小鼠神经系统神经激肽B受体的研究
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摘要
一、神经激肽B受体(NK3)在小鼠中枢神经系统的定位分布及与加压素(VP)、CABA、阿片μ受体(MOR)的共存关系。
1、神经激肽B受体(NK3)在小鼠中枢神经系统的定位分布。应用免疫组织化学染色方法对小鼠中枢系统内NK3受体的分布进行了观察，结果表明：在小鼠中枢神经系统的绝大部分区域，NK3受体样免疫阳性产物位于胞体和树突上，少部分区域位于神经毡(neuropil)内。大量NK3受体样免疫反应阳性神经元出现于前嗅核、伏隔核、隔区、腹侧苍白球、苍白球、尾壳核、终纹床核、下丘脑前区、下丘脑结节区、下丘脑外侧区、穹隆周区、视上核、弓状核、乳头体、黑质、腹侧被盖区、红核后区、上丘和下丘、导水管周围灰质、孤束核、及延髓和脊髓背角浅层。在大脑皮质的浅层、梨状皮质、背侧海马、杏仁核、脑干网状结构等核团内也含有一定数量的阳性神经元。在丘脑的中线核团和板内核、腹侧海马和脚间核等处，NK3受体阳性免疫反应产物主要位于神经毡内。
2、神经激肽B受体(NK3)在室旁核和视上核与加压素(VP)的共存关系及高渗刺激下NK3受体阳性神经元表达FOS。在室旁核和视上核NK3受体与加压素共存于一部分细胞，室旁核中NK3受体免疫阳性反应产物不如视上核密集，且神经元数目以后者为多。在室旁核和视上核双标神经元占NK3
第四军医大学博士学位论文
阳性神经元总数的65％和42％，占加压素阳性神经元总数的60％
和39％。在高渗盐水刺激的条件下，室旁核中大部分N’K3受体样
阳性神经元可表达FOS。结论N’K3受体广泛分布于小鼠中枢神
经系统内提示它可能具有重要的生理功能。在室旁核和视上核存
在NK3受体与加压素的双标神经元，与水盐代谢有关的神经元在
高渗刺激下表达FOS，同时可以激活含NK3受体神经元，提示
NK3受体通过调节加压素释放参与水盐代谢和渗透压的调节。
3、小鼠脊髓内神经激肽B受体（＊K3）与阿片卜受体
（MOR）和 GABA的共存关系。本实验目的在于阐明神经激
肽B受体（NK3）参与脊髓痛觉调制的机制。首先观察了小鼠脊髓
后角阿片。受体（MOR）和NK3受体的共存情况。激光共聚焦显
微观察表明：脊髓背角浅层＊11层44％的N’K3受体样神经元呈MOR
样阳性，而MOR样阳性细胞总数的93％神经元呈N’K3受体样阳性。
其次，在MOfuN’wx双重标记神经元和NOS样阳性神经元中进行免
疫荧光三重标记实验，结果显示有37％的NK3受体样阳性神经元呈
NOS免疫阳性，占后角浅层NOS样免疫阳性神经元总数的82％。
没有发现三重标记的神经元。大量N’K3受体样神经元呈GABA阳
性，但未见NK3／GABA双标神经元含MOR。约有43％的NK3受
体样阳性神经元含GABA，占GABA阳性神经元总数的7％，观察
了做H重标记的61个MOR阳性神经元，只有2个呈GABA阳性。
结果提示在脊髓后角浅层的N’K3受体神经元中存在两种细胞亚群，
而且N’K3受体参与脊髓痛觉信息调制的机制可能与阿片肽和一氧
化氮（NO）两种途径的调节有关。
二、小鼠消化道神经激肽B受体（NK3）的定位研究及共
头国家自然科学基金荧助项目（39600045，39970377，39870109）5
第四军医大学博士学位论文
存关系。本实验采用免疫组织化学ABC染色和兔疫荧光组织化学
染色方法观察了神经激肽B受体（NK3）在小鼠消化道的分布及其
与 NOS（nitric oxide synthase）、CR（Calretimn）和 PV（Pavelbumin）
等神经递质或调质的共存关系。结果表明NK3受体样阳性的神经元
胞体及神经纤维主要分布在十二指肠和空、回肠及结肠的粘膜下层
神经丛和肌间神经丛，食管和胃、直肠的神经丛未见NK3受体样阳
性产物；NK3受体样阳性产物大部分局限于神经细胞表面，在胞质
和一些轴突内部也存在，在胞质中染色较细胞表面浅。统计结果表
明NK3 受体样兔疫阳性神经元约占肠神经系统神经元总数的
0．5％一1％。小鼠肠铺片肌间神经丛内NK3受体与NOS、CR、PV等
神经递质均有不同比例的共存，此结果提示小鼠消化道内NK3受体
样阳性神经元可能参于消化功能的调节。大部分N’K3受体样阳性神
经元呈 Dogiel 11型神经元形态，且与主要是 Dogiel 11型神经元形态、
内源性感觉神经元为主的CR阳性神经元呈双重标记，椎测小鼠肠
铺片肌间神经丛内N’K3受体神经元是内源性感觉神经元，但少部分
（N’K3／NOS）可能是抑制性中间神经元，加上以往的功能上和机能
学证据都提示此受体存在于胆硷能神经元上，与小鼠肠道的收缩和
舒张有关。
三、小鼠周围器官神经激肽B受体的分布。免疫组织化学实
验结果表明：在所取组织中有多种组织均呈NK3受体样兔疫反应阳
性，阳性产物位于细胞质内，其表达程度由强到弱依次为：胰脏、
肺、心脏、胃和小肠：呈较高表达的组织有：胰脏、肺、心脏、晕
丸；呈中等程度表达的有：胃、小肠；呈低表达或无表达的有；肝
脏、肾脏，在胆囊和胸腺无表达，兔疫组化染色结果特异性较好，
A国家自然科学基全资助项目（39600045，39970377，39870109）6
第四军医大学博士学位论文
背景?
? IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF NEUROKININ B RECEPTOR (NK3) IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE MOUSE AND ITS COLOCALIZATION WITH VASOPRESSIN (VPX OPIOD RECEPTOR (MOR) AND GABA
1. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF NEUROKININ B RECEPTOR (NK3) IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE MOUSE AND ITS COLOCALIZATION WITH VASOPRESSIN ( VP ) objective To examine the localization of neurokinin B receptor (NK3)-like immunoreactivity (-LI) in the central nervous system of the mouse. Methods An immunohistochemical staining method was used. Results NK3 receptor-LI was localized in somatic and dendritic profiles in the most parts and in neuropil in a few regions of the mouse central nervous system. A large number of neurons with NIG-LI were seen in the anterior olfactory nuclei, accumbens nucleus, septal area,
09600045, 39970377,39570109) 9
ventral pallidum, pallidum, caudate putamen, nucleus of the stria terminalis, anterior hypothalamic area, tuber cinereum area, lateral hypothalamic area, perifornical nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, arcuate nucleus, mammillar nuclei, substatia nigra, ventral tegmental area, retrorubral area, superior and inferior colliculus, periaqueductal gray, nucleus of the solitary tract, and superficial layers of the medullary and spinal dorsal horns. The superfical layers of the cerebral cortex, piriform cortex, dorsal hippocampus, amygdal complex, reticular formation of the brainstem contained some neurons with NK3 receptor-LI. In the ventral hippocampus, median and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus and interpeduncular nuclei, NKR-LI was localized in neuropil. Colocalization of NIG -LI and VP were studied in paraventricular nucleus and superoptic nuclei. The excited NK3 -containing neurons expressed FOS in major part neurons of paraventricular nucleus. Conclusion The results indicated that neurons with NIG receptor-LI
were widely distributed in the central nervous system suggesting that it may be involved in many physiological functions in the mouse central nervous system. The colocalization results implicated that NK3 and vasopressin (VP) are in same neurons. And by regulating expressing and releasing of VP, NIG can modulate function of the paraventricular nucleus and superoptic nuclei. Especially it is closely related to salt and water taste.
1、神经激肽B受体(NK3)在小鼠中枢神经系统的定位分布。应用免疫组织化学染色方法对小鼠中枢系统内NK3受体的分布进行了观察，结果表明：在小鼠中枢神经系统的绝大部分区域，NK3受体样免疫阳性产物位于胞体和树突上，少部分区域位于神经毡(neuropil)内。大量NK3受体样免疫反应阳性神经元出现于前嗅核、伏隔核、隔区、腹侧苍白球、苍白球、尾壳核、终纹床核、下丘脑前区、下丘脑结节区、下丘脑外侧区、穹隆周区、视上核、弓状核、乳头体、黑质、腹侧被盖区、红核后区、上丘和下丘、导水管周围灰质、孤束核、及延髓和脊髓背角浅层。在大脑皮质的浅层、梨状皮质、背侧海马、杏仁核、脑干网状结构等核团内也含有一定数量的阳性神经元。在丘脑的中线核团和板内核、腹侧海马和脚间核等处，NK3受体阳性免疫反应产物主要位于神经毡内。
2、神经激肽B受体(NK3)在室旁核和视上核与加压素(VP)的共存关系及高渗刺激下NK3受体阳性神经元表达FOS。在室旁核和视上核NK3受体与加压素共存于一部分细胞，室旁核中NK3受体免疫阳性反应产物不如视上核密集，且神经元数目以后者为多。在室旁核和视上核双标神经元占NK3
第四军医大学博士学位论文
阳性神经元总数的65％和42％，占加压素阳性神经元总数的60％
和39％。在高渗盐水刺激的条件下，室旁核中大部分N’K3受体样
阳性神经元可表达FOS。结论N’K3受体广泛分布于小鼠中枢神
经系统内提示它可能具有重要的生理功能。在室旁核和视上核存
在NK3受体与加压素的双标神经元，与水盐代谢有关的神经元在
高渗刺激下表达FOS，同时可以激活含NK3受体神经元，提示
NK3受体通过调节加压素释放参与水盐代谢和渗透压的调节。
3、小鼠脊髓内神经激肽B受体（＊K3）与阿片卜受体
（MOR）和 GABA的共存关系。本实验目的在于阐明神经激
肽B受体（NK3）参与脊髓痛觉调制的机制。首先观察了小鼠脊髓
后角阿片。受体（MOR）和NK3受体的共存情况。激光共聚焦显
微观察表明：脊髓背角浅层＊11层44％的N’K3受体样神经元呈MOR
样阳性，而MOR样阳性细胞总数的93％神经元呈N’K3受体样阳性。
其次，在MOfuN’wx双重标记神经元和NOS样阳性神经元中进行免
疫荧光三重标记实验，结果显示有37％的NK3受体样阳性神经元呈
NOS免疫阳性，占后角浅层NOS样免疫阳性神经元总数的82％。
没有发现三重标记的神经元。大量N’K3受体样神经元呈GABA阳
性，但未见NK3／GABA双标神经元含MOR。约有43％的NK3受
体样阳性神经元含GABA，占GABA阳性神经元总数的7％，观察
了做H重标记的61个MOR阳性神经元，只有2个呈GABA阳性。
结果提示在脊髓后角浅层的N’K3受体神经元中存在两种细胞亚群，
而且N’K3受体参与脊髓痛觉信息调制的机制可能与阿片肽和一氧
化氮（NO）两种途径的调节有关。
二、小鼠消化道神经激肽B受体（NK3）的定位研究及共
头国家自然科学基金荧助项目（39600045，39970377，39870109）5
第四军医大学博士学位论文
存关系。本实验采用免疫组织化学ABC染色和兔疫荧光组织化学
染色方法观察了神经激肽B受体（NK3）在小鼠消化道的分布及其
与 NOS（nitric oxide synthase）、CR（Calretimn）和 PV（Pavelbumin）
等神经递质或调质的共存关系。结果表明NK3受体样阳性的神经元
胞体及神经纤维主要分布在十二指肠和空、回肠及结肠的粘膜下层
神经丛和肌间神经丛，食管和胃、直肠的神经丛未见NK3受体样阳
性产物；NK3受体样阳性产物大部分局限于神经细胞表面，在胞质
和一些轴突内部也存在，在胞质中染色较细胞表面浅。统计结果表
明NK3 受体样兔疫阳性神经元约占肠神经系统神经元总数的
0．5％一1％。小鼠肠铺片肌间神经丛内NK3受体与NOS、CR、PV等
神经递质均有不同比例的共存，此结果提示小鼠消化道内NK3受体
样阳性神经元可能参于消化功能的调节。大部分N’K3受体样阳性神
经元呈 Dogiel 11型神经元形态，且与主要是 Dogiel 11型神经元形态、
内源性感觉神经元为主的CR阳性神经元呈双重标记，椎测小鼠肠
铺片肌间神经丛内N’K3受体神经元是内源性感觉神经元，但少部分
（N’K3／NOS）可能是抑制性中间神经元，加上以往的功能上和机能
学证据都提示此受体存在于胆硷能神经元上，与小鼠肠道的收缩和
舒张有关。
三、小鼠周围器官神经激肽B受体的分布。免疫组织化学实
验结果表明：在所取组织中有多种组织均呈NK3受体样兔疫反应阳
性，阳性产物位于细胞质内，其表达程度由强到弱依次为：胰脏、
肺、心脏、胃和小肠：呈较高表达的组织有：胰脏、肺、心脏、晕
丸；呈中等程度表达的有：胃、小肠；呈低表达或无表达的有；肝
脏、肾脏，在胆囊和胸腺无表达，兔疫组化染色结果特异性较好，
A国家自然科学基全资助项目（39600045，39970377，39870109）6
第四军医大学博士学位论文
背景?
? IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF NEUROKININ B RECEPTOR (NK3) IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE MOUSE AND ITS COLOCALIZATION WITH VASOPRESSIN (VPX OPIOD RECEPTOR (MOR) AND GABA
1. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF NEUROKININ B RECEPTOR (NK3) IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE MOUSE AND ITS COLOCALIZATION WITH VASOPRESSIN ( VP ) objective To examine the localization of neurokinin B receptor (NK3)-like immunoreactivity (-LI) in the central nervous system of the mouse. Methods An immunohistochemical staining method was used. Results NK3 receptor-LI was localized in somatic and dendritic profiles in the most parts and in neuropil in a few regions of the mouse central nervous system. A large number of neurons with NIG-LI were seen in the anterior olfactory nuclei, accumbens nucleus, septal area,
09600045, 39970377,39570109) 9
ventral pallidum, pallidum, caudate putamen, nucleus of the stria terminalis, anterior hypothalamic area, tuber cinereum area, lateral hypothalamic area, perifornical nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, arcuate nucleus, mammillar nuclei, substatia nigra, ventral tegmental area, retrorubral area, superior and inferior colliculus, periaqueductal gray, nucleus of the solitary tract, and superficial layers of the medullary and spinal dorsal horns. The superfical layers of the cerebral cortex, piriform cortex, dorsal hippocampus, amygdal complex, reticular formation of the brainstem contained some neurons with NK3 receptor-LI. In the ventral hippocampus, median and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus and interpeduncular nuclei, NKR-LI was localized in neuropil. Colocalization of NIG -LI and VP were studied in paraventricular nucleus and superoptic nuclei. The excited NK3 -containing neurons expressed FOS in major part neurons of paraventricular nucleus. Conclusion The results indicated that neurons with NIG receptor-LI
were widely distributed in the central nervous system suggesting that it may be involved in many physiological functions in the mouse central nervous system. The colocalization results implicated that NK3 and vasopressin (VP) are in same neurons. And by regulating expressing and releasing of VP, NIG can modulate function of the paraventricular nucleus and superoptic nuclei. Especially it is closely related to salt and water taste.
引文
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Guard S, Watson SP. Evidence for NK3 receptor-mediated tachykinin release in the guinea-pig ileum [J]. Eur J Pharmac, 1987,144: 409
Guard S, Watson SP. Tachykinin receptor types: classification and membrane signaling mechanisms [J]. Neurochem Int, 1991,18(1) :149
Hamlin GP, Williams MJ, Nimmo AJ, Crane LH. Hormonal variation of rat uterine contractile responsiveness to selective neurokinin receptor agonists [J]. Biol Reprod, 2000,62: 1661
Harrison T, Korsgaard MP, Swain CJ, Cascieri MA, Sadowski S, Seabrook GR. High affinity, selective neurokinin 2 and neurokinin 3 receptor antagonists from a common structural template [J]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 1998,8: 1343
Hoover DB, Chang Y, Hancock JC, Zhang L. Actions of tachykinins within the heart and their relevance to cardiovascular disease [J]. Jpn J Pharmacol, 2000,84: 367
Julia V, Su X, Bueno L, Gebhart GF. Role of neurokinin 3 receptors on responses to colorectal distention in the rat: electrophysiological and behavioral studies [J]. Gastroenterology, 1999,116: 1124
King AE, Slack JR, Lopez-Garcia JA, Ackley MA. Tachykinin actions on deep dorsal horn neurons in vitro: an electrophysiological and morphological study in the immature rat [J]. Eur J Neurosci, 1997,9: 1037
Krause JE, Staveteig PT, Mentzer JN, Schmidt SK, Tucker JB, Brodbeck RM, Bu JY, Karpitskiy W. Functional expression of a novel human neurokinin-3 receptor homolog that binds [3H] senktide and [125I-MePhe7] neurokinin B, and is responsive to tachykinin peptide agonists [J]. ProcNatl Acad Sci (USA), 1997,94: 310
Kunze WA, Clerc N, Bertrand PP, Furness JB. Contractile activity in intestinal muscle evokes action potential discharge in guinea pig myenteric neurons [J]. J Physiol, 1999,517(Pt2) : 547
Kunze WA, Clerc N, Furness JB, Gola M. The soma and neurites of primary afferent neurons in the guinea pig intestine respond differentially to deformation [J]. J Physiol, 2000,526Pt1: 2375
Linden DR, Reutter MA, McCarson KE, Seybold VS. Time-dependent changes in neurokinin (3) receptors and tachykinins during adjuvant-induced peripheral inflammation in the rat [J]. Neuroscience, 2000,98: 801
Longmore J, Hill RG, Hargreaves RJ. Neurokinin-receptor antagonists: pharmacological tools and therapeutic drugs [J]. Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 1997,75: 612
Maggi CA, Patacchini R, Rovero P, et al. Tachykinin receptors and tachykinin receptor antagonists [J]. J Auton Pharmacol, 1993,13:23
Maggi CA. The troubled story of tachykinins and neurokinins [J]. Trends Pharmacol Sci, 2000,21: 173
Mann PT, Southwell BR, Ding YQ, et al. Localisation of neurokinin 3 (NK3) receptor immunoreactivity in the rat gastrointestinal tract [J]. Cell Tissue Res, 1997,289: 1
Marco N, Thirion A, Mons G, Bougault I, Le-Fur G, Soubrie P, Steinberg R. Activation of dopaminergic and cholinergic neurotransmission by tachykinin NK3 receptor stimulation: an in vivo microdialysis approach in guinea pig [J]. Neuropeptides, 1998,32: 481
McCarson KE. Central and peripheral expression of neurokinin-1 and neurokinin-3 receptor and substance P-encoding messenger RNAs: peripheral regulation during formalin-induced inflammation and lack of neurokinin receptor expression in primary afferent sensory neurons [J]. Neuroscience, 1999,93: 361
Mileusnic D, Magnuson DJ, Hejna MJ, Lorens JB, Lorens SA, Lee JM. Age and species-dependent differences in the neurokinin B system in rat and human brain [J]. Neurobiol Aging, 1999,20: 19
Mileusnic D, Lee JM, Magnuson DJ, Hejna MJ, Krause JE, Lorens JB, Lorens SA. Neurokinin-3 receptor distribution in rat and human brain: an immunohistochemical study [J]. Neuroscience, 1999,89: 1269
Nakanishi S. Mammalian tachykinin receptors [M]. Annu Rev Neurosic, 1991,14: 123
Nalivaiko E, Michaud JC, Soubrie P, Le-Fur Q Feltz P. Tachykinin neurokinin-1 and neurokinin-3 receptor-mediated responses in guinea-pig substantia nigra: an in vitro electrophysiological study [J]. Neuroscience, 1997,78: 745
Otsuka M, Yoshioka K. Neurotransmitter functions of mammalian tachykinins [J]. Physiol Rev, 1993,73: 229
Page NM, Woods RJ, Lowry PJ. A regulatory role for neurokinin B in placental physiology and pre-eclampsia [J]. Regul Pept, 2001,98: 97
Phillips JK, Vidovic M, Hill CE. Variation in mRNA expression of alpha-adrenergic, neurokinin and muscarinic receptors amongst four arteries of the rat [J]. J Auton Nerv Syst, 1997,62: 85
Portbury AL, Furness JB, Southwell BPs et al. Distribution of neurokinin-2 receptors in the guinea-pig gastrointestinal tract [J]. Cell Tissue Res, 1996a, 286: 281
Portbury AL, Furness JB, Young HM, et al. Localization of NK1 receptor immunoreactivity to neurons and interstitial cells of the guinea-pig gastrointestinal tract [J]. J Comp Neurol, 1996b, 367: 342
Preston Z, Lee K, Widdowson L, Richardson PJ, Pinnock RD. Tachykinins increase [3H] acetylcholine release in mouse striatum through multiple receptor subtypes [J]. Neuroscience, 2000,95: 367
Sarau HM, Mooney JL, Schmidt DB, Foley JJ, Buckley PT, Giardina GA, Wang DY, Lee JA, Hay DW. Evidence that the proposed novel human "neurokinin-4" receptor is pharmacologically similar to the human neurokinin-3 receptor but is hot of human origin [J]. Mol Pharmacol, 2000, 58: 552
Schneider DA, Galligan JJ. Presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the myenteric plexus of guinea pig intestine [J]. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2000,279: G528
Segond von-Banchet G, Petersen M, Schaible HG Expression of neurokinin-1 receptors on cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons from the adult rat [J]. Neuroscience, 1999,90: 677
Sternini C, Su D, Gamp PD, Bunnett NW. Cellular sites of expression of the neurokinin-1 receptor in the rat gastrointestinal tract [J]. J Comp
Neurol, 1995,358:531
Tooney PA, Au GG, Chahl LA. Tachykinin NKl and NIG receptors in the prefrontal cortex of the human brain [J]. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 2000,27: 947
Whitty CJ, Paul MA, Bannon MJ. Neurokinin receptor mRNA localization in human midbrain dopamine neurons [J]. J Comp Neurol, 1997, 382: 394
Vigna SR, Bowden JJ, McDonald DM, et al. Characterisation of antibodies to the rat substance P (NKl) receptor and to a chimeric substance P receptor expressed in mammalian cells [J]. J Neurosci, 1994,14:834
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Giardina GA, Artico M, Cavagnera S, Cerri A, Consolandi E, Gagliardi S, Graziani D, Grugni M, Hay DW et al. Replacement of the quinoline system in 2-phenyl-4-quinolinecarboxamide NK-3 receptor antagonists [J]. Farmaco, 1999,54: 364
Grady EF, Baluk P, Bohm S, Gamp PD, et al. Characterisation of antisera specific to NK1, NK2, NK3 neurokinin receptors and their utilization to localize receptors in the rat gastrointestinal tract [J]. J Neurosci, 1996,16: 6975
Guard S, Watson SP. Evidence for NK3 receptor-mediated tachykinin release in the guinea-pig ileum [J]. Eur J Pharmac, 1987,144: 409
Guard S, Watson SP. Tachykinin receptor types: classification and membrane signaling mechanisms [J]. Neurochem Int, 1991,18(1) :149
Hamlin GP, Williams MJ, Nimmo AJ, Crane LH. Hormonal variation of rat uterine contractile responsiveness to selective neurokinin receptor agonists [J]. Biol Reprod, 2000,62: 1661
Harrison T, Korsgaard MP, Swain CJ, Cascieri MA, Sadowski S, Seabrook GR. High affinity, selective neurokinin 2 and neurokinin 3 receptor antagonists from a common structural template [J]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 1998,8: 1343
Hoover DB, Chang Y, Hancock JC, Zhang L. Actions of tachykinins within the heart and their relevance to cardiovascular disease [J]. Jpn J Pharmacol, 2000,84: 367
Julia V, Su X, Bueno L, Gebhart GF. Role of neurokinin 3 receptors on responses to colorectal distention in the rat: electrophysiological and behavioral studies [J]. Gastroenterology, 1999,116: 1124
King AE, Slack JR, Lopez-Garcia JA, Ackley MA. Tachykinin actions on deep dorsal horn neurons in vitro: an electrophysiological and morphological study in the immature rat [J]. Eur J Neurosci, 1997,9: 1037
Krause JE, Staveteig PT, Mentzer JN, Schmidt SK, Tucker JB, Brodbeck RM, Bu JY, Karpitskiy W. Functional expression of a novel human neurokinin-3 receptor homolog that binds [3H] senktide and [125I-MePhe7] neurokinin B, and is responsive to tachykinin peptide agonists [J]. ProcNatl Acad Sci (USA), 1997,94: 310
Kunze WA, Clerc N, Bertrand PP, Furness JB. Contractile activity in intestinal muscle evokes action potential discharge in guinea pig myenteric neurons [J]. J Physiol, 1999,517(Pt2) : 547
Kunze WA, Clerc N, Furness JB, Gola M. The soma and neurites of primary afferent neurons in the guinea pig intestine respond differentially to deformation [J]. J Physiol, 2000,526Pt1: 2375
Linden DR, Reutter MA, McCarson KE, Seybold VS. Time-dependent changes in neurokinin (3) receptors and tachykinins during adjuvant-induced peripheral inflammation in the rat [J]. Neuroscience, 2000,98: 801
Longmore J, Hill RG, Hargreaves RJ. Neurokinin-receptor antagonists: pharmacological tools and therapeutic drugs [J]. Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 1997,75: 612
Maggi CA, Patacchini R, Rovero P, et al. Tachykinin receptors and tachykinin receptor antagonists [J]. J Auton Pharmacol, 1993,13:23
Maggi CA. The troubled story of tachykinins and neurokinins [J]. Trends Pharmacol Sci, 2000,21: 173
Mann PT, Southwell BR, Ding YQ, et al. Localisation of neurokinin 3 (NK3) receptor immunoreactivity in the rat gastrointestinal tract [J]. Cell Tissue Res, 1997,289: 1
Marco N, Thirion A, Mons G, Bougault I, Le-Fur G, Soubrie P, Steinberg R. Activation of dopaminergic and cholinergic neurotransmission by tachykinin NK3 receptor stimulation: an in vivo microdialysis approach in guinea pig [J]. Neuropeptides, 1998,32: 481
McCarson KE. Central and peripheral expression of neurokinin-1 and neurokinin-3 receptor and substance P-encoding messenger RNAs: peripheral regulation during formalin-induced inflammation and lack of neurokinin receptor expression in primary afferent sensory neurons [J]. Neuroscience, 1999,93: 361
Mileusnic D, Magnuson DJ, Hejna MJ, Lorens JB, Lorens SA, Lee JM. Age and species-dependent differences in the neurokinin B system in rat and human brain [J]. Neurobiol Aging, 1999,20: 19
Mileusnic D, Lee JM, Magnuson DJ, Hejna MJ, Krause JE, Lorens JB, Lorens SA. Neurokinin-3 receptor distribution in rat and human brain: an immunohistochemical study [J]. Neuroscience, 1999,89: 1269
Nakanishi S. Mammalian tachykinin receptors [M]. Annu Rev Neurosic, 1991,14: 123
Nalivaiko E, Michaud JC, Soubrie P, Le-Fur Q Feltz P. Tachykinin neurokinin-1 and neurokinin-3 receptor-mediated responses in guinea-pig substantia nigra: an in vitro electrophysiological study [J]. Neuroscience, 1997,78: 745
Otsuka M, Yoshioka K. Neurotransmitter functions of mammalian tachykinins [J]. Physiol Rev, 1993,73: 229
Page NM, Woods RJ, Lowry PJ. A regulatory role for neurokinin B in placental physiology and pre-eclampsia [J]. Regul Pept, 2001,98: 97
Phillips JK, Vidovic M, Hill CE. Variation in mRNA expression of alpha-adrenergic, neurokinin and muscarinic receptors amongst four arteries of the rat [J]. J Auton Nerv Syst, 1997,62: 85
Portbury AL, Furness JB, Southwell BPs et al. Distribution of neurokinin-2 receptors in the guinea-pig gastrointestinal tract [J]. Cell Tissue Res, 1996a, 286: 281
Portbury AL, Furness JB, Young HM, et al. Localization of NK1 receptor immunoreactivity to neurons and interstitial cells of the guinea-pig gastrointestinal tract [J]. J Comp Neurol, 1996b, 367: 342
Preston Z, Lee K, Widdowson L, Richardson PJ, Pinnock RD. Tachykinins increase [3H] acetylcholine release in mouse striatum through multiple receptor subtypes [J]. Neuroscience, 2000,95: 367
Sarau HM, Mooney JL, Schmidt DB, Foley JJ, Buckley PT, Giardina GA, Wang DY, Lee JA, Hay DW. Evidence that the proposed novel human "neurokinin-4" receptor is pharmacologically similar to the human neurokinin-3 receptor but is hot of human origin [J]. Mol Pharmacol, 2000, 58: 552
Schneider DA, Galligan JJ. Presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the myenteric plexus of guinea pig intestine [J]. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2000,279: G528
Segond von-Banchet G, Petersen M, Schaible HG Expression of neurokinin-1 receptors on cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons from the adult rat [J]. Neuroscience, 1999,90: 677
Sternini C, Su D, Gamp PD, Bunnett NW. Cellular sites of expression of the neurokinin-1 receptor in the rat gastrointestinal tract [J]. J Comp
Neurol, 1995,358:531
Tooney PA, Au GG, Chahl LA. Tachykinin NKl and NIG receptors in the prefrontal cortex of the human brain [J]. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 2000,27: 947
Whitty CJ, Paul MA, Bannon MJ. Neurokinin receptor mRNA localization in human midbrain dopamine neurons [J]. J Comp Neurol, 1997, 382: 394
Vigna SR, Bowden JJ, McDonald DM, et al. Characterisation of antibodies to the rat substance P (NKl) receptor and to a chimeric substance P receptor expressed in mammalian cells [J]. J Neurosci, 1994,14:834