天津市区PM_(2.5)污染特征及灰霾等级评价方法研究
摘要
灰霾是颗粒物和气体污染物导致的可察觉到的能见度降低的污染天气现象。灰霾对生态、气候和经济产生严重影响,亦导致很多环境和健康效应,已引起社会及公众的普遍重视。灰霾现象产生的本质原因是颗粒物和气体污染物的消光作用,其中细颗粒物的散射消光占总消光的比例最大,同时气象条件也是影响灰霾的另一重要因素。准备发布的气象行业标准《霾(灰霾)‘的观测和预报等级》仅由气象视距划分灰霾的污染等级。环保部门应用API指数(包括：SO2、NO2、PM10)考察环境空气质量。这就造成现有的空气质量评价体系不能描述由细粒子引起的灰霾现象。
本论文针对灰霾这一热点问题展开研究,对影响灰霾的细颗粒物的化学、物理特征以及细颗粒物与气态污染物和气象因子的关系进行研究。测定PM2.5中的8种水溶性无机离子(Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Cl-、NO3-、SO42-)、14种无机元素(Si、Al、Mn、Mg、Ca、Cu、Zn、Fe、Pb、Cr、V、Ni、Co、Cd)和PM2.5和PMlo中碳组分(OC、EC)考察化学特征。应用积分式浊度仪测定颗粒物的散射消光系数以考察物理特征,并探讨气象因子对颗粒物物理、化学特征的影响。进而将影响灰霾形成和发展的污染物和气象因素同时考虑在内,应用灰色聚类方法,构建了灰霾的等级评价方法以综合反映灰霾的污染程度,此方法比单纯的气象视距划分灰霾等级更加全面。该方法将为环保部门制定行业标准、防控灰霾提供技术支撑。论文的主要研究结果如下：
(1)2008年,春、夏、秋、冬季天津城区PM25质量浓度分别为73.1μg/m3、80.5μg/m3、109.6μg/m3禾123.8μg/m3。PM2.5质量浓度日变化呈早晚高、白天低的变化趋势,且与环境相对湿度、S02、N02的日变化趋势一致,呈较好的正相关性,而与风速、温度、03表现为负相关。
(2) SO42-、NO3-、NH4+和Cl-是PM2.5中的主导性离子组分,占总离子质量分数依次为47.3%、25.4%、12.9%和8.8%。春、夏、秋和冬季∑阴／∑阳的比值分别为1.10、1.13、1.12和1.88,表示春、夏和秋季阴阳离子基本处于平衡状态,接近中性,显示偏酸性,冬季酸性加重。NH4+/(2*SO42-)平均比值接近1.0,显示硫酸氨是细粒子中硫酸盐的主要存在形式。NO3-/SO42浓度比的平均值为0.65,反映了燃煤污染与机动车尾气污染并存的复合型大气污染特征。硫氧化率(SOR)和氮氧化率(NOR)的平均值分别为0.15和0.23,显示存在S02和N02的二次转化过程。
(3)无机元素中地壳元素的含量超过90%,以Si的含量最丰富,是天津细颗粒物中含量最丰富的无机元素组分。其他元素浓度的排列次序随季节的变化略有差异,一定程度上反映了颗粒物来源的变化。通过相关性分析、聚类分析、主成分分析和富集因子多种方法的分析,体现了土壤尘源、建筑尘源、机动车尾气、燃煤和工业排放的联合效应。
(4)OC与EC的浓度值在冬季和秋季的值较高,而在春季和夏季相对较低。这种季节性的变化可归结为污染源排放和气象因子的共同作用。最小值法估算的PM2.5和PM1o中二次有机碳(SOC)年均浓度分别为14.9μg/m3和23.4μg/m3,分别占PM2.5、PM10中OC质量浓度的61.7%和61.2%,表明二次有机碳对天津有机气溶胶有重要贡献。通过对8个碳组分(OC1、OC2、OC3、OC4、EC1、EC2、EC3和OP)的分析得出生物质燃烧、碳燃烧和机动车尾气是天津碳组分的主要贡献源。
(5)颗粒物的散射效率随季节的不同存在明显变化,在冬季达到最大值。并根据颗粒物的散射消光特征日变化趋势总结出天津市颗粒物的散射消光类型可划分为：双峰型、单峰型和平滑型三类。有机物质、元素碳和硫酸盐是导致颗粒物消光的主要化学物种。
(6)根据天津市2003-2007年灰霾日气象因子和污染物浓度资料,应用主成分分析方法得出影响灰霾的主要因子是污染物中的SO2、PM10和气象因子中的相对湿度、总云量、风速共5个量。并根据频数统计划分了各气象因子的分级标准。基于灰色聚类理论构建了天津市灰霾等级评价方法。天津市灰霾等级划分结果表明：春、夏、秋和冬季各季节的中度灰霾所占的比例均最大,轻度灰霾大多出现在春季和夏季,而重度灰霾在冬季所占比例最大。
Haze is a contaminative phenomenon which makes for a visual degradation of visibility by particulate and gaseous contamination. Haze has the important infection on zoology、climate and economy and leads to environmental and healthy problems. Now, it is attached importance by society and public. The fine particle is the intrinsic cause for haze, while the meteorological factors control the contaminative degree of haze. The grades of haze are distinguished by visibility in the meteorologic guild standard of the observation and forecast grades of haze (dust haze). The index of API (including:SO2、NO2、PM10) are used to examine the environmental atmospheric quality in environmental department. So the present estimate system of atmospheric quality cannot describe the haze aroused by fine particulate.
Aiming at the haze, the physical and chemical characters of fine particle as well as the relation among fine particles, gaseous pollution and environmental factor were investigated. Eight inorganic components (Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Cl-、NO3-and SO42-)、fourteen inorganic elements (Si、Al、Mn、Mg、Ca、Cu、Zn、Fe、Pb、Cr、V、Ni、Co、Cd) of PM2.5 and the OC and EC of PM2.5 and PM10 were determined to study the chemical characters of PM. The particle light scattering (bsp) was determined to study the physical characters of PM. At the same time, the infection of meteorological factor was discussed. Based on the grey cluster theory, the method to estimate the grades of haze was constructed and would provide technique to establish guild criterion and control haze pollution for environmental department. Major conclusions were as follows:
(1) The PM2.5 concentrations of 2008 were 73.1μg/m3 in spring、80.5μg/m3 in summer、109.6μg/m3 in fall and 123.8μg/m3 in winter, respectively. The diurnal variation of PM2.5 concentration presented a bimodal pattern with peak values in the morning and at night, which was consistent with the variation of ambient relative humidity、NO and NO2 but reversely correlated with wind speed、temperature and O3.
(2) SO42-、NO3-、NH4+ and Cl- were dominated ionic components in PM2.5 and accounted for 47.3%、25.4%、12.9% and 8.8% of the total mass concentration, respectively. The ratio of∑anion/Ecation was 1.10 in spring、1.13 in summer、1.12 in fall and 1.88 in winter, respectively. It indicated that PM2.5 was approximately balanceable between anion and cation and little acidic with more acidic in winter. The average ratio of NH4+/(2*SO42-) is about 1.0, which indicates that most of SO42- in PM2.5 are likely to exist as (NH4)2SO4.The mean mass ratio of NO3-/SO42- was 0.65 indicated the complex pollution of coal combustion and vehicle exhaust in Tianjin. The average values of sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) and nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) were 0.16 and 0.23, respectively, indicating existence of obvious secondary transformation of gaseous species in the atmosphere.
(3) Crustal element constituted more than 90% of the total inorganic elemental mass in which Si was the most abundant. The concentration orders of other inorganic elements were different with the change of seasons, which reflects different sources of particulates. Through the correlation analysis、cluster analysis、principal component analysis and enrichment analysis, the soil dust, structural dust、coal combustion and vehicle exhaust were identified as the main emission sources.
(4) The concentrations of OC and EC in PM2.5 and PM10 were all relatively higher in winter and fall and lower in summer and spring. This seasonal variation could be attributed to the cooperative effects of changes in emission rates and seasonal meteorological conditions. The annual average concentration of the estimated secondary organic carbon (SOC) was 14.9μg/m3 and occupied 61.7% of the total OC in PM2.5, while those in PM10 were 23.4μg/m3 and 61.2%, respectively, indicating SOC had been an important contributor to organic aerosol in Tianjin. The distribution of eight carbon fractions (OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4, EC1, EC2, EC3 and OP) was also reported and found that the biomass burning, coal-combustion and motor-vehicle exhaust were all contributed to the carbonaceous particles in Tianjin.
(5) The scattering efficiency of PM2.5 was different with seasons and the maximum was in winter. Based on the diurnal patterns of light scattering in Tianjin, the three diurnal patterns were summarized. These were double-peaks pattern, only-peak pattern, and little-diurnal variation pattern. The organics、EC and sulfate were the main substance to infect extinction of PM.
(6) Based on the analysis of history data of diurnal contaminations and meteorological conditions from 2003 to 2007 in Tianjin, we arrived at the conclusion that the main factors affecting the haze were contamination of SO2 and PM10, cloudage, relative humidity and weed speed through the analysis of meteorological and contaminative factors affecting the haze and the method of component analysis. According to the statistical distribution of meteorological factors frequency, the haze index-classified system of Tianjin City atmosphere was established, and the haze classifies in Tianjin City came into being with grey clustering method. Therefore, the results of haze classifies in Tianjin City were demonstrated as follows. The proportion of moderate haze were the largest in spring, summer, autumn and winter. The proportion of the faintness haze was maximal in spring and summer. The proportion of the worst haze was maximal in winter.
本论文针对灰霾这一热点问题展开研究,对影响灰霾的细颗粒物的化学、物理特征以及细颗粒物与气态污染物和气象因子的关系进行研究。测定PM2.5中的8种水溶性无机离子(Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Cl-、NO3-、SO42-)、14种无机元素(Si、Al、Mn、Mg、Ca、Cu、Zn、Fe、Pb、Cr、V、Ni、Co、Cd)和PM2.5和PMlo中碳组分(OC、EC)考察化学特征。应用积分式浊度仪测定颗粒物的散射消光系数以考察物理特征,并探讨气象因子对颗粒物物理、化学特征的影响。进而将影响灰霾形成和发展的污染物和气象因素同时考虑在内,应用灰色聚类方法,构建了灰霾的等级评价方法以综合反映灰霾的污染程度,此方法比单纯的气象视距划分灰霾等级更加全面。该方法将为环保部门制定行业标准、防控灰霾提供技术支撑。论文的主要研究结果如下：
(1)2008年,春、夏、秋、冬季天津城区PM25质量浓度分别为73.1μg/m3、80.5μg/m3、109.6μg/m3禾123.8μg/m3。PM2.5质量浓度日变化呈早晚高、白天低的变化趋势,且与环境相对湿度、S02、N02的日变化趋势一致,呈较好的正相关性,而与风速、温度、03表现为负相关。
(2) SO42-、NO3-、NH4+和Cl-是PM2.5中的主导性离子组分,占总离子质量分数依次为47.3%、25.4%、12.9%和8.8%。春、夏、秋和冬季∑阴／∑阳的比值分别为1.10、1.13、1.12和1.88,表示春、夏和秋季阴阳离子基本处于平衡状态,接近中性,显示偏酸性,冬季酸性加重。NH4+/(2*SO42-)平均比值接近1.0,显示硫酸氨是细粒子中硫酸盐的主要存在形式。NO3-/SO42浓度比的平均值为0.65,反映了燃煤污染与机动车尾气污染并存的复合型大气污染特征。硫氧化率(SOR)和氮氧化率(NOR)的平均值分别为0.15和0.23,显示存在S02和N02的二次转化过程。
(3)无机元素中地壳元素的含量超过90%,以Si的含量最丰富,是天津细颗粒物中含量最丰富的无机元素组分。其他元素浓度的排列次序随季节的变化略有差异,一定程度上反映了颗粒物来源的变化。通过相关性分析、聚类分析、主成分分析和富集因子多种方法的分析,体现了土壤尘源、建筑尘源、机动车尾气、燃煤和工业排放的联合效应。
(4)OC与EC的浓度值在冬季和秋季的值较高,而在春季和夏季相对较低。这种季节性的变化可归结为污染源排放和气象因子的共同作用。最小值法估算的PM2.5和PM1o中二次有机碳(SOC)年均浓度分别为14.9μg/m3和23.4μg/m3,分别占PM2.5、PM10中OC质量浓度的61.7%和61.2%,表明二次有机碳对天津有机气溶胶有重要贡献。通过对8个碳组分(OC1、OC2、OC3、OC4、EC1、EC2、EC3和OP)的分析得出生物质燃烧、碳燃烧和机动车尾气是天津碳组分的主要贡献源。
(5)颗粒物的散射效率随季节的不同存在明显变化,在冬季达到最大值。并根据颗粒物的散射消光特征日变化趋势总结出天津市颗粒物的散射消光类型可划分为：双峰型、单峰型和平滑型三类。有机物质、元素碳和硫酸盐是导致颗粒物消光的主要化学物种。
(6)根据天津市2003-2007年灰霾日气象因子和污染物浓度资料,应用主成分分析方法得出影响灰霾的主要因子是污染物中的SO2、PM10和气象因子中的相对湿度、总云量、风速共5个量。并根据频数统计划分了各气象因子的分级标准。基于灰色聚类理论构建了天津市灰霾等级评价方法。天津市灰霾等级划分结果表明：春、夏、秋和冬季各季节的中度灰霾所占的比例均最大,轻度灰霾大多出现在春季和夏季,而重度灰霾在冬季所占比例最大。
Haze is a contaminative phenomenon which makes for a visual degradation of visibility by particulate and gaseous contamination. Haze has the important infection on zoology、climate and economy and leads to environmental and healthy problems. Now, it is attached importance by society and public. The fine particle is the intrinsic cause for haze, while the meteorological factors control the contaminative degree of haze. The grades of haze are distinguished by visibility in the meteorologic guild standard of the observation and forecast grades of haze (dust haze). The index of API (including:SO2、NO2、PM10) are used to examine the environmental atmospheric quality in environmental department. So the present estimate system of atmospheric quality cannot describe the haze aroused by fine particulate.
Aiming at the haze, the physical and chemical characters of fine particle as well as the relation among fine particles, gaseous pollution and environmental factor were investigated. Eight inorganic components (Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Cl-、NO3-and SO42-)、fourteen inorganic elements (Si、Al、Mn、Mg、Ca、Cu、Zn、Fe、Pb、Cr、V、Ni、Co、Cd) of PM2.5 and the OC and EC of PM2.5 and PM10 were determined to study the chemical characters of PM. The particle light scattering (bsp) was determined to study the physical characters of PM. At the same time, the infection of meteorological factor was discussed. Based on the grey cluster theory, the method to estimate the grades of haze was constructed and would provide technique to establish guild criterion and control haze pollution for environmental department. Major conclusions were as follows:
(1) The PM2.5 concentrations of 2008 were 73.1μg/m3 in spring、80.5μg/m3 in summer、109.6μg/m3 in fall and 123.8μg/m3 in winter, respectively. The diurnal variation of PM2.5 concentration presented a bimodal pattern with peak values in the morning and at night, which was consistent with the variation of ambient relative humidity、NO and NO2 but reversely correlated with wind speed、temperature and O3.
(2) SO42-、NO3-、NH4+ and Cl- were dominated ionic components in PM2.5 and accounted for 47.3%、25.4%、12.9% and 8.8% of the total mass concentration, respectively. The ratio of∑anion/Ecation was 1.10 in spring、1.13 in summer、1.12 in fall and 1.88 in winter, respectively. It indicated that PM2.5 was approximately balanceable between anion and cation and little acidic with more acidic in winter. The average ratio of NH4+/(2*SO42-) is about 1.0, which indicates that most of SO42- in PM2.5 are likely to exist as (NH4)2SO4.The mean mass ratio of NO3-/SO42- was 0.65 indicated the complex pollution of coal combustion and vehicle exhaust in Tianjin. The average values of sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) and nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) were 0.16 and 0.23, respectively, indicating existence of obvious secondary transformation of gaseous species in the atmosphere.
(3) Crustal element constituted more than 90% of the total inorganic elemental mass in which Si was the most abundant. The concentration orders of other inorganic elements were different with the change of seasons, which reflects different sources of particulates. Through the correlation analysis、cluster analysis、principal component analysis and enrichment analysis, the soil dust, structural dust、coal combustion and vehicle exhaust were identified as the main emission sources.
(4) The concentrations of OC and EC in PM2.5 and PM10 were all relatively higher in winter and fall and lower in summer and spring. This seasonal variation could be attributed to the cooperative effects of changes in emission rates and seasonal meteorological conditions. The annual average concentration of the estimated secondary organic carbon (SOC) was 14.9μg/m3 and occupied 61.7% of the total OC in PM2.5, while those in PM10 were 23.4μg/m3 and 61.2%, respectively, indicating SOC had been an important contributor to organic aerosol in Tianjin. The distribution of eight carbon fractions (OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4, EC1, EC2, EC3 and OP) was also reported and found that the biomass burning, coal-combustion and motor-vehicle exhaust were all contributed to the carbonaceous particles in Tianjin.
(5) The scattering efficiency of PM2.5 was different with seasons and the maximum was in winter. Based on the diurnal patterns of light scattering in Tianjin, the three diurnal patterns were summarized. These were double-peaks pattern, only-peak pattern, and little-diurnal variation pattern. The organics、EC and sulfate were the main substance to infect extinction of PM.
(6) Based on the analysis of history data of diurnal contaminations and meteorological conditions from 2003 to 2007 in Tianjin, we arrived at the conclusion that the main factors affecting the haze were contamination of SO2 and PM10, cloudage, relative humidity and weed speed through the analysis of meteorological and contaminative factors affecting the haze and the method of component analysis. According to the statistical distribution of meteorological factors frequency, the haze index-classified system of Tianjin City atmosphere was established, and the haze classifies in Tianjin City came into being with grey clustering method. Therefore, the results of haze classifies in Tianjin City were demonstrated as follows. The proportion of moderate haze were the largest in spring, summer, autumn and winter. The proportion of the faintness haze was maximal in spring and summer. The proportion of the worst haze was maximal in winter.
引文
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