基于MPEG版权认证的视频水印算法研究
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摘要
数字水印技术作为一门新兴的学科交叉的应用技术,是信息隐藏的重要分支。它是将标识作者版权的保护信息和认证信息嵌入到图像、音频、视频或软件等各种数字产品中,以达到区分非法拷贝传播和保护知识产权的作用。数字水印作为当前多媒体信息安全领域的热点技术,已经受到国际学术界和企业界的高度重视。
本文首先结合国内外研究问题的背景,指出图像和视频水印技术对于科研及工业生产的重要意义,并且对水印技术的研究现状及发展趋势进行了分析和总结;然后综述了与数字水印和MPEG-4技术相关的一些基础理论知识,针对图像和视频水印技术进行了深入系统地研究。
本文针对图像和MPEG-4视频分别给出了三种水印算法:(1)基于双变换的图像数字水印算法。将离散小波变换同时运用到载体和水印信号中,采取折中办法嵌入水印。该算法具有很好的半脆弱性;(2)基于DWT和SVD的改进分块图像水印算法。兼具离散小波变换和奇异值分解的双重性能,同时结合自适应块分解量化法分别进行灰度、彩色载体的水印嵌入。算法达到了高嵌入、高鲁棒性和高精确提取能力的统一结合;(3)基于视频帧的彩色水印嵌入算法研究。选择I帧当作彩色水印嵌入帧,此方案综合考虑了DCT、DWT及SVD的特性,根据纹理特性将水印信号自适应的嵌入到8×8分块的DCT系数中。此方案很容易被应用到MPEG-4视频码流中。实验结果表明,该算法具有良好的不可见性;同时对噪声、剪切等攻击都具有较强的鲁棒性和水印提取能力。
本文的MPEG-4视频数字水印主要是针对未压缩域中彩色水印的嵌入技术,对视频产品的版权认证具有十分重要的意义。
As being a new and interdisciplinary application technology, digital watermarking technology is an important branch of information hiding. It embeds the protected and authenticated information which has been labeled the author’s copyright into the kinds of digital products such as image, audio, video or software to distingiuish between unauthorized copy and transmission and protect intellectual property rights. Digital watermarking being a hot technology in present multimedia information security field has already been paid much attention by international academia and business circles.
This thesis firstly pointed out the important meaning of image and video watermarking technology to the science research and industry production based on the background of problem studied, and analyzes the current status and developing trend of the digital watermarking. And then the basic principles, features and problems of watermarking and MPEG-4 were summarized. The image and video watermarking were researched thoroughly and deeply.
Three algorithms were put forward in this thesis for image and MPEG-4 video: (1) Image digital watermarking algorithm was proposed based on double transformations. Put discrete wavelet transformation (DWT) into both carrier and watermark signal and embedded watermark with compromise. This algorithm has good semifrangibility. (2) An improved unblocking image watermarking algorithm based on DWT and singular values decomposition (SVD) was proposed. Utilized the properties of DWT and SVD simultaneously to embed watermark on both grey and color carriers with adaptive block decomposed quantification. This algorithm has reached high embedding quantity, well robustness and precise extraction ability. (3) Research on color watermarking algorithm based on video frames. I-frame was selected as the watermarking embedded frame. It combined discrete cosine transformation (DCT) and DWT’s character with SVD’s and embedded the watermarking signal into eight by eight blocks of DCT coefficients adaptively according to the texture property. This algorithm is easy to be used in MPEG-4 video. The experiment results indicate that it has well invisibility, strong robustness and extraction ability on nosing and cropping attacks.
The MPEG-4 digital watermarking mentioned here is only for color watermarking technology in uncompressed video, and it has played a very impotant role on copyright authentication for video products.
本文首先结合国内外研究问题的背景,指出图像和视频水印技术对于科研及工业生产的重要意义,并且对水印技术的研究现状及发展趋势进行了分析和总结;然后综述了与数字水印和MPEG-4技术相关的一些基础理论知识,针对图像和视频水印技术进行了深入系统地研究。
本文针对图像和MPEG-4视频分别给出了三种水印算法:(1)基于双变换的图像数字水印算法。将离散小波变换同时运用到载体和水印信号中,采取折中办法嵌入水印。该算法具有很好的半脆弱性;(2)基于DWT和SVD的改进分块图像水印算法。兼具离散小波变换和奇异值分解的双重性能,同时结合自适应块分解量化法分别进行灰度、彩色载体的水印嵌入。算法达到了高嵌入、高鲁棒性和高精确提取能力的统一结合;(3)基于视频帧的彩色水印嵌入算法研究。选择I帧当作彩色水印嵌入帧,此方案综合考虑了DCT、DWT及SVD的特性,根据纹理特性将水印信号自适应的嵌入到8×8分块的DCT系数中。此方案很容易被应用到MPEG-4视频码流中。实验结果表明,该算法具有良好的不可见性;同时对噪声、剪切等攻击都具有较强的鲁棒性和水印提取能力。
本文的MPEG-4视频数字水印主要是针对未压缩域中彩色水印的嵌入技术,对视频产品的版权认证具有十分重要的意义。
As being a new and interdisciplinary application technology, digital watermarking technology is an important branch of information hiding. It embeds the protected and authenticated information which has been labeled the author’s copyright into the kinds of digital products such as image, audio, video or software to distingiuish between unauthorized copy and transmission and protect intellectual property rights. Digital watermarking being a hot technology in present multimedia information security field has already been paid much attention by international academia and business circles.
This thesis firstly pointed out the important meaning of image and video watermarking technology to the science research and industry production based on the background of problem studied, and analyzes the current status and developing trend of the digital watermarking. And then the basic principles, features and problems of watermarking and MPEG-4 were summarized. The image and video watermarking were researched thoroughly and deeply.
Three algorithms were put forward in this thesis for image and MPEG-4 video: (1) Image digital watermarking algorithm was proposed based on double transformations. Put discrete wavelet transformation (DWT) into both carrier and watermark signal and embedded watermark with compromise. This algorithm has good semifrangibility. (2) An improved unblocking image watermarking algorithm based on DWT and singular values decomposition (SVD) was proposed. Utilized the properties of DWT and SVD simultaneously to embed watermark on both grey and color carriers with adaptive block decomposed quantification. This algorithm has reached high embedding quantity, well robustness and precise extraction ability. (3) Research on color watermarking algorithm based on video frames. I-frame was selected as the watermarking embedded frame. It combined discrete cosine transformation (DCT) and DWT’s character with SVD’s and embedded the watermarking signal into eight by eight blocks of DCT coefficients adaptively according to the texture property. This algorithm is easy to be used in MPEG-4 video. The experiment results indicate that it has well invisibility, strong robustness and extraction ability on nosing and cropping attacks.
The MPEG-4 digital watermarking mentioned here is only for color watermarking technology in uncompressed video, and it has played a very impotant role on copyright authentication for video products.
引文
[1]祁强,陈建安.数字水印技术的综述[J].电子科技,2003,(13):45-48.
[2]刘瑞祯,谭铁牛.数字图像水印研究综述[J].通信学报,2000,21(8):39-48.
[3]叶登攀.图像认证及视频数字水印的若干算法研究[D].南京:南京理工大学(博士论文).2005:5-9.
[4] SU K, KUNDER D, HATZINAKOS D. A Novel Approach to Collusion Resistant Video Watermarking[C]. Proceedings of SPIE on Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Content IV, San Jose, California, 2002: 491-502.
[5] EUGENG T LIN, EDWARD J DELP. Temporal Synchronization in Video Watermarking[J]. IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing, 2004, 52(10): 3007-3022.
[6] DOERR G, DUGELAY J L. New Intra-video Collusion Attack Using Mosaicing[C]. Proceedings of International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, Baltimore, USA, 2003: 505-508.
[7] SU K, KUNDER D, HATZINAKOS D. Statistical Invisibility for Conllusion Resistant Digital Video Watermarking[J]. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 2005, 7(1): 43-51.
[8] LI Y, GAO X, JI H. A 3D Wavelet Based Spatial-temporal Approach for Video Watermarking[C]. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Compu-tation Intelligence and Multimedia Applications, Xi’an, China, 2003: 260-265.
[9] HE D, SUN Q, TIAN Q. An Object Based Watermarking Solution for MPEG4 Video Authentication[C]. Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing, Hong Kong, China, 2003: 537-540.
[10] DEMIREL H, SENER S, GOKMEN M. Adaptive Spread Spectrum Video Watermarking[C]. Proceedings of the 12th IEEE Signal Processing and Communication Applications Conference, Istanbul, Turkey, 2004: 288-291.
[11]张立和,杨义先,钮心忻,等.软件水印综述[J].软件学报,2003,14(2):268-277.
[12]张桂东,茅耀斌,王执铨.一种基于运动矢量的视频水印方案[J].中山大学学报:自然科学版,2004,43增刊(2):117-119.
[13] HARTUNG FRANK, EISERT PRTER, GIROD BERND. Digital Watermarking of MPEG-4 Facial Animation Parameters[G]. Computer & Graphics, 1998, 22(3): 256-261.
[14] COX C, CHEN J, FAN K. Real-time Frame-dependent Watermarking in MPEG-2 Video[C]. IEEE Int. Conf. on Communications, France, 2004: 245-250.
[15] NIU X M, SCHMUCHER M. A Video Watermarking Against Geometrical Distortions[J]. Chinese Journal of Electronics, 2003, 12(4): 548-552.
[16] DAI YUANJUN, ZHANG LIHE, YANG YIXIAN. A New Method of MPEG Video Watermarking Technology[C]. In: IEEE ICCT, Beijing, China, 2003: 1845-1847.
[17] BOULGOURIS N V, KORAVOS F D. Self-synchronizing Watermarking Detection for MPEG-4 Objects[C]. ICECS01, Valletta, Malta, 2001: 1371-1374.
[18] WANG HAOXIAN, LU ZHEMING. Robust Blind Video Watermarking with Adaptive Embedding Mechanism[J]. International Journal of Innovative Computing, information and Control, 2005, 1(2): 587-591.
[19]曹荣,王颖,李象霖.一种自适应的DFT域数字水印算法[J].计算机工程与应用,2006,(10):77-78.
[20] KAIIEI I F, KAIIEI M, BOUHIEI M S. A Secure Fragile Watermarking Algorithm for Medical Image Authentication in the DCT Domain[C]. International Conference on Information & Communication Technology (IEEE No. 06EX1220C), Cairo, Egypt, 2006: 2024-2029.
[21] LI ENPING, LIANG HUAQING, NIU XIUXIU. Blind Image Watermarking Scheme Based on Wavelet Tree Quantization Robust to Geometric Attacks[C]. The 6th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation (IEEE No. 06EX1358C), Dalian, China, 2006: 10256- 10260.
[22]元家昕,马允胜.基于人眼JND门限的多分辨率水印嵌入算法[J].计算机工程与应用,2006,(8):63-65.
[23]向秀桥,施保昌.Haar类正交变换在数字水印中的应用[J].计算机工程与应用,2004,(2):39-41.
[24]尚燕,练秋生,刘春亮.基于Radon变换和SWT的旋转不变纹理分析[J].微计算机信息,2007,23(5):295-297.
[25]肖俊,王颖.基于块奇异值分解的水印算法研究[J].中国科学院研究生院学报,2006,23(3):370-376.
[26]黄松,韦鹏程,张伟,等.基于SVD的图像数字水印算法研究[J].计算机工程与设计,2006,27(17):3117-3129.
[27] MCALAGNA, HUIPING GUO, LUIGI V MANCINI, et al. A Robust Watermarking System Based on SVD Compression[J]. ACM Special Internet Group on Applied Computing, 2006: 1341-1347.
[28] LIU FENLIN, GAO SHANQING, GE XIN. A Scheme of Fragile Watermarking Based on SVD and 2D Chaotic Mapping[J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiao tong University: Science, 2006, E-11(2): 146-151.
[29]唐步尧,李智勇,孙星明.一种基于奇异值量化的鲁棒性水印算法[J].计算机工程与应用,2006,(26):63-67.
[30]谢小贤,舒志彪.一种基于DMWT与SVD相结合的图像数字水印算法[J].计算机工程与科学,2006,28(1):62-64.
[31] SVERDLOV ALEXANDER, DEXTER SCOTT, ESKICIOGLU A M. Robust DCT-SVD Domain Image Watermarking for Copyright Protection: Embedding Data in All Frequencies[C]. The 13th European Signal Processing Conference, Turkey, 2005: 166-174.
[32] TANG X H, YANG L J, LI L, et al. Study on a Multifunction Watermarking Algorithm[C]. The 7th International Conference on Signal Processing Proceedings, IEEE, Beijing, China, 2004, 848-852.
[33]蔡月.基于DCT和奇异值分解的数字水印算法研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学(硕士论文),2006:37-41.
[34]周波,陈健.一种基于奇异值分解的稳健数字水印算法[J].计算机工程, 2004,30(15):120-121.
[35] DAPENA, ADRIANA, AHALT, et al. A Hybird DCT-SVD Image-coding Algorithm[J]. IEEE Transcircuits Syst Video Technol, 2002, 12(2): 114-119.
[36] MANELI NOORKAMI, RUSSELL M. A Framework for Robust Watermarking of H.264-Encoded Video with Controllable Detection Performance[J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 2007, 2(1): 14-23.
[37] SATYEN BISWAS, SUNIL R DAS, EMIL M PETRIU. An Adaptive Compressed MPEG-2 Video Watermarking Scheme[J]. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2005, 54(5): 1583-1586.
[38] ZHANG JING, HO ANTHONY T S, QIU GANG, et al. Robust VideoWatermarking of H.264/AVC[J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and System, 2007, 54(2): 205-209.
[39]王丽君,姚鸿勋,刘绍辉,等.压缩域自适应映射能量视频水印算法(英文)[J].计算机学报,2005,28(11):1843-1851.
[40] WANG SHA, ZHENG DONG, ZHAO JIYING, et al. An Image Quality Evaluation Method Based on Digital Watermarking[J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and System for Video Technology, 2007, 17(1): 98-105.
[41] MILLER M L, DOERR G J, COX I J. Applying Informed Coding and Embedding to Design a Robust High-capacity Watermark Source[J]. Transactions on Image Processing, 2004, 13(6): 792-807.
[42]苏伟.MPEG-4视频水印技术研究[D].西安:西北工业大学(硕士论文), 2004:31-40.
[43]余燕忠,王新伟,刘建华.DCT域水印嵌入新策略和算法[J].计算机应用与软件,2004,1(21):11-14.
[44]苏育挺,张春田.基于信息隐藏的视频重同步算法[J].中山大学学报:自然科学版,2004,43增刊(2):209-212.
[45] SHIH-HSUAN YANG, GHIN-KUEN LIANG, CHIN-YUN HSIEH. Watermarking MPEG-4 2D Mesh Animation with Time-Series Analysis[J]. Journal of Information Science and Engineering, 2005, (21): 341-359.
[46] ABHINAV GUPTA, PHALGUNI GUPTA. Digital Watermarking of MPEG-4 Videos[C]. ICBA, Florida, USA, 2004: 746-752.
[47]凌贺飞,卢正鼎,邹复好.基于MPEG的实时视频水印技术[J].小型微型计算机系统,2005,26(12):2181-2185.
[48] SERDEAN C V, et al. DWT-based High-capacity Blind Video Watermarking Invariant to Geometrical Attacks[J]. IEEE Proc-Vis Image Signal Process, 2003, 150(1): 51-58.
[49]苏育挺,张春田.一种自适应视频水印检测算法[J].通信学报,2003, 24(5):14-20.
[2]刘瑞祯,谭铁牛.数字图像水印研究综述[J].通信学报,2000,21(8):39-48.
[3]叶登攀.图像认证及视频数字水印的若干算法研究[D].南京:南京理工大学(博士论文).2005:5-9.
[4] SU K, KUNDER D, HATZINAKOS D. A Novel Approach to Collusion Resistant Video Watermarking[C]. Proceedings of SPIE on Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Content IV, San Jose, California, 2002: 491-502.
[5] EUGENG T LIN, EDWARD J DELP. Temporal Synchronization in Video Watermarking[J]. IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing, 2004, 52(10): 3007-3022.
[6] DOERR G, DUGELAY J L. New Intra-video Collusion Attack Using Mosaicing[C]. Proceedings of International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, Baltimore, USA, 2003: 505-508.
[7] SU K, KUNDER D, HATZINAKOS D. Statistical Invisibility for Conllusion Resistant Digital Video Watermarking[J]. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 2005, 7(1): 43-51.
[8] LI Y, GAO X, JI H. A 3D Wavelet Based Spatial-temporal Approach for Video Watermarking[C]. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Compu-tation Intelligence and Multimedia Applications, Xi’an, China, 2003: 260-265.
[9] HE D, SUN Q, TIAN Q. An Object Based Watermarking Solution for MPEG4 Video Authentication[C]. Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing, Hong Kong, China, 2003: 537-540.
[10] DEMIREL H, SENER S, GOKMEN M. Adaptive Spread Spectrum Video Watermarking[C]. Proceedings of the 12th IEEE Signal Processing and Communication Applications Conference, Istanbul, Turkey, 2004: 288-291.
[11]张立和,杨义先,钮心忻,等.软件水印综述[J].软件学报,2003,14(2):268-277.
[12]张桂东,茅耀斌,王执铨.一种基于运动矢量的视频水印方案[J].中山大学学报:自然科学版,2004,43增刊(2):117-119.
[13] HARTUNG FRANK, EISERT PRTER, GIROD BERND. Digital Watermarking of MPEG-4 Facial Animation Parameters[G]. Computer & Graphics, 1998, 22(3): 256-261.
[14] COX C, CHEN J, FAN K. Real-time Frame-dependent Watermarking in MPEG-2 Video[C]. IEEE Int. Conf. on Communications, France, 2004: 245-250.
[15] NIU X M, SCHMUCHER M. A Video Watermarking Against Geometrical Distortions[J]. Chinese Journal of Electronics, 2003, 12(4): 548-552.
[16] DAI YUANJUN, ZHANG LIHE, YANG YIXIAN. A New Method of MPEG Video Watermarking Technology[C]. In: IEEE ICCT, Beijing, China, 2003: 1845-1847.
[17] BOULGOURIS N V, KORAVOS F D. Self-synchronizing Watermarking Detection for MPEG-4 Objects[C]. ICECS01, Valletta, Malta, 2001: 1371-1374.
[18] WANG HAOXIAN, LU ZHEMING. Robust Blind Video Watermarking with Adaptive Embedding Mechanism[J]. International Journal of Innovative Computing, information and Control, 2005, 1(2): 587-591.
[19]曹荣,王颖,李象霖.一种自适应的DFT域数字水印算法[J].计算机工程与应用,2006,(10):77-78.
[20] KAIIEI I F, KAIIEI M, BOUHIEI M S. A Secure Fragile Watermarking Algorithm for Medical Image Authentication in the DCT Domain[C]. International Conference on Information & Communication Technology (IEEE No. 06EX1220C), Cairo, Egypt, 2006: 2024-2029.
[21] LI ENPING, LIANG HUAQING, NIU XIUXIU. Blind Image Watermarking Scheme Based on Wavelet Tree Quantization Robust to Geometric Attacks[C]. The 6th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation (IEEE No. 06EX1358C), Dalian, China, 2006: 10256- 10260.
[22]元家昕,马允胜.基于人眼JND门限的多分辨率水印嵌入算法[J].计算机工程与应用,2006,(8):63-65.
[23]向秀桥,施保昌.Haar类正交变换在数字水印中的应用[J].计算机工程与应用,2004,(2):39-41.
[24]尚燕,练秋生,刘春亮.基于Radon变换和SWT的旋转不变纹理分析[J].微计算机信息,2007,23(5):295-297.
[25]肖俊,王颖.基于块奇异值分解的水印算法研究[J].中国科学院研究生院学报,2006,23(3):370-376.
[26]黄松,韦鹏程,张伟,等.基于SVD的图像数字水印算法研究[J].计算机工程与设计,2006,27(17):3117-3129.
[27] MCALAGNA, HUIPING GUO, LUIGI V MANCINI, et al. A Robust Watermarking System Based on SVD Compression[J]. ACM Special Internet Group on Applied Computing, 2006: 1341-1347.
[28] LIU FENLIN, GAO SHANQING, GE XIN. A Scheme of Fragile Watermarking Based on SVD and 2D Chaotic Mapping[J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiao tong University: Science, 2006, E-11(2): 146-151.
[29]唐步尧,李智勇,孙星明.一种基于奇异值量化的鲁棒性水印算法[J].计算机工程与应用,2006,(26):63-67.
[30]谢小贤,舒志彪.一种基于DMWT与SVD相结合的图像数字水印算法[J].计算机工程与科学,2006,28(1):62-64.
[31] SVERDLOV ALEXANDER, DEXTER SCOTT, ESKICIOGLU A M. Robust DCT-SVD Domain Image Watermarking for Copyright Protection: Embedding Data in All Frequencies[C]. The 13th European Signal Processing Conference, Turkey, 2005: 166-174.
[32] TANG X H, YANG L J, LI L, et al. Study on a Multifunction Watermarking Algorithm[C]. The 7th International Conference on Signal Processing Proceedings, IEEE, Beijing, China, 2004, 848-852.
[33]蔡月.基于DCT和奇异值分解的数字水印算法研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学(硕士论文),2006:37-41.
[34]周波,陈健.一种基于奇异值分解的稳健数字水印算法[J].计算机工程, 2004,30(15):120-121.
[35] DAPENA, ADRIANA, AHALT, et al. A Hybird DCT-SVD Image-coding Algorithm[J]. IEEE Transcircuits Syst Video Technol, 2002, 12(2): 114-119.
[36] MANELI NOORKAMI, RUSSELL M. A Framework for Robust Watermarking of H.264-Encoded Video with Controllable Detection Performance[J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 2007, 2(1): 14-23.
[37] SATYEN BISWAS, SUNIL R DAS, EMIL M PETRIU. An Adaptive Compressed MPEG-2 Video Watermarking Scheme[J]. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2005, 54(5): 1583-1586.
[38] ZHANG JING, HO ANTHONY T S, QIU GANG, et al. Robust VideoWatermarking of H.264/AVC[J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and System, 2007, 54(2): 205-209.
[39]王丽君,姚鸿勋,刘绍辉,等.压缩域自适应映射能量视频水印算法(英文)[J].计算机学报,2005,28(11):1843-1851.
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