利用二维图形数据构建三维场景技术的研究
摘要
近年来,随着AutoCAD等软件的出现和广泛使用,建筑设计人员已经越来越多的使用计算机来设计建筑工程图。但是传统的二维建筑图纸已经不能满足人们的视觉需要,这样虚拟现实技术取得了迅猛发展,三维立体场景漫游软件也日益增多,其所集成和可以显示的图像格式也越来越多。同时随着DirectX在虚拟现实研究中的广泛应用,将多种二维或三维文件格式转换为.X文件格式,运用到DirectX所搭建的三维场景中,已经成为一种当今研究的新方向。于是对于二维的建筑工程图的三维构建技术成为本文研究的主要内容。
本文分析了建筑图纸三维重建存在两个重要的问题,一是建筑图的识别,主要是指从建筑图所提供的二维信息中提取出构建三维模型的信息,然后进行处理;二是建筑结构的构建,指在三维空间中重新构造出二维信息所对应的三维建筑结构。针对这两个问题,本文主要在建筑图三维构建方面做了一些研究和探讨,具体有以下三个方面:首先对AutoCAD中DXF文件进行结构分析获得有用的图元信息,并且对相关的图元信息进行处理;其次分析了国内平面表达法建筑制图新标准后,采取了特征识别的办法对室内建筑的轮廓线和门、窗进行识别;最后在提取的轮廓线信息基础上,采用DirectX网格绘制的方法构建建筑模型;并且读取到门窗信息,识别出门窗所在位置,利用人工建立的门窗模型插入到建筑中,以实现整个室内建筑的模型构建,并且将构建出的三维模型保存为.X文件格式。同时将二维DXF文件图元转换为网格(Mesh)模型,并在.X文件中保存,实现DXF文件与.X文件的格式转换。
经实验验证,本课题所提出的DXF文件与.X文件格式交换的技术,具有可行性、实用性和一定的先进性;同时所提出的利用二维图形数据构建三维场景方案具有一定的可行性。
In recent years, build designer have already more and more used computer to design the building drawing sheet with some softwares, for example AutoCAD. But the traditional 2D building drawing sheet can not be satisfied with the optesthesia needs by people. So,Virtual Reality research have got fast development, the software about scanning in the 3D scene is increased very quickly and the form of image which the software can integrate and show is more and more. Along with the DirectX is extensively applied in the researching of virtual reality, using .X file by converted from various 2D or 3D file formats to 3D scene which is used by DirectX already become the new research direction. As a result, the technology of reconstructing 3D building model is this paper's main studying content.
This paper studies two problems in reconstructing 3D building model: one is recognition of building drawing sheet, which is reading the information form 2D building drawing sheet to reconstruct 3D building model. The other is reconstructing the building structure, which is reconstructing 3D building model corresponding to 2D information in 3D scene. Against these two problems, this paper studies in reconstructing 3D building model from 2D building drawing sheet, includes three aspects. First, there is analyseing AutoCAD's format of DXF file and gaining the useful basic primitive information. Then, on the base of analyseing the new building drawing standard, the form line of building、window and door are distinguished by using features recognition. Third, drawing 3D building model by using mesh function, which is based on the information of building's form line. And inserting the model of window and door in 3D building model basis from the location coordinate of window and door, in order to reconstruct the whole 3D building model. At the same time, 3D building model is saved to .X file. Another function is converting 2D primitives to mesh and saving this mesh to .X file, in order to change format of DXF file to .X file.
Verifed after the experiment, this technology of changing format of DXF file to .X file is feasible、applied and advanced which is suggested by the system. And the precept of 3D building model reconstructed by 2D building drawing sheet is also feasible.
本文分析了建筑图纸三维重建存在两个重要的问题,一是建筑图的识别,主要是指从建筑图所提供的二维信息中提取出构建三维模型的信息,然后进行处理;二是建筑结构的构建,指在三维空间中重新构造出二维信息所对应的三维建筑结构。针对这两个问题,本文主要在建筑图三维构建方面做了一些研究和探讨,具体有以下三个方面:首先对AutoCAD中DXF文件进行结构分析获得有用的图元信息,并且对相关的图元信息进行处理;其次分析了国内平面表达法建筑制图新标准后,采取了特征识别的办法对室内建筑的轮廓线和门、窗进行识别;最后在提取的轮廓线信息基础上,采用DirectX网格绘制的方法构建建筑模型;并且读取到门窗信息,识别出门窗所在位置,利用人工建立的门窗模型插入到建筑中,以实现整个室内建筑的模型构建,并且将构建出的三维模型保存为.X文件格式。同时将二维DXF文件图元转换为网格(Mesh)模型,并在.X文件中保存,实现DXF文件与.X文件的格式转换。
经实验验证,本课题所提出的DXF文件与.X文件格式交换的技术,具有可行性、实用性和一定的先进性;同时所提出的利用二维图形数据构建三维场景方案具有一定的可行性。
In recent years, build designer have already more and more used computer to design the building drawing sheet with some softwares, for example AutoCAD. But the traditional 2D building drawing sheet can not be satisfied with the optesthesia needs by people. So,Virtual Reality research have got fast development, the software about scanning in the 3D scene is increased very quickly and the form of image which the software can integrate and show is more and more. Along with the DirectX is extensively applied in the researching of virtual reality, using .X file by converted from various 2D or 3D file formats to 3D scene which is used by DirectX already become the new research direction. As a result, the technology of reconstructing 3D building model is this paper's main studying content.
This paper studies two problems in reconstructing 3D building model: one is recognition of building drawing sheet, which is reading the information form 2D building drawing sheet to reconstruct 3D building model. The other is reconstructing the building structure, which is reconstructing 3D building model corresponding to 2D information in 3D scene. Against these two problems, this paper studies in reconstructing 3D building model from 2D building drawing sheet, includes three aspects. First, there is analyseing AutoCAD's format of DXF file and gaining the useful basic primitive information. Then, on the base of analyseing the new building drawing standard, the form line of building、window and door are distinguished by using features recognition. Third, drawing 3D building model by using mesh function, which is based on the information of building's form line. And inserting the model of window and door in 3D building model basis from the location coordinate of window and door, in order to reconstruct the whole 3D building model. At the same time, 3D building model is saved to .X file. Another function is converting 2D primitives to mesh and saving this mesh to .X file, in order to change format of DXF file to .X file.
Verifed after the experiment, this technology of changing format of DXF file to .X file is feasible、applied and advanced which is suggested by the system. And the precept of 3D building model reconstructed by 2D building drawing sheet is also feasible.
引文
[1]王德才,杨关胜.精通DirectX 3D图形与动画程序设计.北京:人民邮电出版社,2007.
[2]袁庆萍.建筑图三维重建技术的研究:(硕士学位论文).南京:南京工业大学,2005.
[3]胡笳,杨若瑜,曹阳等.基于图形理解的建筑结构三维重建技术.软件学报,2002,13(9):1873-1881.
[4]陈正华,李希华,王燕.虚拟现实技术在建筑领域的应用.工程建设与设计.2005,12(8):88-90.
[5]Cieck.Adem,Mahmut,Gulesin.Reconstruction of 3D models from 2D orthographic views using solid extrusion and revolution,Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2004,152(3):291-298.
[6]王伟,谢步瀛.二维建筑结构图的三维模型重建.工程图学学报,2006,2(9):79-83.
[7]谢步瀛.工程图学.上海:上海科学技术出版社,2000.
[8]Schwarz.Randolph,Schwarz.Alysia,Carter.Lee.Conversion of COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN (CAD) output files to MONTE CARLO N-PARTICLE(MCNP) input files.Monte Carlo 2005Topical Meeting,2005.
[9]李晋芳,施法中.商品化CAD软件中基于二维视图的三维重建模块的设计与实现.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2005,17(4):795-799.
[10]祁燕,王琰,王镜宇.基于工程图的参数化三维重建技术研究.沈阳理工大学报,2006,25(3):43-46.
[11]Wu Zhanguo,Li Qiyan.Data structure of orthographic views for 3D object reconstruction.Journal'of Engineering Graphics,2001,22(2):128-132.
[12]郗润平.基于二维信息的虚拟立体建模技术的研究:(硕士学位论文).西安:西北工业大学,2003.
[13]张晓斌.基于特征的CAD数据交换技术的研究:(硕士学位论文).杭州:浙江大学,2005.
[14]钟世彬,郑贵州.AutoCAD和MAPGIS间的数据转换.测绘科学,2005,30(3):97-98.
[15]张贤达.世界CAD/CAM最新技术动态和产品开发.软件频道,2006.
[16]龙志军,陈艳辉,刘诗安等.浅谈AutoCAD 2000与MasterCAM8.0的文件转换.机床与液压,2003,1:224-226.
[17]杨帆,杨克俭,王玉华等.3DS文件格式与自定义文件格式的转换.交通与计算机,2004,3(18):101-105.
[18]Kang H.I,Kim.K.I,Han.S.S.Watermarking techniques using the drawing exchange format(DXF)file.Proceedings of the ACM International Multimedia Conference and Exhibition,n 11,2001:9-22.
[19]黄艳华.基于二维工程图的三维实体重构:(硕士学位论文).乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2003.
[20]崔晓庆.二维工程图的智能理解与三维重建研究:(硕士学位论文).大连:大连理工大学大学,2006.
[21]童话,李建华,徐凯.AutoCAD表格图形文件中的数据读取.机械设计与制造,2005,12(7):67-68.
[22]White Paper.Property Management and Data Visualization Solution with Autodesk and the Oracle E-Business Suite[J].www.autodesk.com,2005.
[23]史玉红,刘聪,吴兵锐.浅谈AutoCAD的接口——DXF文件.浙江大学学报,2002,1:38-39.
[24]Flanigan.D,VanAndel.J,Caron.J,Lee.W.-C.Issues in designing a new radar data exchange format.11th Conference on Mesoscale Processes and the 32nd Conference on Radar Meteorology,2005:2561-2563.
[25]陈晨.DirectX9的前生与今世.电脑报,2003,1(05):14-16.
[26]叶至军.VC++/DirectX9 3D游戏开发导引.北京:人民邮电出版社,2006.
[27]Frank D.Luna.Introduction to 3D Game Programming with DirectX 9.0.WordwarePublishing Inc,2003.
[28]Mircosoft.Introduction to 3D Game Programming with DirectX 9.0,2006.
[29]X file saving,http://www.toymaker.info/Games/html/x_file_saving.html,2007.
[30]邱仲潘,柯渝,谢燕华.Visual C++从入门到精通.北京:电子工业出版社,2005.
[31]王平.MFC消息相应机制简介.http://community.csdn.net,2004.
[32]李国栋.用MFC构造DirectX应用框架.http://www.wangchao.org/bbsreview_16990,2007.
[33]中华人民共和国建设部.建筑总图制图标准.http://www.csxysoft.com/guifan,2001.
[34]张菲.CAD设计建筑施工图步骤.电脑报,2004,8(26):56-59.
[35]Qing-wen Yan,C L Philip Chen,Zesheng Tang.Efficient algorithm for the reconstruction of 3D objects from orthographic projections.Computer-Aided Design,1994,26(9):156-158.
[36]陈浩,陈宏.解读AutoCAD的DXF文件.贵州科学,2002,20(4):125-127.
[37]方勇.基于CAD的DXF文件的转换.苏州职业大学学报,2003,14(3):45-47.
[38]FrancisSoen.InsideAutoCad.2001.
[39]柳玲,李百战,杨明宇.CAD文件转换为SVG文件的探讨.计算机应用,2006,26(26):51-53.
[40]董世文.谈CAD与CXAX文件格式转换.工程图学学报,2006,25(8):16-19.
[41]Aldefeld B.On automatic recognition of 3D structures from 2D representations.Computer-Aided Design,1993,15(2):59-64.
[42]刘世霞,胡事民,汪国平等.基于三视图的三维形体重建技术.计算机学报,2004,2(23):41-146.
[2]袁庆萍.建筑图三维重建技术的研究:(硕士学位论文).南京:南京工业大学,2005.
[3]胡笳,杨若瑜,曹阳等.基于图形理解的建筑结构三维重建技术.软件学报,2002,13(9):1873-1881.
[4]陈正华,李希华,王燕.虚拟现实技术在建筑领域的应用.工程建设与设计.2005,12(8):88-90.
[5]Cieck.Adem,Mahmut,Gulesin.Reconstruction of 3D models from 2D orthographic views using solid extrusion and revolution,Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2004,152(3):291-298.
[6]王伟,谢步瀛.二维建筑结构图的三维模型重建.工程图学学报,2006,2(9):79-83.
[7]谢步瀛.工程图学.上海:上海科学技术出版社,2000.
[8]Schwarz.Randolph,Schwarz.Alysia,Carter.Lee.Conversion of COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN (CAD) output files to MONTE CARLO N-PARTICLE(MCNP) input files.Monte Carlo 2005Topical Meeting,2005.
[9]李晋芳,施法中.商品化CAD软件中基于二维视图的三维重建模块的设计与实现.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2005,17(4):795-799.
[10]祁燕,王琰,王镜宇.基于工程图的参数化三维重建技术研究.沈阳理工大学报,2006,25(3):43-46.
[11]Wu Zhanguo,Li Qiyan.Data structure of orthographic views for 3D object reconstruction.Journal'of Engineering Graphics,2001,22(2):128-132.
[12]郗润平.基于二维信息的虚拟立体建模技术的研究:(硕士学位论文).西安:西北工业大学,2003.
[13]张晓斌.基于特征的CAD数据交换技术的研究:(硕士学位论文).杭州:浙江大学,2005.
[14]钟世彬,郑贵州.AutoCAD和MAPGIS间的数据转换.测绘科学,2005,30(3):97-98.
[15]张贤达.世界CAD/CAM最新技术动态和产品开发.软件频道,2006.
[16]龙志军,陈艳辉,刘诗安等.浅谈AutoCAD 2000与MasterCAM8.0的文件转换.机床与液压,2003,1:224-226.
[17]杨帆,杨克俭,王玉华等.3DS文件格式与自定义文件格式的转换.交通与计算机,2004,3(18):101-105.
[18]Kang H.I,Kim.K.I,Han.S.S.Watermarking techniques using the drawing exchange format(DXF)file.Proceedings of the ACM International Multimedia Conference and Exhibition,n 11,2001:9-22.
[19]黄艳华.基于二维工程图的三维实体重构:(硕士学位论文).乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2003.
[20]崔晓庆.二维工程图的智能理解与三维重建研究:(硕士学位论文).大连:大连理工大学大学,2006.
[21]童话,李建华,徐凯.AutoCAD表格图形文件中的数据读取.机械设计与制造,2005,12(7):67-68.
[22]White Paper.Property Management and Data Visualization Solution with Autodesk and the Oracle E-Business Suite[J].www.autodesk.com,2005.
[23]史玉红,刘聪,吴兵锐.浅谈AutoCAD的接口——DXF文件.浙江大学学报,2002,1:38-39.
[24]Flanigan.D,VanAndel.J,Caron.J,Lee.W.-C.Issues in designing a new radar data exchange format.11th Conference on Mesoscale Processes and the 32nd Conference on Radar Meteorology,2005:2561-2563.
[25]陈晨.DirectX9的前生与今世.电脑报,2003,1(05):14-16.
[26]叶至军.VC++/DirectX9 3D游戏开发导引.北京:人民邮电出版社,2006.
[27]Frank D.Luna.Introduction to 3D Game Programming with DirectX 9.0.WordwarePublishing Inc,2003.
[28]Mircosoft.Introduction to 3D Game Programming with DirectX 9.0,2006.
[29]X file saving,http://www.toymaker.info/Games/html/x_file_saving.html,2007.
[30]邱仲潘,柯渝,谢燕华.Visual C++从入门到精通.北京:电子工业出版社,2005.
[31]王平.MFC消息相应机制简介.http://community.csdn.net,2004.
[32]李国栋.用MFC构造DirectX应用框架.http://www.wangchao.org/bbsreview_16990,2007.
[33]中华人民共和国建设部.建筑总图制图标准.http://www.csxysoft.com/guifan,2001.
[34]张菲.CAD设计建筑施工图步骤.电脑报,2004,8(26):56-59.
[35]Qing-wen Yan,C L Philip Chen,Zesheng Tang.Efficient algorithm for the reconstruction of 3D objects from orthographic projections.Computer-Aided Design,1994,26(9):156-158.
[36]陈浩,陈宏.解读AutoCAD的DXF文件.贵州科学,2002,20(4):125-127.
[37]方勇.基于CAD的DXF文件的转换.苏州职业大学学报,2003,14(3):45-47.
[38]FrancisSoen.InsideAutoCad.2001.
[39]柳玲,李百战,杨明宇.CAD文件转换为SVG文件的探讨.计算机应用,2006,26(26):51-53.
[40]董世文.谈CAD与CXAX文件格式转换.工程图学学报,2006,25(8):16-19.
[41]Aldefeld B.On automatic recognition of 3D structures from 2D representations.Computer-Aided Design,1993,15(2):59-64.
[42]刘世霞,胡事民,汪国平等.基于三视图的三维形体重建技术.计算机学报,2004,2(23):41-146.