基于专家系统的混合动力汽车信息及诊断系统研究
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摘要
本文开发了应用于串联式混合动力客车的信息及诊断系统,该系统具有信息显示存储,故障在线诊断及远程通讯功能。
本文完成了系统硬件设计及软件设计。以嵌入式为硬件平台,以WINCE为操作系统开发了具有人机交互界面的车载智能系统。解决了高频电路设计,嵌入式操作系统定制,多协议通讯,无线通讯,复杂数据库等技术难点。
研究设计了系统中的故障在线诊断专家系统。根据应用对象(串联式混合动力客车)的特点分析,研究诊断规则及推理方法,最终完成了知识库,推理机及专家系统其余部分的设计。
The research of vehicle information and diagnosis system dated from the ends of 1970s, and were applied in fault diagnosis of engineering field .The presentation of information and online fault diagnosis of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) becomes an important research area and offers a challenge of artificial intelligence because of its complexity. Especially with the increase of electrical control system and vast information of modern car, fault diagnosis is developing towards hard and complex.
Embedded system is a proprietory computer system with a core technology of embedded computer , user-oriented、product- oriented、application-oriented and software and hardware can be resized; be applicable to which is strict with function、reliability、costs、volume and power consumption and integrated performance. Embedded system is excellent in operational capability、reliability and real-time. This paper designs a hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) information and fault diagnosis system taking the embedded system as a hardware platform. The embedded microcontroller used in the system integrates the whole computer system into a single chip. This embedded microcontroller takes the ARMSYS2440 microcontroller kernel as the core, ROM/EPROM、RAM、bus、bus Logic、timing/counter、watchdog、I/O、serial port、impulse width modulation output、A/D、D/A、Flash RAM、EEPROM and other necessary function and peripheral were integrated in the inner chip. The peripheral circuit design finished the hardware development of the system.
After the hardware design, we go on to design the software which includes the embedded system customization and embedded application program development and so on. Embedded operating system (EOS) is a broad-spectrum system software. EOS is responsible for the whole resource distribution and dispatching and control of the hardware and software of the embedded system. This paper customizes a WinCE operating system which is compact and efficient and upgradeable, and it is widely used in all kinds of embedded product. Windows CE is confirmed that it can meet the need of the 32 bit embedded program development through its ability. Following the customization of the system, we completed the human-computer interaction application program design of the vehicle information and diagnosis information. We use EVC as the tool to develop the program, using the Object-oriented advanced programming language C++ to make the program modular. The application program adopts the expert system during the fault diagnosis.
The system need to diagnose the complex hybrid electric assembly automatically. This paper adopts expert system based on database to imitate human expert to diagnose the vehicle which fulfill field expert in diagnosis and realize the goal of communication between expert knowledge and experience, and can be collected and kept for a long time. The custom expert system was not widely used because of the long preparation time and vast regulations, and it is complex to alter and extend the knowledge base. In the mean time the storage and management and searches etc of database technology is very strong that can offset the weakness of custom expert system. So this paper builds a hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) online fault diagnosis expert system using database technology.
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) information and fault diagnosis system connects to the node of CAN bus in the car, and swap data and information with other control system via the CAN bus so that we can get the running state of the car and the parameter of all the assembly. Then we can see the real-time information we need (the operator can operate the application program of embedded system to select what to see or save), and we can analyze the information we have got using the expert system, bring diagnostics concepts into the system to diagnose the vehicle for the complex Hybrid electric assembly . If the occasion should arise we can save the data and information into the SD card which we inserted in the embedded system in case we need to analyze the data off-line. At the same time we can transmit the data and information to the lab data center via the wireless networks real-time so the data can be collected and analyzed in the lab data center.
本文完成了系统硬件设计及软件设计。以嵌入式为硬件平台,以WINCE为操作系统开发了具有人机交互界面的车载智能系统。解决了高频电路设计,嵌入式操作系统定制,多协议通讯,无线通讯,复杂数据库等技术难点。
研究设计了系统中的故障在线诊断专家系统。根据应用对象(串联式混合动力客车)的特点分析,研究诊断规则及推理方法,最终完成了知识库,推理机及专家系统其余部分的设计。
The research of vehicle information and diagnosis system dated from the ends of 1970s, and were applied in fault diagnosis of engineering field .The presentation of information and online fault diagnosis of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) becomes an important research area and offers a challenge of artificial intelligence because of its complexity. Especially with the increase of electrical control system and vast information of modern car, fault diagnosis is developing towards hard and complex.
Embedded system is a proprietory computer system with a core technology of embedded computer , user-oriented、product- oriented、application-oriented and software and hardware can be resized; be applicable to which is strict with function、reliability、costs、volume and power consumption and integrated performance. Embedded system is excellent in operational capability、reliability and real-time. This paper designs a hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) information and fault diagnosis system taking the embedded system as a hardware platform. The embedded microcontroller used in the system integrates the whole computer system into a single chip. This embedded microcontroller takes the ARMSYS2440 microcontroller kernel as the core, ROM/EPROM、RAM、bus、bus Logic、timing/counter、watchdog、I/O、serial port、impulse width modulation output、A/D、D/A、Flash RAM、EEPROM and other necessary function and peripheral were integrated in the inner chip. The peripheral circuit design finished the hardware development of the system.
After the hardware design, we go on to design the software which includes the embedded system customization and embedded application program development and so on. Embedded operating system (EOS) is a broad-spectrum system software. EOS is responsible for the whole resource distribution and dispatching and control of the hardware and software of the embedded system. This paper customizes a WinCE operating system which is compact and efficient and upgradeable, and it is widely used in all kinds of embedded product. Windows CE is confirmed that it can meet the need of the 32 bit embedded program development through its ability. Following the customization of the system, we completed the human-computer interaction application program design of the vehicle information and diagnosis information. We use EVC as the tool to develop the program, using the Object-oriented advanced programming language C++ to make the program modular. The application program adopts the expert system during the fault diagnosis.
The system need to diagnose the complex hybrid electric assembly automatically. This paper adopts expert system based on database to imitate human expert to diagnose the vehicle which fulfill field expert in diagnosis and realize the goal of communication between expert knowledge and experience, and can be collected and kept for a long time. The custom expert system was not widely used because of the long preparation time and vast regulations, and it is complex to alter and extend the knowledge base. In the mean time the storage and management and searches etc of database technology is very strong that can offset the weakness of custom expert system. So this paper builds a hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) online fault diagnosis expert system using database technology.
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) information and fault diagnosis system connects to the node of CAN bus in the car, and swap data and information with other control system via the CAN bus so that we can get the running state of the car and the parameter of all the assembly. Then we can see the real-time information we need (the operator can operate the application program of embedded system to select what to see or save), and we can analyze the information we have got using the expert system, bring diagnostics concepts into the system to diagnose the vehicle for the complex Hybrid electric assembly . If the occasion should arise we can save the data and information into the SD card which we inserted in the embedded system in case we need to analyze the data off-line. At the same time we can transmit the data and information to the lab data center via the wireless networks real-time so the data can be collected and analyzed in the lab data center.
引文
[1] 刘巽俊 汽车发动机在节能和排放领域的新进展[J] 汽车技术 2001(4)
[2] Masakazu Sasaki. Hybrid Vehicle Technology - Current Status and Future Challenges Effect of Hybrid System Factors on Vehicle Efficiency[J] Review of Automotive Engineering Vol.26, No.2, 2005
[3] Kenji Itagaki, Tatsuo Teratani, Kohjiro Kuramochi, etal Development of the toyota Mild-Hybrid System(THS-M)[C] SAE Paper 2002-01-0990
[4] David G. Evans, Keith D. Van Maanen, .Electric Machine Powertrain Integration for GM.s Hybrid Full-Size Pickup Truck[C] SAE 2003-01-0084
[5] Stan S.. GM Enters The Hybrid Arena[J] Motor Age Vol.124, No.6, 2005
[6] Kenji Nakano and Shinobu Ochai. Development of the Motor Assist System for the Hybrid Automobile-the Insight[C] SAE 2000-01-C079
[7] Hirohisa Ogawa, Masato Matsuki, and Takahiro Eguchi. Development of a Powertrain for the Hybrid Automobile-The Civic Hybrid[C] SAE 2003-01-0083
[8] Jack Yamaguchi. Toyota prius: Best engineered vehicle for 2004[J] Automotive Engineering International, vol.112, no.3, 2004
[9] 张立伟 胡广艳 游小杰 郑琼林 混合动力电动汽车中电力电子技术应用综述[J]. 交通行业应用, 2006(10)
[10] H. Lee; H. Kim. Improvement in fuel economy for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle by continuously variable transmission ratio control[J] Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D, vol.219, no.D1, 2005
[11] Charles Petzold 《WINCE 程序设计》[M] 北京大学出版社
[12] 孙传喜 东风 4 型内燃机车机油系统故障诊断专家系统[J] 甘肃科技 第 23 卷 第一期 2007 年 1 月
[13] 包旭、马丛兵 基于数据库的汽车故障诊断专家系统研究[J] 淮阴工学院学报 第 16卷 第3期 2007年6月
[14] Donald S Sarna Diagnostic equipment development for military-vehicle annlication[J] SAF Paner 780029
[15] 曾弥雅纯[日].美国汽车故障诊断系统的发展动向国外汽车,1987 (S): 32~36
[16] Arunk Sood. Engine fault analysis partl –statistical methods[J] IEEE ,1985, 32(4): 327~335
[17] Mauer G F. A method for cylinder specific engine fault diagnostics. In: Proceeding of the 1st International Machinery Monitoring & Diagnostics Conference[J], Las Vegas, NV 1989
[18] Filljov, Marinov M, Ovcharov S. Engine diagnostic expert system. 1n: 18th International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation[J], May~June 1988
[19] Gilmore J F, Roth S P. A survey of diagnostics expert system Presented at SPIE Application of Artificial Intelligence[J] V.Orlando, FI,, 1987
[20] Suk I Yoo, I L Kon Kim. DIASI: an expert system for diagnosing automobiles with electronic contirol units[J] Expert System with Applications, 1992 (4): 43~51
[21] Yoo S I, Kim I. DIASI: An expert system diagnosing automobiles with ECUs [J] Expert System with Applications ,1992(4): 69~78
[22] Venkat 从 King C. A neural network methodology for process fault diagnosis[J] Journal ofAICHE, 1989, 35(12): 1993 ~2002
[23] Marko K A; James J V, Dosdall J, et al: Automotive controt system diagnostics using neural nets for rapid pattern classification of large data sets. In: Proceedings 2nd International[J] IEEE Joint Conference on Neural Networks, 1989
[24] Marko K A, James J V, Feldkamp T M; et al Automotive diagnostics using trainable classifier: statistical testing and paradigm selection[J] I Proc. of IJCNN, 1990
[25] Gopinath O C. A neural net solution for diesel engine fault diagnosis: [MS Dissertation]. Sheffield: University of Sheffield, 1994
[26] Sharkey A J C, Sharkey N E, Chandroth G O. Diverse neural net solutions to a fault diagnosis problem[J]. Neural Computing & Applications, 1996 (4): 218227
[27] Sharkey A J C. On combining artificial neural nets[J] Connection Science,1996, 8(3/4): 299~314
[28] Brennan T Hamilton, Yi Lu. Diagnosis of automobile failores using fuzzy logic. In: The Eighth International Conference on Industrial and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems[J] Melbourne Australia, 1995
[29] Yi Lu,Tie qi Chen, Brennan T Hamilton. A fuzzy diag nostic model and its application in automotive engineering diagnosis[J] Applied Intelligence, 1998 (9): 231 ~243
[30] Staszewski W J, Worden K. Classification of faults in gear-boxes: preprocessing algorithms and neural networks[J] Neural Computing & Applications, 1997 (5): 160~183
[31] Janice M LulGich; \TJayne D Brandt. Integrated Diagnostics for the Vehicle System[C] SAE 912683
[32] JACQUES J. STANAG 3910: the data bus of the next generation European fighters [C]//Proc. IEEE National Aerospace and Electronics Conference. Dayton:[s. n.],1993:152~156.
[33] GILLEN A, SHELTON J. Introduction of 3910 high speed data bus[C] //Proc. IEEE MILCOM′B. San Diego : [s.n.],1992:956~960
[34] GMBH R B. CAN Specification version 2.0 Stuttgart[S]. 1991
[35] Universal Serial Bus Specification Revision 1.0. Compaq DEC IBM Intel Microsoft NEC Northern Telecom[M], 1996.1.15
[36] Nicolò Cavina, Enrico Corti and Giorgio Minelli Misfire Detection Based on Engine Speed Time-Frequency Analysis [C] SAE 2002-01-0480
[37] Edward A. VanDyne, Charles L. Burckmyer and Alexandre M. Wahl Misfire Detection from Ionization Feedback Utilizing the SmartFire? Plasma Ignition Technology [C] SAE 2000-01-1377
[38] Martin Sachenbacher Advances in Design and Implementation of OBD Functions for Diesel Injection Based on a Qualitative Approach to Diagnosis [C] SAE 2000-01-0365
[39] Joseph R. Griffin Closed Loop Catalyst Temperature Feedback for Controlled Catalyst Lightoff and Diagnostics for ULEV [C] SAE 1999-01-0311
[40] J. Fantini, Y. Chamaillard and F. Gouy Determination of a Nonlinear, Unified and Robust Individual Cylinder Air Fuel Ratio Estimator [C] SAE 2000-01-0262
[41] ECU Integrated DSP Based Measurement System for Combustion Analysis Detlef K?nig[C] SAE 2000-01-0547
[42] T. Maunula, A. Vakkilainen, A. Lievonen, K. Torkkell, K. Niskanen and M. H?rk?nen Low Emission Three-way Catalyst and OSC Material Development for OBD Diagnostics [C] SAE 1999-01-36
[43] Edward A Link-Based Module Information Presented in a Database Format to Comply[C] SAE 1999-01-36
[44] 钟章队 GPRS 通用分组无线业务[M] 北京:人民邮电出版社, 2002
[45] 孙现申 基于 GSM 的 GPS 移动目标监控系统软件设计与实现[J] 郑州: 中国人民解放军信息工程大学测绘学院, 2001
[46] 张明 车载高速数据总线设计[J] 电路与应用 1002- 8692( 2006) S0- 0052- 03
[47] 陈小龙 范祖庆 现代汽车故障自诊断技术[J] 泰州职业技术学院学报第 6 卷第 4 期2006 年 8 月
[48] 田世君 张德民 徐志刚 基于 ARM 嵌入式操作系统定位终端的设计与实现[J] 重庆邮电学院学报( 自然科学版) 第18 卷第1 期
[49] (美) D ·偌莱斯. 汽车计算机控制系统[M] . 钱志鸿 刘青 王洪光 等译. 北京:机械工业出版社, 2002
[50] 冯崇毅 汽车电子控制技术[M] 北京:机械工业出版社, 2002
[51] 余志生 汽车理论 (第 3 版)[M] 北京:机械工业出版社, 2001
[52] Johnson V H, Wipke K B, Rausen D J. HEV control strategy for real-time optimization of fuel economy and emissions[C] SAE Paper 2000-01-1543, 2000
[53] 李士永. 模糊控制、神经控制和智能控制论[M] 哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社. 1998
[2] Masakazu Sasaki. Hybrid Vehicle Technology - Current Status and Future Challenges Effect of Hybrid System Factors on Vehicle Efficiency[J] Review of Automotive Engineering Vol.26, No.2, 2005
[3] Kenji Itagaki, Tatsuo Teratani, Kohjiro Kuramochi, etal Development of the toyota Mild-Hybrid System(THS-M)[C] SAE Paper 2002-01-0990
[4] David G. Evans, Keith D. Van Maanen, .Electric Machine Powertrain Integration for GM.s Hybrid Full-Size Pickup Truck[C] SAE 2003-01-0084
[5] Stan S.. GM Enters The Hybrid Arena[J] Motor Age Vol.124, No.6, 2005
[6] Kenji Nakano and Shinobu Ochai. Development of the Motor Assist System for the Hybrid Automobile-the Insight[C] SAE 2000-01-C079
[7] Hirohisa Ogawa, Masato Matsuki, and Takahiro Eguchi. Development of a Powertrain for the Hybrid Automobile-The Civic Hybrid[C] SAE 2003-01-0083
[8] Jack Yamaguchi. Toyota prius: Best engineered vehicle for 2004[J] Automotive Engineering International, vol.112, no.3, 2004
[9] 张立伟 胡广艳 游小杰 郑琼林 混合动力电动汽车中电力电子技术应用综述[J]. 交通行业应用, 2006(10)
[10] H. Lee; H. Kim. Improvement in fuel economy for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle by continuously variable transmission ratio control[J] Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D, vol.219, no.D1, 2005
[11] Charles Petzold 《WINCE 程序设计》[M] 北京大学出版社
[12] 孙传喜 东风 4 型内燃机车机油系统故障诊断专家系统[J] 甘肃科技 第 23 卷 第一期 2007 年 1 月
[13] 包旭、马丛兵 基于数据库的汽车故障诊断专家系统研究[J] 淮阴工学院学报 第 16卷 第3期 2007年6月
[14] Donald S Sarna Diagnostic equipment development for military-vehicle annlication[J] SAF Paner 780029
[15] 曾弥雅纯[日].美国汽车故障诊断系统的发展动向国外汽车,1987 (S): 32~36
[16] Arunk Sood. Engine fault analysis partl –statistical methods[J] IEEE ,1985, 32(4): 327~335
[17] Mauer G F. A method for cylinder specific engine fault diagnostics. In: Proceeding of the 1st International Machinery Monitoring & Diagnostics Conference[J], Las Vegas, NV 1989
[18] Filljov, Marinov M, Ovcharov S. Engine diagnostic expert system. 1n: 18th International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation[J], May~June 1988
[19] Gilmore J F, Roth S P. A survey of diagnostics expert system Presented at SPIE Application of Artificial Intelligence[J] V.Orlando, FI,, 1987
[20] Suk I Yoo, I L Kon Kim. DIASI: an expert system for diagnosing automobiles with electronic contirol units[J] Expert System with Applications, 1992 (4): 43~51
[21] Yoo S I, Kim I. DIASI: An expert system diagnosing automobiles with ECUs [J] Expert System with Applications ,1992(4): 69~78
[22] Venkat 从 King C. A neural network methodology for process fault diagnosis[J] Journal ofAICHE, 1989, 35(12): 1993 ~2002
[23] Marko K A; James J V, Dosdall J, et al: Automotive controt system diagnostics using neural nets for rapid pattern classification of large data sets. In: Proceedings 2nd International[J] IEEE Joint Conference on Neural Networks, 1989
[24] Marko K A, James J V, Feldkamp T M; et al Automotive diagnostics using trainable classifier: statistical testing and paradigm selection[J] I Proc. of IJCNN, 1990
[25] Gopinath O C. A neural net solution for diesel engine fault diagnosis: [MS Dissertation]. Sheffield: University of Sheffield, 1994
[26] Sharkey A J C, Sharkey N E, Chandroth G O. Diverse neural net solutions to a fault diagnosis problem[J]. Neural Computing & Applications, 1996 (4): 218227
[27] Sharkey A J C. On combining artificial neural nets[J] Connection Science,1996, 8(3/4): 299~314
[28] Brennan T Hamilton, Yi Lu. Diagnosis of automobile failores using fuzzy logic. In: The Eighth International Conference on Industrial and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems[J] Melbourne Australia, 1995
[29] Yi Lu,Tie qi Chen, Brennan T Hamilton. A fuzzy diag nostic model and its application in automotive engineering diagnosis[J] Applied Intelligence, 1998 (9): 231 ~243
[30] Staszewski W J, Worden K. Classification of faults in gear-boxes: preprocessing algorithms and neural networks[J] Neural Computing & Applications, 1997 (5): 160~183
[31] Janice M LulGich; \TJayne D Brandt. Integrated Diagnostics for the Vehicle System[C] SAE 912683
[32] JACQUES J. STANAG 3910: the data bus of the next generation European fighters [C]//Proc. IEEE National Aerospace and Electronics Conference. Dayton:[s. n.],1993:152~156.
[33] GILLEN A, SHELTON J. Introduction of 3910 high speed data bus[C] //Proc. IEEE MILCOM′B. San Diego : [s.n.],1992:956~960
[34] GMBH R B. CAN Specification version 2.0 Stuttgart[S]. 1991
[35] Universal Serial Bus Specification Revision 1.0. Compaq DEC IBM Intel Microsoft NEC Northern Telecom[M], 1996.1.15
[36] Nicolò Cavina, Enrico Corti and Giorgio Minelli Misfire Detection Based on Engine Speed Time-Frequency Analysis [C] SAE 2002-01-0480
[37] Edward A. VanDyne, Charles L. Burckmyer and Alexandre M. Wahl Misfire Detection from Ionization Feedback Utilizing the SmartFire? Plasma Ignition Technology [C] SAE 2000-01-1377
[38] Martin Sachenbacher Advances in Design and Implementation of OBD Functions for Diesel Injection Based on a Qualitative Approach to Diagnosis [C] SAE 2000-01-0365
[39] Joseph R. Griffin Closed Loop Catalyst Temperature Feedback for Controlled Catalyst Lightoff and Diagnostics for ULEV [C] SAE 1999-01-0311
[40] J. Fantini, Y. Chamaillard and F. Gouy Determination of a Nonlinear, Unified and Robust Individual Cylinder Air Fuel Ratio Estimator [C] SAE 2000-01-0262
[41] ECU Integrated DSP Based Measurement System for Combustion Analysis Detlef K?nig[C] SAE 2000-01-0547
[42] T. Maunula, A. Vakkilainen, A. Lievonen, K. Torkkell, K. Niskanen and M. H?rk?nen Low Emission Three-way Catalyst and OSC Material Development for OBD Diagnostics [C] SAE 1999-01-36
[43] Edward A Link-Based Module Information Presented in a Database Format to Comply[C] SAE 1999-01-36
[44] 钟章队 GPRS 通用分组无线业务[M] 北京:人民邮电出版社, 2002
[45] 孙现申 基于 GSM 的 GPS 移动目标监控系统软件设计与实现[J] 郑州: 中国人民解放军信息工程大学测绘学院, 2001
[46] 张明 车载高速数据总线设计[J] 电路与应用 1002- 8692( 2006) S0- 0052- 03
[47] 陈小龙 范祖庆 现代汽车故障自诊断技术[J] 泰州职业技术学院学报第 6 卷第 4 期2006 年 8 月
[48] 田世君 张德民 徐志刚 基于 ARM 嵌入式操作系统定位终端的设计与实现[J] 重庆邮电学院学报( 自然科学版) 第18 卷第1 期
[49] (美) D ·偌莱斯. 汽车计算机控制系统[M] . 钱志鸿 刘青 王洪光 等译. 北京:机械工业出版社, 2002
[50] 冯崇毅 汽车电子控制技术[M] 北京:机械工业出版社, 2002
[51] 余志生 汽车理论 (第 3 版)[M] 北京:机械工业出版社, 2001
[52] Johnson V H, Wipke K B, Rausen D J. HEV control strategy for real-time optimization of fuel economy and emissions[C] SAE Paper 2000-01-1543, 2000
[53] 李士永. 模糊控制、神经控制和智能控制论[M] 哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社. 1998