环糊精及其衍生物对白腐菌降解多环芳烃的影响
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摘要
多环芳烃是一种特殊且难以处理的环境污染物,主要来源于有机物质的不完全燃烧和石油精致过程,此类物质都有致癌、致畸、致突变的性质,对人体健康和生态环境有着巨大的威胁。因此对多环芳烃污染物进行处理研究对于保护环境、维护人民群众的身体健康具有重要意义。如何有效的处理这类环境污染成为目前广泛关注的热点问题。由于白腐菌降解污染物具有非专一性、彻底性、广谱性等特点,使其能降解各种在环境中宿存的有毒物质。白腐菌能降解木质素及与木质素有相似结构的物质,多环芳烃含有木质素基本结构,因此白腐菌可以降解多环芳烃类污染物。并且白腐菌一般能产三种酶:木质素过氧化物酶、锰过氧化物酶和漆酶,这三种酶都能对多环芳烃污染物起作用。
多环芳烃的疏水性是抑制其生物降解的主要因素,同时浓度越高其降解效率越低。环糊精独特的笼状结构可以包合多环芳烃形成包合物,同时由于环糊精外部多羟基的亲水性,使包合物具有良好的可润湿性,从而达到对难溶多环芳烃的增溶效果。由于环糊精自身溶解度较低,常常对环糊精进行修饰,从而扩大其应用范围。本实验主要合成了氨基环糊精,水溶性环糊精聚合物和水不溶性聚合物等环糊精衍生物,并比较了其对白腐菌降解多环芳烃的影响。
(1)在添加β—环糊精的条件下菲的降解实验
实验发现,β—环糊精可以增加菲的降解率,但是效果不明显。
(2)白腐菌在添加氨基环糊精的条件下对菲的降解研究
合成氨基环糊精,同时用红外对其进行表征,并将其用于白腐菌降解多环芳烃的实验,结果发现氨基环糊精可以大大提高白腐菌对多环芳烃的降解速率和效率。
(3)白腐菌在添加水溶性环糊精聚合物的条件下对菲的降解研究
合成水溶性环糊精,同时用红外及分子量对其进行表征,并将其用于生物降解实验,水溶性环糊精溶解度的增加和β—环糊精基本结构相对增加,可以促进多环芳烃的生物降解率。
(4)白腐菌在添加水不溶聚合物的条件下对菲的降解研究
合成水不溶性环糊精聚合物,同时用红外对其进行表征,并将其用于生物降解实验,利用水不溶性环糊精聚合物对多环芳烃吸附作用,也可以大大降低多环芳烃的浓度。
Polycilic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are hard degradable environmental contaminants. These compounds are generally generated by the incomplete combustion and the refinement of oil. These compounds are potentially toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and they have a big threaten to the healthy of people and environment. So it is meaningful to protect environment and the healthy by dealing with PAHs. The efficient way to deal with them is very important. White rot fungus have the ability to degrade environmental persistent contaminants due to their special character of enzyme. White rot fungus can degrade lignin or the substance with similar structure with lignin. PAHs have the elementary structure of lignin so white rot fungus can biodegrade PAHs. White rot fungus usually secrete three kinds of enzymes that is lignin peroxidase , manganese peroxidase and laccase which deal with PAHs.
Rrapid PAHs biodegradation is hindered by limited bioavailability that is mainly due to low PAHs water dissolution rates and it is harder to biodegrade with the PAHs concentration increasing. Cyclodextrins have special cyclic structure. They form inclusion complexes with hydrophobic organic compounds by partitioning them to the center of their ring, thus significantly enhancing the aqueous solubility of organic compounds. But the native cyclodextrins have a low solubility. So peoole always modify -OH of cyclodextrin to increase their using area. In this work amino-cyclodextrin, water-soluble cyclodextrin polymers and insoluble cyclodextrin polymers were synthesized. They were used in the biodegradation of phenanthrene.
(1) The phenanthrene biodegradation experiment withβ-cyclodextrins
It was found thatβ-cyclodextrins could increase the phenanthrene biodegradation , but the results were not very good.
(2) The biodegradation of phenanthrene with the amino-cyclodextrins by white rot fungus
Synthesized amino-cyclodextrins and FTIR showed its elementary structure. They were used in the phnanthrene biodegradation experiment and they had an active effect.
(3) The biodegradation experiment with the water-soluble cyclodextrin polymers
Synthesized water-soluble cyclodextrin polymers . Their elementary structure was showed by FTIR. The water solubility of water-soluble cyclodextrin polymers and the relatively elementary structure increased. These characteristic could increase the biodegradation of phenanthrene.
(4) Pheanthrene biodegradatin experiment with insoluble cyclodextrin polymers
Synthesized insoluble cyclodextrin polymers and their elementary structure were showed by FTIR. The adsorption character of insoluble cyclodextrin polymers could also efficiently increase the removal efficiency of phenanthrene.
多环芳烃的疏水性是抑制其生物降解的主要因素,同时浓度越高其降解效率越低。环糊精独特的笼状结构可以包合多环芳烃形成包合物,同时由于环糊精外部多羟基的亲水性,使包合物具有良好的可润湿性,从而达到对难溶多环芳烃的增溶效果。由于环糊精自身溶解度较低,常常对环糊精进行修饰,从而扩大其应用范围。本实验主要合成了氨基环糊精,水溶性环糊精聚合物和水不溶性聚合物等环糊精衍生物,并比较了其对白腐菌降解多环芳烃的影响。
(1)在添加β—环糊精的条件下菲的降解实验
实验发现,β—环糊精可以增加菲的降解率,但是效果不明显。
(2)白腐菌在添加氨基环糊精的条件下对菲的降解研究
合成氨基环糊精,同时用红外对其进行表征,并将其用于白腐菌降解多环芳烃的实验,结果发现氨基环糊精可以大大提高白腐菌对多环芳烃的降解速率和效率。
(3)白腐菌在添加水溶性环糊精聚合物的条件下对菲的降解研究
合成水溶性环糊精,同时用红外及分子量对其进行表征,并将其用于生物降解实验,水溶性环糊精溶解度的增加和β—环糊精基本结构相对增加,可以促进多环芳烃的生物降解率。
(4)白腐菌在添加水不溶聚合物的条件下对菲的降解研究
合成水不溶性环糊精聚合物,同时用红外对其进行表征,并将其用于生物降解实验,利用水不溶性环糊精聚合物对多环芳烃吸附作用,也可以大大降低多环芳烃的浓度。
Polycilic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are hard degradable environmental contaminants. These compounds are generally generated by the incomplete combustion and the refinement of oil. These compounds are potentially toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and they have a big threaten to the healthy of people and environment. So it is meaningful to protect environment and the healthy by dealing with PAHs. The efficient way to deal with them is very important. White rot fungus have the ability to degrade environmental persistent contaminants due to their special character of enzyme. White rot fungus can degrade lignin or the substance with similar structure with lignin. PAHs have the elementary structure of lignin so white rot fungus can biodegrade PAHs. White rot fungus usually secrete three kinds of enzymes that is lignin peroxidase , manganese peroxidase and laccase which deal with PAHs.
Rrapid PAHs biodegradation is hindered by limited bioavailability that is mainly due to low PAHs water dissolution rates and it is harder to biodegrade with the PAHs concentration increasing. Cyclodextrins have special cyclic structure. They form inclusion complexes with hydrophobic organic compounds by partitioning them to the center of their ring, thus significantly enhancing the aqueous solubility of organic compounds. But the native cyclodextrins have a low solubility. So peoole always modify -OH of cyclodextrin to increase their using area. In this work amino-cyclodextrin, water-soluble cyclodextrin polymers and insoluble cyclodextrin polymers were synthesized. They were used in the biodegradation of phenanthrene.
(1) The phenanthrene biodegradation experiment withβ-cyclodextrins
It was found thatβ-cyclodextrins could increase the phenanthrene biodegradation , but the results were not very good.
(2) The biodegradation of phenanthrene with the amino-cyclodextrins by white rot fungus
Synthesized amino-cyclodextrins and FTIR showed its elementary structure. They were used in the phnanthrene biodegradation experiment and they had an active effect.
(3) The biodegradation experiment with the water-soluble cyclodextrin polymers
Synthesized water-soluble cyclodextrin polymers . Their elementary structure was showed by FTIR. The water solubility of water-soluble cyclodextrin polymers and the relatively elementary structure increased. These characteristic could increase the biodegradation of phenanthrene.
(4) Pheanthrene biodegradatin experiment with insoluble cyclodextrin polymers
Synthesized insoluble cyclodextrin polymers and their elementary structure were showed by FTIR. The adsorption character of insoluble cyclodextrin polymers could also efficiently increase the removal efficiency of phenanthrene.
引文
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[2]韩菲.多环芳烃来源与分布及迁移规律研究概述[J].气象与环境学报,2007,23(4):57-61.
[3]程家丽,黄启飞,魏世强,王琪,唐阵武.我国环境介质中多环芳烃的分布及其生态风险[J].环境工程学报,2007,1(4):138-144.
[4]云碧,周家斌,王铁冠.北京地区大气颗粒物中不同功能区多环芳烃的分布特征[J].燃料化学学报,2007,35(2):222-227.
[5]史兵方,蔡成翔,兰翠玲.我国土壤中多环芳烃的分布及其生态风险[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(34):15183-1518.
[6]杨发忠.微波能在多环芳烃降解中的应用研究[D].昆明:云南师范大学,2005
[7]S.Y.Yuan,S.H.Wei,B.V.Chang.Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by a mixed culture[J].Chemosphere 41,(2000) 1463-1468.
[8]惠秀娟.环境毒理学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2003.
[9]莫里林R T,博伊德R N.有机化学(下册)[M].复旦大学有机化学教研室.北京:科学出版社,1992.
[10]何宗健,苏泓.环境空气中多环芳烃的研究现状[J].江西科学,2008,26(4):662-666.
[11]魏俊飞,吴家强,焦文娟.多环芳烃的毒性及其治理技术研究[J].污染防治技术,2008,21(3):65-69.
[12]陈金发,崔亚伟.多环芳烃(PAHs)处理技术研究进展[J].广东师范学院学报,2008,28(1):92-96.
[13]RulkensW H,Bruning H,Hasselt H J,et al.Design of a Solvent Extraction Process for PAH-contaminated Sediments:The W A U-Acetone Process[J].Wat Sci Tech,1998,37(6-7):411-418.
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