易洛魁人哈德萨姆·雷克宗教运动原因初探
摘要
18世纪末19世纪初易洛魁部落联盟兴起的哈德萨姆·雷克宗教运动是易洛魁部落联盟塞内卡族首领哈德萨姆·雷克领导的民族复兴运动。这场运动不仅对其后易洛魁部落的发展意义重大,而且也是19世纪初席卷北美大陆的以宗教复兴形式出现的印第安人反抗浪潮中的重要组成部分。对于哈德萨姆·雷克宗教的研究就显得意义重大,而对于这次宗教运动原因的探析也就显得特别重要。哈德萨姆·雷克宗教运动的原因是多方面的,包括基督教在易洛魁部落早期的传播,易洛魁传统文化的瓦解以及北美政治格局变动对易洛魁社会的影响等。
本文拟从以上三个方面入手进行探析。本文第一部分对基督教早期在易洛魁部落的传播情况进行分析。哈德萨姆·雷克正是在结合西方基督教思想与易洛魁传统信仰的基础上创立出易洛魁人新宗教哈德萨姆·雷克宗教的,从中可见基督教在易洛魁部落的传播对哈德萨姆·雷克宗教运动的影响之大。第二部分从易洛魁传统文化的瓦解的角度考察哈德萨姆·雷克宗教运动,随着西方文明的进一步侵入和北美政治形势的变动使易洛魁部落联盟的处境极为艰难,维系社会稳定的传统文化不再为人们所接受,传统道德被抛弃。正是这种混乱的局面呼吁着新的社会—文化体系哈德萨姆·雷克宗教的出现。文章最后考察了北美政治格局的变动对易洛魁部落联盟的影响。周边政治环境的变化对易洛魁社会影响深远,正是这些环境的变化促进了易洛魁传统文化的瓦解和哈德萨姆·雷克宗教运动的兴起。
The movement of the religion of Handsome Lake since last 18th century and early 19th century which is lead by Iroquois chief Handsome Lake is a national renaissance . This movement is not only significant for the history of Iroquois League,but also one important part of the rebillion of Native Indian against American. It is significant to study the religion of Handsome Lake,especially the background of the movement of Handsome lake.
There are a lot of elements for the movement of Handsome Lake.In this thesis, we will talk about this subject in these three points:the transmint of christianity in Iroquois Leaguein the early time;the disollution of the traditional“culture-society system”in Iroquois socity as well as the effects of the changes in Iroquois politics.There are three parts in the thesis.In the first part ,we will study the transmint of Christimaty in Iroquois league in the early time,Handsome Lake leads the movement of Handsome Lake by absrbing the theory of chrisianity and the traditional beliefs of Iroquois.in the second part ,we will study the movement of handsome Lake through the aspect of the disollution of the traditional Iroquois society.At last ,we will talk about the effects of the changes in Iroquois politics.All these elements are the background of the movement of Handsome Lake.
本文拟从以上三个方面入手进行探析。本文第一部分对基督教早期在易洛魁部落的传播情况进行分析。哈德萨姆·雷克正是在结合西方基督教思想与易洛魁传统信仰的基础上创立出易洛魁人新宗教哈德萨姆·雷克宗教的,从中可见基督教在易洛魁部落的传播对哈德萨姆·雷克宗教运动的影响之大。第二部分从易洛魁传统文化的瓦解的角度考察哈德萨姆·雷克宗教运动,随着西方文明的进一步侵入和北美政治形势的变动使易洛魁部落联盟的处境极为艰难,维系社会稳定的传统文化不再为人们所接受,传统道德被抛弃。正是这种混乱的局面呼吁着新的社会—文化体系哈德萨姆·雷克宗教的出现。文章最后考察了北美政治格局的变动对易洛魁部落联盟的影响。周边政治环境的变化对易洛魁社会影响深远,正是这些环境的变化促进了易洛魁传统文化的瓦解和哈德萨姆·雷克宗教运动的兴起。
The movement of the religion of Handsome Lake since last 18th century and early 19th century which is lead by Iroquois chief Handsome Lake is a national renaissance . This movement is not only significant for the history of Iroquois League,but also one important part of the rebillion of Native Indian against American. It is significant to study the religion of Handsome Lake,especially the background of the movement of Handsome lake.
There are a lot of elements for the movement of Handsome Lake.In this thesis, we will talk about this subject in these three points:the transmint of christianity in Iroquois Leaguein the early time;the disollution of the traditional“culture-society system”in Iroquois socity as well as the effects of the changes in Iroquois politics.There are three parts in the thesis.In the first part ,we will study the transmint of Christimaty in Iroquois league in the early time,Handsome Lake leads the movement of Handsome Lake by absrbing the theory of chrisianity and the traditional beliefs of Iroquois.in the second part ,we will study the movement of handsome Lake through the aspect of the disollution of the traditional Iroquois society.At last ,we will talk about the effects of the changes in Iroquois politics.All these elements are the background of the movement of Handsome Lake.
引文
①Daniel K. Richer ,“Iroquois Versus Iroquois: Jesuit Missions And Christianity In Village Politics, 1642-1686”Ethnohistory 32(1): 1-16.( http://www.jstor.org/stable/482090,下载日期:2009-9-20)
②Reuben Gold Thwaites , ed., The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents : Travels and Explorations of the JesuitMissionaries in New France, 1610—1691, 73 vols. XXIII, 307-317.转引自Daniel K. Richer ,“Iroquois Versus Iroquois: Jesuit Missions And Christianity In Village Politics, 1642-1686”Ethnohistory 32(1): 1-16.( http://www.jstor.org/stable/482090,下载日期:2009-9-10)
①Daniel K. Richer ,“Iroquois Versus Iroquois: Jesuit Missions And Christianity In Village Politics, 1642-1686”Ethnohistory 32(1): 1-16. ( http://www.jstor.org/stable/482090,下载日期:2009-9-10)
②Reuben Gold Thwaites , ed. The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents : Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1610—1691, 73 vols. XXIII, 307-317. .转引自Daniel K. Richer ,“Iroquois Versus Iroquois: Jesuit Missions And Christianity In Village Politics, 1642-1686”Ethnohistory 32(1): 1-16.( http://www.jstor.org/stable/482090,下载日期:2009-9-10)
③Ibid , XLI,119.
⑤Ibid, LXI, 163.
⑥Ibid , XLI,119.
④Daniel K. Richer ,“Iroquois Versus Iroquois: Jesuit Missions And Christianity In Village Politics, 1642-1686”Ethnohistory 32(1): 1-16.( http://www.jstor.org/stable/482090,下载日期:2009-9-10)
①E.B. O’Callaghan and B.Fernow,eds. Documents Relatiive to the Colonial Hiastory of the State of New York, 15 vols.(Albany, 1853-87), LVII, 109-11.( http://books.google.com/books,下载日期:2009-9-10)
②Ibid,LXI,19-21(quotation), 159, 235-37, LX, 173-75.
③Ibid, LXII, 99-107; Thomas J.Campbell, pioneer Priests of North America, 1642-1710, rev.ed, 3 vols. (New York , 1913-16), I: 272-76.
④Daniel K. Richer ,“Iroquois Versus Iroquois: Jesuit Missions And Christianity In Village Politics, 1642-1686”Ethnohistory 32(1): 1-16.( http://www.jstor.org/stable/482090,下载日期:2009-9-10)
⑤Ibid, 6
⑥Daniel K. Richer ,“Iroquois Versus Iroquois: Jesuit Missions And Christianity In Village Politics, 1642-1686”Ethnohistory 32(1): 1-16.( http://www.jstor.org/stable/482090,下载日期:2009-9-10)
⑦Ibid, 8
①Daniel K. Richer ,“Iroquois Versus Iroquois: Jesuit Missions And Christianity In Village Politics, 1642-1686”Ethnohistory 32(1): 1-16.( http://www.jstor.org/stable/482090,下载日期:2009-9-10)
②Ibid, 8
③Daniel K. Richer ,“Iroquois Versus Iroquois: Jesuit Missions And Christianity In Village Politics, 1642-1686”Ethnohistory 32(1): 1-16.( http://www.jstor.org/stable/482090,下载日期:2009-9-10)
①Keith F. Oteerbein,”Why the iroquois won: An Analysis of Iroquois Military Tactics”, American Anthropological Association , 1963. (http://www.jstor.org/stable/480537?&Search=yes&term=iroquois,下载日期:2009-9-11)
②E.B. O’Callaghan and B.Fernow,eds. Documents Relatiive to the Colonial Hiastory of the State of New York, 15 vols.(Albany, 1853-87), LVII, 109-11.( http://books.google.com/books,下载日期:2009-9-10)
①Daniel K. Richer ,“Iroquois Versus Iroquois: Jesuit Missions And Christianity In Village Politics, 1642-1686”Ethnohistory 32(1): 1-16.( http://www.jstor.org/stable/482090,下载日期:2009-9-10)
②F.C.Wallace,”Handsome Lake and the Great Revivsl in the West”,American Quarterly,1972 (http://www.jstor.org/stable/3031386?&Search,下载日期:2009-9-14)
①E.B. O’Callaghan and B.Fernow,eds. Documents Relatiive to the Colonial History of the State of New York, 15 vols.(Albany, 1853-87), XXII,269-85; LI, 81-85, 167-257; LII, 53-55.( http://books.google.com/books?id=XVUOAAAAIAAJ&printsec,下载日期:2009-10-10)
②Daniel K. Richer ,“Iroquois Versus Iroquois: Jesuit Missions And Christianity In Village Politics, 1642-1686”Ethnohistory 32(1): 1-16.( http://www.jstor.org/stable/482090,下载日期:2009-9-10)
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②F.C.Wallace,”The Death and rebirth of the Seneca”,Published in the United states by Random House,New York, 1970
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②同上,第160页至第163页
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[13] Hodge,F.W.,”Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico”,[J]Washington,Bureau of American Ethnology,Buffaetin 30.1906
[14] Houghton,Frederick,”History of the Buffalo Creek reservation”,[J]Publications of the Buffalo historical society.1920
[15] Howland,Henry R.”The Old caneadea council house and its last coucil fire.”[J]Publications of the buffalo historical society VI:97-124.1993
[16] Hsu,Francis L.K.”The effect of dominant kinship relationships on kin-and non-kin behavior:A hypothesis.”[J]American antbropolo-gist,LXVII:638-61.1965 http://www.jstor.org/stable/668514?&Search=yes&term=kin-AND&term=effect&term=be 2009-8-30
[17] Ibbotson ,Joseph D.”Samuel kirkland,the treaty of1792 and the Indian barrier state.”,[J]Proceedings of the New York State historical association,XXXVI:374-91.1938
[18] Jeanne Winston Adler,”Chainbreaker’s war”,[J]published by black dome press corp.2002
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[20] Manley,Henry S.”Buying buffalo from the Indians.”,[J] Proceedings of the New York historycal association,XLV:313-98.1942
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[22] Parer, Arthur C.”The senecas in the war of 1812.”,[J]Proceedings of the New York state historical assciation,XV:78-90.1916
[23] Parer, Arthur C.”An analytical history of the seneca Indians.”,[J]Rochester, New York,Researches and transactions of the New York State arcbaeological association,,Vol .Nos.1-5.1926
[24] Russell,Eber L.”The lost story of brodhead expedition.”,[J] New York History,XXVIII:25-63.1930
[25] Wallace,Anthony F.C.”Handsome Lake and the great revival in the the west.”,[J] American quarterly,summer,pp.149-65.1952b http://www.jstor.org/stable/3031386?&Search=yes&term=great&term=revival&term=La 2009-8-30
[26] Wallace,Anthony F.C.”Dreams and the wishes of the soul.”,[J]American antbropologist,LX:234-48.1958A http://www.jstor.org/stable/665159?&Search=yes&term=Dreams&term=wishes&term=sou 2009-8-30
[27] Wallace,Anthony F.C.”Cultural determinants of response to hallucinatory experience.”,[J] AMA Arcbives of genral psycbiatry,I:58-69.1959
[28] Wallace,Anthony F.C.”The origins of Iroguois neutrality:The grand settlement of 1701.”,[J]pennsylvaia history,XXIV:223-35.1957
[29] Wallace,Anthony F.C.”Cultural composition of the handsome lake religion.”,[J]IN W N fenton and John gulick,eds.,symposium on cheerokee and Iroguois culture. Washinggton ,bureau of American ethnology ,bulletion 180.1961
[30] Wilkinson,Norman B.“Robert morris and the the treaty of big tree.”,[J]mississippi vally histrcial review,XL:257-78.1953 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1888927?&Search=yes&term=Robert&term=tree&term=morr 2009-8-30
[1] [美]摩尔根著,杨东莼,马雍译:《古代社会》(上、下),[M]北京:商务印书馆,1997年
[2] [德]马克斯?韦伯著,康乐,简惠美译:《宗教社会学》,[M]桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2003年
[3] [德]马克斯?韦伯著,康乐,简惠美译:《新教伦理与资本主义精神》,[M]桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2003年
[4] [英]汤因比著,刘北成,郭小凌译:《历史研究》,[M]上海:上海人民出版社,2005年
[5] [美]约翰?斯诺,戴维?斯诺著,江熙泰等译:《人类的宗教》,[M]成都:四川人民出版社,2005年
[6] [法]涂尔干著,渠东译:《宗教生活的基本形式》,[M]上海:上海人民出版社,2006年
[7] [德]恩格斯著,中共中央马克斯、恩格斯、列宁、斯大林著作编译局编:《恩格斯论宗教》,[G]北京:人民出版社,2001年
[8] [法]让?德吕莫萨比娜?梅尔吉奥尔-博内著,余磊译:《宗教大历史》,[M]上海:上海三联书店,2009年
[9] [美]威廉?詹姆斯著,蔡怡佳,刘宏信译:《宗教经验之种种》,[M]桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2008年
[10] [美]亨廷顿著,周琦等译:《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》,[M]北京:新华出版社,2002年
[11] [法]托克维尔著,董果良译:《论美国的民主》,[M]北京:商务印书馆,2008年
[12] [美]艾凯著:《世界范围内的反现代化思潮——论文化守成主义》,[M]贵阳:贵州人民出版社,1991年
[13]刘绪贻,杨生茂主编:《美国通史》,[M]北京:人民出版社,2002年
[14]董小川著:《美国文化概论》,[M]北京:人民出版社,2006年
[15]董小川著:《现代欧美国家宗教多元化的历史与现实》,[M]上海:上海三联书店,2008年
[16]李剑鸣著:《历史学家的修养和技艺》,[M]上海:上海三联书店,2007年
[17]乔建编著:《印第安人的诵歌——中国人类学家对拿瓦侯、祖尼、玛雅等北美原著民族的研究》,[G]桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2004年
[18]阮西湖著:《加拿大民族志》,[M]北京:民族出版社,2004年
[19]李玉君编著:《印第安人》,[M]北京:东方出版社,2008年
[20]杨生茂编:《美国历史百科词典》,[G]上海:上海辞书出版社,2008
[21]林惠祥著:《文化人类学》,[M]北京:商务印书馆,1950
[22]高福进著:《太阳崇拜与太阳神话》,[M]上海:上海人民出版社,2001年
[23]张友伦著:《美国西进运动探要》,[M]北京:人民出版社,2005年
[1]丁则民:《19世纪下半叶美国政府对印第安人政策的演变》,[J]《兰州学刊》,兰州:1986
[2]梁立佳:《基督教在北美殖民地早期易洛魁部落联盟传播问题初探》,[J]《黑龙江教育学院学报》,哈尔滨:黑龙江教育学院,2009年第四期95-97页
[3]梁立佳:《从文化视角看北美印第安人禁酒运动》,[J]《衡水学院学报》,衡水:衡水学院,2009年第5期
[4]梁立佳:《国内外北美易洛魁人宗教信仰研究动态》,[J]《九江学院学报》,九江:九江学院,2010年第1期
②Reuben Gold Thwaites , ed., The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents : Travels and Explorations of the JesuitMissionaries in New France, 1610—1691, 73 vols. XXIII, 307-317.转引自Daniel K. Richer ,“Iroquois Versus Iroquois: Jesuit Missions And Christianity In Village Politics, 1642-1686”Ethnohistory 32(1): 1-16.( http://www.jstor.org/stable/482090,下载日期:2009-9-10)
①Daniel K. Richer ,“Iroquois Versus Iroquois: Jesuit Missions And Christianity In Village Politics, 1642-1686”Ethnohistory 32(1): 1-16. ( http://www.jstor.org/stable/482090,下载日期:2009-9-10)
②Reuben Gold Thwaites , ed. The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents : Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1610—1691, 73 vols. XXIII, 307-317. .转引自Daniel K. Richer ,“Iroquois Versus Iroquois: Jesuit Missions And Christianity In Village Politics, 1642-1686”Ethnohistory 32(1): 1-16.( http://www.jstor.org/stable/482090,下载日期:2009-9-10)
③Ibid , XLI,119.
⑤Ibid, LXI, 163.
⑥Ibid , XLI,119.
④Daniel K. Richer ,“Iroquois Versus Iroquois: Jesuit Missions And Christianity In Village Politics, 1642-1686”Ethnohistory 32(1): 1-16.( http://www.jstor.org/stable/482090,下载日期:2009-9-10)
①E.B. O’Callaghan and B.Fernow,eds. Documents Relatiive to the Colonial Hiastory of the State of New York, 15 vols.(Albany, 1853-87), LVII, 109-11.( http://books.google.com/books,下载日期:2009-9-10)
②Ibid,LXI,19-21(quotation), 159, 235-37, LX, 173-75.
③Ibid, LXII, 99-107; Thomas J.Campbell, pioneer Priests of North America, 1642-1710, rev.ed, 3 vols. (New York , 1913-16), I: 272-76.
④Daniel K. Richer ,“Iroquois Versus Iroquois: Jesuit Missions And Christianity In Village Politics, 1642-1686”Ethnohistory 32(1): 1-16.( http://www.jstor.org/stable/482090,下载日期:2009-9-10)
⑤Ibid, 6
⑥Daniel K. Richer ,“Iroquois Versus Iroquois: Jesuit Missions And Christianity In Village Politics, 1642-1686”Ethnohistory 32(1): 1-16.( http://www.jstor.org/stable/482090,下载日期:2009-9-10)
⑦Ibid, 8
①Daniel K. Richer ,“Iroquois Versus Iroquois: Jesuit Missions And Christianity In Village Politics, 1642-1686”Ethnohistory 32(1): 1-16.( http://www.jstor.org/stable/482090,下载日期:2009-9-10)
②Ibid, 8
③Daniel K. Richer ,“Iroquois Versus Iroquois: Jesuit Missions And Christianity In Village Politics, 1642-1686”Ethnohistory 32(1): 1-16.( http://www.jstor.org/stable/482090,下载日期:2009-9-10)
①Keith F. Oteerbein,”Why the iroquois won: An Analysis of Iroquois Military Tactics”, American Anthropological Association , 1963. (http://www.jstor.org/stable/480537?&Search=yes&term=iroquois,下载日期:2009-9-11)
②E.B. O’Callaghan and B.Fernow,eds. Documents Relatiive to the Colonial Hiastory of the State of New York, 15 vols.(Albany, 1853-87), LVII, 109-11.( http://books.google.com/books,下载日期:2009-9-10)
①Daniel K. Richer ,“Iroquois Versus Iroquois: Jesuit Missions And Christianity In Village Politics, 1642-1686”Ethnohistory 32(1): 1-16.( http://www.jstor.org/stable/482090,下载日期:2009-9-10)
②F.C.Wallace,”Handsome Lake and the Great Revivsl in the West”,American Quarterly,1972 (http://www.jstor.org/stable/3031386?&Search,下载日期:2009-9-14)
①E.B. O’Callaghan and B.Fernow,eds. Documents Relatiive to the Colonial History of the State of New York, 15 vols.(Albany, 1853-87), XXII,269-85; LI, 81-85, 167-257; LII, 53-55.( http://books.google.com/books?id=XVUOAAAAIAAJ&printsec,下载日期:2009-10-10)
②Daniel K. Richer ,“Iroquois Versus Iroquois: Jesuit Missions And Christianity In Village Politics, 1642-1686”Ethnohistory 32(1): 1-16.( http://www.jstor.org/stable/482090,下载日期:2009-9-10)
③南希奥斯特?赖克劳瑞.世界上最古老的持续抗议示威:北美印第安人饮酒模式[J].太平洋历史评论, 1971, 40(3):311-332.转引自梁立佳:《从文化视角看北美印第安人禁酒运动》,[J]《衡水学院学报》,衡水:衡水学院,2009年第5期
①F.C.Wallace, The Death and Rebirth of the Senecs,Published in the United States by Random House,New York,1970.P199
②Ibids.P219
③李剑鸣,文化的边疆[M]天津:天津人民出版社,1994:第55页至第58页
①Elisabeth Tooker,”On the New Religion of Handsome Lake”, Anthropological Quarterly, Vol. 41, No. 4 (Oct., 1968), pp. 187-200, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3316726?&Search=yes&term=Lake&term=Handsome&list=,下载日期2010-6-10
①杨生茂主编,《美国历史百科辞典》,上海辞书出版社,2004年版,第245页
②同上,第245页
③(英)R?C?西蒙斯著,《美国早期史》,朱绛等译,商务印书馆,1994年,第23页
④埃德加?麦吉尼斯:《加拿大政治和社会史》,纽约:莱因哈特公司,1959年,第55页
①梁立佳,“北美殖民初期基督教在易洛魁部落传播问题初探”,《黑龙江教育学院学报》,2009年第四期,第90页至第92页
②Keith F. Otterbein,”Why the Iroquois won: an analysis of Iroquois military tactics”, Ethnohistory, Vol. 11, No. 1 (Winter, 1964), pp. 56-63(http://www.jstor.org/stable/480537?,下载日期:2009-9-18)
③F.C.Wallace,”The Death and rebirth of the Seneca”,Published in the United states by Random House,New York,1970
①Keith Krawczynksi, ed. History in Dispute, Vol. 12: The American Revolution, 1763-1789. St. James Press, 2003.( http://books.google.com/books?id=8k5qAAAAMAAJ&dq=,下载日期:2009-10-12)
②F.C.Wallace,”The Death and rebirth of the Seneca”,Published in the United states by Random House,New York, 1970
③F.C.Wallace,”The Death and rebirth of the Seneca”,Published in the United states by Random House,New York,1970
①(美)威尔克姆?E?沃尔什恩著,《美国印第安人》,陆毅译,商务印书馆,1997年,第160页至第163页
②同上,第160页至第163页
③同上,第160页至第163页
④F.C.Wallace,”The Death and rebirth of the Seneca”,Published in the United states by Random House,New York,1970
①(美)威尔克姆?E?沃尔什恩著,《美国印第安人》,陆毅译,商务印书馆,1997年,第160页至第163页
①王希:“何谓美国历史?围绕《全国历史教学标准》引起的辩论”,《美国研究》1998年第四期
②Keith Krawczynksi, ed. History in Dispute, Vol. 12: The American Revolution, 1763-1789. St. James Press, 2003.( http://books.google.com/books?id=8k5qAAAAMAAJ&dq=The+American+Revolution,+1763-1789.&hl=zh-CN&cd=5,下载日期:2009-10-10)
①Timothy J.Shannon,Iroquois diplomacy on the early American frontier,Published by the Penguin Group,London, 2008(http://books.google.com/books?id=vlxPt-OF8o8C&dq,下载日期:2009-10-10)
②张长弓李树杰,“美国印第安人人权问题的具体考察”,《高校理论战线》,1991年第五期
③转引自中山大学译:《世界世界近代史参考资料选集》,第18页
①刘绪贻,杨生茂主编,《美国通史》,人民出版社,2002年
②(美)威尔克姆?E?沃尔什恩著,《美国印第安人》,陆毅译,商务印书馆,1997年,第160页至第163页
①(美)威尔克姆?E?沃尔什恩著,《美国印第安人》,陆毅译,商务印书馆,1997年,第160页至第163页
②(法)费尔南?布罗代尔著,《论历史》,刘北成,周立红译,北京大学出版社,2008年
③刘绪贻,杨生茂主编,《美国通史》,人民出版社,2002年,第200页
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[17] Edmund Bailey O'Callaghan, The documentary history of the state of New-York, [M]Weed, Parsons & co., public printers, 1850 http://books.google.com/books?id=c98TAAAAYAAJ&dq=Hisotry+of+the+state+of+New+Y 2009\8\30
[18] Elias Johnson, Legends, Traditions and Laws of the Iroquois Or Six Nations and History of the Tuscarora Indians,[M] Kessinger Publishing, 2004 http://books.google.com/books?id=7VOw8TLSsa4C&dq=Iroquois&lr=&hl=zh-CN&source=g 2009-9-1
[1]Blau,Harold,”DreamGuessing:acomparativeanalysis”,[J]Ethnohiatory,X:233-49.196http://www.jstor.org/stable/480694?&Search=yes&term=Guessing&term=comparative&t 2009-8-30
[2]“Function and the false faces:a classification of Onondaga masked rituals and themes”,[J]Jouenal of American Folk-lore.1966 http://www.jstor.org/stable/538222?&Search=yes&term=faces&term=rituals&term=cla 2009-8-30
[3] Bryant,William C.”Orlando Allen:Glimpses of life in the village of Buffalo”,[J]Buffalo Historical Society Publications.1878
[4] Buck,Elizabeth Hawthorn,”Social life in Western Pennsylvania as seen by early Travelers”,[J]Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine,1935
[5] Dahlinger,Charles w.”Old Allegheny”,[J]Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine.1918
[6] Elisabeth Tooker,”On the new religion of Handsome Lake”, [J]Anthropological Quarterly, Vol. 41, No. 4 (Oct., 1968), pp. 187-200. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3316726?&Search=yes&term=religion&term=new&term=Lak 2009-8-30
[7]“On the development of the Handsome Lake religion”,[J] Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 133, No. 1 (Mar., 1989), pp. 35-50 http://www.jstor.org/stable/987160?&Search=yes&term=religion&term=development&t 2009-8-30
[8] Fenton,William N.”Problems arising from the historic Northeastern position of the Iroquois”,[J]Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections,1940
[9] Gregory E.Smoak,”Ghodt dances and identity”,[J]university of californiapress,2005
[10] Hale,Nelson R.”The Pennsylvania population company”,[J]New York History,1949
[11]Harris,George H.”The life of Horatio Jones;the true story of Hocsa-Go-Wah,prisoner,pioneer and interpreter”,[J]Publications of the buffalo historical Society.1903
[12]Henderson,ElizabethK.”TheNorthwesternlandsofPennsylvania,1790-1812”,[J]Pennsylvania magazine of history and Biography.1936
[13] Hodge,F.W.,”Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico”,[J]Washington,Bureau of American Ethnology,Buffaetin 30.1906
[14] Houghton,Frederick,”History of the Buffalo Creek reservation”,[J]Publications of the Buffalo historical society.1920
[15] Howland,Henry R.”The Old caneadea council house and its last coucil fire.”[J]Publications of the buffalo historical society VI:97-124.1993
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[17] Ibbotson ,Joseph D.”Samuel kirkland,the treaty of1792 and the Indian barrier state.”,[J]Proceedings of the New York State historical association,XXXVI:374-91.1938
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[20] Manley,Henry S.”Buying buffalo from the Indians.”,[J] Proceedings of the New York historycal association,XLV:313-98.1942
[21] Manley,Henry S.”Red jacket’s last campaign and an extended biographical and biographical note.”,[J] New York Historycal ,XLVIII:149-68.1959 http://www.jstor.org/stable/743937?&Search=yes&term=jacket%27s&term=Red&term=la 2009-8-30
[22] Parer, Arthur C.”The senecas in the war of 1812.”,[J]Proceedings of the New York state historical assciation,XV:78-90.1916
[23] Parer, Arthur C.”An analytical history of the seneca Indians.”,[J]Rochester, New York,Researches and transactions of the New York State arcbaeological association,,Vol .Nos.1-5.1926
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[25] Wallace,Anthony F.C.”Handsome Lake and the great revival in the the west.”,[J] American quarterly,summer,pp.149-65.1952b http://www.jstor.org/stable/3031386?&Search=yes&term=great&term=revival&term=La 2009-8-30
[26] Wallace,Anthony F.C.”Dreams and the wishes of the soul.”,[J]American antbropologist,LX:234-48.1958A http://www.jstor.org/stable/665159?&Search=yes&term=Dreams&term=wishes&term=sou 2009-8-30
[27] Wallace,Anthony F.C.”Cultural determinants of response to hallucinatory experience.”,[J] AMA Arcbives of genral psycbiatry,I:58-69.1959
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[29] Wallace,Anthony F.C.”Cultural composition of the handsome lake religion.”,[J]IN W N fenton and John gulick,eds.,symposium on cheerokee and Iroguois culture. Washinggton ,bureau of American ethnology ,bulletion 180.1961
[30] Wilkinson,Norman B.“Robert morris and the the treaty of big tree.”,[J]mississippi vally histrcial review,XL:257-78.1953 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1888927?&Search=yes&term=Robert&term=tree&term=morr 2009-8-30
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[1]丁则民:《19世纪下半叶美国政府对印第安人政策的演变》,[J]《兰州学刊》,兰州:1986
[2]梁立佳:《基督教在北美殖民地早期易洛魁部落联盟传播问题初探》,[J]《黑龙江教育学院学报》,哈尔滨:黑龙江教育学院,2009年第四期95-97页
[3]梁立佳:《从文化视角看北美印第安人禁酒运动》,[J]《衡水学院学报》,衡水:衡水学院,2009年第5期
[4]梁立佳:《国内外北美易洛魁人宗教信仰研究动态》,[J]《九江学院学报》,九江:九江学院,2010年第1期