水下无线传感器网络的部署研究
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摘要
随着工业技术的飞速发展,能源需求的日益增加,海洋资源的开发逐渐成为海洋国家的焦点,水下无线传感器网络已引起各国政府、研究机构和企业的高度关注,它在军事作战、海洋数据采集,污染预测,远洋开采,海难避免,海洋监测等领域都有着广阔的应用前景。这些因素使得研制具有低成本、高可靠性能的水下无线传感器网络逐渐成为一个新的研究热点。
节点部署是UWSN的基本问题,节点部署的方式影响了网络的构建成本、覆盖质量、拓扑结构和路由算法,是覆盖控制问题的基础。本文从提高能量效率的角度,研究了包括最少节点覆盖集和密度递减的节点部署和高能效的移动部署在内的若干问题,主要研究工作有:
(1)最小节点覆盖集问题
在UWSN中,节点被大量布撒在目标区域中。当所有节点处于工作状态时,可以完全覆盖目标区域,但是很多位置被重复覆盖,造成大量能量的浪费。本文针对上述情况,提出了水下无线传感器网络的最小节点覆盖集问题,目的是寻找满足覆盖率和节点个数要求的最小覆盖集。
(2)针对能量空洞的密度递减部署
能耗均衡问题是UWSN中重要的问题,是分析和解决覆盖控制问题的基础。针对UWSN中的能量空洞问题,本章基于传感器网络的数据收集特性,从提高能量效率,降低剩余能量的角度,提出了节点密度递减的随机部署方式。新部署机制减小了部署节点的密度,降低了搭建网络的硬件成本和剩余能量,提高了能量利用效率。
(3)高能效的移动部署策略
在区域覆盖问题中,假设自由分布的传感器节点是可移动的,推导了理想的最大覆盖效率的传感器节点分布。以此为基础,考虑无效移动、边界效应和最佳移动距离等因素,改进了虚拟力算法VFA,提出了高能效的虚拟力算法FVFA。仿真结果表明FVFA是一种简化的自组织算法,它能够有效地提高小规模的UWSN的覆盖率和覆盖效率。
综上所述,本文针对能量高效的节点部署问题提出了相应的解决方案,对于推进水下无线传感器网络的研究和实用化具有一定的理论意义和应用价值。
With the rapid development of industry technology and growing requirement of energy, the exploitation of ocean resource has become a focus by relative countries. The UWSN has attracted the attention of governments, research institutions and companies because of its broad future application in the fields of military battle, ocean data acquisition, pollution prediction, ocean exploiting, sea-disaster avoiding and sea-state monitoring. These factors have gradually brought the low-cost and reliable UWSN to a new hot research topic.
Deployment of the sensors is the basic issue of UWSN. The way of deployment is the foundation of the coverage management. It influences the building cost, coverage quality, topological structure and routing algorithm of the network. From the aspect of raising energy efficiency, this paper discusses several problems including the minimum sensors coverage set, the density-decreasing sensors deployment, and the high efficiency mobile deployment. The main work is as follows:
(1) The problem of the minimum sensors coverage set
The sensors in UWSN are broadly deployed in the target area. They can surely cover the whole area when they’re all working. But the multiple coverage in some places cause a great waste of energy. According to the situation, the problem of the minimum node coverage set is raised in this paper, in order to find a minimum coverage set that satisfies the requirement of coverage rate and number of sensors.
(2)The density-decreasing deployment against the energy hole
Energy equalization is an important issue in UWSN. It’s a basic to the analyzing and solving of coverage management. For this issue, based on the data acquisition characteristic of the networks, the density-decreasing deployment that can improve energy efficiency and eliminate the rest energy is given in this thesis. The deployment reduces the density of deployed nodes, decreases the hardware cost and rest energy to construct the network, and raises the efficiency of energy.
(3)The high efficiency mobile deployment strategy
Suppose that the free-distributed sensor nodes are movable in area coverage, the ideal distribution of sensors with maximum coverage rate is deduced. Furthermore, the high efficiency virtual force algorithm FVFA - an improved algorithm of VFA - is raised, considering the factors of useless movement, boundary effect, and optimal moving distance and so on. The simulation suggests the FVFA is a simplified self-recognized algorithm, which can efficiently increase the coverage rate and coverage efficient of the small-scale UWSN.
In summary, this dissertation gives the solution to the problem of high energy efficiency node deployment. It has significant theoretical and practical value to improving the research and application of UWSN.
节点部署是UWSN的基本问题,节点部署的方式影响了网络的构建成本、覆盖质量、拓扑结构和路由算法,是覆盖控制问题的基础。本文从提高能量效率的角度,研究了包括最少节点覆盖集和密度递减的节点部署和高能效的移动部署在内的若干问题,主要研究工作有:
(1)最小节点覆盖集问题
在UWSN中,节点被大量布撒在目标区域中。当所有节点处于工作状态时,可以完全覆盖目标区域,但是很多位置被重复覆盖,造成大量能量的浪费。本文针对上述情况,提出了水下无线传感器网络的最小节点覆盖集问题,目的是寻找满足覆盖率和节点个数要求的最小覆盖集。
(2)针对能量空洞的密度递减部署
能耗均衡问题是UWSN中重要的问题,是分析和解决覆盖控制问题的基础。针对UWSN中的能量空洞问题,本章基于传感器网络的数据收集特性,从提高能量效率,降低剩余能量的角度,提出了节点密度递减的随机部署方式。新部署机制减小了部署节点的密度,降低了搭建网络的硬件成本和剩余能量,提高了能量利用效率。
(3)高能效的移动部署策略
在区域覆盖问题中,假设自由分布的传感器节点是可移动的,推导了理想的最大覆盖效率的传感器节点分布。以此为基础,考虑无效移动、边界效应和最佳移动距离等因素,改进了虚拟力算法VFA,提出了高能效的虚拟力算法FVFA。仿真结果表明FVFA是一种简化的自组织算法,它能够有效地提高小规模的UWSN的覆盖率和覆盖效率。
综上所述,本文针对能量高效的节点部署问题提出了相应的解决方案,对于推进水下无线传感器网络的研究和实用化具有一定的理论意义和应用价值。
With the rapid development of industry technology and growing requirement of energy, the exploitation of ocean resource has become a focus by relative countries. The UWSN has attracted the attention of governments, research institutions and companies because of its broad future application in the fields of military battle, ocean data acquisition, pollution prediction, ocean exploiting, sea-disaster avoiding and sea-state monitoring. These factors have gradually brought the low-cost and reliable UWSN to a new hot research topic.
Deployment of the sensors is the basic issue of UWSN. The way of deployment is the foundation of the coverage management. It influences the building cost, coverage quality, topological structure and routing algorithm of the network. From the aspect of raising energy efficiency, this paper discusses several problems including the minimum sensors coverage set, the density-decreasing sensors deployment, and the high efficiency mobile deployment. The main work is as follows:
(1) The problem of the minimum sensors coverage set
The sensors in UWSN are broadly deployed in the target area. They can surely cover the whole area when they’re all working. But the multiple coverage in some places cause a great waste of energy. According to the situation, the problem of the minimum node coverage set is raised in this paper, in order to find a minimum coverage set that satisfies the requirement of coverage rate and number of sensors.
(2)The density-decreasing deployment against the energy hole
Energy equalization is an important issue in UWSN. It’s a basic to the analyzing and solving of coverage management. For this issue, based on the data acquisition characteristic of the networks, the density-decreasing deployment that can improve energy efficiency and eliminate the rest energy is given in this thesis. The deployment reduces the density of deployed nodes, decreases the hardware cost and rest energy to construct the network, and raises the efficiency of energy.
(3)The high efficiency mobile deployment strategy
Suppose that the free-distributed sensor nodes are movable in area coverage, the ideal distribution of sensors with maximum coverage rate is deduced. Furthermore, the high efficiency virtual force algorithm FVFA - an improved algorithm of VFA - is raised, considering the factors of useless movement, boundary effect, and optimal moving distance and so on. The simulation suggests the FVFA is a simplified self-recognized algorithm, which can efficiently increase the coverage rate and coverage efficient of the small-scale UWSN.
In summary, this dissertation gives the solution to the problem of high energy efficiency node deployment. It has significant theoretical and practical value to improving the research and application of UWSN.
引文
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