室内外场景下基于射线跟踪算法的无线信道预测研究
|
摘要
室内外无线网络设备市场不论是在商用方面还是在民用方面的发展都被寄予厚望室内外传播信道特性的全面调查研究是设计和实现这种应用的一个基本步骤，这使得使用能精确预测室内外环境下的传播信道特性的传播模型成为必要传统的传播模型适用于较大场景，该模型一般基于经验模型和半经验模型然而，随着通信量的稳定增长，蜂窝小区也越来越小，传统的传播模型已经不能提供准确的传播预测作为确定性算法的射线跟踪成为了传统模型的合适替代工具，并被广泛地使用射线跟踪一般用于对无线通信系统信道特性的定点预测的计算，该技术能提供多径接收情况时的时延和到达角信息因此，射线跟踪能为无线电波传播预测和网络规划提供可靠的理论依据
本文针对室内微微小区和街道微小区环境的几何信息存储格式，进行合理的场景建模，在此基础上基于射线跟踪技术实现对这两种场景下的无线信道预测，并系统地研究了覆盖预测的加速技术主要的研究内容及取得的研究成果如下：
1.介绍了射线跟踪算法的理论基础：几何光学和一致性绕射理论；详细给出了室内微微小区和街道微小区环境下射线跟踪算法中牵涉到的主要概念和基本定义，在此基础上，提出了一种新型虚拟源树理论；详细地给出了射线跟踪能预测的无线信道参数及其对应的计算公式
2.提出了针对复杂典型室内场景的环境建模方法，并设计出了一种能用于室内三维射线跟踪算法的新型标准环境信息格式；系统阐述了针对室内所有传播路径的射线分类技术，并详细描述了实现三维室内射线跟踪覆盖预测的操作步骤；实现了室内微微小区环境下对于窄带和宽带结果的准确预测
3.基于对三维极面扫描方法的基本思想的分析，避免了在极面扫描算法中出现的不必要的重复计算；通过仿真计算分析了构建虚拟源树的效率，提出了使用功率阈值结合限制数方法来提高构建虚拟源树的效率，以此来避免对无效射线路径的跟踪；针对绕射的特殊传播机制和接收点与周围环境几何信息间的关系，设计了对应的数据结构，来提高建立虚拟源树过程中的遮挡判断效率
4.给出了典型街道微小区场景下的几何环境信息的建模方法，介绍了环境信息的主要来源；针对存储街道微小区环境信息的数字地图，描述了新型室外射线跟踪模型的主要思路，概述了基于该新型射线跟踪技术的室外预测的操作流程，详细描述了构建虚拟源树的具体实现步骤以及如何在建立虚拟源树的过程中避免不必要的遮挡判断；实现了街道微小区环境下对于窄带结果的准确预测
5.根据准三维射线跟踪算法的特性，提出了建筑物几何信息的智能预处理技术；研究了建立虚拟源树过程中与反射源相关的加速技术，使用了新的朝向面集合概念和改进的二维极面扫描算法，解决了已有射线跟踪算法中构建虚拟源树效率不高的问题；提出了反射源和绕射源可见接收位置的加速方法和单射线的阈值控制技术，提高了室外大区域覆盖预测时的预测效率
In the forthcoming years, the market for indoor and outdoor wireless networkingfacilities is expected to grow considerably in both commercial and domestic sectors.Thus, a thorough investigation of indoor and outdoor propagation channelcharacteristics represents a fundamental step toward the design and the implementationof such applications. This makes it necessary to have an accurate propagation model topredict propagation channel characteristics in indoor and outdoor environment.Traditionally, propagation models based on empirical and semi-empirical models havebeen used for large scenarios. However, as the traffic is constantly growing, the cellssize has decreased and current models cannot provide good predictions. As aconsequence, deterministic methods as ray tracing are a good alternative to be used. Raytracing is a commonly used computational method for site-specific prediction of theradio channel characteristics of wireless communication systems. The ray tracingtechnique inherently provides time delay and angle of arrival information for multipathreception conditions. So, the ray tracing can provide the reliable theory basis forradio-wave propagation prediction and network planning.
According to the format storage of geometric information for both indoor picocellenvironment and street microcell environment, this dissertation presents a appropriatemodeling approach. On this basis, the successful prediction of radio channel is achievedthrough using the ray tracing technique in the two environment, then the acceleration ofcoverage prediction is systematically studied. The main contents and innovations are asfollows:
1. Two theoretical foundations of ray tracing are introduced at first: geometricaloptics and uniform theory of diffraction. The main concepts and basic definitionsinvolved in the ray tracing algorithm in indoor picocell and street microcell aredescribed in detail. Then, the new virtual source tree is proposed. Moreover, all the adiochannel parameters predicted by ray tracing and the corresponding computationalformulas are also shown.
2. A modeling approach in typical complex indoor environments is presented. And,a new storage format of environment information used in three-dimensional ray tracingmethod is designed. The ray-path classification technique for all the indoor propagationpaths is elaborated. Then, the operation procedure of coverage predition based on theproposed threed-dimensional ray tracing is represented in detail. The results indicatethat the proposed prediction model works well for both narrowband and wideband prediction for indoor picocell applications.
3. Based on the study of the main idea of the three-demensional polar sweepalgorithm, some repeated judgments can be avoided. Through the analysis of theefficiency of virtual source tree creation, the method using power threshold control andlimit number is proposed to improve the efficiency of virtual source tree creation andavoid tracing the void ray paths. Considering the particularity of the propagationmechanism for diffraction and the relationship between receiver points and geometricinformation of surroundings, the corresponding data structure is designed, resulting inan improvement of the efficiency of intersection tests.
4. A modeling approach for the geometric information in typical street microcellenvironments is presented. Also, the source of these environment information isintroduced. Utilizing the digital map to store the environment information of streetmicrocell, the main idea of the novel outdoor ray tracing model and the correspondingoperation procedure are described in detail. Furthermore, the implementation procedureof creating virtual source tree and the avoidance of unnecessary intersection tests aregiven. The results indicate that a good prediction accuracy for both narrowband andwideband prediction for indoor picocell applications is achieved.
5. According to the characteristic of the quasi three-dimensional ray tracingalgorithm, intelligent preprocessing techniques for the geometric information ofbuildings are improved. During the process of creating the virtual source tree, someacceleration techniques in regard to reflection source are investigated. A very importantconcept orientation face set and improved polar sweep algorithm are used, solvingthe problem that the efficiency of creating the virtual source tree is not high in theoriginal ray tracing method. The handling of visible receivers for both reflection anddiffraction sources and the threshold control of each ray path are proposed. On this basis,the efficiency of coverage prediction over a large area is well improved.
本文针对室内微微小区和街道微小区环境的几何信息存储格式，进行合理的场景建模，在此基础上基于射线跟踪技术实现对这两种场景下的无线信道预测，并系统地研究了覆盖预测的加速技术主要的研究内容及取得的研究成果如下：
1.介绍了射线跟踪算法的理论基础：几何光学和一致性绕射理论；详细给出了室内微微小区和街道微小区环境下射线跟踪算法中牵涉到的主要概念和基本定义，在此基础上，提出了一种新型虚拟源树理论；详细地给出了射线跟踪能预测的无线信道参数及其对应的计算公式
2.提出了针对复杂典型室内场景的环境建模方法，并设计出了一种能用于室内三维射线跟踪算法的新型标准环境信息格式；系统阐述了针对室内所有传播路径的射线分类技术，并详细描述了实现三维室内射线跟踪覆盖预测的操作步骤；实现了室内微微小区环境下对于窄带和宽带结果的准确预测
3.基于对三维极面扫描方法的基本思想的分析，避免了在极面扫描算法中出现的不必要的重复计算；通过仿真计算分析了构建虚拟源树的效率，提出了使用功率阈值结合限制数方法来提高构建虚拟源树的效率，以此来避免对无效射线路径的跟踪；针对绕射的特殊传播机制和接收点与周围环境几何信息间的关系，设计了对应的数据结构，来提高建立虚拟源树过程中的遮挡判断效率
4.给出了典型街道微小区场景下的几何环境信息的建模方法，介绍了环境信息的主要来源；针对存储街道微小区环境信息的数字地图，描述了新型室外射线跟踪模型的主要思路，概述了基于该新型射线跟踪技术的室外预测的操作流程，详细描述了构建虚拟源树的具体实现步骤以及如何在建立虚拟源树的过程中避免不必要的遮挡判断；实现了街道微小区环境下对于窄带结果的准确预测
5.根据准三维射线跟踪算法的特性，提出了建筑物几何信息的智能预处理技术；研究了建立虚拟源树过程中与反射源相关的加速技术，使用了新的朝向面集合概念和改进的二维极面扫描算法，解决了已有射线跟踪算法中构建虚拟源树效率不高的问题；提出了反射源和绕射源可见接收位置的加速方法和单射线的阈值控制技术，提高了室外大区域覆盖预测时的预测效率
In the forthcoming years, the market for indoor and outdoor wireless networkingfacilities is expected to grow considerably in both commercial and domestic sectors.Thus, a thorough investigation of indoor and outdoor propagation channelcharacteristics represents a fundamental step toward the design and the implementationof such applications. This makes it necessary to have an accurate propagation model topredict propagation channel characteristics in indoor and outdoor environment.Traditionally, propagation models based on empirical and semi-empirical models havebeen used for large scenarios. However, as the traffic is constantly growing, the cellssize has decreased and current models cannot provide good predictions. As aconsequence, deterministic methods as ray tracing are a good alternative to be used. Raytracing is a commonly used computational method for site-specific prediction of theradio channel characteristics of wireless communication systems. The ray tracingtechnique inherently provides time delay and angle of arrival information for multipathreception conditions. So, the ray tracing can provide the reliable theory basis forradio-wave propagation prediction and network planning.
According to the format storage of geometric information for both indoor picocellenvironment and street microcell environment, this dissertation presents a appropriatemodeling approach. On this basis, the successful prediction of radio channel is achievedthrough using the ray tracing technique in the two environment, then the acceleration ofcoverage prediction is systematically studied. The main contents and innovations are asfollows:
1. Two theoretical foundations of ray tracing are introduced at first: geometricaloptics and uniform theory of diffraction. The main concepts and basic definitionsinvolved in the ray tracing algorithm in indoor picocell and street microcell aredescribed in detail. Then, the new virtual source tree is proposed. Moreover, all the adiochannel parameters predicted by ray tracing and the corresponding computationalformulas are also shown.
2. A modeling approach in typical complex indoor environments is presented. And,a new storage format of environment information used in three-dimensional ray tracingmethod is designed. The ray-path classification technique for all the indoor propagationpaths is elaborated. Then, the operation procedure of coverage predition based on theproposed threed-dimensional ray tracing is represented in detail. The results indicatethat the proposed prediction model works well for both narrowband and wideband prediction for indoor picocell applications.
3. Based on the study of the main idea of the three-demensional polar sweepalgorithm, some repeated judgments can be avoided. Through the analysis of theefficiency of virtual source tree creation, the method using power threshold control andlimit number is proposed to improve the efficiency of virtual source tree creation andavoid tracing the void ray paths. Considering the particularity of the propagationmechanism for diffraction and the relationship between receiver points and geometricinformation of surroundings, the corresponding data structure is designed, resulting inan improvement of the efficiency of intersection tests.
4. A modeling approach for the geometric information in typical street microcellenvironments is presented. Also, the source of these environment information isintroduced. Utilizing the digital map to store the environment information of streetmicrocell, the main idea of the novel outdoor ray tracing model and the correspondingoperation procedure are described in detail. Furthermore, the implementation procedureof creating virtual source tree and the avoidance of unnecessary intersection tests aregiven. The results indicate that a good prediction accuracy for both narrowband andwideband prediction for indoor picocell applications is achieved.
5. According to the characteristic of the quasi three-dimensional ray tracingalgorithm, intelligent preprocessing techniques for the geometric information ofbuildings are improved. During the process of creating the virtual source tree, someacceleration techniques in regard to reflection source are investigated. A very importantconcept orientation face set and improved polar sweep algorithm are used, solvingthe problem that the efficiency of creating the virtual source tree is not high in theoriginal ray tracing method. The handling of visible receivers for both reflection anddiffraction sources and the threshold control of each ray path are proposed. On this basis,the efficiency of coverage prediction over a large area is well improved.
引文
[1] A. F. Molisch,无线通信,第一版.北京:电子工业出版社,2008.
[2]上海市无线电协会,移动通信多系统室内综合覆盖,第一版.上海:上海科学技术出版社,2007.
[3]郭梯云,邬国扬,移动通信,第一版.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2005.
[4]罗凌,焦元媛,陆冰,第三代移动通信技术与业务,第一版.北京:人民邮电出版社,2005.
[5]常永宏,第三代移动通信系统与技术.北京:人民邮电出版社,2002.
[6]杨剑键,吴大伟,"射线跟踪技术在无线网络规划中的应用分析,"无线通信, no.9, pp.23-28,Sept.2007.
[7] M. F. Iskander and Z. Yun,"Propagation prediction models for wireless communication systems,"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.50, no.3, pp.662-673, Mar.2002.
[8] B. Y. Hanci and I. H. Cavdar,"Mobile radio propagation measurements and tuning the path lossmodel in urban areas at GSM-900band in Istanbul-Turkey," in IEEE60th Vehicular TechnologyConference, vol.1, pp.139-143,2004.
[9] M. J. Nawrocki, M. Dohler and A. H. Aghvami,深入浅出UMTS无线网络建模规划与自动优化：理论与实践,第一版.:机械工业出版社,2008.
[10] T. S. Rappaport,无线通信原理与应用,第六版.北京:电子工业出版社,2010.
[11] C. Saeidi, A. Fard and F. Hodjatkashani,"Full three-dimensional radio wave propagation predictionmodel," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and propagation, vol.60, no.5, pp.2462-2471, Dec.2012.
[12] E. G. Papkelis, I. Psarros, I. C. Ouranos et al.,"A radio-coverage prediction model in wirelesscommunication systems based on physical optics and the physical theory of diffraction," IEEEAntennas and Propagation Magazine, vol.49, no.2, pp.156-165, Apr.2007.
[13] Y. Okumura, E. Ohmori, T. Kawano et al.,"Filed strength and its variability in VHF and UHF landmobile services," Rev. Elec. Comm.. Lab., vol.16, no.9, pp.825-873,1968.
[14] M. Hara,"Empirical formula for propagation loss in land mobile radio services," IEEETransactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.29, no.3, pp.317-325, Aug.1980.
[15] J. Walfisch and H. L. Bertoni,"A theoretical model of UHF propagation in urban environments,"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.36, no.12, pp.1788-1796, Dec.1988.
[16] F. Ikegami, S. Yoshida, T. Takeuchi et al.,"Propagation factors controlling mean field strength onurban streets," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.32, no.8, pp.822-829, Aug.1984.
[17]吴志忠,邵世祥, GSM移动通信网络优化,第一版.北京:人民邮电出版社,2003.
[18] H. L. Bertoni, W. Honcharenko, L. R. Macel et al.,"UHF Propagation prediction for wirelesspersonal communication," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.82, no.9, pp.1333-1359, Sept.1994.
[19] D. J. Y. Lee and W. C. Y. Lee,"Fine tune Lee model," in11th IEEE International Symposium onPersonal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Commumications, vol.1, pp.406-410,2000.
[20] D. J. Y. Lee, Mobile cellular telecommunication system, Analog&Digital: McGraw Hill,1995.
[21] ITU-R. Rec. P.1238-2,"Propagation data and prediction methods for the planning of indoor radiocommunication systems and radio local area network in the frequency rang900MHz to100GHz,"p.1238,2001.
[22] Y. L. C. de Jong, M. H. J. L. Koelen and M. A. H. J. Herben,"A building-transmission model forimproved propagation prediction in urban microcells," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,vol.53, no.2, pp.490-502, Mar.2004.
[23] T. K. Sarkar, Z. Ji, K. Kim et al.,"A survey of various propagation models for mobilecommunication," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol.45, no.3, pp.51-82, June2003.
[24] V. Mohtashami and A. A. Shishegar,"Accuracy and computational efficiency improvement of raytracing using line search theory," IET Microwaves, Antennas&Propagation, vol.4, no.9, pp.1290-1299,2010.
[25] Y. Corre and Y. Lostanlen,"Three-dimensional urban EM wave propagation model for radionetwork planning and optimization over large areas," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,vol.58, no.7, pp.3112-3123, Sept.2009.
[26] T. A. Russell, C. W. Bostian and T. S. Rappaport,"A deterministic approach to predictingmicrowave diffraction by buildings for microcellular systems," IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation, vol.41, no.12, pp.1640-1649, Dec.1993.
[27]孙继先,魏庆新,龚克,"微小区环境下角度扩散特性的仿真结果,"电子学报, vol.29, no.9, pp.1269-1271, Sept.2001.
[28]袁正午,移动通信系统终端射线跟踪定位理论与方法,第一版.北京:电子工业出版社,2007.
[29] J. M. Singh and P. J. Narayanan,"Real-time ray tracing of implicit surfaces on the GPU," IEEETransactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol.16, no.2, pp.261-272, Mar.-Apr.2010.
[30]唐荣锡,汪嘉业,彭群生等,计算机图形学教程,第一版.北京:科学出版社,1990.
[31] O. González, S. Rodriguez, R. Perez-Jimenez et al.,"Error analysis of the simulated impulseresponse on indoor wireless optical channels using a monte carlo-based ray-tracing algorithm,"IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol.53, no.1, pp.124-130, Jan.2005.
[32]杨超,"大气波导中电磁波传播及反演关键技术,"博士学位论文,理学院,西安电子科技大学,西安,2010.
[33]赵正予,宋杨,吕君,"大气声波超视距传播的射线追踪,"武汉大学学报, vol.54, no.3, pp.375-378, June2008.
[34] Y. X. Zhang, J. Wang, Z. Q. Zhao et al.,"Numerical analysis of dielectric lens antennas using aray-tracing method and HFSS software," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol.50, no.4,pp.94-101, Aug.2008.
[35] A. G. Dimitriou, A. Bletsas and J. N. Sahalos,"Room-coverage improvements in UHF RFID withcommodity hardware," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol.53, no.1, pp.175-194, Feb.2011.
[36] H. J. Li, M. L. Lee and R. Y. Lane,"ISI simulation for indoor wireless communications," IEEETransactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.49, no.2, pp.413-421, Mar.2000.
[37] S. Coco, A. Laudani and L. Mazzurco,"A novel2-D ray tracing procedure for the localization ofEM field sources in urban environment," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.40, no.2, pp.1132-1135, Mar.2004.
[38] F. Xu and Y. Q. Jin,"Bidirectional analytic ray tracing for fast computation of composite scatteringfrom electric-large target over a randomly rough surface," IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation, vol.57, no.5, pp.1495-1505, May2009.
[39] A. G. Kanatas and P. Constantinou,"A propagation prediction tool for urban mobile radio systems,"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.49, no.4, pp.1348-1355, July2000.
[40] J. Shmoys,"Ray tracing in the ionosphere," Electronics Letters, vol.4, no.15, pp.302-304, July1968.
[41] L. Sevgi,"Ray-shooting visualization matlab package for2D ground-wave propagationsimulations," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol.46, no.4, pp.140-145, Aug.2004.
[42] B. Choudhury, H. Singh, J. P. Bommer et al.,"RF field mapping inside a large passenger-aircraftcabin using a refined ray-tracing algorithm," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol.55,no.1, pp.276-288, Feb.2013.
[43] S. Helhel,"Comparison of900and1800MHz indoor propagation deterioration," IEEETransactions On Antennas and Propagation, vol.54, no.12, pp.3921-3924, Dec.2006.
[44] S. H. Chen and S. K. Jeng,"SBR image approach for radio wave propagation in tunnels with andwithout traffic," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.45, no.3, pp.570-578, Aug.1996.
[45] S. Y. Lim, Z. Q. Yun, J. M. Baker et al.,"Propagation modeling and measurement for a multifloorstairwell," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol.8, pp.583-586,2009.
[46] Z. Y. Wang, R. H. Jin and Y. Jin,"Path loss prediction for mobile digital TV propagation underviaduct," IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, vol.57, no.1, pp.37-45, Mar.2011.
[47] M. Dottling, A. Jahn, D. Didascalou et al.,"Two-and three-dimensional ray tracing applied to theland mobile satellite (LMS) propagation channel," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol.43, no.6, pp.27-37, Dec.2001.
[48]刘芜健,张业荣,曹伟,"一种基于射线跟踪的射线管分裂新方法,"电子与信息学报, vol.30,no.4, pp.999-1003,2008.
[49] Y. L. C. De Jong and M. A. H. J. Herben,"Prediction of local mean power using2-Dray-tracing-based propagation models," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.50, no.1,pp.325-331, Jan.2001.
[50] R. P. Torres, S. Loredo, L. Valle et al.,"An accurate and efficient method based on ray-tracing forthe prediction of local flat-fading statistics in picocell radio channels," IEEE Journal on SelectedAreas in Communications, vol.19, no.2, pp.170-178, Feb.2001.
[51] W. Ying, S. Safavi-Naeini and S. K. Chaudhuri,"A hybrid technique based on combining raytracing and FDTD methods for site-specific modeling of indoor radio wave propagation," IEEETransacrions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.48, no.5, pp.743-754, May2000.
[52] Z. Ji, T. K. Sarkar and B. H. Li,"Analysis of the effects of walls on indoor wave propagation usingthe FDTD method," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol.29, no.1, pp.19-21, Apr.2001.
[53] O. Franek, J. B. Andersen and G. F. Pedersen,"Diffuse scattering model of indoor widebandpropagation," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.59, no.8, pp.3006-3012, Aug.2011.
[54] A. Valcarce, G. D. L. Roche, á. Jüttner et al.,"Applying FDTD to the coverage prediction ofWiMAX femtocells," EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol.2009,pp.1-13, Feb.2009.
[55] S. Loredo, L. Valle and R. P. Torres,"Accuracy analysis of GO/UTD radio-channel modeling inindoor scenarios at1.8and2.5GHz," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol.43, no.5, pp.37-51, Oct.2001.
[56]卢鹏,"使用射线追踪模型进行精确无线传播的预测,"技术探索, no.8, pp.79-82,2006.
[57]黄睿,"射线跟踪模型在WCDMA无线网络规划中的应用分析,"移动通信, pp.41-44, Apr.2007.
[58] K. A. Remley, H. R. Anderson and A. Weisshar,"Improving the accuracy of ray-tracing techniquesfor indoor propagation modeling," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.49, no.6, pp.2350-2358, Nov.2000.
[59] F. Aguado Agelet, A. Formella, J. M. Hernando Rabanos et al.,"Efficient ray-tracing accelerationtechniques for radio propagation modeling," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.49,no.6, pp.2089-2104, Nov.2000.
[60] M. F. Catedra, J. Perez, F. Saez De Adana et al.,"Efficient ray-tracing techniques forthree-dimensional analyses of propagation in mobile communications: Application to picocell andmicrocell scenarios," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol.40, no.2, pp.15-28, Apr.1998.
[61] A. Toscano, F. Bilotti and L. Vegni,"Fast ray-tracing technique for electromagnetic field predictionin mobile communications," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.39, no.3, pp.1238-1241, May2003.
[62] Z. Yun, Z. Zhang and M. F. Iskander,"A ray-tracing method based on the triangular grid approachand application to propagation prediction in urban environments," IEEE Transactions on Antennasand Propagation, vol.50, no.5, pp.750-758, May2002.
[63] S. Kim, J. B. J. Guarino, T. M. I. Willis et al.,"Radio propagation measurements and predictionusing three-dimensional ray tracing in urban environments at908MHZ and1.9GHz," IEEETransactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.48, no.3, pp.931-946, May1999.
[64] S. J. Fortune, D. M. Gay, B. W. Kernighan et al.,"WISE design of indoor wireless systems:Practical computation and optimization," IEEE Comput Science&Eenineering, vol.2, no.1, pp.58-68,1995.
[65] V. Erceg, S. J. Fortune, J. Ling et al.,"Comparisons of a computer-based propagation predictiontool with experimental data collected in urban microcellular environments," IEEE Journal onSelected Areas in Communications, vol.15, no.4, pp.677-684, May1997.
[66]陈泓,袁珍,"SBR的实现及其极化方式的处理,"科技信息, no.8, pp.70-72,2007.
[67]朱若萍,"基于三维射线跟踪模型的电波传播预测研究,"现代电子技术, no.5, pp.23-25,2007.
[68] W. K. Tam and V. N. Tran,"Propagation modeling for indoor wireless communication,"Electronics&Communication Engineering Journal, pp.221-228, Oct.1995.
[69] J. W. Mckown and J. R. L. Hamilton,"Ray tracing as a design tool for radio networks," IEEENetwork Magazine, vol.5, no.6, pp.27-30, Nov.1991.
[70] H. Ling, R. Chou and S. Lee,"Shooting and bouncing rays: Calculating the RCS of an arbitrarilyshaped cavity," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.37, no.2, pp.194-205, Feb.1989.
[71] S. Y. Seidel and T. S. Rappaport,"Site-specific propagation prediction for wireless in-buildingpersonal communication system design," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.43, no.4, pp.879-891, Nov.1994.
[72] S. H. Chen and S. K. Jeng,"An SBR/image approach for radio wave propagation in indoorenvironments with metallic furniture," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.45,no.1, pp.98-106, Jan.1997.
[73] C. Yang, B. Wu and C. Ko,"A ray-tracing method for modeling indoor wave propagation andpenetration," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.46, no.6, pp.907-919, June1998.
[74] H. Suzuki and A. S. Mohan,"Ray tube tracing method for predicting indoor channel characteristicmap," Electronics Letters, vol.33, no.17, pp.1495-1496, Aug.1997.
[75] G. Durgin, N. Patwari and T. S. Rappaport,"Improved3D ray launching method for wirelesspropagation prediction," Electronics Letters, vol.33, no.16, pp.1412-1413, July1997.
[76] W. Lu and K. T. Chan,"Advanced3D ray tracing method for indoor propagation prediction,"Electronics Letters, vol.34, no.12, pp.1259-1260, June1998.
[77] J. O'Rourke, Computational geometry in C. England: Cambirdge University Press,1993.
[78] V. Mohtashami and A. A. Shishegar,"Efficient shooting and bouncing ray tracing usingdecomposition of wavefronts," IET Microwaves, Antennas&Propagation, vol.4, no.10, pp.1567-1574,2010.
[79]张文,杨锦辉,"基于固定接收区域的SBR改进算法,"电波科学学报, vol.25, no.4, pp.728-731,Aug.2010.
[80] U. Dersch and E. Zollinger,"Propagation mechanisms in microcell and indoor environments,"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.43, no.4, pp.1058-1066, Nov.1994.
[81] K. R. Schaubach and N. J. Davis,"Microcellular radio-channel propagation prediction," IEEEAntennas and Propagation Magazine, vol.36, no.4, pp.25-34, Aug.1994.
[82] T. E. Athanaileas, G. E. Athanasiadou, G. V. Tsoulos et al.,"Parallel radio-wave propagationmodeling with image-based ray tracing techniques," Parallel Computing, vol.36, no.12, pp.679-695, Aug.2010.
[83] S. Y. Tan and H. S. Tan,"A microcellular communications propagation model based on theuniform theory of diffraction and multiple image theory," IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation, vol.44, no.10, pp.1317-1326, Oct.1996.
[84]程勇,吴剑锋,曹伟,"一种用于移动系统场强预测的准三维射线跟踪模型,"电波科学学报,vol.17, no.2, pp.151-159, Apr.2002.
[85]黄永明,吕英华,徐立等,"室内无线传播中一种混合建模方法的改进,"北京邮电大学学报,vol.27, no.1, pp.13-14, Feb.2004.
[86] F. Saez De Adana, O. Gutierrez Blanco, I. Gonzalez Diego et al.,"Propagation model based on raytracing for the design of personal communication systems in indoor environments," IEEETransactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.49, no.6, pp.2105-2112, Nov.2000.
[87] C. Saeidi and F. Hodjatkashani,"Modified angular z-buffer as an acceleration technique for raytracing," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.58, no.5, pp.1822-1825, May2010.
[88] E. A. Hines and D. P. Greenberg,"The light buffer: a shadow-testing accelerator," IEEE ComputerGraphics and Applications, vol.6, no.9, pp.6-16, Sept.1986.
[89] F. A. Agelet, F. P. Fontan and A. Formella,"Fast ray tracing for microcellular and indoorenvironments," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.33, no.2, pp.1484-1487, Mar.1997.
[90] J. D. Foley, A. van Dam, S. K. Feiner et al., Computer graphics: principles and practices,2nd.Reading, MA: Addison Wesley,1990.
[91]周力,柴舜连,毛钧杰,"基于三维的射线跟踪八叉树算法的城市微区电波传播预测算法模型,"电子学报, vol.30, no.12, pp.1776-1778, Dec.2002.
[92] G. E. Athanasiadou, A. R. Nix and J. P. McGeehan,"A microcellular ray-tracing propagation modeland evaluation of its narrow-band and wide-band predictions," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas inCommunications, vol.18, no.3, pp.322-335, Mar.2000.
[93] W. M. O'Brien, E. M. Kenny and P. J. Cullen,"An efficient implementation of a three-dimensionalmicrocell propagation tool for indoor and outdoor urban environments," IEEE Transactions onVehicular Technology, vol.49, no.2, pp.622-630, Mar.2000.
[94] K. Rizk, J. F. Wagen and F. Gardiol,"Two-dimensional ray-tracing modeling for propagation inmicrocellular environments," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.46, no.2, pp.508-518, May1997.
[95] F. Aguado, A. Formella, J. M. Hernando et al.,"Ray-tracing acceleration techniques," Microwaveand Optical Technology Letters, vol.25, no.5, pp.363-365, June2000.
[96]季忠,黎滨洪,王豪行等,"用射线跟踪法对室内电波传播进行预测,"电波科学学报, vol.14,no.2, pp.160-165, June1999.
[97]季忠,黎滨洪,王豪行等,"一种高效的室内射线跟踪传播预测模型,"上海交通大学学报, vol.34, no.2, pp.276-278, Feb.2000.
[98] D. N. Schettino, F. J. S. Moreira and C. G. Rego,"Efficient ray tracing for radio channelcharacterization of urban scenarios," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.43, no.4, pp.1305-1308, Apr.2007.
[99] G. Liang and H. L. Bertoni,"A new approach to3-D ray tracing for propagation prediction incities," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.46, no.6, pp.853-863, June1998.
[100] K. Rizk, R. Valenzuela, S. Fortune et al.,"full-3D and vertical plane propagation in microcells andsmall cells," in IEEE Vehicular Technology Conferece,1998.
[101] J. G. Cleary and G. Wyvill,"Analysis of an algorithm for fast ray tracing using uniform spacesubdivision," The Visual Computer, vol.4, no.2, pp.65-83,1988.
[102] Z. Yun, F. M. Iskander and Z. Zhang,"Fast ray tracing procedure using space division with uniformrectangular grid," Electronics Letters, vol.36, no.10, pp.895-897, July2000.
[103]袁正午,黎意超,李林等,"基于动态分区的射线跟踪加速方法,"计算机工程与应用, vol.46,no.27, pp.77-79,2010.
[104]季忠,黎滨洪,王豪行等,"提高射线跟踪法运算效率的一种方法,"电波科学学报, vol.14, no.4, pp.457-461, Dec.1999.
[105] Z. Zhang, Z. Yun and M. F. Iskander,"Ray tracing method for propagation models in wirelesscommunication systems," Electronics Letters, vol.36, no.5, pp.464-465, Mar.2000.
[106] Z. Yun, M. F. Iskander and Z. Zhang,"A fast indoor/outdoor ray tracing procedure using combineduniform rectangular and unstructured triangular grids,",2000, pp.1134-1137.
[107] A. Aschrafi, P. Wertz, M. Layh et al.,"Impact of building database accuracy on predictions withwave propagation models in urban scenarios," in Vehicular Technology Conference,2006. VTC2006-Spring. IEEE63rd,2006, pp.2681-2685.
[108] Z. Q. Chen, A. Delis and H. L. Bertoni,"Building footprint simplification techniques and theireffects on radio propagation predictions," The Computer Journal, vol.47, no.1, pp.103-133,2003.
[109] V. Degli-Esposti, F. Fuschini and M. Amorini,"Database simplification for field prediction inurban environment," in the IEEE AP-S/URSI Int. Symp., Monterrey, CA,2004.
[110] V. Degli-Esposti, F. Fuschini, E. M. Vitucci et al.,"Speed-up techniques for ray tracing fieldprediction models," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.57, no.5, pp.1469-1480, May2009.
[111] R. Hoppe, G. W lfle and F. M. Landstorfer,"Fast3D ray tracing for the planning of microcells byintelligent preprocessing of the database," in3rd European Personal and Mobile CommunicationsConference (EPMCC), Paris,1999.
[112] R. Hoppe, P. Wertz, F. M. Landstorfer et al.,"Advanced ray-optical wave propagation modellingfor urban and indoor scenarios," European Transactions on Telecommunications, vol.14, no.1, pp.61-69,2003.
[113] G. W lfle, B. E. Gschwendtner and F. M. Landstorfer,"Intelligent ray tracing–A new approachfor the field strength prediction in microcells," in Proc.47th IEEE Int. Conf. Vehicular Technology(VTC), Phoenix, AZ,1997, pp.790-794.
[114] G. W lfle, R. Hoppe and F. M. Landstorfer,"A fast and enhanced ray optical propagation model forindoor and urban scenarios, based on an intelligent preprocessing of the database," in Proceedingsof the10th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications(PIMRC), Osaka, Japan,1999.
[115] M. Allegretti, M. Colaneri, R. Notarpietro et al.,"Simulation in urban environment of a3D raytracing propagation model based on building database preprocessing," in Proc. URSI Gen. Assem.,
[Online]. Available: http://www.ursi.org/Proceedings/ProcGA05/pdf/CP1.7(0958).pdf,2005.
[116] K. Rizk, R. Valenzuela, D. Chizhik et al.,"Application of the slope diffraction method for urbanmicrowave propagation prediction,",1998, pp.1150-1155.
[117] V. Erceg, A. J. Rustako Jr. and R. S. Roman,"Diffraction around corners and its effects on themicrocell coverage area in urban and suburban environments at900MHz,2GHz, and4GHz,"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.43, no.3, pp.762-766, Dec.1994.
[118] D. N. Schettino, F. J. S. Moreira, K. L. Borges et al.,"Novel heuristic UTD coefficients for thecharacterization of radio channels," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.43, no.4, pp.1301-1304,Apr.2007.
[119] Z. Yun, M. F. Iskander and Z. Zhang,"Development of a new shooting-and-bouncing ray (SBR)tracing method that avoids ray double counting," in IEEE Antennas and Propagation SocietyInternational Symposium,2001, pp.464-467.
[120] K. Rizk, J. F. Wagen and F. Gardiol,"Influence of database accuracy on two-dimensionalray-tracing-based predictions in urban microcells," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,vol.49, no.2, pp.631-642, Mar.2000.
[121] G. E. Athanasiadou and A. R. Nix,"Investigation into the sensitivity of the power predictions of amicrocellular ray tracing propagation model," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.49,no.4, pp.1140-1151, July2000.
[122] V. Degli-Eposti, G. Lombardi, C. Passerini et al.,"Wide-band measurement and ray-tracingsimulation of the1900-MHz indoor propagation channel: Comparison criteria and results," IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.49, no.7, pp.1101-1110, July2001.
[123] K. Riak, J. Wagen, J. Li et al.,"Lamppost and panel scattering compared to building reflection anddiffraction," COST259TD,1996.
[124] M. O. Al-Nuaimi and R. B. L. Stephens,"Estimation of the effects of hilltop, singly distributed,trees on the path loss of microwave signals," Electronics Letters, vol.33, no.10, pp.873-874, May1997.
[125] S. A. Torrico, H. L. Bertoni and R. H. Lang,"Modeling tree effects on path loss in a residentialenvironment," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.46, no.6, pp.872-880, June1998.
[126] J. C. R. Dal Bello, G. L. Siqueira and H. L. Bertoni,"Theoretical analysis and measurement resultsof vegetation effects on path loss for mobile cellular communication systems," IEEE Transactionson Vehicular Technology, vol.49, no.4, pp.1285-1293, July2000.
[127] F. Mani and C. Oestges,"A ray based method to evaluate scattering by vegetation elements," IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.60, no.8, pp.4006-4009, Aug.2012.
[128] V. Degli-Esposti, D. Guiducci, A. De'Marsi et al.,"An advanced field prediction model includingdiffuse scattering," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.52, no.7, pp.1717-1728,Jul.2004.
[129] F. Mani, F. Quitin and C. Oestges,"Directional spreads of dense multipath components in indoorenvironments: experimental validation of a ray-tracing approach," IEEE Transactions on Antennasand Propagation, vol.60, no.7, pp.3389-3396, July2012.
[130] S. Kwon, I. S. Koh, H. W. Moon et al.,"Model of Inhomogeneous building facade for ray tracingmethod," Electronics Letters, vol.44, no.23, pp.1341-1342, Nov.2008.
[131] R. Brem and T. F. Eibert,"Multi-radiation center transmitter models for ray tracing," IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.60, no.7, pp.3382-3388, July2012.
[132] J. M. Johnson and Y. Rahmat-Samii,"Genetic algorithms in engineering electromagnetics," IEEEAntennas and Propagation Magazine, vol.39, no.4, pp.7-21, Aug.1997.
[133] S. Grubisic, W. P. Carpes and J. P. A. Bastos,"Optimization model for antenna positioning inindoor environments using2-D ray-tracing technique associated to a real-coded genetic algorithm,"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.45, no.3, pp.1626-1629, Mar.2009.
[134] Z. Q. Yun, S. Lim and F. M. Iskander,"An integrated method of ray tracing and genetic algorithmfor optimizing coverage in indoor wireless networks," IEEE Antennas and Wireless PropagationLetters, vol.7, pp.145-148,2008.
[135] A. W. Reza, M. S. Sarker and K. Dimyati,"A novel integrated mathematical approach ofray-tracing and genetic algorithm for optimizing indoor wireless coverage," Progress InElectromagnetics Research, vol.110, pp.147-162,2010.
[136] G. Koutitas and T. Samaras,"Exposure minimization in indoor wireless networks," IEEE Antennasand Wireless Propagation Letters, vol.9, pp.199-202,2010.
[137] E. Reinhard and A. Chalmers,"Message handling in parallel radiance," in Proceedings of the4thEuropean PVM/MPI Users Group Meeting on Recent Advances in Parallel Virtual Machine andMessage Passing Interface,1997, pp.486-493.
[138] E. Reinhard and F. Jansen,"Rendering large scenes using parallel ray tracing," Parallel Computing,vol.23, no.7, pp.873-885,1997.
[139] B. Freisleben, D. Hartmann and T. Kielmann,"Parallel raytracing: a case study on partitioning andscheduling on workstation clusters," in Proceedings of the30th International Conference on SystemSciences, Maui, HI,1997, pp.596-605.
[140] A. Reisman, C. Gotsman and A. Schuster,"Interactive-rate animation generation by parallelprogressive ray-tracing on distributed memory machines," Journal of Parallel and DistributedComputing, vol.60, no.9, pp.1074-1102,2000.
[141] M. Shevtsov, A. Soupikov and A. Kapustin,"Fast and scalable kd-tree construction for interactivelyray tracing dynamic scenes," Computer Graphics Forum (Proceedings of EUROGRAPHICS), vol.26, no.3,2007.
[142] I. Wald, T. Ize and S. Parker,"Fast, parallel, and asynchronous construction of BVHs for raytracing animated scenes," Computers and Graphics, vol.32, no.1, pp.3-13,2008.
[143]刘海涛,黎滨洪,谢勇等,"并行射线跟踪算法及其在城市电波预测的应用,"电波科学学报,vol.19, no.5, pp.581-585, Oct.2004.
[144] Z. Chen, A. Delis and H. L. Bertoni,"Radio-wave propagation predictions using ray-tracingtechniques on a network of workstations (NOW)," Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing,vol.64, no.10, pp.1127-1156,2004.
[145]王勇,李朝奎,"三维地理环境下电磁波场强预测并行计算研究,"湖南科技大学学报, vol.23,no.2, pp.84-87, Jun.2008.
[146] A. M. Cavalcante, M. J. de Sousa, J. C. W. A. Costa et al.,"A parallel approach for3D ray-tracingtechniques in the radio propagation prediction," Journal of Microwaves and Optoelectronics, vol.6,no.1, pp.207-219, June2007.
[147] E. García, L. Lozano, M. J. Algar et al.,"A study of the efficiency of the parallelization of a highfrequency electromagnetic approach for the computation of radiation and scattering consideringmultiple bounces," Computer Physics Communications, vol.184, pp.45-50,2013.
[148] G. Franceschetti, P. Imperatore, A. Iodice et al.,"Radio-coverage parallel computation onmulti-processor platforms," in Proceedings of the39th European Microwave Conference, Rome,Italy,2009, pp.1575-1578.
[149] T. Athanaileas, P. Gkonis, G. Athanasiadou et al.,"Implementation and evaluation of a web-basedgrid-enabled environment for WCDMA multibeam system simulations," IEEE Antennas andPropagation Magazine, vol.50, no.3, pp.195-204, June2008.
[150] A. Dziekonski, A. Lamecki and M. Mrozowski,"Tuning a hybrid GPU-CPU V-cycle multilevelpreconditioner for solving large real and complex systems of FEM equations," IEEE Antennas andWireless Propagation Letters, vol.10, pp.619-622,2011.
[151] M. Ujaldon,"Using GPUs for accelerating electromagnetic simulations," J. Appl. Comput.Electromagn. Soc., vol.25, no.4, pp.294-302, Apr.2010.
[152] T. Rick and R. Mathar,"Fast edge-diffraction-based radio wave propagation model for graphicshardware," in Proc. IEEE Second Int l ITG Conf. Antennas,2007, pp.15-19.
[153] D. Catrein, M. Reyer and T. Rick,"Accelerating radio wave propagation predictions byimplementation on graphics hardware," in Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conf.,2007, pp.510-514.
[154] A. Schmitz, T. Rick, T. Karolski et al.,"Efficient rasterization for outdoor radio wave propagation,"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol.17, no.2, pp.159-170, Feb.2011.
[155] A. Rajkumar, B. F. Naylor, F. Feisullin et al.,"Predicting rf coverage in large environments usingray-beam tracing and partitioning tree represented geometry," Wireless Networks, vol.2, no.2, pp.143-154,1996.
[156] S. Fortune,"A beam-tracing algorithm for prediction of indoor radio propagation," in Proc.Workshop Applied Computational Geometry (WACG),1996, pp.157-166.
[157] P. Pongsilamanee and H. L. Bertoni,"Specular and non-specular scattering from building facades,"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.52, no.7, pp.1879-1889, Jul.2004.
[158] K. Kalliola, H. Laitinen, P. Vainikainen et al.,"3-D double-directional radio channelcharacterization for urban macrocellular applications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation, vol.51, no.11, pp.3122-3133, Nov.2003.
[159] Y. L. C. de Jong and M. A. H. J. Herben,"A tree-scattering model for improved propagationprediction in urban microcells," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.53, no.2, pp.503-513, Mar.2004.
[160] S. K. Agrawal and P. Garg,"Effect of urban-site and vegetation on channel capacity in higheraltitude platform communication system," IET Microwaves, Antennas&Propagation, vol.3, no.4,pp.703-713,2009.
[161] D. Didascalou, M. Dottling, N. Geng et al.,"An approach to include stochastic rough surfacescattering into deterministic rayoptical wave propagation modeling," IEEE Transactions onAntennas and Propagation, vol.51, no.7, pp.1508-1515, Jul.2003.
[162] V. Degli-Esposti,"A diffuse scattering model for urban propagation prediction," IEEE Transactionson Antennas and Propagation, vol.49, no.7, pp.1111-1113, Jul.2001.
[163] J. Laurila, K. Kalliola, M. Toeltsch et al.,"Wideband3-D characterization of mobile radio channelsin urban environment," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.50, no.2, pp.233-243, Feb.2002.
[164] H. Budiarto, K. Horiata, K. Haneda et al.,"Experimental study of non-specular wave scatteringfrom building surface roughness for mobile propagation modelling," IEICE Transactions onCommunications, vol. E87-B, no.4, pp.958-966, Apr.2004.
[165] V. Degli-Esposti, F. Fuschini, E. M. Vitucci et al.,"Measurement and modelling of scattering frombuildings," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.55, no.1, pp.143-153, Jan.2007.
[166] F. Fuschini, H. El-Sallabi, V. Degli-Esposti et al.,"Analysis of multipath propagation in urbanenvironment through multidimensional measurements and advanced ray tracing simulation," IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.56, no.3, pp.848-857, Mar.2008.
[167] A. G. Dimitriou, S. Siachalou and G. D. Sergiadis,"Estimation of wall-scattering in the urbancanyon," in EuCAP2009.3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation,2009, pp.2636-2640.
[168] Y. B. Ouattara, S. Mostarshedi, E. Richalot et al.,"Near-and far-field models for scattering analysisof buildings in wireless communications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.59, no.11, pp.4229-4238, Nov.2011.
[169] E. M. Vitucci, F. Mani, V. Degli-Eposti et al.,"Polarimetric properties of diffuse scattering frombuilding walls: experimental parameterization of a ray-tracing model," IEEE Transactions onAntennas and Propagation, vol.60, no.6, pp.2961-2969, June2012.
[170] C. C. Constantinou and M. J. Mughal,"On the modeling of reflected energy from building faces inmicrocellular mobile radio planning tools," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.53, no.8, pp.2623-2630, Aug.2005.
[171] Z. Q. Yun, F. M. Iskander and Z. J. Zhang,"Complex-wall effect on propagation characteristics andMIMO capacities for an Indoor wireless communication environment," IEEE Transactions onAntennas and Propagation, vol.52, no.4, pp.914-922, Apr.2004.
[172] M. Thiel and K. Sarabandi,"3D-wave propagation analysis of indoor wireless channels utilizinghybrid methods," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.57, no.5, pp.1539-1546,May2009.
[173] Z. Zhang, R. K. Sorensen, Z. Yun et al.,"A ray-tracing approach for indoor/outdoor propagationthrough window structures," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.50, no.5, pp.742-748, May2002.
[174] S. Grubisic, J. W. P. Carpes, C. B. Lima et al.,"Ray-tracing propagation model using image theorywith a new accurate approximation for transmitted rays through walls," IEEE Transactions onMagnetics, vol.42, no.4, pp.835-838, Apr.2006.
[175] I. Kashiwagi, T. Taga and T. Imai,"Time-varying path-shadowing model for indoor populatedenvironments," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.59, no.1, pp.16-28, Jan.2010.
[176] P. Almers, E. Bonek, A. Burr et al.,"Survey of channel and radio propagation models for wirelessMIMO systems," EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol.2007, no.Article ID19070, pp.1-19,2007.
[177] C. Cheon, G. Liang and H. L. Bertoni,"Simulating radio channel statistics for different buildingenvironments," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol.19, no.11, pp.2191-2200,Nov.2001.
[178] M. A. Jensen and J. W. Wallace,"A review of antennas and propagation for MIMO wirelesscommunications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.52, no.11, pp.2810-2824,Nov.2004.
[179] K. R. Dandekar, A. Arredondo, G. Xu et al.,"Using ray tracing to study urban vector channelpropagation characteristics," in Proc. IEEE Spring Veh. Technol. Conf., Houston, TX,1999, pp.381-385.
[180] C. N. Chuah, D. N. C. Tse, J. M. Kahn et al.,"Capacity scaling in MIMO wireless systems undercorrelated fading," in IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory,2002, pp.637-650.
[181] F. Tila, P. R. Shepherd and S. R. Pennock,"Theoretical capacity evaluation of indoor micro-andmacro-MIMO systems at5GHz using site specific ray tracing," Electronics Letters, vol.39, pp.471-472, Mar.2003.
[182] J. H. Jo, M. A. Ingram and N. Jayant,"Angle clustering in indoor spacetime channels based on raytracing," in Proc. IEEE54th Veh. Technol. Conf., Atlantic City, NJ,2001, pp.2067-2071.
[183] K. H. Ng, E. K. Tameh, A. Doufexi et al.,"Efficient multielement ray tracing with site-specificcomparisons using measured MIMO channel data," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,vol.56, no.3, pp.1019-1032, May2007.
[184] S. Loredo, A. Rodríguez-Alonso and R. P. Torres,"Indoor MIMO channel modeling by rigorousGO/UTD-based ray tracing," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.57, no.2, pp.680-692, Mar.2008.
[185] R. Ibernon-Fernandez, J. Molina-Garcia-Pardo and L. Juan-Llacer,"Comparison betweenmeasurements and simulations of conventional and distributed MIMO system," IEEE Antennas andWireless Propagation Letters, vol.7, pp.546-549,2008.
[186] V. Degli-Esposti, V. M. Kolmonen, E. M. Vitucci et al.,"Analysis and modeling on co-andcross-polarized urban radio propagation for dual-polarized MIMO wireless systems," IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.59, no.11, pp.4247-4256, Nov.2011.
[187] A.. Kaya, W. Trappe, L. J. Greenstein et al.,"Predicting MIMO performance in urban microcellsusing ray tracing to characterize the channel," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol.11, no.7, pp.2402-2411, July2012.
[188]王文树,"基于射线追踪方法的MIMO技术研究,"舰船电子工程, vol.32, no.9, pp.68-70,2012.
[189] A. F. Molisch, D. Cassioli, C. C. Chong et al.,"A comprehensive standardized model forultrawideband propagation channels," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.54, no.11, pp.3151-3166, Nov.2006.
[190] G. Tiberi, S. Bertini, W. Q. Malik et al.,"Analysis of realistic ultrawideband indoor communicationchannels by using an efficient ray-tracing based method," IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation, vol.57, no.3, pp.777-785, Mar.2009.
[191] W. Q. Malik, C. J. Stevens and D. J. Edwards,"Spatio-temporal ultrawideband indoor propagationmodelling by reduced complexity geometric optics," IET Communications, vol.1, no.4, pp.751-759, Aug.2007.
[192]蒋宇乐,张旭东,熊华钢,"基于改进射线追踪和三维可视化的UWB信道仿真,"系统仿真学报,vol.22, no.10, pp.2379-2383, Oct.2010.
[193] B. Allen, M. Dohler, E. E. Okon et al., Ultra-wideband antennas and propagation forcommunications, radar and imaging. London, UK: Wiley,2006.
[194] A. M. Attiya and A. Safaai-Jazi,"Simulation of ultra-wideband indoor propagation," Microwaveand Optical Technology Letters, vol.42, no.2, pp.103-107, July2004.
[195] G. Tiberi, S. Bertini, A. Monorchio et al.,"Computationally efficient ray-tracing technique formodelling ultrawideband indoor propagation channels," IET Microwaves, Antennas&Propagation,vol.3, no.3, pp.395-401,2009.
[196] F. S. De Adana, O. Gutiérrez, M. A. Navarro et al.,"Efficient time-domain ray-tracing techniquefor the analysis of ultra-wideband indoor environments including lossy materials and multipleeffects," International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, vol.2009, pp.1-8,2009.
[197] H. G. Wang, L. Wang, H. Li et al.,"Design and numerical analyses of an indoor3–5GHzUWB-MIMO array," IET Microwaves, Antennas&Propagation, vol.4, no.10, pp.1517-1524,2010.
[198] H. M. Asif, B. Honary and H. Ahmed,"Multiple-input multiple-output ultra-wide band channelmodelling method based on ray tracing," IET Communications, vol.6, no.10, pp.1195-1204, July2012.
[199] R. Burghelea, S. Avrillon and B. Uguen,"Ultra-compact parametric modelling of three-dimensionalantenna radiation pattern for impulse radio-ultra-wide band ray tracing," IET Microwaves, Antennas&Propagation, vol.6, no.11, pp.1251-1258,2012.
[200] F. J. B. Barros, E. Costa, G. L. Siqueira et al.,"A polyhedral beam-tracing method for modelingultrawideband indoor radio propagation," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol.54, no.4,pp.904-909, Apr.2012.
[201] H. M. El-Sallabi, G. Liang, H. L. Bertoni et al.,"Influence of diffraction coefficient and cornershape on ray prediction of power and delay spread in urban microcells," IEEE Transactions onAntennas and Propagation, vol.50, no.5, pp.703-712, May2002.
[202]季忠,黎滨洪,王豪行,"用射线跟踪法对室外至室内的电波传播进行预测,"通信学报, vol.22,no.3, pp.114-119, Mar.2001.
[203] J. Blas, P. Fernández, R. M. Lorenzo et al.,"A model for transition between outdoor and indoorpropagation," Progress in Electromagnetics Research, vol. PIER85, pp.147-167,2008.
[204] M. Jacob, S. Priebe, R. Dickhoff et al.,"Diffraction in mm and sub-mm wave indoor propagationchannels," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.60, no.3, pp.833-844,Mar.2012.
[205] C. Giovaneli,"An analysis of simplified solutions for multiple knifeedge diffraction," IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. AP-32, no.3, pp.297-301, Mar.1984.
[206] P. Bernardi, R. Cicchetti and O. Testa,"An accurate UTD model for the analysis of complex indoorradio environments in microwave WLAN systems," IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation, vol.52, no.6, pp.1509-1520, Jun.2004.
[207] A. Maltsev, R. Maslermikov, A. Sevastyanov et al.,"Characteristics of indoor millimeter-wavechannel at60GHz in application to perspective WLAN system," in Proc.4th Eur. Conf. AntennasPropag.(EuCAP), Barcelona, Spain,2010, pp.1-5.
[208] S. Priebe, C. Jastrow, M. Jacob et al.,"Channel and propagation measurements at300GHz," IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.59, no.5, pp.1688-1698, May2011.
[209] J. Kunisch and J. Pamp,"Ultra-wideband double vertical knife-edge model for obstruction of a rayby a person," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Ultra-Wideband (ICUWB),2008, pp.17-20.
[210] M. Jacob, S. Priebe, A. Maltsev et al.,"A ray tracing based stochastic human blockage model forthe IEEE802.11ad60GHz channel model," in Proc.5th Eur. Conf. Antennas Propag.(EuCAP),Rome, Italy,2011, pp.3084-3088.
[211] M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of optics,6th. Oxford: Pergamon Press,1980.
[212] G. E. Athanasiadou and A. R. Nix,"A novel3-D indoor ray-tracing propagation model: The pathgenerator and evaluation of narrow-band and wide-band predictions," IEEE Transactions onVehicular Technology, vol.49, no.4, pp.1152-1168, July2000.
[213] R. Tiberio, G. Pelosi and G. Manara,"A uniform GTD formulation for the diffraction by a wedgewith impedance faces," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.33, no.8, pp.867-873, Aug.1985.
[214] R. Tiberio, G. Pelosi, G. Manara et al.,"High-frequency scattering from a wedge with impedancefaces illuminated by a line source—Part I: Diffraction," IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation, vol.37, pp.212-218, Feb.1989.
[215] R. J. Luebbers,"A heuristic UTD slope diffraction coefficient for rough lossy wedges," IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.37, no.2, pp.206-211, Feb.1989.
[216] P. Bernardi, R. Cicchetti and O. Testa,"A three-dimensional UTD heuristic diffraction coefficientfor complex penetrable wedges," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.50, no.2,pp.217-224, Feb.2002.
[217] G. D. Maliuzhinets,"Excitation, reflection and emission of surface waves from a wedge with givenface impedances," Soviet Physics-Doklady, vol.3, pp.752-755,1958.
[218] M. Aidi and J. Lavergnat,"Approximation of the maliuzhinets function," Journal ofElectromagnetic Waves and Applications, vol.10, no.10, pp.1359-1411, Apr.1996.
[219] A. B. Osipov,"A simple approximation of the Maliuzhinets function for describing wedgediffraction," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.53, no.8, pp.2773-2776, Aug.2005.
[220] J. B. Keller,"Geometrical theory of diffraction," Journal of the Optical Society of America, vol.52,no.2, pp.116-130, Feb.1962.
[221] R. G. Kouyoumjian and P. H. Pathak,"A uniform geometrical theory of diffraction for an edge in aperfectly conducting surface," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.62, no.11, pp.1448-1461, Nov.1974.
[222] J. J. Kim and W. D. Burnside,"Simulation and analysis of antennas radiating in a complexenvironment," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. AP-34, no.4, pp.554-562,Apr.1986.
[223] Z. Ji, B. H. Li, H. X. Wang et al.,"Efficient raytracing methods for propagation prediction forindoor wireless communications," in Proc. IEEE Wireless Comm. Network. Conf.,2001, pp.933-937.
[224] P. R. Rousseau and P. H. Pathak,"Time-domain uniform geometrical theory of diffraction for acurved wedge," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.43, no.12, pp.1375-1382,Dec.1995.
[225] F. Capolino and M. Albani,"Time domain double diffraction at a pair of coplanar skew edges,"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.53, no.4, pp.1455-1469, Apr.2005.
[226] K. H. Ng, E. K. Tameh and A. R. Nix,"Modelling and performance prediction for multiple antennasystems using enhanced ray tracing," in Proc. IEEE Wireless Comm. Network. Conf.,2005.
[227] R. J. Luebbers,"Finite conductivity uniform UTD versus knife diffraction prediction of propagationpath loss," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. AP-32, no.1, pp.70-76, Jan.1984.
[228] P. D. Holm,"A new heuristic UTD diffraction coefficient for nonperfectly conducting wedges,"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.48, no.8, pp.1211-1219, Aug.2000.
[229] H. M. El-Sallabi and P. Vainikainen,"Improvements to diffraction coefficient for non-perfectlyconducting wedges," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.53, no.9, pp.3105-3109, Sept.2005.
[230]李超峰,焦培南,聂文强,"射线追踪技术在城市环境场强预测计算中的应用,"电波科学学报,vol.20, no.5, pp.660-665, Oct.2005.
[231] W. C. Y. Lee and D. J. Y. Lee,"Microcell prediction in dense urban area," IEEE Transactions onVehicular Technology, vol.47, no.1, pp.246-253, Feb.1998.
[232]李彤,娄媚,王豪行等,"利用射线跟踪方法进行微蜂窝电波传播预测,"通信学报, vol.18, no.11, pp.1-7, Nov.1997.
[233] M. G. Sanchez, L. de Haro, A. G. Pino et al.,"Exhaustive ray tracing algorithm for microcellularpropagation prediction models," Electronics Letters, vol.32, no.7, pp.624-625, Mar.1996.
[234] S. Ghali and A. J. Stewart,"Incremental update of the visibility map as seen by a moving viewpointin two dimensions," in Proc. Eurographics Workshop Computer Animation and Simulation,1996,pp.1-11.
[235] M. Pocchiola and G. Vegter,"Computing the visibility graph via pseudo-triangulation," inProceeding of the ACM Symposium on Computational Geometry,1995, pp.248-257.
[236]廖斌,赵昵丽,朱守正,"基于虚拟源树的射线跟踪算法的研究,"华东师范大学学报, no.3, pp.103-108, May2008.
[237] S. Soni and A. Bhattacharya,"An efficient two-dimensional ray-tracing algorithm for modeling ofurban microcellular environments," International Journal of Electronics and Communications(AEü), vol.66, pp.439-447,2012.
[238] G. L. Turin, F. D. Clapp, T. L. Johnston et al.,"A statistical model of urban multipath propagation,"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. VT-21, no.1, pp.1-9, Feb.1972.
[239]李超峰,"MIMO信道电波传播特性,"博士学位论文,理学院,西安电子科技大学,西安,2006.
[240] C. Yang and B. C. Wu,"A ray-tracing method for modeling indoor wave propagation andpenetration," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.46, no.6, pp.907-919, June1998.
[241] V. Degli-Eposti, G. Lombardi, C. Passerini et al.,"Wide-band measurement and ray-tracingsimulation of the1900-MHz indoor propagation channel: comparison criteria and results," IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.49, no.7, pp.1101-1110, July2001.
[242] J. H. Jo, M. A. Ingram and N. Jayant,"Deterministic angle clustering in rectangular buildings basedon ray-tracing," IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol.53, no.6, pp.1047-1052, June2005.
[243] W. T. Tam and V. N. Tran,"Propagation modelling for indoor wireless communication,"Electronics&Communication Engineering Journal, vol.7, no.5, pp.221-228, Oct.1995.
[244] A. Kajiwara,"Effects of polarization, antenna directivity, and room size on delay spread in LOSindoor radio channel," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.46, no.1, pp.169-175,Feb.1997.
[245] T. Manabe, Y. Miura and T. Ihara,"Effects of antenna directivity and polarization on indoormultipath propagation characteristics at60GHz," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas inCommunications, vol.14, no.3, pp.441-448, Apr.1996.
[246] Z. Ji, H. L. B, H. X. Wang et al.,"An improved ray-tracing propagation model for predicting pathloss on single floors," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol.22, no.1, pp.39-41, July1999.
[247] W. K. Tam and V. N. Tran,"Multi-ray propagation model for indoor wireless communications,"Electronics Letters, vol.32, no.2, pp.135-137, Jan.1996.
[248] K. R. Chang and H. T. Kim,"Improvement of the computation efficiency for a ray-launchingmodel," IEE Proceedings-Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, vol.145, no.4, pp.303-308,Aug.1998.
[249] M. S. Sarker, A. W. Reza and K. Dimyati,"A novel ray-tracing technique for indoor radio signalprediction," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, vol.25, pp.1179-1190,2011.
[250] Y. K. Yoon,"Acceleration method for propagation prediction," Microwave and Optical TechnologyLetters, vol.53, no.5, pp.982-984, May2011.
[251] M. Salem, M. Ismail and N. Misran,"Validation of three-dimensional ray-tracing algorithm forindoor wireless propagations," ISRN Communications and Networking, vol.2011, pp.1-5,2011.
[252] V. Mohtashami and A. A. Shishegar,"Modified wavefront decomposition method for fast andaccurate ray-tracing simulation," IET Microwaves, Antennas&Propagation, vol.6, no.3, pp.295-304,2012.
[253] M. Janson, J. Pontes, C. Sturm et al.,"BER simulations of a UWB spatial multiplexing systemusing an extended ray-tracing approach," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol.9,pp.1096-1098,2010.
[254] L. Nagy, R. Dady and A. Farkasv lgyi,"Algorithmic complexity of FDTD and ray tracing methodfor indoor propagation modelling," in EuCAP2009.3rd European Conference on Antennas andPropagation,2009, pp.2262-2265.
[255]刘芫健,张业荣,曹伟,"新型射线管分裂技术的计算效率研究,"微波学报, vol.23, no.5, pp.59-63, Oct.2007.
[256] Z. Ji, B. Li, H. Wang et al.,"Efficient ray-tracing methods for propagation prediction for indoorwireless communications," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol.43, no.2, pp.41-49,Apr.2001.
[257] T. S. Rappaport, Wireless communications: principles and practice,第二版.北京:电子工业出版社,2004.
[258] M. C. Lawton and J. P. McGeehan,"The application of a deterministic ray launching algorithm forthe prediction of radio channel characteristics in small-cell environments," IEEE Transactions onVehicular Technology, vol.43, no.4, pp.955-969, Nov.1994.
[259] P. F. M. Smulders and M. A. A. Melers,"On the multipath behavior of mm-wave indoor radiochannels,"1990.
[260] C. A. Balanis,"Advanced engineering electromagnetics,"1989.
[261] V. Erceg, S. Ghassenzadeh, M. Taylor et al.,"Urban/suburban out-of-sight propagation modeling,"IEEE Communications Magazine, vol.30, no.6, pp.56-61, June1992.
[262] M. Lebherz, W. Wiesbeck and W. Krank,"A versatile wave propagation model for the UHF/VHFrange considering3-D terrain,"1991.
[263] S. Y. Tan and H. S. Tan,"Propagation model microcellular communications applied to path lossmeasurements in Ottawa city streets," IEEE Transactions on vehicular Technology, vol.44, no.2,pp.313-317, May1995.
[264] H. Son and N. Myung,"A deterministic ray tube method for microcellular wave propagationprediction model," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.47, no.8, pp.1344-1350,Aug.1999.
[265] A. G. Dimitriou and G. D. Sergiadis,"Microcellular propagation prediction model based on ageometric progression approximation-process," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,vol.55, no.3, pp.969-977, Mar.2007.
[266] S. Soni and A. Bhattacharya,"An analytical characterization of transmission through a building fordeterministic propagation modeling," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol.53, no.8, pp.1875-1879, Aug.2011.
[267] M. Atamanesh and F. Farzaneh,"Microwave wireless orthogonal frequency division multiplexingsystem optimum guard interval evaluation in an urban scenario around5GHz," IETCommunications, vol.5, no.8, pp.1113-1122,2011.
[268] E. F. T. Martijn and M. H. A. J. Herben,"On obtaining wideband directional channel realizationsfrom single-antenna channel sounding and simple ray tracing," IEEE Antennas and WirelessPropagation Letters, vol.4, pp.463-466,2005.
[269]卞国东,黄健,"城市微小区电波传播预测,"东南大学学报, vol.26, no.6A, pp.14-19, Nov.1996.
[270] H. R. Anderson,"A ray-tracing propagation model for digital broadcast systems in urban areas,"IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, vol.39, no.3, pp.309-317, Sept.1993.
[271]吴剑锋,曹伟,程勇,"用于微蜂窝电波传播预测的二维射线跟踪模型,"南京邮电学院学报,vol.21, no.2, pp.45-70, Jun.2001.
[272]董金梁,金荣洪,耿军平等,"改进射线跟踪法效率的新方法,"微波学报, vol.22, no.6, pp.6-8,29, Dec.2006.
[273] H. Kim and H. Lee,"Accelerated three dimensional ray tracing techniques using ray frustums forwireless propagation models," Progress in Electromagnetics Research, vol. PIER96, pp.21-36,2009.
[274]梁晓辉,霍晓栋,"分布式交互仿真中的电波传播模型研究,"系统仿真学报, vol.20, no.8, pp.2059-2063, Apr.2008.
[275] S. Coco, A. Laudani and G. Pollicino,"GRID-based prediction of electromagnetic fields in urbanenvironment," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.45, no.3, pp.1060-1063, Mar.2009.
[276] J. P. Rossi and Y. Gabillet," A mixed ray launching/tracing method for full3-D UHF propagationmodeling and comparison with wide-band measurements," IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation, vol.50, no.4, pp.517-523, Apr.2002.
[277] S. C. Jan and S. K. Jeng,"A novel propagation modeling for microcellular communications inurban environments," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.46, no.4, pp.1021-1026,Nov.1997.
[278] G. E. Athanasiadou, A. R. Nix and J. P. McGeehan,"A ray tracing algorithm for microcellular andindoor propagation modeling," in IEE ICAP, Holland,1995, pp.231-235.
[279] H. T. Liu, B. H. Li and D. S. Qi,"Novel geometrical database model for line-based GIS urban mapsin2D/2.5D ray-tracing algorithms," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol.43, no.4, pp.307-310, Nov.2004.
[280]张雅彬,吴健,郭立新等,"城市微小区准三维射线追踪模型的计算与仿真,"电波科学学报,vol.27, no.5, pp.954-959, Oct.2012.
[281]袁正午,杨青宏,沐维,"一种改进的镜像射线跟踪方法,"计算机工程, vol.38, no.3, pp.60-62,Feb.2012.
[282]李朝奎,王利东,李拥等,"一种利用镜像理论的射线跟踪改进算法,"武汉大学学报(信息科学版), vol.37, no.7, pp.784-788, July2012.
[283] Z. Q. Yun, M. F. Iskander, S. Y. Lim et al.,"Radio wave propagation prediction based on3-Dbuilding structures extracted from2-D images," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,vol.6, pp.557-559,2007.
[284] Z. Yun, S. Y. Lim and M. F. Iskander,"Use of geospatial resources for radio propagation predictionin urban areas," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol.8, pp.587-591,2009.
[285] J. H. Whittdker,"Measurements of path loss at910MHz for proposed microcell urban mobilesystems," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.37, no.3, pp.125-129, Aug.1988.
[286] M. J. Feuerstein, K. L. Blackard, T. S. Rappaport et al.,"Path loss, delay spread, and outage modelsas functions of antenna height for microcellular system design," IEEE Transactions on VehicularTechnology, vol.43, no.3, pp.487-498, Aug.1994.
[287] T. Iwama and M. Mizuno,"Prediction propagation characteristics for microcellular laud mobileradio," in Proc. Int. Symp. Antennas Propagat., Sapporo, Japan,1992, pp.421-424.
[288] J. A. J. Rustako, N. Amitay, G. J. Owens et al.,"Radio propagation at microwave frequencies forline-of-sight microcellular mobile and personal communications," IEEE Transactions on VehicularTechnology, vol.40, no.1, pp.203-210, Feb.1991.
[289] Q. Sun, S. Y. Tan and K. C. Teh,"Analytical formulae for path loss prediction in urban street gridmicrocellular environments," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.54, no.4, pp.1251-1258, July2005.
[290] T. Kurner and A. Meier,"Prediction of outdoor and outdoor-to-indoor coverage in urban areas at1.8GHz," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol.20, no.3, pp.496-506, Apr.2002.
[291] Z. Y. Liu and L. X. Guo,"A quasi three-dimensional ray tracing method based on the virtual sourcetree in urban microcellular environments," Progress in Electromagnetics Research, vol.118, pp.397-414,2011.
[292] P. Combeau, R. Vauzelle, Y. Pousset et al.,"An optimization in computation time for the predictionof radio coverage zones," Radio Science, vol.42, no.1, p. RS1003,2007.
[2]上海市无线电协会,移动通信多系统室内综合覆盖,第一版.上海:上海科学技术出版社,2007.
[3]郭梯云,邬国扬,移动通信,第一版.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2005.
[4]罗凌,焦元媛,陆冰,第三代移动通信技术与业务,第一版.北京:人民邮电出版社,2005.
[5]常永宏,第三代移动通信系统与技术.北京:人民邮电出版社,2002.
[6]杨剑键,吴大伟,"射线跟踪技术在无线网络规划中的应用分析,"无线通信, no.9, pp.23-28,Sept.2007.
[7] M. F. Iskander and Z. Yun,"Propagation prediction models for wireless communication systems,"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.50, no.3, pp.662-673, Mar.2002.
[8] B. Y. Hanci and I. H. Cavdar,"Mobile radio propagation measurements and tuning the path lossmodel in urban areas at GSM-900band in Istanbul-Turkey," in IEEE60th Vehicular TechnologyConference, vol.1, pp.139-143,2004.
[9] M. J. Nawrocki, M. Dohler and A. H. Aghvami,深入浅出UMTS无线网络建模规划与自动优化：理论与实践,第一版.:机械工业出版社,2008.
[10] T. S. Rappaport,无线通信原理与应用,第六版.北京:电子工业出版社,2010.
[11] C. Saeidi, A. Fard and F. Hodjatkashani,"Full three-dimensional radio wave propagation predictionmodel," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and propagation, vol.60, no.5, pp.2462-2471, Dec.2012.
[12] E. G. Papkelis, I. Psarros, I. C. Ouranos et al.,"A radio-coverage prediction model in wirelesscommunication systems based on physical optics and the physical theory of diffraction," IEEEAntennas and Propagation Magazine, vol.49, no.2, pp.156-165, Apr.2007.
[13] Y. Okumura, E. Ohmori, T. Kawano et al.,"Filed strength and its variability in VHF and UHF landmobile services," Rev. Elec. Comm.. Lab., vol.16, no.9, pp.825-873,1968.
[14] M. Hara,"Empirical formula for propagation loss in land mobile radio services," IEEETransactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.29, no.3, pp.317-325, Aug.1980.
[15] J. Walfisch and H. L. Bertoni,"A theoretical model of UHF propagation in urban environments,"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.36, no.12, pp.1788-1796, Dec.1988.
[16] F. Ikegami, S. Yoshida, T. Takeuchi et al.,"Propagation factors controlling mean field strength onurban streets," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.32, no.8, pp.822-829, Aug.1984.
[17]吴志忠,邵世祥, GSM移动通信网络优化,第一版.北京:人民邮电出版社,2003.
[18] H. L. Bertoni, W. Honcharenko, L. R. Macel et al.,"UHF Propagation prediction for wirelesspersonal communication," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.82, no.9, pp.1333-1359, Sept.1994.
[19] D. J. Y. Lee and W. C. Y. Lee,"Fine tune Lee model," in11th IEEE International Symposium onPersonal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Commumications, vol.1, pp.406-410,2000.
[20] D. J. Y. Lee, Mobile cellular telecommunication system, Analog&Digital: McGraw Hill,1995.
[21] ITU-R. Rec. P.1238-2,"Propagation data and prediction methods for the planning of indoor radiocommunication systems and radio local area network in the frequency rang900MHz to100GHz,"p.1238,2001.
[22] Y. L. C. de Jong, M. H. J. L. Koelen and M. A. H. J. Herben,"A building-transmission model forimproved propagation prediction in urban microcells," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,vol.53, no.2, pp.490-502, Mar.2004.
[23] T. K. Sarkar, Z. Ji, K. Kim et al.,"A survey of various propagation models for mobilecommunication," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol.45, no.3, pp.51-82, June2003.
[24] V. Mohtashami and A. A. Shishegar,"Accuracy and computational efficiency improvement of raytracing using line search theory," IET Microwaves, Antennas&Propagation, vol.4, no.9, pp.1290-1299,2010.
[25] Y. Corre and Y. Lostanlen,"Three-dimensional urban EM wave propagation model for radionetwork planning and optimization over large areas," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,vol.58, no.7, pp.3112-3123, Sept.2009.
[26] T. A. Russell, C. W. Bostian and T. S. Rappaport,"A deterministic approach to predictingmicrowave diffraction by buildings for microcellular systems," IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation, vol.41, no.12, pp.1640-1649, Dec.1993.
[27]孙继先,魏庆新,龚克,"微小区环境下角度扩散特性的仿真结果,"电子学报, vol.29, no.9, pp.1269-1271, Sept.2001.
[28]袁正午,移动通信系统终端射线跟踪定位理论与方法,第一版.北京:电子工业出版社,2007.
[29] J. M. Singh and P. J. Narayanan,"Real-time ray tracing of implicit surfaces on the GPU," IEEETransactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol.16, no.2, pp.261-272, Mar.-Apr.2010.
[30]唐荣锡,汪嘉业,彭群生等,计算机图形学教程,第一版.北京:科学出版社,1990.
[31] O. González, S. Rodriguez, R. Perez-Jimenez et al.,"Error analysis of the simulated impulseresponse on indoor wireless optical channels using a monte carlo-based ray-tracing algorithm,"IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol.53, no.1, pp.124-130, Jan.2005.
[32]杨超,"大气波导中电磁波传播及反演关键技术,"博士学位论文,理学院,西安电子科技大学,西安,2010.
[33]赵正予,宋杨,吕君,"大气声波超视距传播的射线追踪,"武汉大学学报, vol.54, no.3, pp.375-378, June2008.
[34] Y. X. Zhang, J. Wang, Z. Q. Zhao et al.,"Numerical analysis of dielectric lens antennas using aray-tracing method and HFSS software," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol.50, no.4,pp.94-101, Aug.2008.
[35] A. G. Dimitriou, A. Bletsas and J. N. Sahalos,"Room-coverage improvements in UHF RFID withcommodity hardware," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol.53, no.1, pp.175-194, Feb.2011.
[36] H. J. Li, M. L. Lee and R. Y. Lane,"ISI simulation for indoor wireless communications," IEEETransactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.49, no.2, pp.413-421, Mar.2000.
[37] S. Coco, A. Laudani and L. Mazzurco,"A novel2-D ray tracing procedure for the localization ofEM field sources in urban environment," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.40, no.2, pp.1132-1135, Mar.2004.
[38] F. Xu and Y. Q. Jin,"Bidirectional analytic ray tracing for fast computation of composite scatteringfrom electric-large target over a randomly rough surface," IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation, vol.57, no.5, pp.1495-1505, May2009.
[39] A. G. Kanatas and P. Constantinou,"A propagation prediction tool for urban mobile radio systems,"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.49, no.4, pp.1348-1355, July2000.
[40] J. Shmoys,"Ray tracing in the ionosphere," Electronics Letters, vol.4, no.15, pp.302-304, July1968.
[41] L. Sevgi,"Ray-shooting visualization matlab package for2D ground-wave propagationsimulations," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol.46, no.4, pp.140-145, Aug.2004.
[42] B. Choudhury, H. Singh, J. P. Bommer et al.,"RF field mapping inside a large passenger-aircraftcabin using a refined ray-tracing algorithm," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol.55,no.1, pp.276-288, Feb.2013.
[43] S. Helhel,"Comparison of900and1800MHz indoor propagation deterioration," IEEETransactions On Antennas and Propagation, vol.54, no.12, pp.3921-3924, Dec.2006.
[44] S. H. Chen and S. K. Jeng,"SBR image approach for radio wave propagation in tunnels with andwithout traffic," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.45, no.3, pp.570-578, Aug.1996.
[45] S. Y. Lim, Z. Q. Yun, J. M. Baker et al.,"Propagation modeling and measurement for a multifloorstairwell," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol.8, pp.583-586,2009.
[46] Z. Y. Wang, R. H. Jin and Y. Jin,"Path loss prediction for mobile digital TV propagation underviaduct," IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, vol.57, no.1, pp.37-45, Mar.2011.
[47] M. Dottling, A. Jahn, D. Didascalou et al.,"Two-and three-dimensional ray tracing applied to theland mobile satellite (LMS) propagation channel," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol.43, no.6, pp.27-37, Dec.2001.
[48]刘芜健,张业荣,曹伟,"一种基于射线跟踪的射线管分裂新方法,"电子与信息学报, vol.30,no.4, pp.999-1003,2008.
[49] Y. L. C. De Jong and M. A. H. J. Herben,"Prediction of local mean power using2-Dray-tracing-based propagation models," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.50, no.1,pp.325-331, Jan.2001.
[50] R. P. Torres, S. Loredo, L. Valle et al.,"An accurate and efficient method based on ray-tracing forthe prediction of local flat-fading statistics in picocell radio channels," IEEE Journal on SelectedAreas in Communications, vol.19, no.2, pp.170-178, Feb.2001.
[51] W. Ying, S. Safavi-Naeini and S. K. Chaudhuri,"A hybrid technique based on combining raytracing and FDTD methods for site-specific modeling of indoor radio wave propagation," IEEETransacrions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.48, no.5, pp.743-754, May2000.
[52] Z. Ji, T. K. Sarkar and B. H. Li,"Analysis of the effects of walls on indoor wave propagation usingthe FDTD method," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol.29, no.1, pp.19-21, Apr.2001.
[53] O. Franek, J. B. Andersen and G. F. Pedersen,"Diffuse scattering model of indoor widebandpropagation," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.59, no.8, pp.3006-3012, Aug.2011.
[54] A. Valcarce, G. D. L. Roche, á. Jüttner et al.,"Applying FDTD to the coverage prediction ofWiMAX femtocells," EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol.2009,pp.1-13, Feb.2009.
[55] S. Loredo, L. Valle and R. P. Torres,"Accuracy analysis of GO/UTD radio-channel modeling inindoor scenarios at1.8and2.5GHz," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol.43, no.5, pp.37-51, Oct.2001.
[56]卢鹏,"使用射线追踪模型进行精确无线传播的预测,"技术探索, no.8, pp.79-82,2006.
[57]黄睿,"射线跟踪模型在WCDMA无线网络规划中的应用分析,"移动通信, pp.41-44, Apr.2007.
[58] K. A. Remley, H. R. Anderson and A. Weisshar,"Improving the accuracy of ray-tracing techniquesfor indoor propagation modeling," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.49, no.6, pp.2350-2358, Nov.2000.
[59] F. Aguado Agelet, A. Formella, J. M. Hernando Rabanos et al.,"Efficient ray-tracing accelerationtechniques for radio propagation modeling," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.49,no.6, pp.2089-2104, Nov.2000.
[60] M. F. Catedra, J. Perez, F. Saez De Adana et al.,"Efficient ray-tracing techniques forthree-dimensional analyses of propagation in mobile communications: Application to picocell andmicrocell scenarios," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol.40, no.2, pp.15-28, Apr.1998.
[61] A. Toscano, F. Bilotti and L. Vegni,"Fast ray-tracing technique for electromagnetic field predictionin mobile communications," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.39, no.3, pp.1238-1241, May2003.
[62] Z. Yun, Z. Zhang and M. F. Iskander,"A ray-tracing method based on the triangular grid approachand application to propagation prediction in urban environments," IEEE Transactions on Antennasand Propagation, vol.50, no.5, pp.750-758, May2002.
[63] S. Kim, J. B. J. Guarino, T. M. I. Willis et al.,"Radio propagation measurements and predictionusing three-dimensional ray tracing in urban environments at908MHZ and1.9GHz," IEEETransactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.48, no.3, pp.931-946, May1999.
[64] S. J. Fortune, D. M. Gay, B. W. Kernighan et al.,"WISE design of indoor wireless systems:Practical computation and optimization," IEEE Comput Science&Eenineering, vol.2, no.1, pp.58-68,1995.
[65] V. Erceg, S. J. Fortune, J. Ling et al.,"Comparisons of a computer-based propagation predictiontool with experimental data collected in urban microcellular environments," IEEE Journal onSelected Areas in Communications, vol.15, no.4, pp.677-684, May1997.
[66]陈泓,袁珍,"SBR的实现及其极化方式的处理,"科技信息, no.8, pp.70-72,2007.
[67]朱若萍,"基于三维射线跟踪模型的电波传播预测研究,"现代电子技术, no.5, pp.23-25,2007.
[68] W. K. Tam and V. N. Tran,"Propagation modeling for indoor wireless communication,"Electronics&Communication Engineering Journal, pp.221-228, Oct.1995.
[69] J. W. Mckown and J. R. L. Hamilton,"Ray tracing as a design tool for radio networks," IEEENetwork Magazine, vol.5, no.6, pp.27-30, Nov.1991.
[70] H. Ling, R. Chou and S. Lee,"Shooting and bouncing rays: Calculating the RCS of an arbitrarilyshaped cavity," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.37, no.2, pp.194-205, Feb.1989.
[71] S. Y. Seidel and T. S. Rappaport,"Site-specific propagation prediction for wireless in-buildingpersonal communication system design," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.43, no.4, pp.879-891, Nov.1994.
[72] S. H. Chen and S. K. Jeng,"An SBR/image approach for radio wave propagation in indoorenvironments with metallic furniture," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.45,no.1, pp.98-106, Jan.1997.
[73] C. Yang, B. Wu and C. Ko,"A ray-tracing method for modeling indoor wave propagation andpenetration," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.46, no.6, pp.907-919, June1998.
[74] H. Suzuki and A. S. Mohan,"Ray tube tracing method for predicting indoor channel characteristicmap," Electronics Letters, vol.33, no.17, pp.1495-1496, Aug.1997.
[75] G. Durgin, N. Patwari and T. S. Rappaport,"Improved3D ray launching method for wirelesspropagation prediction," Electronics Letters, vol.33, no.16, pp.1412-1413, July1997.
[76] W. Lu and K. T. Chan,"Advanced3D ray tracing method for indoor propagation prediction,"Electronics Letters, vol.34, no.12, pp.1259-1260, June1998.
[77] J. O'Rourke, Computational geometry in C. England: Cambirdge University Press,1993.
[78] V. Mohtashami and A. A. Shishegar,"Efficient shooting and bouncing ray tracing usingdecomposition of wavefronts," IET Microwaves, Antennas&Propagation, vol.4, no.10, pp.1567-1574,2010.
[79]张文,杨锦辉,"基于固定接收区域的SBR改进算法,"电波科学学报, vol.25, no.4, pp.728-731,Aug.2010.
[80] U. Dersch and E. Zollinger,"Propagation mechanisms in microcell and indoor environments,"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.43, no.4, pp.1058-1066, Nov.1994.
[81] K. R. Schaubach and N. J. Davis,"Microcellular radio-channel propagation prediction," IEEEAntennas and Propagation Magazine, vol.36, no.4, pp.25-34, Aug.1994.
[82] T. E. Athanaileas, G. E. Athanasiadou, G. V. Tsoulos et al.,"Parallel radio-wave propagationmodeling with image-based ray tracing techniques," Parallel Computing, vol.36, no.12, pp.679-695, Aug.2010.
[83] S. Y. Tan and H. S. Tan,"A microcellular communications propagation model based on theuniform theory of diffraction and multiple image theory," IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation, vol.44, no.10, pp.1317-1326, Oct.1996.
[84]程勇,吴剑锋,曹伟,"一种用于移动系统场强预测的准三维射线跟踪模型,"电波科学学报,vol.17, no.2, pp.151-159, Apr.2002.
[85]黄永明,吕英华,徐立等,"室内无线传播中一种混合建模方法的改进,"北京邮电大学学报,vol.27, no.1, pp.13-14, Feb.2004.
[86] F. Saez De Adana, O. Gutierrez Blanco, I. Gonzalez Diego et al.,"Propagation model based on raytracing for the design of personal communication systems in indoor environments," IEEETransactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.49, no.6, pp.2105-2112, Nov.2000.
[87] C. Saeidi and F. Hodjatkashani,"Modified angular z-buffer as an acceleration technique for raytracing," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.58, no.5, pp.1822-1825, May2010.
[88] E. A. Hines and D. P. Greenberg,"The light buffer: a shadow-testing accelerator," IEEE ComputerGraphics and Applications, vol.6, no.9, pp.6-16, Sept.1986.
[89] F. A. Agelet, F. P. Fontan and A. Formella,"Fast ray tracing for microcellular and indoorenvironments," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.33, no.2, pp.1484-1487, Mar.1997.
[90] J. D. Foley, A. van Dam, S. K. Feiner et al., Computer graphics: principles and practices,2nd.Reading, MA: Addison Wesley,1990.
[91]周力,柴舜连,毛钧杰,"基于三维的射线跟踪八叉树算法的城市微区电波传播预测算法模型,"电子学报, vol.30, no.12, pp.1776-1778, Dec.2002.
[92] G. E. Athanasiadou, A. R. Nix and J. P. McGeehan,"A microcellular ray-tracing propagation modeland evaluation of its narrow-band and wide-band predictions," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas inCommunications, vol.18, no.3, pp.322-335, Mar.2000.
[93] W. M. O'Brien, E. M. Kenny and P. J. Cullen,"An efficient implementation of a three-dimensionalmicrocell propagation tool for indoor and outdoor urban environments," IEEE Transactions onVehicular Technology, vol.49, no.2, pp.622-630, Mar.2000.
[94] K. Rizk, J. F. Wagen and F. Gardiol,"Two-dimensional ray-tracing modeling for propagation inmicrocellular environments," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.46, no.2, pp.508-518, May1997.
[95] F. Aguado, A. Formella, J. M. Hernando et al.,"Ray-tracing acceleration techniques," Microwaveand Optical Technology Letters, vol.25, no.5, pp.363-365, June2000.
[96]季忠,黎滨洪,王豪行等,"用射线跟踪法对室内电波传播进行预测,"电波科学学报, vol.14,no.2, pp.160-165, June1999.
[97]季忠,黎滨洪,王豪行等,"一种高效的室内射线跟踪传播预测模型,"上海交通大学学报, vol.34, no.2, pp.276-278, Feb.2000.
[98] D. N. Schettino, F. J. S. Moreira and C. G. Rego,"Efficient ray tracing for radio channelcharacterization of urban scenarios," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.43, no.4, pp.1305-1308, Apr.2007.
[99] G. Liang and H. L. Bertoni,"A new approach to3-D ray tracing for propagation prediction incities," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.46, no.6, pp.853-863, June1998.
[100] K. Rizk, R. Valenzuela, S. Fortune et al.,"full-3D and vertical plane propagation in microcells andsmall cells," in IEEE Vehicular Technology Conferece,1998.
[101] J. G. Cleary and G. Wyvill,"Analysis of an algorithm for fast ray tracing using uniform spacesubdivision," The Visual Computer, vol.4, no.2, pp.65-83,1988.
[102] Z. Yun, F. M. Iskander and Z. Zhang,"Fast ray tracing procedure using space division with uniformrectangular grid," Electronics Letters, vol.36, no.10, pp.895-897, July2000.
[103]袁正午,黎意超,李林等,"基于动态分区的射线跟踪加速方法,"计算机工程与应用, vol.46,no.27, pp.77-79,2010.
[104]季忠,黎滨洪,王豪行等,"提高射线跟踪法运算效率的一种方法,"电波科学学报, vol.14, no.4, pp.457-461, Dec.1999.
[105] Z. Zhang, Z. Yun and M. F. Iskander,"Ray tracing method for propagation models in wirelesscommunication systems," Electronics Letters, vol.36, no.5, pp.464-465, Mar.2000.
[106] Z. Yun, M. F. Iskander and Z. Zhang,"A fast indoor/outdoor ray tracing procedure using combineduniform rectangular and unstructured triangular grids,",2000, pp.1134-1137.
[107] A. Aschrafi, P. Wertz, M. Layh et al.,"Impact of building database accuracy on predictions withwave propagation models in urban scenarios," in Vehicular Technology Conference,2006. VTC2006-Spring. IEEE63rd,2006, pp.2681-2685.
[108] Z. Q. Chen, A. Delis and H. L. Bertoni,"Building footprint simplification techniques and theireffects on radio propagation predictions," The Computer Journal, vol.47, no.1, pp.103-133,2003.
[109] V. Degli-Esposti, F. Fuschini and M. Amorini,"Database simplification for field prediction inurban environment," in the IEEE AP-S/URSI Int. Symp., Monterrey, CA,2004.
[110] V. Degli-Esposti, F. Fuschini, E. M. Vitucci et al.,"Speed-up techniques for ray tracing fieldprediction models," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.57, no.5, pp.1469-1480, May2009.
[111] R. Hoppe, G. W lfle and F. M. Landstorfer,"Fast3D ray tracing for the planning of microcells byintelligent preprocessing of the database," in3rd European Personal and Mobile CommunicationsConference (EPMCC), Paris,1999.
[112] R. Hoppe, P. Wertz, F. M. Landstorfer et al.,"Advanced ray-optical wave propagation modellingfor urban and indoor scenarios," European Transactions on Telecommunications, vol.14, no.1, pp.61-69,2003.
[113] G. W lfle, B. E. Gschwendtner and F. M. Landstorfer,"Intelligent ray tracing–A new approachfor the field strength prediction in microcells," in Proc.47th IEEE Int. Conf. Vehicular Technology(VTC), Phoenix, AZ,1997, pp.790-794.
[114] G. W lfle, R. Hoppe and F. M. Landstorfer,"A fast and enhanced ray optical propagation model forindoor and urban scenarios, based on an intelligent preprocessing of the database," in Proceedingsof the10th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications(PIMRC), Osaka, Japan,1999.
[115] M. Allegretti, M. Colaneri, R. Notarpietro et al.,"Simulation in urban environment of a3D raytracing propagation model based on building database preprocessing," in Proc. URSI Gen. Assem.,
[Online]. Available: http://www.ursi.org/Proceedings/ProcGA05/pdf/CP1.7(0958).pdf,2005.
[116] K. Rizk, R. Valenzuela, D. Chizhik et al.,"Application of the slope diffraction method for urbanmicrowave propagation prediction,",1998, pp.1150-1155.
[117] V. Erceg, A. J. Rustako Jr. and R. S. Roman,"Diffraction around corners and its effects on themicrocell coverage area in urban and suburban environments at900MHz,2GHz, and4GHz,"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.43, no.3, pp.762-766, Dec.1994.
[118] D. N. Schettino, F. J. S. Moreira, K. L. Borges et al.,"Novel heuristic UTD coefficients for thecharacterization of radio channels," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.43, no.4, pp.1301-1304,Apr.2007.
[119] Z. Yun, M. F. Iskander and Z. Zhang,"Development of a new shooting-and-bouncing ray (SBR)tracing method that avoids ray double counting," in IEEE Antennas and Propagation SocietyInternational Symposium,2001, pp.464-467.
[120] K. Rizk, J. F. Wagen and F. Gardiol,"Influence of database accuracy on two-dimensionalray-tracing-based predictions in urban microcells," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,vol.49, no.2, pp.631-642, Mar.2000.
[121] G. E. Athanasiadou and A. R. Nix,"Investigation into the sensitivity of the power predictions of amicrocellular ray tracing propagation model," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.49,no.4, pp.1140-1151, July2000.
[122] V. Degli-Eposti, G. Lombardi, C. Passerini et al.,"Wide-band measurement and ray-tracingsimulation of the1900-MHz indoor propagation channel: Comparison criteria and results," IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.49, no.7, pp.1101-1110, July2001.
[123] K. Riak, J. Wagen, J. Li et al.,"Lamppost and panel scattering compared to building reflection anddiffraction," COST259TD,1996.
[124] M. O. Al-Nuaimi and R. B. L. Stephens,"Estimation of the effects of hilltop, singly distributed,trees on the path loss of microwave signals," Electronics Letters, vol.33, no.10, pp.873-874, May1997.
[125] S. A. Torrico, H. L. Bertoni and R. H. Lang,"Modeling tree effects on path loss in a residentialenvironment," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.46, no.6, pp.872-880, June1998.
[126] J. C. R. Dal Bello, G. L. Siqueira and H. L. Bertoni,"Theoretical analysis and measurement resultsof vegetation effects on path loss for mobile cellular communication systems," IEEE Transactionson Vehicular Technology, vol.49, no.4, pp.1285-1293, July2000.
[127] F. Mani and C. Oestges,"A ray based method to evaluate scattering by vegetation elements," IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.60, no.8, pp.4006-4009, Aug.2012.
[128] V. Degli-Esposti, D. Guiducci, A. De'Marsi et al.,"An advanced field prediction model includingdiffuse scattering," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.52, no.7, pp.1717-1728,Jul.2004.
[129] F. Mani, F. Quitin and C. Oestges,"Directional spreads of dense multipath components in indoorenvironments: experimental validation of a ray-tracing approach," IEEE Transactions on Antennasand Propagation, vol.60, no.7, pp.3389-3396, July2012.
[130] S. Kwon, I. S. Koh, H. W. Moon et al.,"Model of Inhomogeneous building facade for ray tracingmethod," Electronics Letters, vol.44, no.23, pp.1341-1342, Nov.2008.
[131] R. Brem and T. F. Eibert,"Multi-radiation center transmitter models for ray tracing," IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.60, no.7, pp.3382-3388, July2012.
[132] J. M. Johnson and Y. Rahmat-Samii,"Genetic algorithms in engineering electromagnetics," IEEEAntennas and Propagation Magazine, vol.39, no.4, pp.7-21, Aug.1997.
[133] S. Grubisic, W. P. Carpes and J. P. A. Bastos,"Optimization model for antenna positioning inindoor environments using2-D ray-tracing technique associated to a real-coded genetic algorithm,"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.45, no.3, pp.1626-1629, Mar.2009.
[134] Z. Q. Yun, S. Lim and F. M. Iskander,"An integrated method of ray tracing and genetic algorithmfor optimizing coverage in indoor wireless networks," IEEE Antennas and Wireless PropagationLetters, vol.7, pp.145-148,2008.
[135] A. W. Reza, M. S. Sarker and K. Dimyati,"A novel integrated mathematical approach ofray-tracing and genetic algorithm for optimizing indoor wireless coverage," Progress InElectromagnetics Research, vol.110, pp.147-162,2010.
[136] G. Koutitas and T. Samaras,"Exposure minimization in indoor wireless networks," IEEE Antennasand Wireless Propagation Letters, vol.9, pp.199-202,2010.
[137] E. Reinhard and A. Chalmers,"Message handling in parallel radiance," in Proceedings of the4thEuropean PVM/MPI Users Group Meeting on Recent Advances in Parallel Virtual Machine andMessage Passing Interface,1997, pp.486-493.
[138] E. Reinhard and F. Jansen,"Rendering large scenes using parallel ray tracing," Parallel Computing,vol.23, no.7, pp.873-885,1997.
[139] B. Freisleben, D. Hartmann and T. Kielmann,"Parallel raytracing: a case study on partitioning andscheduling on workstation clusters," in Proceedings of the30th International Conference on SystemSciences, Maui, HI,1997, pp.596-605.
[140] A. Reisman, C. Gotsman and A. Schuster,"Interactive-rate animation generation by parallelprogressive ray-tracing on distributed memory machines," Journal of Parallel and DistributedComputing, vol.60, no.9, pp.1074-1102,2000.
[141] M. Shevtsov, A. Soupikov and A. Kapustin,"Fast and scalable kd-tree construction for interactivelyray tracing dynamic scenes," Computer Graphics Forum (Proceedings of EUROGRAPHICS), vol.26, no.3,2007.
[142] I. Wald, T. Ize and S. Parker,"Fast, parallel, and asynchronous construction of BVHs for raytracing animated scenes," Computers and Graphics, vol.32, no.1, pp.3-13,2008.
[143]刘海涛,黎滨洪,谢勇等,"并行射线跟踪算法及其在城市电波预测的应用,"电波科学学报,vol.19, no.5, pp.581-585, Oct.2004.
[144] Z. Chen, A. Delis and H. L. Bertoni,"Radio-wave propagation predictions using ray-tracingtechniques on a network of workstations (NOW)," Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing,vol.64, no.10, pp.1127-1156,2004.
[145]王勇,李朝奎,"三维地理环境下电磁波场强预测并行计算研究,"湖南科技大学学报, vol.23,no.2, pp.84-87, Jun.2008.
[146] A. M. Cavalcante, M. J. de Sousa, J. C. W. A. Costa et al.,"A parallel approach for3D ray-tracingtechniques in the radio propagation prediction," Journal of Microwaves and Optoelectronics, vol.6,no.1, pp.207-219, June2007.
[147] E. García, L. Lozano, M. J. Algar et al.,"A study of the efficiency of the parallelization of a highfrequency electromagnetic approach for the computation of radiation and scattering consideringmultiple bounces," Computer Physics Communications, vol.184, pp.45-50,2013.
[148] G. Franceschetti, P. Imperatore, A. Iodice et al.,"Radio-coverage parallel computation onmulti-processor platforms," in Proceedings of the39th European Microwave Conference, Rome,Italy,2009, pp.1575-1578.
[149] T. Athanaileas, P. Gkonis, G. Athanasiadou et al.,"Implementation and evaluation of a web-basedgrid-enabled environment for WCDMA multibeam system simulations," IEEE Antennas andPropagation Magazine, vol.50, no.3, pp.195-204, June2008.
[150] A. Dziekonski, A. Lamecki and M. Mrozowski,"Tuning a hybrid GPU-CPU V-cycle multilevelpreconditioner for solving large real and complex systems of FEM equations," IEEE Antennas andWireless Propagation Letters, vol.10, pp.619-622,2011.
[151] M. Ujaldon,"Using GPUs for accelerating electromagnetic simulations," J. Appl. Comput.Electromagn. Soc., vol.25, no.4, pp.294-302, Apr.2010.
[152] T. Rick and R. Mathar,"Fast edge-diffraction-based radio wave propagation model for graphicshardware," in Proc. IEEE Second Int l ITG Conf. Antennas,2007, pp.15-19.
[153] D. Catrein, M. Reyer and T. Rick,"Accelerating radio wave propagation predictions byimplementation on graphics hardware," in Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conf.,2007, pp.510-514.
[154] A. Schmitz, T. Rick, T. Karolski et al.,"Efficient rasterization for outdoor radio wave propagation,"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol.17, no.2, pp.159-170, Feb.2011.
[155] A. Rajkumar, B. F. Naylor, F. Feisullin et al.,"Predicting rf coverage in large environments usingray-beam tracing and partitioning tree represented geometry," Wireless Networks, vol.2, no.2, pp.143-154,1996.
[156] S. Fortune,"A beam-tracing algorithm for prediction of indoor radio propagation," in Proc.Workshop Applied Computational Geometry (WACG),1996, pp.157-166.
[157] P. Pongsilamanee and H. L. Bertoni,"Specular and non-specular scattering from building facades,"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.52, no.7, pp.1879-1889, Jul.2004.
[158] K. Kalliola, H. Laitinen, P. Vainikainen et al.,"3-D double-directional radio channelcharacterization for urban macrocellular applications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation, vol.51, no.11, pp.3122-3133, Nov.2003.
[159] Y. L. C. de Jong and M. A. H. J. Herben,"A tree-scattering model for improved propagationprediction in urban microcells," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.53, no.2, pp.503-513, Mar.2004.
[160] S. K. Agrawal and P. Garg,"Effect of urban-site and vegetation on channel capacity in higheraltitude platform communication system," IET Microwaves, Antennas&Propagation, vol.3, no.4,pp.703-713,2009.
[161] D. Didascalou, M. Dottling, N. Geng et al.,"An approach to include stochastic rough surfacescattering into deterministic rayoptical wave propagation modeling," IEEE Transactions onAntennas and Propagation, vol.51, no.7, pp.1508-1515, Jul.2003.
[162] V. Degli-Esposti,"A diffuse scattering model for urban propagation prediction," IEEE Transactionson Antennas and Propagation, vol.49, no.7, pp.1111-1113, Jul.2001.
[163] J. Laurila, K. Kalliola, M. Toeltsch et al.,"Wideband3-D characterization of mobile radio channelsin urban environment," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.50, no.2, pp.233-243, Feb.2002.
[164] H. Budiarto, K. Horiata, K. Haneda et al.,"Experimental study of non-specular wave scatteringfrom building surface roughness for mobile propagation modelling," IEICE Transactions onCommunications, vol. E87-B, no.4, pp.958-966, Apr.2004.
[165] V. Degli-Esposti, F. Fuschini, E. M. Vitucci et al.,"Measurement and modelling of scattering frombuildings," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.55, no.1, pp.143-153, Jan.2007.
[166] F. Fuschini, H. El-Sallabi, V. Degli-Esposti et al.,"Analysis of multipath propagation in urbanenvironment through multidimensional measurements and advanced ray tracing simulation," IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.56, no.3, pp.848-857, Mar.2008.
[167] A. G. Dimitriou, S. Siachalou and G. D. Sergiadis,"Estimation of wall-scattering in the urbancanyon," in EuCAP2009.3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation,2009, pp.2636-2640.
[168] Y. B. Ouattara, S. Mostarshedi, E. Richalot et al.,"Near-and far-field models for scattering analysisof buildings in wireless communications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.59, no.11, pp.4229-4238, Nov.2011.
[169] E. M. Vitucci, F. Mani, V. Degli-Eposti et al.,"Polarimetric properties of diffuse scattering frombuilding walls: experimental parameterization of a ray-tracing model," IEEE Transactions onAntennas and Propagation, vol.60, no.6, pp.2961-2969, June2012.
[170] C. C. Constantinou and M. J. Mughal,"On the modeling of reflected energy from building faces inmicrocellular mobile radio planning tools," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.53, no.8, pp.2623-2630, Aug.2005.
[171] Z. Q. Yun, F. M. Iskander and Z. J. Zhang,"Complex-wall effect on propagation characteristics andMIMO capacities for an Indoor wireless communication environment," IEEE Transactions onAntennas and Propagation, vol.52, no.4, pp.914-922, Apr.2004.
[172] M. Thiel and K. Sarabandi,"3D-wave propagation analysis of indoor wireless channels utilizinghybrid methods," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.57, no.5, pp.1539-1546,May2009.
[173] Z. Zhang, R. K. Sorensen, Z. Yun et al.,"A ray-tracing approach for indoor/outdoor propagationthrough window structures," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.50, no.5, pp.742-748, May2002.
[174] S. Grubisic, J. W. P. Carpes, C. B. Lima et al.,"Ray-tracing propagation model using image theorywith a new accurate approximation for transmitted rays through walls," IEEE Transactions onMagnetics, vol.42, no.4, pp.835-838, Apr.2006.
[175] I. Kashiwagi, T. Taga and T. Imai,"Time-varying path-shadowing model for indoor populatedenvironments," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.59, no.1, pp.16-28, Jan.2010.
[176] P. Almers, E. Bonek, A. Burr et al.,"Survey of channel and radio propagation models for wirelessMIMO systems," EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol.2007, no.Article ID19070, pp.1-19,2007.
[177] C. Cheon, G. Liang and H. L. Bertoni,"Simulating radio channel statistics for different buildingenvironments," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol.19, no.11, pp.2191-2200,Nov.2001.
[178] M. A. Jensen and J. W. Wallace,"A review of antennas and propagation for MIMO wirelesscommunications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.52, no.11, pp.2810-2824,Nov.2004.
[179] K. R. Dandekar, A. Arredondo, G. Xu et al.,"Using ray tracing to study urban vector channelpropagation characteristics," in Proc. IEEE Spring Veh. Technol. Conf., Houston, TX,1999, pp.381-385.
[180] C. N. Chuah, D. N. C. Tse, J. M. Kahn et al.,"Capacity scaling in MIMO wireless systems undercorrelated fading," in IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory,2002, pp.637-650.
[181] F. Tila, P. R. Shepherd and S. R. Pennock,"Theoretical capacity evaluation of indoor micro-andmacro-MIMO systems at5GHz using site specific ray tracing," Electronics Letters, vol.39, pp.471-472, Mar.2003.
[182] J. H. Jo, M. A. Ingram and N. Jayant,"Angle clustering in indoor spacetime channels based on raytracing," in Proc. IEEE54th Veh. Technol. Conf., Atlantic City, NJ,2001, pp.2067-2071.
[183] K. H. Ng, E. K. Tameh, A. Doufexi et al.,"Efficient multielement ray tracing with site-specificcomparisons using measured MIMO channel data," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,vol.56, no.3, pp.1019-1032, May2007.
[184] S. Loredo, A. Rodríguez-Alonso and R. P. Torres,"Indoor MIMO channel modeling by rigorousGO/UTD-based ray tracing," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.57, no.2, pp.680-692, Mar.2008.
[185] R. Ibernon-Fernandez, J. Molina-Garcia-Pardo and L. Juan-Llacer,"Comparison betweenmeasurements and simulations of conventional and distributed MIMO system," IEEE Antennas andWireless Propagation Letters, vol.7, pp.546-549,2008.
[186] V. Degli-Esposti, V. M. Kolmonen, E. M. Vitucci et al.,"Analysis and modeling on co-andcross-polarized urban radio propagation for dual-polarized MIMO wireless systems," IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.59, no.11, pp.4247-4256, Nov.2011.
[187] A.. Kaya, W. Trappe, L. J. Greenstein et al.,"Predicting MIMO performance in urban microcellsusing ray tracing to characterize the channel," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol.11, no.7, pp.2402-2411, July2012.
[188]王文树,"基于射线追踪方法的MIMO技术研究,"舰船电子工程, vol.32, no.9, pp.68-70,2012.
[189] A. F. Molisch, D. Cassioli, C. C. Chong et al.,"A comprehensive standardized model forultrawideband propagation channels," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.54, no.11, pp.3151-3166, Nov.2006.
[190] G. Tiberi, S. Bertini, W. Q. Malik et al.,"Analysis of realistic ultrawideband indoor communicationchannels by using an efficient ray-tracing based method," IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation, vol.57, no.3, pp.777-785, Mar.2009.
[191] W. Q. Malik, C. J. Stevens and D. J. Edwards,"Spatio-temporal ultrawideband indoor propagationmodelling by reduced complexity geometric optics," IET Communications, vol.1, no.4, pp.751-759, Aug.2007.
[192]蒋宇乐,张旭东,熊华钢,"基于改进射线追踪和三维可视化的UWB信道仿真,"系统仿真学报,vol.22, no.10, pp.2379-2383, Oct.2010.
[193] B. Allen, M. Dohler, E. E. Okon et al., Ultra-wideband antennas and propagation forcommunications, radar and imaging. London, UK: Wiley,2006.
[194] A. M. Attiya and A. Safaai-Jazi,"Simulation of ultra-wideband indoor propagation," Microwaveand Optical Technology Letters, vol.42, no.2, pp.103-107, July2004.
[195] G. Tiberi, S. Bertini, A. Monorchio et al.,"Computationally efficient ray-tracing technique formodelling ultrawideband indoor propagation channels," IET Microwaves, Antennas&Propagation,vol.3, no.3, pp.395-401,2009.
[196] F. S. De Adana, O. Gutiérrez, M. A. Navarro et al.,"Efficient time-domain ray-tracing techniquefor the analysis of ultra-wideband indoor environments including lossy materials and multipleeffects," International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, vol.2009, pp.1-8,2009.
[197] H. G. Wang, L. Wang, H. Li et al.,"Design and numerical analyses of an indoor3–5GHzUWB-MIMO array," IET Microwaves, Antennas&Propagation, vol.4, no.10, pp.1517-1524,2010.
[198] H. M. Asif, B. Honary and H. Ahmed,"Multiple-input multiple-output ultra-wide band channelmodelling method based on ray tracing," IET Communications, vol.6, no.10, pp.1195-1204, July2012.
[199] R. Burghelea, S. Avrillon and B. Uguen,"Ultra-compact parametric modelling of three-dimensionalantenna radiation pattern for impulse radio-ultra-wide band ray tracing," IET Microwaves, Antennas&Propagation, vol.6, no.11, pp.1251-1258,2012.
[200] F. J. B. Barros, E. Costa, G. L. Siqueira et al.,"A polyhedral beam-tracing method for modelingultrawideband indoor radio propagation," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol.54, no.4,pp.904-909, Apr.2012.
[201] H. M. El-Sallabi, G. Liang, H. L. Bertoni et al.,"Influence of diffraction coefficient and cornershape on ray prediction of power and delay spread in urban microcells," IEEE Transactions onAntennas and Propagation, vol.50, no.5, pp.703-712, May2002.
[202]季忠,黎滨洪,王豪行,"用射线跟踪法对室外至室内的电波传播进行预测,"通信学报, vol.22,no.3, pp.114-119, Mar.2001.
[203] J. Blas, P. Fernández, R. M. Lorenzo et al.,"A model for transition between outdoor and indoorpropagation," Progress in Electromagnetics Research, vol. PIER85, pp.147-167,2008.
[204] M. Jacob, S. Priebe, R. Dickhoff et al.,"Diffraction in mm and sub-mm wave indoor propagationchannels," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.60, no.3, pp.833-844,Mar.2012.
[205] C. Giovaneli,"An analysis of simplified solutions for multiple knifeedge diffraction," IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. AP-32, no.3, pp.297-301, Mar.1984.
[206] P. Bernardi, R. Cicchetti and O. Testa,"An accurate UTD model for the analysis of complex indoorradio environments in microwave WLAN systems," IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation, vol.52, no.6, pp.1509-1520, Jun.2004.
[207] A. Maltsev, R. Maslermikov, A. Sevastyanov et al.,"Characteristics of indoor millimeter-wavechannel at60GHz in application to perspective WLAN system," in Proc.4th Eur. Conf. AntennasPropag.(EuCAP), Barcelona, Spain,2010, pp.1-5.
[208] S. Priebe, C. Jastrow, M. Jacob et al.,"Channel and propagation measurements at300GHz," IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.59, no.5, pp.1688-1698, May2011.
[209] J. Kunisch and J. Pamp,"Ultra-wideband double vertical knife-edge model for obstruction of a rayby a person," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Ultra-Wideband (ICUWB),2008, pp.17-20.
[210] M. Jacob, S. Priebe, A. Maltsev et al.,"A ray tracing based stochastic human blockage model forthe IEEE802.11ad60GHz channel model," in Proc.5th Eur. Conf. Antennas Propag.(EuCAP),Rome, Italy,2011, pp.3084-3088.
[211] M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of optics,6th. Oxford: Pergamon Press,1980.
[212] G. E. Athanasiadou and A. R. Nix,"A novel3-D indoor ray-tracing propagation model: The pathgenerator and evaluation of narrow-band and wide-band predictions," IEEE Transactions onVehicular Technology, vol.49, no.4, pp.1152-1168, July2000.
[213] R. Tiberio, G. Pelosi and G. Manara,"A uniform GTD formulation for the diffraction by a wedgewith impedance faces," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.33, no.8, pp.867-873, Aug.1985.
[214] R. Tiberio, G. Pelosi, G. Manara et al.,"High-frequency scattering from a wedge with impedancefaces illuminated by a line source—Part I: Diffraction," IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation, vol.37, pp.212-218, Feb.1989.
[215] R. J. Luebbers,"A heuristic UTD slope diffraction coefficient for rough lossy wedges," IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.37, no.2, pp.206-211, Feb.1989.
[216] P. Bernardi, R. Cicchetti and O. Testa,"A three-dimensional UTD heuristic diffraction coefficientfor complex penetrable wedges," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.50, no.2,pp.217-224, Feb.2002.
[217] G. D. Maliuzhinets,"Excitation, reflection and emission of surface waves from a wedge with givenface impedances," Soviet Physics-Doklady, vol.3, pp.752-755,1958.
[218] M. Aidi and J. Lavergnat,"Approximation of the maliuzhinets function," Journal ofElectromagnetic Waves and Applications, vol.10, no.10, pp.1359-1411, Apr.1996.
[219] A. B. Osipov,"A simple approximation of the Maliuzhinets function for describing wedgediffraction," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.53, no.8, pp.2773-2776, Aug.2005.
[220] J. B. Keller,"Geometrical theory of diffraction," Journal of the Optical Society of America, vol.52,no.2, pp.116-130, Feb.1962.
[221] R. G. Kouyoumjian and P. H. Pathak,"A uniform geometrical theory of diffraction for an edge in aperfectly conducting surface," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.62, no.11, pp.1448-1461, Nov.1974.
[222] J. J. Kim and W. D. Burnside,"Simulation and analysis of antennas radiating in a complexenvironment," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. AP-34, no.4, pp.554-562,Apr.1986.
[223] Z. Ji, B. H. Li, H. X. Wang et al.,"Efficient raytracing methods for propagation prediction forindoor wireless communications," in Proc. IEEE Wireless Comm. Network. Conf.,2001, pp.933-937.
[224] P. R. Rousseau and P. H. Pathak,"Time-domain uniform geometrical theory of diffraction for acurved wedge," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.43, no.12, pp.1375-1382,Dec.1995.
[225] F. Capolino and M. Albani,"Time domain double diffraction at a pair of coplanar skew edges,"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.53, no.4, pp.1455-1469, Apr.2005.
[226] K. H. Ng, E. K. Tameh and A. R. Nix,"Modelling and performance prediction for multiple antennasystems using enhanced ray tracing," in Proc. IEEE Wireless Comm. Network. Conf.,2005.
[227] R. J. Luebbers,"Finite conductivity uniform UTD versus knife diffraction prediction of propagationpath loss," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. AP-32, no.1, pp.70-76, Jan.1984.
[228] P. D. Holm,"A new heuristic UTD diffraction coefficient for nonperfectly conducting wedges,"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.48, no.8, pp.1211-1219, Aug.2000.
[229] H. M. El-Sallabi and P. Vainikainen,"Improvements to diffraction coefficient for non-perfectlyconducting wedges," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.53, no.9, pp.3105-3109, Sept.2005.
[230]李超峰,焦培南,聂文强,"射线追踪技术在城市环境场强预测计算中的应用,"电波科学学报,vol.20, no.5, pp.660-665, Oct.2005.
[231] W. C. Y. Lee and D. J. Y. Lee,"Microcell prediction in dense urban area," IEEE Transactions onVehicular Technology, vol.47, no.1, pp.246-253, Feb.1998.
[232]李彤,娄媚,王豪行等,"利用射线跟踪方法进行微蜂窝电波传播预测,"通信学报, vol.18, no.11, pp.1-7, Nov.1997.
[233] M. G. Sanchez, L. de Haro, A. G. Pino et al.,"Exhaustive ray tracing algorithm for microcellularpropagation prediction models," Electronics Letters, vol.32, no.7, pp.624-625, Mar.1996.
[234] S. Ghali and A. J. Stewart,"Incremental update of the visibility map as seen by a moving viewpointin two dimensions," in Proc. Eurographics Workshop Computer Animation and Simulation,1996,pp.1-11.
[235] M. Pocchiola and G. Vegter,"Computing the visibility graph via pseudo-triangulation," inProceeding of the ACM Symposium on Computational Geometry,1995, pp.248-257.
[236]廖斌,赵昵丽,朱守正,"基于虚拟源树的射线跟踪算法的研究,"华东师范大学学报, no.3, pp.103-108, May2008.
[237] S. Soni and A. Bhattacharya,"An efficient two-dimensional ray-tracing algorithm for modeling ofurban microcellular environments," International Journal of Electronics and Communications(AEü), vol.66, pp.439-447,2012.
[238] G. L. Turin, F. D. Clapp, T. L. Johnston et al.,"A statistical model of urban multipath propagation,"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. VT-21, no.1, pp.1-9, Feb.1972.
[239]李超峰,"MIMO信道电波传播特性,"博士学位论文,理学院,西安电子科技大学,西安,2006.
[240] C. Yang and B. C. Wu,"A ray-tracing method for modeling indoor wave propagation andpenetration," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.46, no.6, pp.907-919, June1998.
[241] V. Degli-Eposti, G. Lombardi, C. Passerini et al.,"Wide-band measurement and ray-tracingsimulation of the1900-MHz indoor propagation channel: comparison criteria and results," IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.49, no.7, pp.1101-1110, July2001.
[242] J. H. Jo, M. A. Ingram and N. Jayant,"Deterministic angle clustering in rectangular buildings basedon ray-tracing," IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol.53, no.6, pp.1047-1052, June2005.
[243] W. T. Tam and V. N. Tran,"Propagation modelling for indoor wireless communication,"Electronics&Communication Engineering Journal, vol.7, no.5, pp.221-228, Oct.1995.
[244] A. Kajiwara,"Effects of polarization, antenna directivity, and room size on delay spread in LOSindoor radio channel," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.46, no.1, pp.169-175,Feb.1997.
[245] T. Manabe, Y. Miura and T. Ihara,"Effects of antenna directivity and polarization on indoormultipath propagation characteristics at60GHz," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas inCommunications, vol.14, no.3, pp.441-448, Apr.1996.
[246] Z. Ji, H. L. B, H. X. Wang et al.,"An improved ray-tracing propagation model for predicting pathloss on single floors," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol.22, no.1, pp.39-41, July1999.
[247] W. K. Tam and V. N. Tran,"Multi-ray propagation model for indoor wireless communications,"Electronics Letters, vol.32, no.2, pp.135-137, Jan.1996.
[248] K. R. Chang and H. T. Kim,"Improvement of the computation efficiency for a ray-launchingmodel," IEE Proceedings-Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, vol.145, no.4, pp.303-308,Aug.1998.
[249] M. S. Sarker, A. W. Reza and K. Dimyati,"A novel ray-tracing technique for indoor radio signalprediction," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, vol.25, pp.1179-1190,2011.
[250] Y. K. Yoon,"Acceleration method for propagation prediction," Microwave and Optical TechnologyLetters, vol.53, no.5, pp.982-984, May2011.
[251] M. Salem, M. Ismail and N. Misran,"Validation of three-dimensional ray-tracing algorithm forindoor wireless propagations," ISRN Communications and Networking, vol.2011, pp.1-5,2011.
[252] V. Mohtashami and A. A. Shishegar,"Modified wavefront decomposition method for fast andaccurate ray-tracing simulation," IET Microwaves, Antennas&Propagation, vol.6, no.3, pp.295-304,2012.
[253] M. Janson, J. Pontes, C. Sturm et al.,"BER simulations of a UWB spatial multiplexing systemusing an extended ray-tracing approach," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol.9,pp.1096-1098,2010.
[254] L. Nagy, R. Dady and A. Farkasv lgyi,"Algorithmic complexity of FDTD and ray tracing methodfor indoor propagation modelling," in EuCAP2009.3rd European Conference on Antennas andPropagation,2009, pp.2262-2265.
[255]刘芫健,张业荣,曹伟,"新型射线管分裂技术的计算效率研究,"微波学报, vol.23, no.5, pp.59-63, Oct.2007.
[256] Z. Ji, B. Li, H. Wang et al.,"Efficient ray-tracing methods for propagation prediction for indoorwireless communications," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol.43, no.2, pp.41-49,Apr.2001.
[257] T. S. Rappaport, Wireless communications: principles and practice,第二版.北京:电子工业出版社,2004.
[258] M. C. Lawton and J. P. McGeehan,"The application of a deterministic ray launching algorithm forthe prediction of radio channel characteristics in small-cell environments," IEEE Transactions onVehicular Technology, vol.43, no.4, pp.955-969, Nov.1994.
[259] P. F. M. Smulders and M. A. A. Melers,"On the multipath behavior of mm-wave indoor radiochannels,"1990.
[260] C. A. Balanis,"Advanced engineering electromagnetics,"1989.
[261] V. Erceg, S. Ghassenzadeh, M. Taylor et al.,"Urban/suburban out-of-sight propagation modeling,"IEEE Communications Magazine, vol.30, no.6, pp.56-61, June1992.
[262] M. Lebherz, W. Wiesbeck and W. Krank,"A versatile wave propagation model for the UHF/VHFrange considering3-D terrain,"1991.
[263] S. Y. Tan and H. S. Tan,"Propagation model microcellular communications applied to path lossmeasurements in Ottawa city streets," IEEE Transactions on vehicular Technology, vol.44, no.2,pp.313-317, May1995.
[264] H. Son and N. Myung,"A deterministic ray tube method for microcellular wave propagationprediction model," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.47, no.8, pp.1344-1350,Aug.1999.
[265] A. G. Dimitriou and G. D. Sergiadis,"Microcellular propagation prediction model based on ageometric progression approximation-process," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,vol.55, no.3, pp.969-977, Mar.2007.
[266] S. Soni and A. Bhattacharya,"An analytical characterization of transmission through a building fordeterministic propagation modeling," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol.53, no.8, pp.1875-1879, Aug.2011.
[267] M. Atamanesh and F. Farzaneh,"Microwave wireless orthogonal frequency division multiplexingsystem optimum guard interval evaluation in an urban scenario around5GHz," IETCommunications, vol.5, no.8, pp.1113-1122,2011.
[268] E. F. T. Martijn and M. H. A. J. Herben,"On obtaining wideband directional channel realizationsfrom single-antenna channel sounding and simple ray tracing," IEEE Antennas and WirelessPropagation Letters, vol.4, pp.463-466,2005.
[269]卞国东,黄健,"城市微小区电波传播预测,"东南大学学报, vol.26, no.6A, pp.14-19, Nov.1996.
[270] H. R. Anderson,"A ray-tracing propagation model for digital broadcast systems in urban areas,"IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, vol.39, no.3, pp.309-317, Sept.1993.
[271]吴剑锋,曹伟,程勇,"用于微蜂窝电波传播预测的二维射线跟踪模型,"南京邮电学院学报,vol.21, no.2, pp.45-70, Jun.2001.
[272]董金梁,金荣洪,耿军平等,"改进射线跟踪法效率的新方法,"微波学报, vol.22, no.6, pp.6-8,29, Dec.2006.
[273] H. Kim and H. Lee,"Accelerated three dimensional ray tracing techniques using ray frustums forwireless propagation models," Progress in Electromagnetics Research, vol. PIER96, pp.21-36,2009.
[274]梁晓辉,霍晓栋,"分布式交互仿真中的电波传播模型研究,"系统仿真学报, vol.20, no.8, pp.2059-2063, Apr.2008.
[275] S. Coco, A. Laudani and G. Pollicino,"GRID-based prediction of electromagnetic fields in urbanenvironment," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.45, no.3, pp.1060-1063, Mar.2009.
[276] J. P. Rossi and Y. Gabillet," A mixed ray launching/tracing method for full3-D UHF propagationmodeling and comparison with wide-band measurements," IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation, vol.50, no.4, pp.517-523, Apr.2002.
[277] S. C. Jan and S. K. Jeng,"A novel propagation modeling for microcellular communications inurban environments," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.46, no.4, pp.1021-1026,Nov.1997.
[278] G. E. Athanasiadou, A. R. Nix and J. P. McGeehan,"A ray tracing algorithm for microcellular andindoor propagation modeling," in IEE ICAP, Holland,1995, pp.231-235.
[279] H. T. Liu, B. H. Li and D. S. Qi,"Novel geometrical database model for line-based GIS urban mapsin2D/2.5D ray-tracing algorithms," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol.43, no.4, pp.307-310, Nov.2004.
[280]张雅彬,吴健,郭立新等,"城市微小区准三维射线追踪模型的计算与仿真,"电波科学学报,vol.27, no.5, pp.954-959, Oct.2012.
[281]袁正午,杨青宏,沐维,"一种改进的镜像射线跟踪方法,"计算机工程, vol.38, no.3, pp.60-62,Feb.2012.
[282]李朝奎,王利东,李拥等,"一种利用镜像理论的射线跟踪改进算法,"武汉大学学报(信息科学版), vol.37, no.7, pp.784-788, July2012.
[283] Z. Q. Yun, M. F. Iskander, S. Y. Lim et al.,"Radio wave propagation prediction based on3-Dbuilding structures extracted from2-D images," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,vol.6, pp.557-559,2007.
[284] Z. Yun, S. Y. Lim and M. F. Iskander,"Use of geospatial resources for radio propagation predictionin urban areas," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol.8, pp.587-591,2009.
[285] J. H. Whittdker,"Measurements of path loss at910MHz for proposed microcell urban mobilesystems," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.37, no.3, pp.125-129, Aug.1988.
[286] M. J. Feuerstein, K. L. Blackard, T. S. Rappaport et al.,"Path loss, delay spread, and outage modelsas functions of antenna height for microcellular system design," IEEE Transactions on VehicularTechnology, vol.43, no.3, pp.487-498, Aug.1994.
[287] T. Iwama and M. Mizuno,"Prediction propagation characteristics for microcellular laud mobileradio," in Proc. Int. Symp. Antennas Propagat., Sapporo, Japan,1992, pp.421-424.
[288] J. A. J. Rustako, N. Amitay, G. J. Owens et al.,"Radio propagation at microwave frequencies forline-of-sight microcellular mobile and personal communications," IEEE Transactions on VehicularTechnology, vol.40, no.1, pp.203-210, Feb.1991.
[289] Q. Sun, S. Y. Tan and K. C. Teh,"Analytical formulae for path loss prediction in urban street gridmicrocellular environments," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.54, no.4, pp.1251-1258, July2005.
[290] T. Kurner and A. Meier,"Prediction of outdoor and outdoor-to-indoor coverage in urban areas at1.8GHz," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol.20, no.3, pp.496-506, Apr.2002.
[291] Z. Y. Liu and L. X. Guo,"A quasi three-dimensional ray tracing method based on the virtual sourcetree in urban microcellular environments," Progress in Electromagnetics Research, vol.118, pp.397-414,2011.
[292] P. Combeau, R. Vauzelle, Y. Pousset et al.,"An optimization in computation time for the predictionof radio coverage zones," Radio Science, vol.42, no.1, p. RS1003,2007.