本体映射修正算法及本体映射评价标准的研究
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摘要
语义Web的目标是使得Web上的信息具有计算机可以处理的语义。语义原生XML数据库系统(简称SNAX)的目的在于构建一个提供研究语义Web的各种理论、技术和方法的平台。本体映射技术对于SNAX中的本体查询、本体集成等都是至关重要的一部分,本文将着重对此进行研究。
首先,本文对语义Web的研究背景和SNAX系统的研发目的进行了简介,并描述了SNAX系统的体系结构和本体映射子系统SNAXMapping2的模块结构。
其次,针对当前本体映射系统对语义信息的利用不充分,导致结果的查准率和查全率偏低,难以满足实际应用的需求的问题,提出并实现了一种基于推理的本体映射修正算法。然后实现了该算法,并将其融合进本体映射子系统SNAXMapping2中,并利用国际组织OAEI提供的标准测试数据集benchmarks对系统进行了测试,同时利用查准率和查全率作为衡量标准对映射结果进行了统计分析。从实验结果来看,此算法能提高映射结果的查准率。
最后,针对当前本体映射评价标准并不完全基于语义,造成对本体映射的评价不够精确的问题,提出了一个计算本体映射纯语义查准率和查全率的框架,并证明了在该框架下实现的任意查准率和查全率函数都必然是纯语义的。然后提出了一组面向应用的函数,用于在这个框架下计算本体映射的纯语义查准率和查全率。
The goal of Semantic Web is to make Web data machine-processable. Semantic NAtive XML database system (SNAX) aims to build a platform for research on various theories, techniques and methods of Semantic Web. Ontology mapping is a crucial part of SNAX, which serves for ontology query and integration. This thesis focuses on this issue.
Firstly, the purpose of researching and developing SNAX is briefly introduced, as well as research background of Semantic Web. Then the architecture of SNAX system and the module structure of ontology mapping sub-system SNAXMapping2 are described.
Secondly, an ontology mapping amendment algorithm based on reasoning is proposed and implemented, aiming to solve the problem that current ontology mapping systems can not provide results with precision and recall high enough for practical application, due to their insufficient utilization of semantic information in ontologies. The algorithm is implemented and then integrated into the ontology mapping sub-system SNAXMapping2, and "benchmarks", a standard test dataset for ontology mapping provided by OAEI, is used to test the system. The precision and recall of mapping results are statistically analyzed. The results show our algorithm can improve the precision of mapping result.
Finally, a framework for computing purely semantic precision and recall of ontology mapping is proposed, aiming to solve the problem that current ontology mapping measures are not purely semantic, which makes evaluation of ontology mappings not precise. Then it is proved that any precision and recall functions instantiated under this framework must be purely semantic, and a group of application-oriented functions are proposed, to instantiate purely semantic precision and recall of ontology mapping under this framework.
首先,本文对语义Web的研究背景和SNAX系统的研发目的进行了简介,并描述了SNAX系统的体系结构和本体映射子系统SNAXMapping2的模块结构。
其次,针对当前本体映射系统对语义信息的利用不充分,导致结果的查准率和查全率偏低,难以满足实际应用的需求的问题,提出并实现了一种基于推理的本体映射修正算法。然后实现了该算法,并将其融合进本体映射子系统SNAXMapping2中,并利用国际组织OAEI提供的标准测试数据集benchmarks对系统进行了测试,同时利用查准率和查全率作为衡量标准对映射结果进行了统计分析。从实验结果来看,此算法能提高映射结果的查准率。
最后,针对当前本体映射评价标准并不完全基于语义,造成对本体映射的评价不够精确的问题,提出了一个计算本体映射纯语义查准率和查全率的框架,并证明了在该框架下实现的任意查准率和查全率函数都必然是纯语义的。然后提出了一组面向应用的函数,用于在这个框架下计算本体映射的纯语义查准率和查全率。
The goal of Semantic Web is to make Web data machine-processable. Semantic NAtive XML database system (SNAX) aims to build a platform for research on various theories, techniques and methods of Semantic Web. Ontology mapping is a crucial part of SNAX, which serves for ontology query and integration. This thesis focuses on this issue.
Firstly, the purpose of researching and developing SNAX is briefly introduced, as well as research background of Semantic Web. Then the architecture of SNAX system and the module structure of ontology mapping sub-system SNAXMapping2 are described.
Secondly, an ontology mapping amendment algorithm based on reasoning is proposed and implemented, aiming to solve the problem that current ontology mapping systems can not provide results with precision and recall high enough for practical application, due to their insufficient utilization of semantic information in ontologies. The algorithm is implemented and then integrated into the ontology mapping sub-system SNAXMapping2, and "benchmarks", a standard test dataset for ontology mapping provided by OAEI, is used to test the system. The precision and recall of mapping results are statistically analyzed. The results show our algorithm can improve the precision of mapping result.
Finally, a framework for computing purely semantic precision and recall of ontology mapping is proposed, aiming to solve the problem that current ontology mapping measures are not purely semantic, which makes evaluation of ontology mappings not precise. Then it is proved that any precision and recall functions instantiated under this framework must be purely semantic, and a group of application-oriented functions are proposed, to instantiate purely semantic precision and recall of ontology mapping under this framework.
引文
[1]Berners-Lee T.Semantic Web Roadmap.http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/Se mantic.html,1998
[2]Berners-Lee T.Semantic Web.XML 2000 Conference,Washington.D.C,USA,December 3rd-8th,2000
[3]杜小勇,李曼,王珊.本体学习研究综述.软件学报,2006,17(9):1837-1847
[4]Neches R,Fikes R E,Gruber T R,et al.Enabling Technology for Knowledge Sharing.AI Magazine,1991,12(3):36-56
[5]Gruber T R.A Translation Approach to Portable Ontologies.Knowledge Acquisition,1993,5(2):199-220
[6]Fensel D.Ontologies:Silver Bullet for Knowledge Management and Electronic Commerce.Berlin:Springer.2001
[7]Davies J,Weeks R.QuizRDF:Search Technology for the Semantic Web.In:Proceedings of the 37th Annual International Conference.Hawaii,2004.112-119
[8]Dublin Core Metadata Initiative.http://dublincore.org.2007
[9]Fensel D,Angele J,Decker S,et al.On2broker:Semantic-Based Access to Information Sources at the WWW.In:Proceeding of the Workshop on Intelligent Information Integration(Ⅲ99)during IJCA-99,Sweden,1999.351-369
[10]The Gene Ontology:Mappings of External Classification System to GO.ht tp://www.geneontology.org/doc/GO.indices.html.2007
[11]吴健,吴朝晖,李莹,等.基于本体论和词汇语义相似度的Web服务发现.计算机学报,2005,28(4):595-602
[12]Kim W,Seo J.Classifying schematic and data heterogeneity in multi-database systems.IEEE Computer,1991,24(12):12-18
[13]Bouquet P,Euaenat J,Franconi E,et al.Specification of a common framework for characterizing alignment.Knowledge Web Deliverable 2.2.1 v2,University of Karlsruhe,2004
[14]iswc 大学本体,http://annotation.semanticweb.org/ontologies/iswc.owl,2004
[15]Wiesman F,Roos N,Vogt P.Automatic ontology mapping for agent communication.Technical Report,2001
[16]唐杰,梁邦勇,李涓子,等.语义Web中的本体自动映射.计算机学报,2006.11,Vol 29,1956-1976
[17]Madhavan J,Bernstein P.A,Chen K,et al.Corpus-based Schema Matching,In:Proceedings of the IJCAI'2003 Workshop on Information Integration on the Web (ⅡWeb'2003),Acapulco,Mexico,2003
[18]Doan A,Madhavan J,Domingos et al.Learning to Map between Ontologies on the Semantic Web.In:Proceedings of the 11th World Wide Web Conference,2002.662-673
[19]Introduction of Similarity Flooding.http://infolab.stanford.edu/～melnik/mm/sfa/,2003
[20]Melnik S,Garcia-Molina H,Rahm E.Similarity Flooding:A Versatile Graph Matching Algorithm,The 18th International Conference on Data Engineering,San Jose,California,USA,February 26th-March 1st,2002
[21]Engmann D,Massmann S.Instance Matching with COMA++.BTW 2007Workshop:Model Management und Metadaten-Verwaltung.2007
[22]胡伟,程龚,郑东栋,等.The Results of Falcon-AO in the OAEI 2006Campaign.In:Proceedings of the ISWC'2006 Workshop on Ontology Matching OM-2006,USA,2006.118-125
[23]Introduction of Falcon-AO.http://xobjects.seu.edu.cn/project/falcon/matching/i ndex.html,2006
[24]胡伟,简宁胜,瞿裕忠,et al.GMO:A Graph Matching for Ontologies,K-CAP Workshop on Integrating Ontologies.Banff,Alberta,Canada,October 2nd,2005
[25]瞿裕忠,胡伟,程龚.Constructing Virtual Documents for Ontology Matching,In:Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on World Wide Web,Edinburgh,Scotland,May 23rd-26th,2006
[26]Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative 2005 Results,http://oaei.ontologym atching.org/2005/results/
[27]Euzenat J,Mochol M,Shvaiko P,et al.Results of the Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative 2006.In:Proceedings of the ISWC'2006 Workshop on Ontology Matching OM-2006,USA,2006.73-90
[28]Jean-Mary Y R,Kabuka M R.ASMOV Results for OAEI 2007.In:Proceedings of the ISWC'2007 Workshop on Ontology Matching OM-2007,Bushan,Korea,2007.141-151
[29]Euzenat J,Isaac A,Meilicke C,et al.Results of the Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative 2007.In:Proceedings of the ISWC'2007 Workshop on Ontology Matching OM-2007,Bushan,Korea,2007.96-132
[30]汪鹏,徐宝文,LILY:The Results for the Ontology Alignment Contest.OAEI-2007 at the ISWC ontology matching workshop,Busan,2007
[31]Framework for Ontology Alignment and Mapping(FOAM).http://www.aifb.uni-karlsruhe.de/WBS/meh/foam/,2005
[32]Ehrig M,Staab S.QOM-Quick Ontology Mapping.International Semantic Web Conference(ISWC),Arlington,VA(Washington DC metro area),October 31st-November 3rd,2004
[33]Doan A,Madhavan J,Domingos P.et al.Ontology Matching:A Machine Learning Approach. Handbook on Ontologies in Information Systems. 2004
[34]Kalfoglou Y, Hu B. Issues with Evaluating and Using Publicly Available Ontologies. In: Proceedings of the 4th International EON workshop (EON'06). Edinburgh, UK. 2006
[35]Bouquet P, Serafmi L, Zanobini S. Peer-to-Peer Semantic Coordination. Journal of Web Semantics, Volume 2, Issue 1,2005
[36]Dhamankar R, Lee Y, Doan A, et al. iMAP: Discovering Complex Semantic Matches between Database Schemas. In: Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data, 383-394. 2004
[37]Nagy M, Maria V V, Enrico M. DSSim-Ontology mapping with uncertainty. In: Proceedings of the ISWC'2006 Workshop on Ontology Matching OM-2006, USA, 2006. 110-117
[38]Meilicke C, Stuckenschmidt H, Tamilin A. Improving automatically created mappings using logical reasoning. In: Proceedings of ISWC-06 Workshop on Ontology Matching, Athens, GA, USA, 2006
[39]Meilicke C, Stuckenschmidt H, Tamilin A. Tamilin. Repairing ontology mappings. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-07), Vancouver, Canada, 2007
[40]Meilicke C, Stuckenschmidt H. Applying logical constraints to ontology matching. In: Proceedings of the 30th Annual German Conference on Artificial Intelligence (KI-07), Osnabruck, Germany, 2007
[41]Shvaiko P, Euzenat J. Tutorial on Ontology Matching. In: Proceedings of SWAP-2006, Pisa, Italy. 2/55. Page 3
[42]Mochol M, Jentzsch A, and Euzenat J. Applying an analytic method for matching approach selection. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Ontology Matching, 2006. 37-48
[43]唐杰,梁邦勇,李涓子. Toward detecting mapping strategies for ontology interoperability. In: Proceedings of WWW 2005,Chiba,Japan.May 10-14,2005
[44] L. Laera, V. Tamma, J. Euzenat, T. Bench-Capon, and T. R. Payne. Reaching agreement over ontology alignments. In: Proceedings of 5th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2006), 2006. 49-60
[45] M. Sabou, M. D'Aquin, E.Motta. Using the Semantic Web as Background Knowledge for Ontology Mapping, In: Proceedings of the ISWC'2006 Workshop on Ontology Matching OM-2006. 1-12
[46]Aleksovski, Z., Klein, M., ten Kate, W., van Harmelen, F. Matching unstructured vocabularies using a background ontology. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management (EKAW'06)
[47]Aleksovski, Z, ten Kate, W, van Harmelen, F. Exploiting the structure of background knowledge used in ontology matching. In: Proceedings of the ISWC'2006 Workshop on Ontology Matching OM-2006.13-24
[48] Zhang S, Bodenreider O. Aligning Multiple Anatomical Ontologies through a Reference. In: Proceedings of the ISWC'2006 Workshop on Ontology Matching OM-2006. 193-197
[49]胡伟,赵媛媛,瞿裕忠. Partition-based block matching of large class hierarchies. In: Proceedings of the 1st Asian Semantic Web Conference (ASWC'06). 2006. 72-83
[50] Kim W, Park S, Bang S, et al. An Ontology Mapping Algorithm between Heterogeneous Product Classification Taxonomies. In: Proceedings of the ISWC'2006 Workshop on Ontology Matching OM-2006. 213-217
[51]Noy N F, Musen M A. PROMPT: Algorithm and tool for automated ontology merging and alignment. In: Proceedings of the 2000 National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Texas, 2000:450-455
[52]McGuinnes D, Fikes R, Rice J.et al. An environment for merging and testing large ontologies. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, USA, 2000:483-493
[53] Jena-A Java API for RDF. http://jena.sourceforge.net/. 2008
[54] Wilkinson K, Sayers C, Kuno H, et al. Efficient RDF storage and retrieval in Jena2. In: Proceedings of VLDB Workshop on Semantic Web and Databases, 2003,131-150
[55]Alignment API and Alignment Server, http://alignapi.gforge.inria.fr/tutorial/, 2008
[56]Pellet: The Open Source OWL DL Reasoner, http://pellet.owldl.com/, 2008
[57]Euzenat J, Semantic Precision and Recall for Ontology Alignment Evaluation. In: Proceedings of IJCAI'07. Berlin: Springer, 2007. 348-353
[58]Haase P, et al. A Framework for Handling Inconsistency in Changing Ontologies. In: Gil Y, et al. ed. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2005). Berlin: Springer, 2005. LNCS 3729, 353-367
[59]Borgida A, Serafini L. Distributed Description Logics: Assimilating Information from Peer Sources. Journal of Data Semantics. Berlin: Springer, 2003. LNCS 2800, 153-184
[64]van Rijsbergen,C.Information Retrieval.(Butterworths,London,1979)
[65]Ehrig M,Euzenat J.Relaxed Precision and Recall for Ontology Matching.In:Ashpole B,et al.eds.Proceedings of K-Cap Workshop on Integrating Ontology,New York:ACM,2005.25-32
[66]石莲,孙吉贵.描述逻辑综述.计算机科学.2006,33(1):194-197
[2]Berners-Lee T.Semantic Web.XML 2000 Conference,Washington.D.C,USA,December 3rd-8th,2000
[3]杜小勇,李曼,王珊.本体学习研究综述.软件学报,2006,17(9):1837-1847
[4]Neches R,Fikes R E,Gruber T R,et al.Enabling Technology for Knowledge Sharing.AI Magazine,1991,12(3):36-56
[5]Gruber T R.A Translation Approach to Portable Ontologies.Knowledge Acquisition,1993,5(2):199-220
[6]Fensel D.Ontologies:Silver Bullet for Knowledge Management and Electronic Commerce.Berlin:Springer.2001
[7]Davies J,Weeks R.QuizRDF:Search Technology for the Semantic Web.In:Proceedings of the 37th Annual International Conference.Hawaii,2004.112-119
[8]Dublin Core Metadata Initiative.http://dublincore.org.2007
[9]Fensel D,Angele J,Decker S,et al.On2broker:Semantic-Based Access to Information Sources at the WWW.In:Proceeding of the Workshop on Intelligent Information Integration(Ⅲ99)during IJCA-99,Sweden,1999.351-369
[10]The Gene Ontology:Mappings of External Classification System to GO.ht tp://www.geneontology.org/doc/GO.indices.html.2007
[11]吴健,吴朝晖,李莹,等.基于本体论和词汇语义相似度的Web服务发现.计算机学报,2005,28(4):595-602
[12]Kim W,Seo J.Classifying schematic and data heterogeneity in multi-database systems.IEEE Computer,1991,24(12):12-18
[13]Bouquet P,Euaenat J,Franconi E,et al.Specification of a common framework for characterizing alignment.Knowledge Web Deliverable 2.2.1 v2,University of Karlsruhe,2004
[14]iswc 大学本体,http://annotation.semanticweb.org/ontologies/iswc.owl,2004
[15]Wiesman F,Roos N,Vogt P.Automatic ontology mapping for agent communication.Technical Report,2001
[16]唐杰,梁邦勇,李涓子,等.语义Web中的本体自动映射.计算机学报,2006.11,Vol 29,1956-1976
[17]Madhavan J,Bernstein P.A,Chen K,et al.Corpus-based Schema Matching,In:Proceedings of the IJCAI'2003 Workshop on Information Integration on the Web (ⅡWeb'2003),Acapulco,Mexico,2003
[18]Doan A,Madhavan J,Domingos et al.Learning to Map between Ontologies on the Semantic Web.In:Proceedings of the 11th World Wide Web Conference,2002.662-673
[19]Introduction of Similarity Flooding.http://infolab.stanford.edu/～melnik/mm/sfa/,2003
[20]Melnik S,Garcia-Molina H,Rahm E.Similarity Flooding:A Versatile Graph Matching Algorithm,The 18th International Conference on Data Engineering,San Jose,California,USA,February 26th-March 1st,2002
[21]Engmann D,Massmann S.Instance Matching with COMA++.BTW 2007Workshop:Model Management und Metadaten-Verwaltung.2007
[22]胡伟,程龚,郑东栋,等.The Results of Falcon-AO in the OAEI 2006Campaign.In:Proceedings of the ISWC'2006 Workshop on Ontology Matching OM-2006,USA,2006.118-125
[23]Introduction of Falcon-AO.http://xobjects.seu.edu.cn/project/falcon/matching/i ndex.html,2006
[24]胡伟,简宁胜,瞿裕忠,et al.GMO:A Graph Matching for Ontologies,K-CAP Workshop on Integrating Ontologies.Banff,Alberta,Canada,October 2nd,2005
[25]瞿裕忠,胡伟,程龚.Constructing Virtual Documents for Ontology Matching,In:Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on World Wide Web,Edinburgh,Scotland,May 23rd-26th,2006
[26]Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative 2005 Results,http://oaei.ontologym atching.org/2005/results/
[27]Euzenat J,Mochol M,Shvaiko P,et al.Results of the Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative 2006.In:Proceedings of the ISWC'2006 Workshop on Ontology Matching OM-2006,USA,2006.73-90
[28]Jean-Mary Y R,Kabuka M R.ASMOV Results for OAEI 2007.In:Proceedings of the ISWC'2007 Workshop on Ontology Matching OM-2007,Bushan,Korea,2007.141-151
[29]Euzenat J,Isaac A,Meilicke C,et al.Results of the Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative 2007.In:Proceedings of the ISWC'2007 Workshop on Ontology Matching OM-2007,Bushan,Korea,2007.96-132
[30]汪鹏,徐宝文,LILY:The Results for the Ontology Alignment Contest.OAEI-2007 at the ISWC ontology matching workshop,Busan,2007
[31]Framework for Ontology Alignment and Mapping(FOAM).http://www.aifb.uni-karlsruhe.de/WBS/meh/foam/,2005
[32]Ehrig M,Staab S.QOM-Quick Ontology Mapping.International Semantic Web Conference(ISWC),Arlington,VA(Washington DC metro area),October 31st-November 3rd,2004
[33]Doan A,Madhavan J,Domingos P.et al.Ontology Matching:A Machine Learning Approach. Handbook on Ontologies in Information Systems. 2004
[34]Kalfoglou Y, Hu B. Issues with Evaluating and Using Publicly Available Ontologies. In: Proceedings of the 4th International EON workshop (EON'06). Edinburgh, UK. 2006
[35]Bouquet P, Serafmi L, Zanobini S. Peer-to-Peer Semantic Coordination. Journal of Web Semantics, Volume 2, Issue 1,2005
[36]Dhamankar R, Lee Y, Doan A, et al. iMAP: Discovering Complex Semantic Matches between Database Schemas. In: Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data, 383-394. 2004
[37]Nagy M, Maria V V, Enrico M. DSSim-Ontology mapping with uncertainty. In: Proceedings of the ISWC'2006 Workshop on Ontology Matching OM-2006, USA, 2006. 110-117
[38]Meilicke C, Stuckenschmidt H, Tamilin A. Improving automatically created mappings using logical reasoning. In: Proceedings of ISWC-06 Workshop on Ontology Matching, Athens, GA, USA, 2006
[39]Meilicke C, Stuckenschmidt H, Tamilin A. Tamilin. Repairing ontology mappings. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-07), Vancouver, Canada, 2007
[40]Meilicke C, Stuckenschmidt H. Applying logical constraints to ontology matching. In: Proceedings of the 30th Annual German Conference on Artificial Intelligence (KI-07), Osnabruck, Germany, 2007
[41]Shvaiko P, Euzenat J. Tutorial on Ontology Matching. In: Proceedings of SWAP-2006, Pisa, Italy. 2/55. Page 3
[42]Mochol M, Jentzsch A, and Euzenat J. Applying an analytic method for matching approach selection. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Ontology Matching, 2006. 37-48
[43]唐杰,梁邦勇,李涓子. Toward detecting mapping strategies for ontology interoperability. In: Proceedings of WWW 2005,Chiba,Japan.May 10-14,2005
[44] L. Laera, V. Tamma, J. Euzenat, T. Bench-Capon, and T. R. Payne. Reaching agreement over ontology alignments. In: Proceedings of 5th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2006), 2006. 49-60
[45] M. Sabou, M. D'Aquin, E.Motta. Using the Semantic Web as Background Knowledge for Ontology Mapping, In: Proceedings of the ISWC'2006 Workshop on Ontology Matching OM-2006. 1-12
[46]Aleksovski, Z., Klein, M., ten Kate, W., van Harmelen, F. Matching unstructured vocabularies using a background ontology. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management (EKAW'06)
[47]Aleksovski, Z, ten Kate, W, van Harmelen, F. Exploiting the structure of background knowledge used in ontology matching. In: Proceedings of the ISWC'2006 Workshop on Ontology Matching OM-2006.13-24
[48] Zhang S, Bodenreider O. Aligning Multiple Anatomical Ontologies through a Reference. In: Proceedings of the ISWC'2006 Workshop on Ontology Matching OM-2006. 193-197
[49]胡伟,赵媛媛,瞿裕忠. Partition-based block matching of large class hierarchies. In: Proceedings of the 1st Asian Semantic Web Conference (ASWC'06). 2006. 72-83
[50] Kim W, Park S, Bang S, et al. An Ontology Mapping Algorithm between Heterogeneous Product Classification Taxonomies. In: Proceedings of the ISWC'2006 Workshop on Ontology Matching OM-2006. 213-217
[51]Noy N F, Musen M A. PROMPT: Algorithm and tool for automated ontology merging and alignment. In: Proceedings of the 2000 National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Texas, 2000:450-455
[52]McGuinnes D, Fikes R, Rice J.et al. An environment for merging and testing large ontologies. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, USA, 2000:483-493
[53] Jena-A Java API for RDF. http://jena.sourceforge.net/. 2008
[54] Wilkinson K, Sayers C, Kuno H, et al. Efficient RDF storage and retrieval in Jena2. In: Proceedings of VLDB Workshop on Semantic Web and Databases, 2003,131-150
[55]Alignment API and Alignment Server, http://alignapi.gforge.inria.fr/tutorial/, 2008
[56]Pellet: The Open Source OWL DL Reasoner, http://pellet.owldl.com/, 2008
[57]Euzenat J, Semantic Precision and Recall for Ontology Alignment Evaluation. In: Proceedings of IJCAI'07. Berlin: Springer, 2007. 348-353
[58]Haase P, et al. A Framework for Handling Inconsistency in Changing Ontologies. In: Gil Y, et al. ed. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2005). Berlin: Springer, 2005. LNCS 3729, 353-367
[59]Borgida A, Serafini L. Distributed Description Logics: Assimilating Information from Peer Sources. Journal of Data Semantics. Berlin: Springer, 2003. LNCS 2800, 153-184
[64]van Rijsbergen,C.Information Retrieval.(Butterworths,London,1979)
[65]Ehrig M,Euzenat J.Relaxed Precision and Recall for Ontology Matching.In:Ashpole B,et al.eds.Proceedings of K-Cap Workshop on Integrating Ontology,New York:ACM,2005.25-32
[66]石莲,孙吉贵.描述逻辑综述.计算机科学.2006,33(1):194-197