高动态范围图像显示算法的研究
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摘要
动态范围图像的显示是图像处理、机器视觉、模式识别等学科都十分关注的问题,属于一个交叉性的问题,对它的研究有着重要的和广泛的意义。尤其是随着数码技术的不断发展,不论是静止图像还是视频都对图像的显示提出了较高的要求。在这个问题中,高动态范围图像的显示是项重要的技术。
本文就这项技术,做了广泛的调查研究,查阅了国内外相关的资料信息,总结了现有的几种具有代表性的色阶重建算法,并通过在梯度域上对图像动态范围进行压缩调整,使得高动态范围的图像能够在常规显示设备上得以良好地显示,使图像在观察时与真实场景一致。该算法能够解决的是静态图像的色阶重建问题。算法根据图像的梯度信息能够自适应地得到较好的效果。该算法基于梯度高斯金字塔,依据梯度的大小进行自适应的梯度压缩,然后通过快速傅立叶变换求解泊松方程计算图像的亮度图像。实验结果表明,本文算法能够较好地避免了光晕,同时保持了图像的细节。
算法的流程简单,处理速度快,适用性强,不仅能适用于PC电脑处理高动态范围图像,经过改进之后,还能适用于嵌入式设备中的色阶重建过程。
Today displaying a range image is becoming more and more important in many fields, such as digital photography,film processing,scientific image enhancement,virtual reality,computer vision,pattern recognition and so on. With the development of the digital technology, there is a higher requirement for the image displaying technology in both digital image filed and video filed. How to get a better visual output in a low dynamic range output device is now an important subject.
According to the subject, this paper presents a summary of previous results and proposes a local adaptation algorithm of compressing high dynamic range images based on gradient attenuation to fit conventional display devices that are only capable of outputting a low dynamic range.
This algorithm can solve the digital image tone mapping problem and have excellent displaying result adaptively according to the gradient. Based on Gaussian pyramid, the algorithm compresses the gradient according to the amplitudes, and then gets the luminance image through FFT to solve the Poisson function. Experimental results show the algorithm of manipulating the gradient field of luminance image by attenuating the large gradients’magnitudes can preserve fine details avoiding common artifacts, such as halos, gradient reversals, or loss of local contrast. In addition, this algorithm can be not only used in personal computer but also in embedded equipments.
本文就这项技术,做了广泛的调查研究,查阅了国内外相关的资料信息,总结了现有的几种具有代表性的色阶重建算法,并通过在梯度域上对图像动态范围进行压缩调整,使得高动态范围的图像能够在常规显示设备上得以良好地显示,使图像在观察时与真实场景一致。该算法能够解决的是静态图像的色阶重建问题。算法根据图像的梯度信息能够自适应地得到较好的效果。该算法基于梯度高斯金字塔,依据梯度的大小进行自适应的梯度压缩,然后通过快速傅立叶变换求解泊松方程计算图像的亮度图像。实验结果表明,本文算法能够较好地避免了光晕,同时保持了图像的细节。
算法的流程简单,处理速度快,适用性强,不仅能适用于PC电脑处理高动态范围图像,经过改进之后,还能适用于嵌入式设备中的色阶重建过程。
Today displaying a range image is becoming more and more important in many fields, such as digital photography,film processing,scientific image enhancement,virtual reality,computer vision,pattern recognition and so on. With the development of the digital technology, there is a higher requirement for the image displaying technology in both digital image filed and video filed. How to get a better visual output in a low dynamic range output device is now an important subject.
According to the subject, this paper presents a summary of previous results and proposes a local adaptation algorithm of compressing high dynamic range images based on gradient attenuation to fit conventional display devices that are only capable of outputting a low dynamic range.
This algorithm can solve the digital image tone mapping problem and have excellent displaying result adaptively according to the gradient. Based on Gaussian pyramid, the algorithm compresses the gradient according to the amplitudes, and then gets the luminance image through FFT to solve the Poisson function. Experimental results show the algorithm of manipulating the gradient field of luminance image by attenuating the large gradients’magnitudes can preserve fine details avoiding common artifacts, such as halos, gradient reversals, or loss of local contrast. In addition, this algorithm can be not only used in personal computer but also in embedded equipments.
引文
[1] Raanan Fattal, Dani Lischinski, and Micheal Werman. Gradient domain high dynamic range compression. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2002 Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series. ACM Press/ACM SIGGRAPH,July 2002.
[2]胡惊.高动态范围图像的色阶重建算法的研究与应用. 2006年中山大学计算机应用技术专业硕士学位论文。
[3] Gregory Ward Larson,ect. A visibility matching tone reproduction operator for high dynamic range scenes. IEEE Transaction on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 3(4): 291-306, October-December 1997. ISSN 1077-2626.
[4] Fredo Durand and Julie Dorsey. Fast bilateral filtering for the display of high dynamic range image. In John Hughes, editor, SIGGRAPH 2002 Conference Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, pages257-265. ACM Press/ACM SIGGRAPH,2002.
[5]彭韬,高动态图像视觉保真实时显示变换技术,2005年电子科技大学通信与信息工程学院硕士学位论文。
[6] James A. etc. A model of visual adaptation for realistic image synthesis. In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 96, Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series pages 249-258, New Orleans, Louisiana, August 1996- ACM SIGGRAPH/Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-201-94800-1.
[7] Sumanta N. Pattanaik. etc. A multiscale model of adaptation and spatial vision for realistic image display. In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 98, Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, pages 287-298, Orlando, Florida, July 1998.ACM SIGGRAPH/Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-89791-999-8.
[8] Sumanta N. Pattanaik. etc. Time-dependent visual adaptation for realistic image display. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2000, Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, pages 47-54. ACM Press/ACM SIGGRAPH/Addison Wesley Longman, July 2000. ISBN 1-58113-208-5.
[9] J. Tumblin. Three Methods of Detail-Preserving Contrast Reduction for Displayed Images. Phd thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, December 1999.
[10]何烽,徐之海等,一种基于数字图像合成的扩展动态范围方法,光电工程,2003年10月第30卷第5期66-68页
[11]王丽丹,基于配准融合及色彩迁移的新图像生成,2006年大连理工大学硕士学位论文
[12]Greg Ward. High dynamic range image encodings. http://www.anyhere.com/gward/hdrenc/ hdr-encodings.html. 2002
[13] WardG . "Real pixels" graphics gems I I.Boston: Academic Press, 1991.
[14] OWENS, J. D. etc. 2002. Comparing Reyes and OpenGL on a Stream Architecture. In SIGGRAPH/ Eurographics Workshop on Graphics Hardware, 47-.56.
[15] AGGARWAl. M. AND AHUJA. N. 2001. High dynamic range panoramic imaging. In Proc. IEEE ICCV, vol. I, 2-9.
[16] NAYAR, S. K. AND MITSUNAGA, T. 2000. High dynamic range imaging: Spatially varying pixel exposures. In Proc. IEEE CVPR.
[17] A.openheim,R.Schafer,and T.Stockham,Nonlinear filtering of multiplied and convolvedsignals,In Proceedings of the IEEE,volume56,Pages1264-1291,August l968.
[18] N.J. Miller, P.Y. Ngai, and D.D. Miller. The application of computer graphics in lighting design. Journal of the IES, 14:6-26, 1984.
[19] S.D.Upstill. The Realistic Presentation of Synthetic Images. PhD thesis Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, 1985
[20]Jack Tumblin and HeIIy E. Rushmeier. Tone reproduction for realistic images. IEEE Computer Graphics&Applications, 13(6):42-48, November 1993.
[21]Greg Ward. A contrast-based scale factor for luminance display. In Graphics pages 415-421. Academic Press, Boston, 1994. ISBN 0-12-336155-9
[22]Gregory Ward Larson, etc. A visibility matching tone reproduction operator high dynamic range scenes IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 3(4):291-306, October December 1997. ISSN 1077-2626.
[23] A. Scheel, etc. Tone reproduction for interactive walkthroughs. Computer Graphics Forum, 19(3):301-312, August 2000. ISSN 1067-7055
[24] K. Chiu, M. Herf, P. Shirley, S. Swamy, C. Wang, and K. Zimmerman. Spatially non uniform scaling functions for high contrast images. In Graphics Interface 93 pages 245-253, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 1993. Canadian Information Processing Society
[25]Jack Tumblin and Greg Turk. Lcis: A boundary hierarchy for detail-preserving contrast reduction. In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 99, Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, pages 83-90, Los Angeles, California, August 1999. ACM STGGRAPH/Addison Wesley Longman. ISBN 0-20148-560-5.
[26] R.W. G. Hunt. The Reproduction of Color in Photography, Printing and Television. Fountain Press. Tolworth, 5th edition, 1995.
[27] Erik Reinhard, Michael Stark, Peter Shirley, and Jim Ferwerda. Photographic tone reproduction for digital images. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2002, Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series. ACM Press/ACM SIGGRAPH, July 2002.
[28]Minglong Huang, Haoyi Huang and Zhiying Chan. An S-Function based of Tone Reproduction Algorithm for Digital Photographic, IEEE, 2003.
[29]F. Drago,K.Myszkowski,T.Annen and N.Cbiba,Adaptive Logarithmic Mapping For Displaying High Contrast Scenes,EUROGRAPHICS 2003
[30]Guoping Qiu and Jiang Duan,An Optimal Tone Reproduction Curve Operator for the Display of High Dynamic Range Images,IEEE,2005
[31]JiangDuan and Guoping Qiu , Fast tone mapping for high dynamic ranges, Pattern Recognition,CPR2004,17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Cambridge, United Kingdom,23-26 August 2004
[32]曹卫东,陆昌根,钱建华,泊松方程非等间距有限差分的数值求解方法.河海大学学报(自然科学版), Vol.34.No.2 Mar.2006
[33]王新,尹晓华,罗杨娟.基于径向基函数无网格配点法求解泊松方程.山西建筑,第32卷第2期,2006年1月文章编号:1009-6825(2006)02-0068-03
[34]都爱华.建筑物整体平移技术的试验研究[J].工业建筑,2002(3): 17-18.
[35]都爱华,张鑫,赵考重等.建筑物整体平移技术的试验研究[J]工业建筑,2002(7): 14-16.
[36]徐剑飞,薄亚明,解带有内部边界泊松方程的共轭梯度法三角预处理器.南京航空航天大学学报第35卷第6期2003年12月
[37]徐树方.矩阵计算的理论与方法[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1995.62,168~176
[38]易大义,陈道琦.数值分析[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社, 1998.342.
[39]卿粼波,何小海,陶青川,吕成淮,张菊,孙贵凡.基于最小二乘准则的模糊估计和图像复原。四川大学学报(工程科学版)。第40卷第2期2008年3月。
[40]Dahlquist G, Bjorck A. Numerical methods in scientific computing [M]. Philadelphia: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2008.
[41]Press W H, Teukolsky S A, Vetterling W T,et al. Numerical recipes in C: The art of scientific computing [M]. 2nd Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
[42]粟塔山,最优化计算机原理与算法程序设计[M].长沙:国防科技大学出版社,2001。
[43]包达,罗立民.基于可编程图形处理器的快速傅立叶变换.生物医学工程研究,2008,27(2): 111-113.
[44]刘刚,快速傅立叶变换在声音均衡和频谱中的应用,通信技术,2008年第7期,第41卷。
[45] Jim Demmel, U.C. Berkeley CS267 Home Page, Applications of Parallel Computers, Spring 1996.
[46] Jack Tumblin and Greg Turk. Lics: A boundary hierarchy for detail-preserving contrast reduction. In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 99, Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, pages 83-90. Los Angeles, California, August 1999, ACM SIGGRAPH/Addison Wesley Longman. ISBN 0-20148-560-5.
[47]HDR shop官方网站http:/athens.ict.usc.edu/Research/HDR
[48]易大义,陈道琦.数值分析[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社. 1998.342
[2]胡惊.高动态范围图像的色阶重建算法的研究与应用. 2006年中山大学计算机应用技术专业硕士学位论文。
[3] Gregory Ward Larson,ect. A visibility matching tone reproduction operator for high dynamic range scenes. IEEE Transaction on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 3(4): 291-306, October-December 1997. ISSN 1077-2626.
[4] Fredo Durand and Julie Dorsey. Fast bilateral filtering for the display of high dynamic range image. In John Hughes, editor, SIGGRAPH 2002 Conference Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, pages257-265. ACM Press/ACM SIGGRAPH,2002.
[5]彭韬,高动态图像视觉保真实时显示变换技术,2005年电子科技大学通信与信息工程学院硕士学位论文。
[6] James A. etc. A model of visual adaptation for realistic image synthesis. In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 96, Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series pages 249-258, New Orleans, Louisiana, August 1996- ACM SIGGRAPH/Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-201-94800-1.
[7] Sumanta N. Pattanaik. etc. A multiscale model of adaptation and spatial vision for realistic image display. In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 98, Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, pages 287-298, Orlando, Florida, July 1998.ACM SIGGRAPH/Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-89791-999-8.
[8] Sumanta N. Pattanaik. etc. Time-dependent visual adaptation for realistic image display. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2000, Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, pages 47-54. ACM Press/ACM SIGGRAPH/Addison Wesley Longman, July 2000. ISBN 1-58113-208-5.
[9] J. Tumblin. Three Methods of Detail-Preserving Contrast Reduction for Displayed Images. Phd thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, December 1999.
[10]何烽,徐之海等,一种基于数字图像合成的扩展动态范围方法,光电工程,2003年10月第30卷第5期66-68页
[11]王丽丹,基于配准融合及色彩迁移的新图像生成,2006年大连理工大学硕士学位论文
[12]Greg Ward. High dynamic range image encodings. http://www.anyhere.com/gward/hdrenc/ hdr-encodings.html. 2002
[13] WardG . "Real pixels" graphics gems I I.Boston: Academic Press, 1991.
[14] OWENS, J. D. etc. 2002. Comparing Reyes and OpenGL on a Stream Architecture. In SIGGRAPH/ Eurographics Workshop on Graphics Hardware, 47-.56.
[15] AGGARWAl. M. AND AHUJA. N. 2001. High dynamic range panoramic imaging. In Proc. IEEE ICCV, vol. I, 2-9.
[16] NAYAR, S. K. AND MITSUNAGA, T. 2000. High dynamic range imaging: Spatially varying pixel exposures. In Proc. IEEE CVPR.
[17] A.openheim,R.Schafer,and T.Stockham,Nonlinear filtering of multiplied and convolvedsignals,In Proceedings of the IEEE,volume56,Pages1264-1291,August l968.
[18] N.J. Miller, P.Y. Ngai, and D.D. Miller. The application of computer graphics in lighting design. Journal of the IES, 14:6-26, 1984.
[19] S.D.Upstill. The Realistic Presentation of Synthetic Images. PhD thesis Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, 1985
[20]Jack Tumblin and HeIIy E. Rushmeier. Tone reproduction for realistic images. IEEE Computer Graphics&Applications, 13(6):42-48, November 1993.
[21]Greg Ward. A contrast-based scale factor for luminance display. In Graphics pages 415-421. Academic Press, Boston, 1994. ISBN 0-12-336155-9
[22]Gregory Ward Larson, etc. A visibility matching tone reproduction operator high dynamic range scenes IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 3(4):291-306, October December 1997. ISSN 1077-2626.
[23] A. Scheel, etc. Tone reproduction for interactive walkthroughs. Computer Graphics Forum, 19(3):301-312, August 2000. ISSN 1067-7055
[24] K. Chiu, M. Herf, P. Shirley, S. Swamy, C. Wang, and K. Zimmerman. Spatially non uniform scaling functions for high contrast images. In Graphics Interface 93 pages 245-253, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 1993. Canadian Information Processing Society
[25]Jack Tumblin and Greg Turk. Lcis: A boundary hierarchy for detail-preserving contrast reduction. In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 99, Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, pages 83-90, Los Angeles, California, August 1999. ACM STGGRAPH/Addison Wesley Longman. ISBN 0-20148-560-5.
[26] R.W. G. Hunt. The Reproduction of Color in Photography, Printing and Television. Fountain Press. Tolworth, 5th edition, 1995.
[27] Erik Reinhard, Michael Stark, Peter Shirley, and Jim Ferwerda. Photographic tone reproduction for digital images. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2002, Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series. ACM Press/ACM SIGGRAPH, July 2002.
[28]Minglong Huang, Haoyi Huang and Zhiying Chan. An S-Function based of Tone Reproduction Algorithm for Digital Photographic, IEEE, 2003.
[29]F. Drago,K.Myszkowski,T.Annen and N.Cbiba,Adaptive Logarithmic Mapping For Displaying High Contrast Scenes,EUROGRAPHICS 2003
[30]Guoping Qiu and Jiang Duan,An Optimal Tone Reproduction Curve Operator for the Display of High Dynamic Range Images,IEEE,2005
[31]JiangDuan and Guoping Qiu , Fast tone mapping for high dynamic ranges, Pattern Recognition,CPR2004,17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Cambridge, United Kingdom,23-26 August 2004
[32]曹卫东,陆昌根,钱建华,泊松方程非等间距有限差分的数值求解方法.河海大学学报(自然科学版), Vol.34.No.2 Mar.2006
[33]王新,尹晓华,罗杨娟.基于径向基函数无网格配点法求解泊松方程.山西建筑,第32卷第2期,2006年1月文章编号:1009-6825(2006)02-0068-03
[34]都爱华.建筑物整体平移技术的试验研究[J].工业建筑,2002(3): 17-18.
[35]都爱华,张鑫,赵考重等.建筑物整体平移技术的试验研究[J]工业建筑,2002(7): 14-16.
[36]徐剑飞,薄亚明,解带有内部边界泊松方程的共轭梯度法三角预处理器.南京航空航天大学学报第35卷第6期2003年12月
[37]徐树方.矩阵计算的理论与方法[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1995.62,168~176
[38]易大义,陈道琦.数值分析[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社, 1998.342.
[39]卿粼波,何小海,陶青川,吕成淮,张菊,孙贵凡.基于最小二乘准则的模糊估计和图像复原。四川大学学报(工程科学版)。第40卷第2期2008年3月。
[40]Dahlquist G, Bjorck A. Numerical methods in scientific computing [M]. Philadelphia: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2008.
[41]Press W H, Teukolsky S A, Vetterling W T,et al. Numerical recipes in C: The art of scientific computing [M]. 2nd Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
[42]粟塔山,最优化计算机原理与算法程序设计[M].长沙:国防科技大学出版社,2001。
[43]包达,罗立民.基于可编程图形处理器的快速傅立叶变换.生物医学工程研究,2008,27(2): 111-113.
[44]刘刚,快速傅立叶变换在声音均衡和频谱中的应用,通信技术,2008年第7期,第41卷。
[45] Jim Demmel, U.C. Berkeley CS267 Home Page, Applications of Parallel Computers, Spring 1996.
[46] Jack Tumblin and Greg Turk. Lics: A boundary hierarchy for detail-preserving contrast reduction. In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 99, Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, pages 83-90. Los Angeles, California, August 1999, ACM SIGGRAPH/Addison Wesley Longman. ISBN 0-20148-560-5.
[47]HDR shop官方网站http:/athens.ict.usc.edu/Research/HDR
[48]易大义,陈道琦.数值分析[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社. 1998.342