基于OpenSceneGraph的大地形可视化方法研究
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摘要
三维地形在城市规划、工程勘查与设计、环境监测、灾害预报、军事、游戏娱乐等诸多领域都有广泛的应用。如何实现基于海量数据的大规模三维地形的可视化更是目前研究的热点,本文就此问题做了如下研究:
(一)地形数字表达方法及格网数字高程模型数据的内插方法,重点对基于四叉树数据结构的地形简化技术进行了研究,总结得出OSG地形简化流程。
(二)通过对DEM数据和纹理数据的分层、分块等处理构建了金字塔数据模型(四叉树细节层次模型),为地形的多分辨率显示直接提供数据而无需实时化简。总结得出OSG的分层分块方案。
(三)研究海量数据调度机制、裂缝产生规律、纹理映射技术等。得出OSG缝隙消除办法。
论文针对传统的地形海量数据(基于规则格网数字高程模型)渲染对软硬件需求高、开发周期长、开发难度大等问题,提出了基于OSG的解决方案。
由于OSG本身不支持Windows的图形界面,所有的操作都只能在MS-DOS方式下完成,这要涉及环境变量设置等操作。过程繁琐,也不直观。论文基于MFC和C++编写了友好的用户界面,便于层次地形模型的生成和三维地形模型的查看,使海量数据渲染在对硬件需求以及开发难度上都得到了明显的改善。
随着地形可视化应用的深入,本文还介绍了一种在DEM中集成2D矢量数据的方法,通过这种方法把矢量数据缝合到DEM中,并利用MySQL来管理2D数据。
3D terrain has extensive application in many fields, such as city planning, engineering design, environment supervision, disaster forecast, military affairs, games and entertainment. At present, how to realize the visualization of large scale 3D terrain based on great data is the hot topic of research, the following studies have been done around the problem.
1) Interpolation and simplifying methods of Regular Square Grids. Focus on the simplifying method based on Quadtree. Summing up the process of OSG simplify .
2) The pyramid data models are achieved with the data process of data division and simplization on DEM and texture data. They can provid the data model for the rendering of massive multi-resolution terrain visualization. Come to the conclusion of OSG data division and simplization.
3) Study on mass data scheduling mechanism, the law of cracks, texture mapping technology. OSG approaches drawn to eliminate the gap.
The traditional rendering of massive data has the features of high demand for hardware and software, long development cycle, high difficulty development and so on, and this thesis gives an effective solution for the traditional rendering of massive data, which is based on the OSG.
As the OSG itself does not support Windows graphical interface, all the operations are only in MS-DOS mode to complete, which involves operations such as environment variable settings. Process cumbersome and not intuitive. Thesis based on MFC and C + + to prepare a friendly user interface, to facilitate the generation of LOD model and three-dimensional terrain model of view. For the rendering of massive data, the demand for hardware and software and the difficulty of development have been improved remarkably by taking the advantage of OSG.
This paper introduces a strategy for integrating 2D data and DEM. This method sews like a sewing-machine the 2D data into DEM and use MySQL to manage 2D data .
(一)地形数字表达方法及格网数字高程模型数据的内插方法,重点对基于四叉树数据结构的地形简化技术进行了研究,总结得出OSG地形简化流程。
(二)通过对DEM数据和纹理数据的分层、分块等处理构建了金字塔数据模型(四叉树细节层次模型),为地形的多分辨率显示直接提供数据而无需实时化简。总结得出OSG的分层分块方案。
(三)研究海量数据调度机制、裂缝产生规律、纹理映射技术等。得出OSG缝隙消除办法。
论文针对传统的地形海量数据(基于规则格网数字高程模型)渲染对软硬件需求高、开发周期长、开发难度大等问题,提出了基于OSG的解决方案。
由于OSG本身不支持Windows的图形界面,所有的操作都只能在MS-DOS方式下完成,这要涉及环境变量设置等操作。过程繁琐,也不直观。论文基于MFC和C++编写了友好的用户界面,便于层次地形模型的生成和三维地形模型的查看,使海量数据渲染在对硬件需求以及开发难度上都得到了明显的改善。
随着地形可视化应用的深入,本文还介绍了一种在DEM中集成2D矢量数据的方法,通过这种方法把矢量数据缝合到DEM中,并利用MySQL来管理2D数据。
3D terrain has extensive application in many fields, such as city planning, engineering design, environment supervision, disaster forecast, military affairs, games and entertainment. At present, how to realize the visualization of large scale 3D terrain based on great data is the hot topic of research, the following studies have been done around the problem.
1) Interpolation and simplifying methods of Regular Square Grids. Focus on the simplifying method based on Quadtree. Summing up the process of OSG simplify .
2) The pyramid data models are achieved with the data process of data division and simplization on DEM and texture data. They can provid the data model for the rendering of massive multi-resolution terrain visualization. Come to the conclusion of OSG data division and simplization.
3) Study on mass data scheduling mechanism, the law of cracks, texture mapping technology. OSG approaches drawn to eliminate the gap.
The traditional rendering of massive data has the features of high demand for hardware and software, long development cycle, high difficulty development and so on, and this thesis gives an effective solution for the traditional rendering of massive data, which is based on the OSG.
As the OSG itself does not support Windows graphical interface, all the operations are only in MS-DOS mode to complete, which involves operations such as environment variable settings. Process cumbersome and not intuitive. Thesis based on MFC and C + + to prepare a friendly user interface, to facilitate the generation of LOD model and three-dimensional terrain model of view. For the rendering of massive data, the demand for hardware and software and the difficulty of development have been improved remarkably by taking the advantage of OSG.
This paper introduces a strategy for integrating 2D data and DEM. This method sews like a sewing-machine the 2D data into DEM and use MySQL to manage 2D data .
引文
[1]宋友厉,李辉,王丹霞等.大地形三维可视化系统设计与关键技术方案.四川大学学报(自然科学版),2002,39(3):439-442
[2]潘志庚,马小虎,石教英.多细节层次模型自动生成技术综述.中国图形图像学报,1998,3(9):754-759
[3]殷畅.GIS中的地形可视化与地形模型简化.测绘学院学报,2001,18(9):64-69
[4]Paul S Heckbert,Michael Garland.Survey of polygonal surface simplification algorithms,http://www.cs.cmu.edu/～ph,1997
[5]李捷.三角网格模型的简化及多分辨率表示:[博士学位论文].北京:清华大学,1998
[6]Hugues Hoppe.Progressive meshes.SIGRAPH'96 Proceedings,Los Angels,USA,1996.30:99-108
[7]L De Floriani,E Puppo.Hierarchical triangulation for multiresolution surface description.ACM Transactions on Graphics,1995.14(3):31-36
[8]L L Scarlatos.Refined triangulation hierarchy for multiple levels of terrain detail,proceedings.In:IMAGE V Conference,San Francisco,Califormia,1990.114-122
[9]P Cignoni,E Puppo,R Scopigno.Representation and visualization of terrain surfaces at variable resolution.The Visual Computer,1997,13(5):199-217
[10]Peter Lindstrom,David Koller,William Ribarsky,et al.Realtime,continuous level of detail rendering of height fields.SIGGRAPH'96 Proceedings,Los Angeles,Califormia,1996.109-118
[11]Reinhard Klein,Tobias Huttner.Simple camera-dependent approximation of terrain surfaces for fast visualization and animation.Visualization 96.ACM,R.Yagel,editor,1996.79-84
[12]David Luebke,Carl Erikson.View-dependent simplification of arbitrary polygonal environments.SIGGRAPH'96 Proceedings,Los Angeles,Califormia,1997.324-330
[13]Hugues Hoppe.Smooth view-dependent level-of-detail control and its application to terrain rendering.IEEE Visualization' 98,1998
[14]杜莹.全球多分辨率虚拟地形环境关键技术研究:[博士学位论文].郑州:解放军信息工程大学测绘学院,2004
[15]戴晨光,张永生,邓雪清.一种用于实时可视化的海量地形数据组织与管理方法.系统仿真学报,2005,17(2):406-413
[16]陈刚,夏青,万刚.地形RSG模型的动态构网算法.测绘学报,2002,31(1):44-48
[17]武玉国,杜莹,王晓明,游雄.大规模地形TIN模型的LOD算法设计与实现.系统仿真学报,2005,17(3):665-669
[18]潘宏伟,李辉,廖昌阊等.一种基于现代GPU的大地形可视化算法.系统仿真学报,2007,19(14):3241-3244
[19]李志林,朱庆.数字高程模型第二版.武汉大学出版社,2005
[20]Agarwal,P.K.and P.K Desikan.An efficient algorithm for terrain simplification.In:Michael Saks ed.Proceedings of the 8th ACM-SIAM
[21]Andrews D S,Simplifying terrain models and measuring terrain model accuracy.Dept of Computer Science,University of British Columbia,Technical Report:TR-96-05,1996
[22]Berg M D,Dobrindt K T G,On levels of detail in terrains.Dept.of Computer Science,Utrecht University,Technical Report:UU-CS-1995-12,April 1995
[23]Brown P J C.Selective mesh refinement for interactive terrain rendering.Computer Laboratory,Cambridge University,Technical report:CB3-QSG,1996
[24]Cignoni P,P.E.,Scopigno R.Representation and visualization of terrain surfaces at variable resolution.IN:Scateni R ed.Proceedings of international Symposium on Scientific Visualization,Chia:AICA Society,1995,50-68
[25]Cohen-Or D,L.Y.Temporal continuity of levels of detail in delaunay triangulated terrain.In:Nancy J ed.IEEE Visualization'96,San Francisco:IEEE Computer Society,1996,37-42
[26]Evans W,Townsend G.Right triangular irregular networks.Department of Computer Science,University of Arizona,Technical Report:97-09,1997
[27]Garland M,Heckbert P S.Fast triangular approximation of terrains and height fields.http://ftp.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/anim/ph/paper/multi97/release/heckbert/terrain.p df
[28]Ghodsi M.A coarse grained solution to parallel terrain simplification.http://sina.sharif.ac.ir/～ghodsi/papers/partin.ps.gz
[29]Klein R,Huttner T.Simple camera-dependent approximation of terrain surfaces for fast visualization and animation.In:Yagel R ed.IEEE Visualization'96 Late Breaking Hot Topics,San Francisco:IEEE Computer Society,1996,82-87
[30]Silva C T,Mitchell J S B.Greedy cuts:an advancing front terrain triangulation algorithm.In:Robert L ed.ACM Symposium on Geographic Information Systems 1998,Washington:ACMP ress,1998,137-144
[31]Silva C T,Kanfman A E.Automatic generation of triangular irregular networks using greedy cuts.In:Ribarsky B ed.IEEE Visualization'95,Atlanta:IEEE Computer Society,1995,201-208
[32]Suter M.Automated generation of visual simulation databases using remote sensing and GIS.Ribarsky Bed.IEEE Visualization'95,Atlanta:IEEE Computer Society,1995,86-93
[33]Blow J.Terrain rendering research for games.Slides for SIGGRAPH'2000course,2000
[34]Duchaineau M,Wolinsky M.ROAMing terrain:real-time optimally adapting meshes.In:Robert M ed.Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'97,Phoenix:IEEE Computer Society,1997,81-88
[35]Lindstrom P,Ribarsky W.Real-time,continuous level of detail rendering of height fields.In:John F ed.Proceedings of SIGGRAPH'96,New Orleans:ACM press,1996,109-118
[36]Lindstrom P.Visualization of large terrains made easy.In:Bailey M ed.Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'2001,San Diego:IEEE Computer Society,2001,363-370
[37]Pajarola R.Large scale terrain visualization using the restricted quadtree triangulation.In:Robert M ed.Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'98,New Caledonia:IEEE Computer Society,1998,19-26
[38]Zhao Youbing,Shi Jiaoying and Pan Zhigeng.A fast algorithm for large scale terrain walkthrough.In:Peng Qunsheng ed.Proceedings of CAD/Graghics'2001.Kunming:International Academic Publishers,2001,567-572
[39]刘学慧,吴恩华.基于图像空间判断的地表模型加速绘制技术.软件学报,1998,9(7):481-486
[40]王璐锦,唐泽圣.基于分形维数的地表模型多分辨率动态绘制.软件学报,2000,11(9):1181-1188
[41]P.Lindstrom,D,K.Real-time continuous level of detail rendering of height fields.In Computer Graphics(SCIGRAPH'96 Proceedings),1996
[42]Mark Duchaineauy,M.W.ROAMing Terrain:Real-time Optimally Adapting Meshes.In IEEE Visualization.1997
[43]Stefan Rottger,Wolfgang,Hans-peter Seide.Real-time Generation of Continuous Levels of Detail for Height Fields.in Winter School in Computer Graphics(WSCG Proceedings)'98.1998
[44]Blow,J.Terrain Rendering Research for Games.In Siggraph'00.2000
[45]Blow,J.Terrain Rendering at High Levels of Detail.In Game Developers'Conference.2000.San Jose,California,USA
[46]Peter Lindstrom,V.P.Terrain Simplification Simplified:A General Framework for View-Dependent Out-of-Core Visualization.IEEE Transaction on Visualization and Computer Graphics,2002
[47]Peter Lindstrom,V.P.Visualization of large terrains made easy.IEEE Visualization'2001,2001:p.363-370
[48]Gerstner,T.Top-Down View-dependent Terrain Triangle Triangulation using the Octagon Metric.2003
[49]Frank Losasso,H,H.Geometry Clipmaps:Terrain Rendering Using Nested Regular Grids.In SIGGRAPH'2004
[50]Reinhard Klein,Tobias Huttner.Simple Camera-Dependent Approximation of Terrain Surface for Fast Visualization and Animation.Visualization 96.ACM,Novermber.1996
[51]Prof.P.Widmayer.Multi-Resolution Terrain Triangulation Using A Delaunay Hierarchy.2001.http://www.ti.inf.ethz.ch/pw/st_proj/sa_enzler.pdf
[52]许妙忠.虚拟现实中三维地形建模和可视化及算法研究:[博士学位论文].武汉大学,2003
[53]武玉国,杜莹,王晓明等.大规模地形TIN模型的LOD算法设计与实现.系统仿真学报,2005,17(3):665-669
[54]De Floriani,L and Kobbelt,L and puppo,E.A survey on Data Structures for Level-of-Detail Models.ftp://.disi.unige.it/pub/new/person/DeflorianiL
[55]Ottoson P.,Hanska H.Ellipsoidal Quadtrees for Indexing of Global Geographical Data.Int.J.Geographical information Science,16(3):213-226
[56]邵晓东,张斌,陈天鸿等.一种基于卫星照片的大地形仿真方法.系统仿真学报,2007,19(7):1430-1433
[2]潘志庚,马小虎,石教英.多细节层次模型自动生成技术综述.中国图形图像学报,1998,3(9):754-759
[3]殷畅.GIS中的地形可视化与地形模型简化.测绘学院学报,2001,18(9):64-69
[4]Paul S Heckbert,Michael Garland.Survey of polygonal surface simplification algorithms,http://www.cs.cmu.edu/～ph,1997
[5]李捷.三角网格模型的简化及多分辨率表示:[博士学位论文].北京:清华大学,1998
[6]Hugues Hoppe.Progressive meshes.SIGRAPH'96 Proceedings,Los Angels,USA,1996.30:99-108
[7]L De Floriani,E Puppo.Hierarchical triangulation for multiresolution surface description.ACM Transactions on Graphics,1995.14(3):31-36
[8]L L Scarlatos.Refined triangulation hierarchy for multiple levels of terrain detail,proceedings.In:IMAGE V Conference,San Francisco,Califormia,1990.114-122
[9]P Cignoni,E Puppo,R Scopigno.Representation and visualization of terrain surfaces at variable resolution.The Visual Computer,1997,13(5):199-217
[10]Peter Lindstrom,David Koller,William Ribarsky,et al.Realtime,continuous level of detail rendering of height fields.SIGGRAPH'96 Proceedings,Los Angeles,Califormia,1996.109-118
[11]Reinhard Klein,Tobias Huttner.Simple camera-dependent approximation of terrain surfaces for fast visualization and animation.Visualization 96.ACM,R.Yagel,editor,1996.79-84
[12]David Luebke,Carl Erikson.View-dependent simplification of arbitrary polygonal environments.SIGGRAPH'96 Proceedings,Los Angeles,Califormia,1997.324-330
[13]Hugues Hoppe.Smooth view-dependent level-of-detail control and its application to terrain rendering.IEEE Visualization' 98,1998
[14]杜莹.全球多分辨率虚拟地形环境关键技术研究:[博士学位论文].郑州:解放军信息工程大学测绘学院,2004
[15]戴晨光,张永生,邓雪清.一种用于实时可视化的海量地形数据组织与管理方法.系统仿真学报,2005,17(2):406-413
[16]陈刚,夏青,万刚.地形RSG模型的动态构网算法.测绘学报,2002,31(1):44-48
[17]武玉国,杜莹,王晓明,游雄.大规模地形TIN模型的LOD算法设计与实现.系统仿真学报,2005,17(3):665-669
[18]潘宏伟,李辉,廖昌阊等.一种基于现代GPU的大地形可视化算法.系统仿真学报,2007,19(14):3241-3244
[19]李志林,朱庆.数字高程模型第二版.武汉大学出版社,2005
[20]Agarwal,P.K.and P.K Desikan.An efficient algorithm for terrain simplification.In:Michael Saks ed.Proceedings of the 8th ACM-SIAM
[21]Andrews D S,Simplifying terrain models and measuring terrain model accuracy.Dept of Computer Science,University of British Columbia,Technical Report:TR-96-05,1996
[22]Berg M D,Dobrindt K T G,On levels of detail in terrains.Dept.of Computer Science,Utrecht University,Technical Report:UU-CS-1995-12,April 1995
[23]Brown P J C.Selective mesh refinement for interactive terrain rendering.Computer Laboratory,Cambridge University,Technical report:CB3-QSG,1996
[24]Cignoni P,P.E.,Scopigno R.Representation and visualization of terrain surfaces at variable resolution.IN:Scateni R ed.Proceedings of international Symposium on Scientific Visualization,Chia:AICA Society,1995,50-68
[25]Cohen-Or D,L.Y.Temporal continuity of levels of detail in delaunay triangulated terrain.In:Nancy J ed.IEEE Visualization'96,San Francisco:IEEE Computer Society,1996,37-42
[26]Evans W,Townsend G.Right triangular irregular networks.Department of Computer Science,University of Arizona,Technical Report:97-09,1997
[27]Garland M,Heckbert P S.Fast triangular approximation of terrains and height fields.http://ftp.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/anim/ph/paper/multi97/release/heckbert/terrain.p df
[28]Ghodsi M.A coarse grained solution to parallel terrain simplification.http://sina.sharif.ac.ir/～ghodsi/papers/partin.ps.gz
[29]Klein R,Huttner T.Simple camera-dependent approximation of terrain surfaces for fast visualization and animation.In:Yagel R ed.IEEE Visualization'96 Late Breaking Hot Topics,San Francisco:IEEE Computer Society,1996,82-87
[30]Silva C T,Mitchell J S B.Greedy cuts:an advancing front terrain triangulation algorithm.In:Robert L ed.ACM Symposium on Geographic Information Systems 1998,Washington:ACMP ress,1998,137-144
[31]Silva C T,Kanfman A E.Automatic generation of triangular irregular networks using greedy cuts.In:Ribarsky B ed.IEEE Visualization'95,Atlanta:IEEE Computer Society,1995,201-208
[32]Suter M.Automated generation of visual simulation databases using remote sensing and GIS.Ribarsky Bed.IEEE Visualization'95,Atlanta:IEEE Computer Society,1995,86-93
[33]Blow J.Terrain rendering research for games.Slides for SIGGRAPH'2000course,2000
[34]Duchaineau M,Wolinsky M.ROAMing terrain:real-time optimally adapting meshes.In:Robert M ed.Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'97,Phoenix:IEEE Computer Society,1997,81-88
[35]Lindstrom P,Ribarsky W.Real-time,continuous level of detail rendering of height fields.In:John F ed.Proceedings of SIGGRAPH'96,New Orleans:ACM press,1996,109-118
[36]Lindstrom P.Visualization of large terrains made easy.In:Bailey M ed.Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'2001,San Diego:IEEE Computer Society,2001,363-370
[37]Pajarola R.Large scale terrain visualization using the restricted quadtree triangulation.In:Robert M ed.Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'98,New Caledonia:IEEE Computer Society,1998,19-26
[38]Zhao Youbing,Shi Jiaoying and Pan Zhigeng.A fast algorithm for large scale terrain walkthrough.In:Peng Qunsheng ed.Proceedings of CAD/Graghics'2001.Kunming:International Academic Publishers,2001,567-572
[39]刘学慧,吴恩华.基于图像空间判断的地表模型加速绘制技术.软件学报,1998,9(7):481-486
[40]王璐锦,唐泽圣.基于分形维数的地表模型多分辨率动态绘制.软件学报,2000,11(9):1181-1188
[41]P.Lindstrom,D,K.Real-time continuous level of detail rendering of height fields.In Computer Graphics(SCIGRAPH'96 Proceedings),1996
[42]Mark Duchaineauy,M.W.ROAMing Terrain:Real-time Optimally Adapting Meshes.In IEEE Visualization.1997
[43]Stefan Rottger,Wolfgang,Hans-peter Seide.Real-time Generation of Continuous Levels of Detail for Height Fields.in Winter School in Computer Graphics(WSCG Proceedings)'98.1998
[44]Blow,J.Terrain Rendering Research for Games.In Siggraph'00.2000
[45]Blow,J.Terrain Rendering at High Levels of Detail.In Game Developers'Conference.2000.San Jose,California,USA
[46]Peter Lindstrom,V.P.Terrain Simplification Simplified:A General Framework for View-Dependent Out-of-Core Visualization.IEEE Transaction on Visualization and Computer Graphics,2002
[47]Peter Lindstrom,V.P.Visualization of large terrains made easy.IEEE Visualization'2001,2001:p.363-370
[48]Gerstner,T.Top-Down View-dependent Terrain Triangle Triangulation using the Octagon Metric.2003
[49]Frank Losasso,H,H.Geometry Clipmaps:Terrain Rendering Using Nested Regular Grids.In SIGGRAPH'2004
[50]Reinhard Klein,Tobias Huttner.Simple Camera-Dependent Approximation of Terrain Surface for Fast Visualization and Animation.Visualization 96.ACM,Novermber.1996
[51]Prof.P.Widmayer.Multi-Resolution Terrain Triangulation Using A Delaunay Hierarchy.2001.http://www.ti.inf.ethz.ch/pw/st_proj/sa_enzler.pdf
[52]许妙忠.虚拟现实中三维地形建模和可视化及算法研究:[博士学位论文].武汉大学,2003
[53]武玉国,杜莹,王晓明等.大规模地形TIN模型的LOD算法设计与实现.系统仿真学报,2005,17(3):665-669
[54]De Floriani,L and Kobbelt,L and puppo,E.A survey on Data Structures for Level-of-Detail Models.ftp://.disi.unige.it/pub/new/person/DeflorianiL
[55]Ottoson P.,Hanska H.Ellipsoidal Quadtrees for Indexing of Global Geographical Data.Int.J.Geographical information Science,16(3):213-226
[56]邵晓东,张斌,陈天鸿等.一种基于卫星照片的大地形仿真方法.系统仿真学报,2007,19(7):1430-1433