基于SAS地址分配机制的ZigBee路由研究及应用
摘要
无线传感器网络(WSN)是一种新型的集数据采集、处理,数据传输和通信等为一体的无线技术,主要应用在环境的监控和保护、医疗护理、军事及危险工业环境的控制等领域。ZigBee是一种基于IEEE 802.15.4标准的无线传感器网络技术,具有低成本、低功耗、低数据传输速率、短距离的特点,在数字家电、智能建筑、工业自动化、水电气的综合抄表系统、环境监测、现代农业等领域有着广阔的应用前景。
ZigBee采用了IEEE 802.15.4标准的物理层和MAC层,沿用了针对ad hoc网络的自组织及路由机制。随着WSN应用范围的扩大,Ad Hoc路由协议已不再是理想的WSN路由协议了。因此要设计一个好的WSN路由协议,必须充分考虑网络节点受限的实际情况及应用特征。同时,网络的地址结构在路由技术中起着关键的作用。本文使用SAS地址分配机制,将地址空间视为N维的超立方体,系统地为新加入网络的节点分配地址。由于SAS机制预先定义好的网格地址模式及节点失效情况的消失,基于SAS的路由过程就仅仅是向目标节点转发消息的过程。
本文重点研究了基于SAS的HR(Hybrid Routing)路由协议,通过将SAS引入ZigBee协议栈的地址分配,提出了基于SAS的ZigBee协议栈改进方案。该方案不仅可以有效地节约地址资源,降低节点失效率,而且增强了网络通信的鲁棒性。在此基础上将改进的ZigBee协议栈移植到32位嵌入式Linux系统中,成功搭建基于CC2520的无线课堂实验应用平台。实验结果表明新网络的丢包率将减少5%—10%,网络分割情形明显减少。
Wireless Sensor Network technology is a new kind of wireless technology, which integrates data acquisition and processing, data transmission and communication. Now it is widely used in the following areas, including environment monitoring and protecting, medical caring, military and dangerous industry environment. Based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard, ZigBee is a kind of wireless sensor technology, with low cost, low energy, low data transferring speed and short distance as its features. Thus, it has broad application prospects in fields such as digital home appliance, intelligent building, industrial automation, water and electricity meter reading system, environmental monitoring and modern agriculture.
ZigBee uses the physical layer and MAC layer of IEEE 802.15.4 standard, and employs self-organization and routing mechanism designed for Ad hoc network. With the popularity of WSN applications, Ad hoc routing is no longer the ideal routing protocol for WSN. Therefore, to design a good routing protocol for WSN, we must take into account its specific properties, both in constraint nodes and specific application. Meanwhile, the address structure of network play an important role in routing technologies.The addressing scheme named SAS is explored in this thesis, which treats the whole address space as an n-dimensional hypercube.Address are systematically distributed to new joining nodes. With the defined grid address pattern and in the absence of node failures, routing in such a topology is no more than forwarding messages toward ther direction of the destination.
This thesis introduces the origin, development, characteristics and application of ZigBee technology, and analyzes three kinds of structural characteristics of ZigBee protocol, as well as the main function of the network. We describe the ZigBee routing algorithm commonly used, and compared the ZigBee distributed address assignment mechanism and the SAS (Structured Addressing Scheme) address allocation mechanism. This thesis focuses on the SAS-based HR (Hybrid Routing) routing protocol, through the introduction of SAS address assignment, ZigBee protocol stack based on SAS is proposed to improve the program. The program can not only effectively address resource conservation, reduce the node failure rate, but also enhances the robustness of network communications. It will improve the ZigBee protocol stack ported to 32-bit embedded Linux systems to build a successful CC2520-based application platform for wireless classroom experiments. Experimental results show that the new network packet loss rate by 5% -10%, and network partitioning cases decreased significantly.
ZigBee采用了IEEE 802.15.4标准的物理层和MAC层,沿用了针对ad hoc网络的自组织及路由机制。随着WSN应用范围的扩大,Ad Hoc路由协议已不再是理想的WSN路由协议了。因此要设计一个好的WSN路由协议,必须充分考虑网络节点受限的实际情况及应用特征。同时,网络的地址结构在路由技术中起着关键的作用。本文使用SAS地址分配机制,将地址空间视为N维的超立方体,系统地为新加入网络的节点分配地址。由于SAS机制预先定义好的网格地址模式及节点失效情况的消失,基于SAS的路由过程就仅仅是向目标节点转发消息的过程。
本文重点研究了基于SAS的HR(Hybrid Routing)路由协议,通过将SAS引入ZigBee协议栈的地址分配,提出了基于SAS的ZigBee协议栈改进方案。该方案不仅可以有效地节约地址资源,降低节点失效率,而且增强了网络通信的鲁棒性。在此基础上将改进的ZigBee协议栈移植到32位嵌入式Linux系统中,成功搭建基于CC2520的无线课堂实验应用平台。实验结果表明新网络的丢包率将减少5%—10%,网络分割情形明显减少。
Wireless Sensor Network technology is a new kind of wireless technology, which integrates data acquisition and processing, data transmission and communication. Now it is widely used in the following areas, including environment monitoring and protecting, medical caring, military and dangerous industry environment. Based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard, ZigBee is a kind of wireless sensor technology, with low cost, low energy, low data transferring speed and short distance as its features. Thus, it has broad application prospects in fields such as digital home appliance, intelligent building, industrial automation, water and electricity meter reading system, environmental monitoring and modern agriculture.
ZigBee uses the physical layer and MAC layer of IEEE 802.15.4 standard, and employs self-organization and routing mechanism designed for Ad hoc network. With the popularity of WSN applications, Ad hoc routing is no longer the ideal routing protocol for WSN. Therefore, to design a good routing protocol for WSN, we must take into account its specific properties, both in constraint nodes and specific application. Meanwhile, the address structure of network play an important role in routing technologies.The addressing scheme named SAS is explored in this thesis, which treats the whole address space as an n-dimensional hypercube.Address are systematically distributed to new joining nodes. With the defined grid address pattern and in the absence of node failures, routing in such a topology is no more than forwarding messages toward ther direction of the destination.
This thesis introduces the origin, development, characteristics and application of ZigBee technology, and analyzes three kinds of structural characteristics of ZigBee protocol, as well as the main function of the network. We describe the ZigBee routing algorithm commonly used, and compared the ZigBee distributed address assignment mechanism and the SAS (Structured Addressing Scheme) address allocation mechanism. This thesis focuses on the SAS-based HR (Hybrid Routing) routing protocol, through the introduction of SAS address assignment, ZigBee protocol stack based on SAS is proposed to improve the program. The program can not only effectively address resource conservation, reduce the node failure rate, but also enhances the robustness of network communications. It will improve the ZigBee protocol stack ported to 32-bit embedded Linux systems to build a successful CC2520-based application platform for wireless classroom experiments. Experimental results show that the new network packet loss rate by 5% -10%, and network partitioning cases decreased significantly.
引文
[1]宋光明,葛运建.智能传感器网络研究与发展.传感技术学报,2003, 16(2):109-111
[2]孙利民,李建中,陈渝等.无线传感器网络.清华大学出版社,2006:109-127
[3]王锐华,益晓新,于全. ZigBee与Bluetooth的比较及共存分析.测控技术, 2005(6):50-52
[4] N. Baker, Zigbee and Bluetooth strengtshs and weaknesses for industrial applications. Computing & Control Engineering Journal,2005
[5]马鸿雁,张少军,张琼霖.无线网络在智能家居中的应用.北京建筑工程学报,2004, 20(4):32-33
[6]杨荣,杨涛.基于ZigBee的无线传感器网络及其在智能大厦中的应用. 2005, 26(3):76-79
[7]蔡型,张思全.短距离无线通信技术综述.现代电子技术,2004(3):65-67
[8]陈鹏昆,许平,何嘉斌.网状网关关键技术探讨.世界电信, 3(11)2005: 43-46
[9] D. Egan, The emergence of ZigBee in building automation and industrial control, Computing & Control Engeineering Journal, 2005
[10] A. Wheeler. Commercial Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks Using ZigBee. IEEE Communications Magzine,4(45)2007: 70-77
[11] ZigBee Alliance. ZigBee Specification Version 1.0.[Online]Available: http://www.zigbee.org
[12] Illinois. ZigBee architecture and specifications overview. [Online] Available: http://www.zigbee.org
[13] Ghulam Bhatti and G. Yue, A Structured Addressing Scheme for Wireless Multi-Hop Networks. MERL Technology Lab,2006
[14] M. Mohsin, R. Prakash, IP Address Assignment in a Mobile Ad Hoc Network. Proceediings of Milicom ,2002
[15] Francesca Cuomo, Sara Della Luna, etal. Routing in ZigBee: benefits from exploiting the IEEE 802.15.4 association tree, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2007:3271-3276
[16] D. Baker, et al, Flat vs. Hierarchical Network Control Architecture. ARO/DARPA Workshop on Mobile Ad-Hoc Networking ,1997
[17] C. Bernardos, M. Calderon, H. Moustafa, Survery of IP address autoconfiguration mechanisms for MANETs. IETF Internet Draft, 2007
[18] Karl, H. and A. willing, Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks.Chichester, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2006
[19] K. Akkaya, M. Younis, A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks, Ad Hoc Networks, Elsevier, 3(2005):325-349
[20] Jae. Y. H, Sunghyun Choi. Enhanced Hierarchical Routing Protocol for ZigBee Mesh Networks. IEEE Communications letters.12(11)2007:1028-1030
[21] Ian D. Chakeres, Lukr Klein-Berndt. AODVjr, AODV Simplified. Mobile Computing and Communication Magazine, 2005:123-131
[22] C.E. Perkins, E. M, S. R. Das. Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV). RFC 3461,july 2003
[23] C. Chong, S. P. Kumar, Sensor networks: evolution, opportunities, and challenges, Proceedings of the IEEE, 91(2003):1247-1256
[24] S. Lee, E.M. Belding-Royer, C. E. Perkins. Scalability study of the ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing Protocol. Network Management, 2003
[25] Nitin H. Vaidya. Weak Duplicate Address Detection in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. ACM MobiHoc 2002:206-216
[26] Zheng Yao, Falko Dressler. Dynamic Address Allocation for Management and Control in Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 40th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS’07), 2007
[27] Zhu Xianqing, Wang Jianming. Study and implementation of ZigBee protocol network layer , Application of electronic technique ,2006(1):129-132
[28] Qiu F, Wang J-M, Leng J. Design and Implementation of a Wireless Personal Area Network Based on AODVjr Routing, Proceediings of Wireless Mobile & Multimedia Networks. The Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2006:424-427
[29] S. Nesargi, R. Prakash, MANETconf: Configuration of Hosts in a Mobile Ad Hoc Network. Proceedings of IEEE Infocom 2002
[30] arsha Sirisena, Krys Pawlikowski. An Address-Based Routing Scheme for Static Application of Wireless Sensor Networks.2007 Australasian Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference.
[31] Leiner B M, Nielson D L, Tohagi F A. Issues in Packet Radio Network Design. Proceedings of the IEEE 987, 75(1): 6~20
[32]姚克非. IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee无线通信协议及其应用.电子技术, 2006,33(11):55-57
[33] ZigBee-2006 specification, ZigBee document 064112,2006
[34] TEXAS INSTRUMENTS, CC2520 DATASHEET, SWRS068-DECEMBER 2007
[35] Tzu-Chiang Chiang, Po-Yi Wu and Yueh-Min Huang. A limited Flooding Scheme for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. WiMob’2005, vol. 3:473-478
[36] O. Kasten. Energy consumption. Eldgenossische Technische Hochshule Zurich. [Online]. Available:http://www.inf.ethz.ch/~kasten/reseach/bathtub/energy_consumption.html.
[37] BILLINGSLEY, P. Statistical Inference for Markov Processes. The University of Chicago Press, 1961.
[38] CC2520 Product Information. [Online]Available: http://www.chipcon.com
[39] CC2420 Product Information. [Online]Available: http://www.chipcon.com
[40] W. Peng, X. C. Lu, etal. An Efficient Broadcast Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. 2001 Computer Science and Technology, vol. 16: 114-125
[41] R. Bruno, M. Conti. Mesh Networks: Commodity Multi hop Ad Hoc Networks. IEEE Communication Magzine, March,2005:123-131
[42] Yatap-Dong, Pundang-Gu, Sungnam-Si. The implementation of indoor location system to control ZigBee home work. SICE-ICASE ,(10)2006:3739-3743
[43] Guanming Song, Zhigang Wei, Weijuan Zhang. Design of a Networked Monitoring System for Home Automation. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics , 53(3)2007:933-937
[44] Ashwini Raink, V. Muthukumar, Laxmi Gewali. Ce-based Distributed Addressing Technique Using Cluster Backbone Approch. International Conference on Information Technology (ITNG’07)
[45] Ran Peng, Sun Mao-heng. ZigBee Routing Selection Strategy Based on Data Services and Energy-balanced Zigee Routing. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Asia,2006:400-404
[46]宋宝华. Linux设备驱动开发详解.人民邮电出版社,2008:190~193.
[47] Gang Ding, Z. Sahinoglu, P. Orlik, Jinyun Zhang, B. Bhargava. Tree-Based Data Broadcast in IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee Networks. Mobile Computing, IEEE Transactions on. 2006, vol.11:1561~1574.
[48] M. Stemm and R. H. Katz,“Measuring and reducing energy consumption of network interfaces in hand-held devices,”IEICE Trans. Commun., vol. E80-B:125-1131
[2]孙利民,李建中,陈渝等.无线传感器网络.清华大学出版社,2006:109-127
[3]王锐华,益晓新,于全. ZigBee与Bluetooth的比较及共存分析.测控技术, 2005(6):50-52
[4] N. Baker, Zigbee and Bluetooth strengtshs and weaknesses for industrial applications. Computing & Control Engineering Journal,2005
[5]马鸿雁,张少军,张琼霖.无线网络在智能家居中的应用.北京建筑工程学报,2004, 20(4):32-33
[6]杨荣,杨涛.基于ZigBee的无线传感器网络及其在智能大厦中的应用. 2005, 26(3):76-79
[7]蔡型,张思全.短距离无线通信技术综述.现代电子技术,2004(3):65-67
[8]陈鹏昆,许平,何嘉斌.网状网关关键技术探讨.世界电信, 3(11)2005: 43-46
[9] D. Egan, The emergence of ZigBee in building automation and industrial control, Computing & Control Engeineering Journal, 2005
[10] A. Wheeler. Commercial Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks Using ZigBee. IEEE Communications Magzine,4(45)2007: 70-77
[11] ZigBee Alliance. ZigBee Specification Version 1.0.[Online]Available: http://www.zigbee.org
[12] Illinois. ZigBee architecture and specifications overview. [Online] Available: http://www.zigbee.org
[13] Ghulam Bhatti and G. Yue, A Structured Addressing Scheme for Wireless Multi-Hop Networks. MERL Technology Lab,2006
[14] M. Mohsin, R. Prakash, IP Address Assignment in a Mobile Ad Hoc Network. Proceediings of Milicom ,2002
[15] Francesca Cuomo, Sara Della Luna, etal. Routing in ZigBee: benefits from exploiting the IEEE 802.15.4 association tree, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2007:3271-3276
[16] D. Baker, et al, Flat vs. Hierarchical Network Control Architecture. ARO/DARPA Workshop on Mobile Ad-Hoc Networking ,1997
[17] C. Bernardos, M. Calderon, H. Moustafa, Survery of IP address autoconfiguration mechanisms for MANETs. IETF Internet Draft, 2007
[18] Karl, H. and A. willing, Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks.Chichester, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2006
[19] K. Akkaya, M. Younis, A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks, Ad Hoc Networks, Elsevier, 3(2005):325-349
[20] Jae. Y. H, Sunghyun Choi. Enhanced Hierarchical Routing Protocol for ZigBee Mesh Networks. IEEE Communications letters.12(11)2007:1028-1030
[21] Ian D. Chakeres, Lukr Klein-Berndt. AODVjr, AODV Simplified. Mobile Computing and Communication Magazine, 2005:123-131
[22] C.E. Perkins, E. M, S. R. Das. Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV). RFC 3461,july 2003
[23] C. Chong, S. P. Kumar, Sensor networks: evolution, opportunities, and challenges, Proceedings of the IEEE, 91(2003):1247-1256
[24] S. Lee, E.M. Belding-Royer, C. E. Perkins. Scalability study of the ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing Protocol. Network Management, 2003
[25] Nitin H. Vaidya. Weak Duplicate Address Detection in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. ACM MobiHoc 2002:206-216
[26] Zheng Yao, Falko Dressler. Dynamic Address Allocation for Management and Control in Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 40th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS’07), 2007
[27] Zhu Xianqing, Wang Jianming. Study and implementation of ZigBee protocol network layer , Application of electronic technique ,2006(1):129-132
[28] Qiu F, Wang J-M, Leng J. Design and Implementation of a Wireless Personal Area Network Based on AODVjr Routing, Proceediings of Wireless Mobile & Multimedia Networks. The Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2006:424-427
[29] S. Nesargi, R. Prakash, MANETconf: Configuration of Hosts in a Mobile Ad Hoc Network. Proceedings of IEEE Infocom 2002
[30] arsha Sirisena, Krys Pawlikowski. An Address-Based Routing Scheme for Static Application of Wireless Sensor Networks.2007 Australasian Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference.
[31] Leiner B M, Nielson D L, Tohagi F A. Issues in Packet Radio Network Design. Proceedings of the IEEE 987, 75(1): 6~20
[32]姚克非. IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee无线通信协议及其应用.电子技术, 2006,33(11):55-57
[33] ZigBee-2006 specification, ZigBee document 064112,2006
[34] TEXAS INSTRUMENTS, CC2520 DATASHEET, SWRS068-DECEMBER 2007
[35] Tzu-Chiang Chiang, Po-Yi Wu and Yueh-Min Huang. A limited Flooding Scheme for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. WiMob’2005, vol. 3:473-478
[36] O. Kasten. Energy consumption. Eldgenossische Technische Hochshule Zurich. [Online]. Available:http://www.inf.ethz.ch/~kasten/reseach/bathtub/energy_consumption.html.
[37] BILLINGSLEY, P. Statistical Inference for Markov Processes. The University of Chicago Press, 1961.
[38] CC2520 Product Information. [Online]Available: http://www.chipcon.com
[39] CC2420 Product Information. [Online]Available: http://www.chipcon.com
[40] W. Peng, X. C. Lu, etal. An Efficient Broadcast Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. 2001 Computer Science and Technology, vol. 16: 114-125
[41] R. Bruno, M. Conti. Mesh Networks: Commodity Multi hop Ad Hoc Networks. IEEE Communication Magzine, March,2005:123-131
[42] Yatap-Dong, Pundang-Gu, Sungnam-Si. The implementation of indoor location system to control ZigBee home work. SICE-ICASE ,(10)2006:3739-3743
[43] Guanming Song, Zhigang Wei, Weijuan Zhang. Design of a Networked Monitoring System for Home Automation. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics , 53(3)2007:933-937
[44] Ashwini Raink, V. Muthukumar, Laxmi Gewali. Ce-based Distributed Addressing Technique Using Cluster Backbone Approch. International Conference on Information Technology (ITNG’07)
[45] Ran Peng, Sun Mao-heng. ZigBee Routing Selection Strategy Based on Data Services and Energy-balanced Zigee Routing. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Asia,2006:400-404
[46]宋宝华. Linux设备驱动开发详解.人民邮电出版社,2008:190~193.
[47] Gang Ding, Z. Sahinoglu, P. Orlik, Jinyun Zhang, B. Bhargava. Tree-Based Data Broadcast in IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee Networks. Mobile Computing, IEEE Transactions on. 2006, vol.11:1561~1574.
[48] M. Stemm and R. H. Katz,“Measuring and reducing energy consumption of network interfaces in hand-held devices,”IEICE Trans. Commun., vol. E80-B:125-1131