wendy Patron.(2003 } Predicting two Components of Career Maturity in school based adolescents[J].Journal of career Development,29(4)夕 77-290.
Raphael,D.Feinberg,R.& Bachor,D.(1987).Journal of Youth and Adolescence[J],16,331-344.
Roker,D.& Banks,M.H.(1993).Adolescent identity and school type[J].British Journal of Psychology,84,310 - 317.
Sreinberg,L.(1999).Adolescence(Fifth Edition),The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.
Steinberg,L.& HilI,J.P.(1978).Patterns of family interaction as a function of age,the onset of puberty,and formal thinking.Developmental Psychology,14,683-684.
Santrock,J.W.(2001).Adolescence(8~(th) edition).New York:McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.
Savickas,M 以 1994).Measuring career development:current status and future directions[J].Career development quarterly,43(1):54 - 62.
Super D.E.(1953).A theory of vocational development[J].American Psychologist.8,185 - 190.
Super D.E.(1988) Manual for the Adult Career Concerns Inventory.PaloAl,CA:Consulting Psychologists Press,
Tang,M.(2003) Career counseling in the future:Constructing,collaborating,advocating[J].The Career Development Quarterly.52,61 - 69.
Westbrook BW.(1983) Career maturity:The concept,the instrument,and there search.In WB Walsh & SHO sipow,Hand-book of vocational psychology:foundations.263-304
Waterman,A.S.(1992).Identity as an aspect of optimal psychological functioning.In G.R.Adams,T.P.Gullotta,& R.Monte mayor(Eds.),Adolescent identity formation.Newbury Park,CA:Sage.
狄敏,黄希庭,张志杰.试论职业自我效能感[J]西南师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2003,29(5):1-5
黄爱玲(2003).当代女大学生职业发展的心理障碍及教育对策[J]福建工程学院学报,1(1):117-122
胡荣(2003).大学生对职业的评价与分析[J]厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版),6:121-127
乔纳森·布朗(著).自我[M]陈浩莺等译 北京:人民邮电出版社,2004:168-170
刘视湘,郑日吕.职业评定量表(VIESA)的信度和效度研究[J]心理发展与教育,2001(1):47-51
李锡津,刘世勋,杨泯榕(1993).台北市高职学生职业成熟态度相关因素之研究[J]
龙立荣,方俐洛,凌文轩(2000).职业成熟度的研究进展[J]心理科学,23(5):595-598
龙立荣(2001).职业生涯管理的结构及其关系研究[M]武汉:华中师范大学出版社
刘慧(2003).中学生职业成熟度的发展特点[D]西南师范大学硕士生学位论文
刘夏亮(2005).大学生职业生涯规划现状凋查[J].成才与就业
马远(2003).职业进入前青年人的职业成熟度问卷研制及影响因素探讨[D].暨南人大硕士生学位论文
莫莫(2005).大学生渴望“金手指”一人学生就业职业指导现状凋夯[J]职业,4:33-35
沈之菲(2000).生涯心理辅导[M].上海:上海教育出版社,264
孙仲山,刘金泉,田福连(台湾)(2001).高职学生的职业成熟度[J]教育研究资讯,49(2):44-57
夏林清,李黛蒂.职业成熟能力测验介绍及初步修订报告
谢员,龙立荣,谢宝国,王燕:Crites职业选抒态度问卷的初步修订[J]中国临床心理学杂志,2005,13(1):23-24,27
阴国恩,戴斌荣,金东贤(2000).大学生职业选择和职业价值观的调查[J].心理发展与教育,4:38-60
朱云立(2003).职业成熟度理论及其在大学生中的应用研究[D].南京师范大学硕士生学位论文
简洛文格(韦子木译,1998):自我的发展。杭州:浙江教育出版社
朱智贤、林崇德(1988):儿童心理学史。北京:北京师范大学出版社
王焕琛、柯华葳(2001):青少年心理学。心理出版社
张日异(2000):统一性与青年其同一性地位的研究--同一性地位的构成及其自我测定[J].心理科学,4:430-438
Adams,G&Fitch,S.(1982).Ego stage and identity status development: A cross-sequential analysis.Joumal If Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 574—583.
Adams,GGullotta,T.,&Montemayor,R.(1992).Adolescent identity formation. Newbury Park,CA:Sage.
Archer,S.(1989).Gender difference in identity development.Issues of process,domain,and timing. Journal of Adolescence, 12,117～ 138.
Archer,S.L.&Waterman,A.S.(1988).Psychological individualism:Gender differences or gender neutrality?Human Development, 31,65 ～ 81.
Alan, S. K.&Edward, F. E.(2001). The relationship of Demographic and Psychological Variables to career maturity of Junior College Student-Athletes. Journal of college student Development, 42(2): 122-132.
Barber,B.&Olsen,J.(1997).Socialization in context:Connection,regulation,and autonomy im the family,school,neighborhood,and with peers.Journal of Adolescent Research, 12,287～ 315.
Berxonsky,M.D,&Lombardo,J.P.( 1983).Pubertal timing and identity crises:A preliminary investigation.. Journal of Early Adolescence,3,239～246.
Books-Gunn,J,&Ruble,D.N.(1982).The development of menstrual-related beliefs and behaviors during early adolescence. Child Development,53,1567～ 1577.
Bulcroft,R.(1991). The value of physical change in adolescence: Consequence for the parent adolescent exchange relationship. Journal of Youth and Adolescence,20,89～ 105.
Bandura A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: Asocial cognitive theory. Engle wood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 81-91.
Betz NE. (1988). The assessment of career development and maturity. In: WB Walsh & SHO sipow, Career decision making, 93-99.
Betz NE,& Taylor KM. (1993) Manual for the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale. Columbus, OH: Author;
BetzNE,LuzzoDA. (1996). Career assessment and the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale. Journal of Career Assess-ment, 4(4):413-428.
Betz NE, Klein KL,Taylor KM. (1996) Evaluation of a short form of The Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale. Journal of Career Assessment, 4(1):47-57.
Cobb,N.(1995).Adolescence: Continuity, change, and diversity. Mountain View, CAMay
Dorn, L.D., Crockett, L.J., &Peterson, A.C. (1988).The relation of pubertal status to intrapersonal changes in young adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence,8,405～419.
Dryer,P.H.(1994).Designing curricular identity Interventions for secondary schools.In S.L.Archer(Ed),Interventions for adolescent identity development (pp. 121 ～ 140).Thousand Oaks,CA:Sage.
Erikson,E.( 1968).Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
Eva S-R, Rainer, K.S (1998). Career maturity determinants: individual development social context and historical time. The Career Development Quarterly, 47, 16-31.
Erikson, E. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
Eirini Flouri. & Ann Buchanan. (2002). The role of work-related skills and career role models in adolescent career maturity. The career Development Quarterly, 51(1): 36-43.
Fulton,A( 1997). Identity status, religious orientation, and prejudice. Journal of Youth and Adolescence,26,1 ～ 11.
Grotevant,H.D.,Copper,C.R.,& Kramer.(1986). Exploration as a predictor of congruence in adolescents'career choices .Journal of Vocational Behavior,29,201—215.
Harter,S.(1990).Identity and self development. In S. Feldman & GElliott (Eds.), At the threshold: The developing adolescent. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 352—387.
Hauser, S.T., Powers, L.I., Noam, GG, et al. (1984). Familial contexts of adolescent ego development. Child Development, 5,195—213.
Hardin,E.E.,Leong,F.T.L.,and Osipow,S.H. (2001). Cultural Relativity in the Conceptualization of Career Maturity [J]. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 58, 36-52.
Holland,J.L. (1985). Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personal it is and work environments[M].Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Haper,R.J.Bruch,M.A. (1997). Personality Factor sand Inhibited Career Development: Testing the Unique Contribution of Shyness[J].Journal of Vocational Behavior. 50, 382-400.
Hackett G, & Watkins C E, Jr. (1995). Researching career assessment: Abilities, Interests, decision making, and career development. In: WB Walsh & HSO sipow, Hand book of vocational psychology: theory, research, and practice.NewJersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 196-198.
Hough, L.M. & Oswald, F.L. (2000). Personnel selection: Looking toward the future-remembering the past [J] .Annual Review of Psychology. 51, 631-664.
Hardin, E. E., Leong, F T.L., & Osipow, S.H. (2001). Culture relativity in the concept ululation of career maturity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, 36-52.
Kroger, J. (1995).The differentiation of "firm" and "development" foreclosure identity statuses: A longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescence Research, 10, 317—337.
Kroger, J. (1996). Identity, regression, and development. Journal of Adolescence ,19, 203—222.
Kroger, J. (2000).Identity development: Adolescence through adulthood. Sage Publication, Inc.
King, S. (1989). Sex differences in a causal model of maturity. Journal of counseling and development. 68(2): 208-215.
J.B. Green, C.J. & Millon, T. (1986) Separation-Individuation Test of Adolescence. Journal of Personality Assessment. 50,123—137.
Lessomg. E. E. (1968). Demographic, developmental and personality correlates of length of future time perspective (FTP). Journal of personality, 6,183—201.
Lennings, C. J. ( 1994). An investigation of the effects of agency and time perspective variables on career maturity. The Journal of psychology, 128(3):243-251.
Levinson, E.M., Ohler, D.L., Caswell, S., & Kiewra K. (1998). Six approaches to the assessment of career maturity. Journal of counseling & development, 76(4):475-482.
Luzzo DA. (1996). A psychometric evaluation of the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale. Journal of Counseling and De-velopment, 74(3):276-279
Luzzo, D. A. (1991) Social class and ethnic differences in college students' career maturity: A Quantitative and Qualitative analysis.
Luzzo, D. A.(1993). Predicting the career maturity of undergraduates: A comparison of personal, educational and psychological factors. Journal of college student Development. 34,271-275.
Luzzo, D. A. (1995). The relationship between career aspiration-current occupation congruence and the career maturity undergraduates. Journal of Employment counseling. 32(3): 132-140.
Luzzo, D. A.( 1995). Gender differences in college students' career maturity and perceive barriers in career development. Journal of Counseling and Development, 73(3):319-322.
Luzzo, D. A. & Htrtcheson, K. G.(1996). Causal attributions and sex differences associated with perceptions of occupational barriers. Journal of counseling and development, 75(2):213-236
Leong, F.T.L. (1991). Career Development attributes and occupational values of Asian American and White American college students [J] .Career Development Quarterly, 39,221-230.
LeeKi-Hak. (2001). A Cross-Cultural Study of the career maturity of Korean and the United States school students [J] Journal of career development. 28 (1):43-57.
Miner, C.U., Osbornc, W.L, Jaeger, RM.(1997). The ability of career maturity indicators to predict interest score Differentiation, Consistency, and Elevation. Measurement and evaluation in Counseling and development, 29(4): 187-201.
Marcia, J. (1966). Developmental and validation of ego identity status. Journal of personality and social psychology, 3, 551-558.
Marcia,J.( 1966).Developmental and validation of ego identity status. Journal of personality and social psychology,3,551 —558.
Marcia,J.E. (1991). Identity and self-development. In R. Lerner , A.C. Petersen , & J.Brook-Gunn. Encyclopedias of Adolescence. New York: Garland Publishers.
Marcia,J.E.& Strayer, J.(1993). The relational roots lf identity. In J, Kroger (Ed), Discussions on ego identity (pp. 101 ～ 120). Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum.
Morash,M.A. (1980). Working class membership and the adolescent identity crisis, Adolescence, 15, 313—320.
Moracco,J.C.Vocational maturity of Arab and American high school students[J]. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1976, 8, 367-373.
OsipowS.H.&Kitayama,S. (1996). Theories of career development(4~(th) edition)[M]. Allen & Bacon.
Paterson, J. Pryor, J., & Field, J.(1995). Adolescent attachment to parents and friends in relation to aspects of self-esteem [J]. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24, 365～376.
Peterson SL,Del Mas RC. (1998). The component structure of Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy for under prepared college students[J].Journal of Career Development,24(3):209-225.
Petersen,A.(1988).Adolescent development.Annual Review of Psychology,39,583-607.
Powell,D.E & Luzzo,DA.(1998).Evaluating factors associated with the career maturity of high school students[J].The Career Development Quarterly,47,145-158.
Peter,A C.,Wendy Patron.(2003 } Predicting two Components of Career Maturity in school based adolescents[J].Journal of career Development,29(4)夕 77-290.
Raphael,D.Feinberg,R.& Bachor,D.(1987).Journal of Youth and Adolescence[J],16,331-344.
Roker,D.& Banks,M.H.(1993).Adolescent identity and school type[J].British Journal of Psychology,84,310 - 317.
Sreinberg,L.(1999).Adolescence(Fifth Edition),The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.
Steinberg,L.& HilI,J.P.(1978).Patterns of family interaction as a function of age,the onset of puberty,and formal thinking.Developmental Psychology,14,683-684.
Santrock,J.W.(2001).Adolescence(8~(th) edition).New York:McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.
Savickas,M 以 1994).Measuring career development:current status and future directions[J].Career development quarterly,43(1):54 - 62.
Super D.E.(1953).A theory of vocational development[J].American Psychologist.8,185 - 190.
Super D.E.(1988) Manual for the Adult Career Concerns Inventory.PaloAl,CA:Consulting Psychologists Press,
Tang,M.(2003) Career counseling in the future:Constructing,collaborating,advocating[J].The Career Development Quarterly.52,61 - 69.
Westbrook BW.(1983) Career maturity:The concept,the instrument,and there search.In WB Walsh & SHO sipow,Hand-book of vocational psychology:foundations.263-304
Waterman,A.S.(1992).Identity as an aspect of optimal psychological functioning.In G.R.Adams,T.P.Gullotta,& R.Monte mayor(Eds.),Adolescent identity formation.Newbury Park,CA:Sage.
狄敏,黄希庭,张志杰.试论职业自我效能感[J]西南师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2003,29(5):1-5
黄爱玲(2003).当代女大学生职业发展的心理障碍及教育对策[J]福建工程学院学报,1(1):117-122
胡荣(2003).大学生对职业的评价与分析[J]厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版),6:121-127
乔纳森·布朗(著).自我[M]陈浩莺等译 北京:人民邮电出版社,2004:168-170
刘视湘,郑日吕.职业评定量表(VIESA)的信度和效度研究[J]心理发展与教育,2001(1):47-51
李锡津,刘世勋,杨泯榕(1993).台北市高职学生职业成熟态度相关因素之研究[J]
龙立荣,方俐洛,凌文轩(2000).职业成熟度的研究进展[J]心理科学,23(5):595-598
龙立荣(2001).职业生涯管理的结构及其关系研究[M]武汉:华中师范大学出版社
刘慧(2003).中学生职业成熟度的发展特点[D]西南师范大学硕士生学位论文
刘夏亮(2005).大学生职业生涯规划现状凋查[J].成才与就业
马远(2003).职业进入前青年人的职业成熟度问卷研制及影响因素探讨[D].暨南人大硕士生学位论文
莫莫(2005).大学生渴望“金手指”一人学生就业职业指导现状凋夯[J]职业,4:33-35
沈之菲(2000).生涯心理辅导[M].上海:上海教育出版社,264
孙仲山,刘金泉,田福连(台湾)(2001).高职学生的职业成熟度[J]教育研究资讯,49(2):44-57
夏林清,李黛蒂.职业成熟能力测验介绍及初步修订报告
谢员,龙立荣,谢宝国,王燕:Crites职业选抒态度问卷的初步修订[J]中国临床心理学杂志,2005,13(1):23-24,27
阴国恩,戴斌荣,金东贤(2000).大学生职业选择和职业价值观的调查[J].心理发展与教育,4:38-60
朱云立(2003).职业成熟度理论及其在大学生中的应用研究[D].南京师范大学硕士生学位论文
简洛文格(韦子木译,1998):自我的发展。杭州:浙江教育出版社
朱智贤、林崇德(1988):儿童心理学史。北京:北京师范大学出版社
王焕琛、柯华葳(2001):青少年心理学。心理出版社
张日异(2000):统一性与青年其同一性地位的研究--同一性地位的构成及其自我测定[J].心理科学,4:430-438