PCDH-PC与前列腺癌神经内分泌分化
|
摘要
Protocadherin-PC(PCDH-PC或PCDHY)是一个在抗刁亡、雄性激素非依赖性前列腺癌细胞中特异表达的基因。PCDH-PC定位于人类Y染色体上,该区域是在灵长类进化到人类的过程中由X染色体迁移到Y染色体的,并且在这个过程中有一段序列的缺失,使其表达产物位于胞浆中。PCDH-PC编码的多肽在C末断有一个丝氨酸富集区,与经典的Cadherin家族和β-catenin的结合域同源。在表达PCDH-PC的抗刁亡的LNCaP细胞胞浆和胞核中β-catenin蛋白表达水平升高,与这些细胞中Wnt信号增加是一致的。在此,我们转染前列腺癌细胞LNCaP细胞PCDH-PC表达载体或通过去除细胞培养液激素的方法诱导PCDH-PC表达,发现细胞核β-catenin蛋白积聚、启动子具有TCF结合位点的荧光素酶报告载体表达水平升高以及Wnt的靶基因c-myc、cyclin D、Cox-2表达水平升高。此外,转染前列腺癌细胞LNCaP细胞PCDH-PC表达载体或去除细胞培养液激素使LNCaP细胞分化为一种神经内分泌(NE)样细胞,NSE、Chromogranin-A蛋白表达水平升高。同样,转染LNCaP细胞稳定的β-catenin表达载体也可以发生这种NE分化。去除细胞培养液激素导致的LNCaP细胞Wnt信号的增加、NE分化可以被PCDH-PC siRNA、DN-TCF(dominant-negative TCF)或β-catenin siRNA阻断,表明PCDH-PC表达激活Wnt信号传导通路,从而发生NE分化。这些研究结果对于理解人类前列腺癌发展到更具侵袭性、雄性激素抵抗性阶段的过程具有非常重要的意义。
Protocadherin-PC (PCDH-PC or PCDHY) is a gene product that is selectively expressed in apoptosis- and hormone-resistant human prostate cancer cells. The gene encoding PCDH-PC lies on the human Y-chromosome in a region that was translocated from the X-chromosome during the evolutionary transition from primates to humans. Compared to its X-homologue, PCDH-PC has a small deletion in its coding sequence that removes the signal sequence and the product of this gene is cytoplasmically localized. PCDH-PC has a small serine-rich domain in its C-terminal region that is homologous to theβ-catenin binding site of classical cadherins. Hormone-resistant variants of prostate cancer cells that express PCDH-PC have high levels ofβ-catenin protein in their nuclear fractions consistent with evidence that these cells have increased wnt-signaling. In this study, we show that transfection of human prostate cancer, LNCaP, cells with PCDH-PC expression vecors or culture of LNCaP cells in androgenfree medium, an experimental condition that induces expression of PCDH-PC, activates wnt signaling in these cells as assessed by nuclear accumulation ofβ-catenin protein, increased expression of luciferase from a reporter vector promoted by Tcf binding elements and increased expression of wnt target genes such as c-myc, cyclin D and Cox-2. Moreover LNCaP cells transfected with the PCDH-PC expression vector or grown in androgen-free medium transdifferentiate to neuroendocrine- (NE-) like cells marked by elevated expression of neuron specific enolase and chromogranin-A and this NE transdifferentiation is also observed when LNCaP cells are transfected by a stabilizedβ-catenin expression vector. Increased wnt signaling and NE transdifferentiation of LNCaP cells induced by culture in androgen-free medium was suppressed by effective siRNAs that target PCDH-PC as well as by dominant-negative Tcf or siRNA againstβ-catenin supporting the hypothesis that increased expression of PCDH-PC is driving the activation of wnt signaling and NE transdifferentiation by activating wnt signaling. These findings have significant implications for the understanding of the process through which prostate cancers progress to aggressive and hormone-resistant states in humans.
Protocadherin-PC (PCDH-PC or PCDHY) is a gene product that is selectively expressed in apoptosis- and hormone-resistant human prostate cancer cells. The gene encoding PCDH-PC lies on the human Y-chromosome in a region that was translocated from the X-chromosome during the evolutionary transition from primates to humans. Compared to its X-homologue, PCDH-PC has a small deletion in its coding sequence that removes the signal sequence and the product of this gene is cytoplasmically localized. PCDH-PC has a small serine-rich domain in its C-terminal region that is homologous to theβ-catenin binding site of classical cadherins. Hormone-resistant variants of prostate cancer cells that express PCDH-PC have high levels ofβ-catenin protein in their nuclear fractions consistent with evidence that these cells have increased wnt-signaling. In this study, we show that transfection of human prostate cancer, LNCaP, cells with PCDH-PC expression vecors or culture of LNCaP cells in androgenfree medium, an experimental condition that induces expression of PCDH-PC, activates wnt signaling in these cells as assessed by nuclear accumulation ofβ-catenin protein, increased expression of luciferase from a reporter vector promoted by Tcf binding elements and increased expression of wnt target genes such as c-myc, cyclin D and Cox-2. Moreover LNCaP cells transfected with the PCDH-PC expression vector or grown in androgen-free medium transdifferentiate to neuroendocrine- (NE-) like cells marked by elevated expression of neuron specific enolase and chromogranin-A and this NE transdifferentiation is also observed when LNCaP cells are transfected by a stabilizedβ-catenin expression vector. Increased wnt signaling and NE transdifferentiation of LNCaP cells induced by culture in androgen-free medium was suppressed by effective siRNAs that target PCDH-PC as well as by dominant-negative Tcf or siRNA againstβ-catenin supporting the hypothesis that increased expression of PCDH-PC is driving the activation of wnt signaling and NE transdifferentiation by activating wnt signaling. These findings have significant implications for the understanding of the process through which prostate cancers progress to aggressive and hormone-resistant states in humans.
引文
1. Dierick H , Bejsovel A. Cellular mechanisms of Wingless/ Wnt signal transduction. Curr-Top-Dev-Biol, 1999, 43:153-90.
2. Kenneth W. Kinzler & Bert Vogelstein. Lessons from Hereditary Colorectal Cancer. Cell, 1996, 87(2):159-70
3. Elizabeth Pannisi. How a Growth Control Path Takes a Turn to Cancer. Science, 1998, 281(5382):1438-41
4. Andrei Glinka Wei Wu , Hajo Delius , et al. Dickopf-1 is a member of a new family of secreted proteins and functions in head induction. Nature, 1998, 391(6665):357-62
5. Bhanot P , Brink M, Samos C. H , et al. A new member of the frizzled family from Drosophila functions as a Wingless receptor. Nature, 1996, 382 (6588): 225-30
6. Kitagawa M, Hatakeyama S , Shirane M, et al. An F-box protein FWD1 , mediates ubiquitin-dependent preteolysis of beta-catenin. Embo-J, 1999, 18(9):2901-10
7. Kishida S , Yamamoto H , Ikeda S , et al. Axin a negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway , directly interacts with adenomatous polyposis coli and regulates the stablization of beta-catenin. J Biol Chem, 1998, 273(18):10823-6
8. Willert K, Shibamoto S , Nusse R. Wnt-induced dephosphorylation of axin release beta-catenin from the axin complex. Genes Dev, 1999,13(14):1768-73
9. Patrice J Morin , Andrew B Sparks , Vladimir Korinek , et al. Activation of beta-catenin-Tcf signaling in Colon Cancer byMutations in beta-catenin or APC. Science ,1997 ,275(5307) :1787-90
10. Prieve MG, Waterman ML. Nuclear localization and formation of beta- catenin-lymphoid enhancer factor 1 complexes are not sufficient for activation of gene expression. Mol-cell-Biol , 1999 ,19(6) :4503-15
11. Jügen Behrens ,Jens Pvon Kries , Mickaelkünl , et al. Functionalinteraction of beta-catenin with the transcription factor LEF-1. Nature, 1996, 382(6592) : 638-42
12. Tong Chuan He , Andrew B Sparks , Carlo Rago , et al. Identification of c-MYC as target of the APC pathway. Science ,1998 ,281 (5382) :1509-12
13. Osamu Testu&Frank Mc Cormick. Beta-catenin regulates expression of cyclinD1 in colon carcinoma cells. Nature ,1999 ,398(6726) :422-6
14. Anton Novak , Shu Chi , Hsu , Chung Yee Leung-Hagestein et al. Cell adhesion and the intergin-linked kinase regulated the LEF-1 and beta-catenin signaling pathways. Pro. Natl. Acad Sci. USA , 1998 ,95(8) :4374-79
15. Chie Sakanaka , Joseph B Weiss , and Lweis T Williams. Bridging of beta- catenin and glycogen synthase kinase3-beta by Axin and inhibition of beta-catenin mediated transcription. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 1998 , 95(6) : 3020-23
16. Jeroen Roose , Gerwitn Huls , Moniek Van Beest , et al. Synergy Between Tumor Suppressor APC and the beta-catenin-Tcf4 Target Tcf1. Science , 1999 , 285(5435) :1923-6
17. Easwaran V, Pish vaian M, Salimuddin , Byers S. Cross-regulation of`beta- caternin-LEF/ TCF and retinoid signaling pathways.Curr Biol, 1999, 9(23) : 1415-8
18. Masayuki Ozawa ,Helene Baribanlt ,Rolf Kemler ,et al . The EMBO J ,1989 ;8 : 1711-7
19. Cornelia Kraus ,Thomas Liehr ,Jorg Hulsken ,et al . Genomics ,1994 ;23 :272-4
20. Ernesto Resnik. Nature Genetics ,1997 ;16 :9-11
21. Benjamin A ,Alman ,Catherine Li ,Mandy E , Pajerski , et al . American J of Pathology ,1997 ;151 :529-34
22. Janet Heasman ,Aaron Cranford , Kim Goldstone ,et al . Cell ,1994 ;79 :791-80
23. Hermann Aberle ,Andreas Bauer ,Jorg Stappert ,et al . The EMBO J ,1997 ;16 : 3797-804
24. Vladimir Korinek ,Nick Barker , Patrice J ,Morin , et al . Science ,1997 ; 275 : 1784-7
25. Patrice J ,Morin ,Andrew Bsparks ,Vladimir Korinek , et al . Science , 1997 ; 275 :1777～1780
26. Xingpei Hao , Ian Tomlinson ,Mohammad Ilyas , et al . Virchows Arch ,1997 ; 431 :167-72
27. He TC ,Sparks AB ,Rago C ,et al . Science ,1998 ;281 (5382) :1507-12
28. Sparks AB ,Morin PJ ,Vogelstein B ,et al . Cancer Res ,1998 ;58 (6) :1130-34
29. Bonnee Rubinfeld ,Paul Robbins ,Mona EL Gamil ,et al . Science ,1997 ;275 : 1790-92
30. Krishnadath KK,Tilanus HW,Van Blankenstein M,et al . J Pathol , 1997 ; 182(3) : 331-8
31. Washington K,Chiappori A ,Hamilton K,et al .Mod Pathol ,1998 ;11 (9) :805-13
32. Sanders DS ,Bruton R ,Darnton SJ ,et al . Int J Cancer ,1998 ;79 (6) :573-9
33. Hashizume R ,Koizumi H ,Ihara A ,et al . Histopathology ,1996 ;29 :139-46
34. Miyoshi Y, Iwao K,Nagasawa Y,et al . Cancer Res ,1998 ;58 (12) :2524-27
35. Palacios J . Gamallo C. Cancer Res ,1998 ;58 (7) :1344-47
36. Set suo H. Inactivation of t he E-CD mediated cell adhesion system in human cancers. Am J Pat hol ,1998 ,153 (2) :333
37. Frenette PS ,Wagner DD. Adhesion molecules Part Ⅰ. New Eng J Med , 1996 , 334 :1526
38. Fumihiro Hommura , M. D , KeiJi Furuuchi , Ph. D , Koichi Yamazaki ,M. D. Increased expression of β-catenin predicts better prognosis in nonsmall cell lung carcinomas Cancer. 2002;94(3) :752-8
39. Koch K. Calcium branding and homo-association of E-CD Domains. Biochemist ry ,1997 ,36 (25) :7697-7705
40. Nagar ,B. Overduin M. , Ikura M. and Rini . J . M. St ructural basisof calcium 2 induced E-cadherin rigidification and dimerization. Nature (Land), 1996 , 380 :360-4
41. Angar B , et al . St ructural basis of calcium induced E-CD rigdification and dimerization Nature ,1996 ,380 :360-4
42. Hinck L ,Nat hke I ,Papkoff J ,et al . Pynamics of cadherin/ catenin complex formation : Novel protein interactions and pat hways of complex assembly. J Cell Biol 1994 ,125 :1327-40
43. Anie JM ,et al . Mol Cell Biol ,1995 ,15 :4819
44. Shapiro L , Fannon AM , Kwong PD , et al . Reduce expression of cell-cell adhesion by cadherins. Nature ,1995 ,374 :6520
45. Set suo Hirohashi. Inactivation of t he E-CD-mediated cell adhesion system in human cancers. American Journal of Pat holgy ,1998 ;153 :333-9
46. Hitoshi S ,et al . Expression of immunoreactive E-CD adhesion molecules in human cancers. Am J Pat ho ,1991 ,139 (1) :17
47. Graff J R ,Herman J G,Lapidus RG,et al . E-cadherin expression is silenced by DNA hypermet hylation in human breast and prostate carcinomas Cancer Res ,1995 ,55 :5195-9
48. Aronheim A, Zandi E, Hennemann H et al. Isolation of an AP-1 repressor by a novel method for detecting protein-protein interactions. Mol Cell Biol, 1997, 17: 3094-102
49. Barke N, Huls G, Korinek V, et al. Restricted high level expression of TCF4 protein in intestinal and mammary gland epithelium. Am J pathol, 1999, 154:29-35
50. Barker N, Huls G, Korinek V, et al. Restricted high level expression of TCF4 protein in intestinal and mammary gland epithelium. Am J Pathol, 1999,154(1): 29-35
51. Bendixen C, Gangloff S, Rothstein R. A yeast mating-selection scheme for detection of protein-protein interactions. Nucleic Acids Res, 1994, 22: 1778-9
52. Bhat HK, Springer I, Rajurama S, e al .Immunocytochemical lacalization of c-myc and c-jun oncoprotein in hamster kidney and estrogen induced kindney tumor. J steroid Biochem Mol Biol,1997,60:99-104
53. Bienz M. TCF: Transcriptional activator or repressor? Curr Opin Cell Biol, 1998,10(3): 366-72
54. Morin PJ , Sparks AB , Korinek V , et al. Science , 1997 ; 275(5307) :1787-90
55. Munemitsu S , Albert I , Rubinfeld B , et al. Mol Cell Biol ,1996 ;16 (8) :4088-94
56. Sakanaka C , Weiss JB , Williams L T. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA ,1998 ;95 (6) :3020-3
57. Yost C , Torres M , Miller JR , et al. Genes Dev , 1996 ; 10 (12) :1443-54
58. Sparks AB ,Morin PJ ,Vogelstein B ,et al. Cancer Res ,1998 ;58 (6) :1130-4
59. Takahashi M , Fukuda K, Sugimura T , et al. Cancer Res ,1998 ;58 (1) :42-6
60. Brabletz T ,J ung A , Hermann K, et al. Pathol Res Pract ,1998 ;194 (10) :701-4
61. Samowitz WS , Powers MD , Spirio LN , et al. Cancer Res ,1999 ;59 (7) :1442-44
62. Rubinfeld B ,Robbins P , EL Gamil M ,et al. Science ,1997 ;275 (5307) :1790-92
63. Rimm DL ,Caca K,Hu G,et al. Am J Pathol ,1999 ;154 (2) :325-29
64. De La Coste A ,Romagnolo B ,Billuart P ,et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 1998 ; 95 (15) :8847-51
65. Koch A ,Denkhaus D ,Albrecht S ,et al. Cancer Res ,1999 ;59(2) :269-73
66. Miyoshi Y, Iwao K,Nagasawa Y,et al. Cancer Res ,1998 ;58 (12) :2524-27
67. Voeller HJ , Truica GI , Gelmann EP. Cancer Res , 1998 ; 58 (12) :2520-3
68. Palacios J ,Gamallo C. Cancer Res ,1998 ;58 (7) :1344-7
69. Fukuchi T ,Sakamoto M , Tsuda H ,et al. Cancer Res ,1998 ; 58 (16) :3526-8
70. Bullion LC ,Levine AJ . Curr Opin Oncol ,1998 ;10 (1) :81-87
71. 李存玺,章静波. 癌细胞粘附与癌细胞侵袭和转移 1996. 145
72. 李存玺,章静波. 细胞与细胞粘附机制 1996. 133
73. Birchmeiev W. Cadherin expression in carcinomas : role of the formation of cell junction and the prevention of invasiveness.BBA ,1994 ,1198 :11
74. Jou T, Stewart DB , Stappert J , et al. Gentic and biochemical dissection of protein linkages in the cadherin -catenin complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci , 1995 , 92(11) :5067 - 5071
75. Yaw OA , Masao N , Mikolash P ,et al. Expression of the E – cadherin/catenin (α- ,β- ,γ- ) complex correlates with the macroscopic appearance of early gastric cancer. J Pathol , 2000 , 192 : 433 - 439
76. Aberle H , Bauer A , Stappert J , et al. Beta - catein is a target for the ubiquitin - proteasome pathway. EMBO J , 1997 ,16(13) :3797 - 3804
77. Morin PJ . Beta - catenin and cancer. Bioessays , 1999 ,21(12) : 1021 - 1030
78. Behrens J . Control of beta - catenin signaling in tumor development. Ann N Y Acad Sci , 2000 , 910 : 21 - 33 ,discussion 33 - 35
79. 崔 健. Wnt 通路与肿瘤. 国外医学·肿瘤学分册, 2000 , 27(3) : 138 - 140
80. Chen H , Sigrun K, Jon GJ ,et al. Alterations of E - cadherin andβ- catenin in grastic cancer. BMC Cancer , 2001 ,1(1) :16
81. Sparks AB , Morin PJ , Vogelstein B , et al. Mutational analysis of the APC/β- catenin/Tcf pathway in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res , 1998 , 58 : 1130 - 1134
82. Barker N , Clevers H. Catenins , Wnt signaling and cancer. Bioessays , 2000 , 22(11) :961 - 965
83. Peifei M. Beta - catenin as oncogene : the smoking gun. Sicence , 1997 ,275 : 1752 - 1753
84. Ben - Zeev A , Geiger B. Differential molecular interactions ofβ- catenin and plakoglobin in adhesion , signaling and cancer. Curr Opin Cell Biol , 1998 , 10 :629- 639
85. 成 军. 肿瘤转移相关基因. 成 军. 肿瘤相关基因[M] .2000. 225 - 229
86. Kinsella AR , Iepts GC , Hill CL , et al. Reduced E -cadherin expression correlates with increased invasivenessin colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Clin Exp Metastasis ,1994 ,12 :335 - 342
87. Shimoyama Y, Nagafuchi A , Fujita S , et al. Cadherin dysfunction in a human cancer cell line : possible involvement of loss of alpha - catenin expression in reduced cell - cell adhesiveness. Cancer Res , 1992 , 52 :5570 - 4
88. Kawanishi J , Kato J , Sasaki K, et al. Loss of E - cadherin dependent cel - cell adhesion due to mutation of the beta - catenin gene in a human cancer cell line ,HSC -39. Mol Cell Biol , 1995 ,15(3) : 1175 - 1181
89. Gofuku J ,Shiozaki H ,Tsujinaka T, et al. Expression of E- cadherin and alpha - catenin in patients with coiorectalcarcinoma. correlation with cancer invasion and metastasis. Am J Clin Pathol , 1999 , 111(1) : 29 - 37
90. Bankfalvi A , Terpe HJ , Breukelmann D , et al. Immunophenotypic and prognostic analysis of E - cadherin and beta - catenin expression during breast carcinogenesis and tumour progression : a comparative study with CD44 Histopathology , 1999 ,34(1) :25 - 34
91. Heimann R , Lan F , McBride R , et al. Separating favorable from unfavorable prognostic markers in breast cancer : the role of E - cadherin[J ] . Cancer Res , 2000 , 60(2) : 298 - 304
92. Karayiannakis AJ , Syrigos KN , Polychronidis A , et al. Expression patterns of alph - ,beta - and gamma - catenin in pancreatic cancer : correlation with E – cadherin expression , pathological feature and prognosis[J ] . Anti-cancer Res , 2001 ,21(6A) : 4127 - 4134
93. Ramesh S , Nash J , McCulloch PG. Reduction in membranous expression of β- catenin and increased cytoplasmic E - cadherin expression predict poor survival in gastric cancer. Br J Cancer , 1999 ,81(8) : 1392 - 1397
94. St Croix B , Sheehanc C , Rak JW, et al. E - cadherin- dependent growth suppression is mediated by the cyclin - dependent kinase inhibitor p27(KIP1). J Cell Biol , 1998 ,142(2) :557 - 571
95. He TC , Sparks AB , Rago C , et al. Idencification of C- MYC as a target of the APC pathway. Sience ,1998 ,281(5382) : 1438 - 1441
96. Tetsu O , McCormick F. Beta - catenin regulates expression of cyclinD1 in colon carcinoma cells. Nature ,1999 , 398(6726) : 422 - 426
97. Shtutman M, Zhurinsky J , Simcha I , et al. The cyclinD1 gene is a target of thebeta - cateninPLEF – 1 pathway[J ] . Proc Natl Acad Sci , 1999 , 96(10) : 5522- 5527
98. Kimura Y, Shiozaki H , Doki Y, et al. Cytoplasmic beta- catenin in esophageal cancers. Int J Cancer , 1999 , 84(2) : 174 - 178
99. Samowitz WS , Powers MD , Spirio LN , et al. Beta -catenin mutations are more frequent in small colorectaladenomas than in larger adenomas and invasive carcinomas. Cancer Res ,1999 ,59(7) :1442 – 1444
100. Utsunomiya T, Doki Y, Takemoto H , et al. Correlationof beta - catenin and cyclin D1 expression in colon cancers. Oncology , 2001 , 61(3) : 226 – 233
101. Klotz, L. (2000) Cancer, 88, 3009-3014.
102. Debryne, F. (2002) Sem. Urol. Oncol. 20, 4-9.
103. Isaacs, J.T., Furuya, Y. & Berges, R. (1994) Sem. Cancer Biol. 5, 391-400.
104. Denmeade, S.R., Lin, X.S. & Isaacs, J.T. (1996) Prostate 28, 251-265.
105. Craft, N. & Sawyers, C.L. (1999) Cancer Met. Rev. 17, 421-427.
106. Buchanan, G., Irvine, R.A., Coetzee, G.A. & Tilley, W.D. (2001) Cancer Met. Rev. 20, 207-223.
107. Culig, Z., Klocker, H., Bartsch, G., Steiner, H. & Hobish, A. (2003) J. Urol. 170, 1363-1369.
108. Taplin, M.E. & Balk, S.P. (2004) J. Cell Biochem. 91, 483-490.
109. Cornauer, M.V., Schulz, W.A., Burchardt, T., Anastasiadis, A.G., de la Taille, A., Ackermann, R. & Burchardt, M. (2003) Int. J. Oncol. 23, 1095-1102.
110. Sampson, E.R., Yeh, S.Y., Chang, H.C., Tsai, M.Y., Wang, X., Ting, H.J. & Chang, C. (2001) J. Biol. Reg. Homeostatic Agents 15, 123-129.
111. Yeh, S., Lin, H.K., Kang, H.Y., Thin, T.H., Lin, M.F. & Chang, C. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A. 96, 5458-5463.
112. Chen, T., Wang, L.H. & Farrar, W.L., (2000) Cancer Res. 60, 2132-2135.
113. Lin, H.K., Yeh, S., Kang, H.Y. & Chang, C. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A. 98, 7200-7205.
114. Ueda, T., Bruchovsky, N. & Sadar, M.D. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 7076-7085.
115. Catz, S.D. & Johnson, J.L. (2003) Apoptosis 8, 29-37.
116. Furumurthy, S., Vasudevan, K.M. & Rangnekar, V.M. (2001) Cancer Met. Rev. 20, 225-243.
117. Raffo, A., Perlman, H., Chen, M.-W., Day, M. & Buttyan, R. (1995) Cancer Res. 55, 4438-4445.
118. Lessard, L., Mes-Masson, A.M., Lamarre, L., Wall, L., Lattouf, J.B. & Saad., F. (2003) Br. J. Urol. Intl. 91: 417-420.
119. Malik, S.N., Brattain, M., Ghosh, P.M., Troyer, D.A., Prihoba, T., Bedolla, R. & Kreisberg, J.I. (2002) Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 1168-1171.
120. Chen, M.-W., Vacherot, F., de la Taille, A., Gil-Diez-de-Medina, S., Shen, R., Friedman, R.A, Burchardt, M., Chopin, D.K. & Buttyan, R. (2002) Oncogene 21, 7861-7871.
121. Blanco, P., Saargent, C.A., Boucher, C.A., Mitchell, M. & Affara, N.A. (2000) Mammalian Genome 11, 906-914.
122. Blanco-Arias, P., Sargent, C.A. & Affara, N.A. (2004) Mammalian Genome 15, 41-52.
123. De la Taille, A., Rubin, M.A., Chen, M.-W., Vacherot, F., Gil-Diez-de-Medina, S., Burchardt, M., Buttyan, R. & Chopin, D.K. (2003) Clin. Cancer Res. 9, 1801-1807.
124. Chen, S., Guttridge, D.C., You, Z., Zhang, Z., Fribley, A., Mayo, M.W., Kitajewski, J.& Wang, C.Y. (2001) J. Cell Biol. 152, 87-96.
125. You, Z., Saims, D., Chen, S., Zhang, Z., Guttridge, D.C., Guan, K.L., MacDougald, O.A., Brown, A.M., Evan, G., Kitajewski, J. & Wang, C.Y. (2002) J. Cell Biol. 157, 429-440.
126. Quieres, L., Gil-Diez-de-Medina, S., Terry, S., Chen, M.-W., de la Taille, A., Allory, Y., Maille, P., Trans, P.-L., Abbou, C.C., Buttyan, R., Chopin, D.K. & Vacherot, F. (2005) Clin. Cancer Res. (Submitted).
127. Shen, R., Dorai, T., Szaboles, M., Katz, A.E., Olsson, C.A. & Buttyan, R. (1997) Urol. Oncol. 3, 67-75.
128. Tetsu, O. & McCormick, F. (1999) Nature 398, 422-426.
129. Lustig, B. & Behrens, J. (2003) J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 129, 199-221.
130. Leung, J.Y., Kolligs, F.T., Wu, R., Zhai, Y., Kuick, R., Hanash, S., Cho, K.R. & Fearon, E.R. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 21657-21665.
131. Bang, Y.J., Prinia, F., Fang, W.G., et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A. 91, 5330-5334.
132. Deeble, P.D., Murphy, D.J., Parsons, S.J. & Cox, M.E. (2001) Mol Cell. Biol. 21, 8471-8482.
133. Meyer-Siegler, K. (2001) Mol. Med. 7, 850-860.
134. Cohen, R.J., Glezerson, G., Taylor, L.F., Brundle, J.A. J. & Naude, J.H. (1993) J. Urol. 150, 365-368.
135. Randolph, T.L., Amin, M.B., Ro, J.Y. & Ayala, A.G. (1997) Mod. Pathol. 10, 612-629.
136. Di Sant’Agnese, P.A. (1992) Hum. Pathol. 23, 287-296.
137. Weinstein, M.H., Partin, A.W., Veltri, R.W. & Epstein, J.I. (1996) Hum. Pathol. 27, 683-687.
138. McWilliam, L.J., Manson, C. & George, N.J. (1997) Br. J. Urol. 80, 287-290.
139. Bollito, E., Berruti, A., Bellina, M., Mosca, A., Leonardo, E., Tarabuzzi, R., Cappia, S., Aria, M.M., Tampellini, M., Fontana, D., Gubetta, L., Angeli, A. & Dogliotti, L. (2001) Ann. Oncol. 12(S), 159-164.
140. Krupski, T., Petroni, G.R., Frierson, H.F. Jr & Theodorescu, J.U. (2000) Urol. 55, 743-749.
141. Ahlegren, G., Pedersen, K., Lundberg, S., Aus, G., Hugosson, J. & Abrahamsson, P. (2000) Urol. 56, 1011-1015.
142. Segawa, N., More, I., Utsunomiya, H., Nakamura, M., Nakamura, Y., Shan, L., Kakudo, K. & Katsuoka, Y. (2001) Pathol. Intl. 51, 452-459.
143. Di Sant’Agnese, P.A. (1992) Hum. Pathol. 23, 287-296.
144. Roudier, M.P., True, L.D., Higano, C.S., Vesselle, H., Ellis, W., Lange, P and Vessella, R.L. Phenotypic heterogeneity of end-stage prostate carcinoma to the bone. Human Pathol., 34: 646-653.
145. Mucci, N.R., Akdas, G., Manely, S. and Rubin, M.A. (2000) Neuroendocrine expression in metastatic prostate cancer: evaluation of high throughput tissue microarrays to detect heterogenous protein expression. Hum. Pathol., 31: 406-414.
146. Kadmon, D., Thompson, T.C., Lynch, G.R. & Scardino, P.T. (1991) J. Urol. 146, 358-361.
147. Tarle, M., Frkovic-Graio, S., Kraljic, I. & Kovacic, K. (1994) Prostate 24, 143-148.
148. Berruti, A., Dogliotti, L, Mosca, A., Bellina, M., Mari, M., Torta, M., Tarabuzzi, R., Bollito, E., Fontana, D. & Angeli, A. (2000) Cancer 88, 2590-2597.
149. Ito, T., Yamamoto, S., Ohno, Y. Namiki, K., Aizawa, T., Akiyama, A. & Tachibana, M. (2001) Oncol. Rep. 8, 1221-1224.
150. Isshiki, S., Akakura, K., Komiya, A., Suzuki, H., Kamiya, N. & Ito, H. (2002) J. Urol. 167, 512-515.
151. Ismail, A., Landry, F., Aprikian, A.G. & Chevalier, S. (2002) Prostate 51, 117-125.
152. Tarle, M., Ahel, M.Z. & Kovacic, K. (2002) Anticancer Res. 22, 2425-2529.
153. Hirano, D., Okada, Y., Minei, S., Takimoto, Y. & Nemoto, N. (2004) Eur. Urol. 45, 586-592.
154. Jin, R.J., Wang, Y., Naoya, M., Ishii, K., Tsukamoto, T., Shappell, S.B., Hayward, S.W., Kasper, S. & Matusik, R.J. (2004) Cancer Res. 64, 5489-5495.
155. Moon, R.T., Bowerman, B., Boutros, M. & Perrimon, N. (2002) Science 296, 1644-1646.
156. Hendriks, B. & Reichmann, E. (2002) Biol. Res. 35, 277-286.
157. van Es, J.H., Baarker, N. & Clevers, H. (2003) Curr. Opinon Gen. Devel. 13, 28-33.
158. Voeller, J.J., Truica, C.I. & Gelmann, E.P. (1998) Cancer Res. 58, 2520-2523.
159. Chesire, D.R., Ewing, C.M., Sauvageot, J., Bova, G.S. & Isaacs, W.B. (2000) Prostate 45, 323-334.
160. Chesire, D.R., Ewing, C.M., Gage, W.R. & Isaacs, W.B. (2002) Oncogene 21, 2679-2694.
161. Chen, G., Shukier, N., Potti, A., Sircare, K., Aprikian, A., Goltzman, D & Rabbani, S.A. (2004) Cancer 101, 1345-1356.
2. Kenneth W. Kinzler & Bert Vogelstein. Lessons from Hereditary Colorectal Cancer. Cell, 1996, 87(2):159-70
3. Elizabeth Pannisi. How a Growth Control Path Takes a Turn to Cancer. Science, 1998, 281(5382):1438-41
4. Andrei Glinka Wei Wu , Hajo Delius , et al. Dickopf-1 is a member of a new family of secreted proteins and functions in head induction. Nature, 1998, 391(6665):357-62
5. Bhanot P , Brink M, Samos C. H , et al. A new member of the frizzled family from Drosophila functions as a Wingless receptor. Nature, 1996, 382 (6588): 225-30
6. Kitagawa M, Hatakeyama S , Shirane M, et al. An F-box protein FWD1 , mediates ubiquitin-dependent preteolysis of beta-catenin. Embo-J, 1999, 18(9):2901-10
7. Kishida S , Yamamoto H , Ikeda S , et al. Axin a negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway , directly interacts with adenomatous polyposis coli and regulates the stablization of beta-catenin. J Biol Chem, 1998, 273(18):10823-6
8. Willert K, Shibamoto S , Nusse R. Wnt-induced dephosphorylation of axin release beta-catenin from the axin complex. Genes Dev, 1999,13(14):1768-73
9. Patrice J Morin , Andrew B Sparks , Vladimir Korinek , et al. Activation of beta-catenin-Tcf signaling in Colon Cancer byMutations in beta-catenin or APC. Science ,1997 ,275(5307) :1787-90
10. Prieve MG, Waterman ML. Nuclear localization and formation of beta- catenin-lymphoid enhancer factor 1 complexes are not sufficient for activation of gene expression. Mol-cell-Biol , 1999 ,19(6) :4503-15
11. Jügen Behrens ,Jens Pvon Kries , Mickaelkünl , et al. Functionalinteraction of beta-catenin with the transcription factor LEF-1. Nature, 1996, 382(6592) : 638-42
12. Tong Chuan He , Andrew B Sparks , Carlo Rago , et al. Identification of c-MYC as target of the APC pathway. Science ,1998 ,281 (5382) :1509-12
13. Osamu Testu&Frank Mc Cormick. Beta-catenin regulates expression of cyclinD1 in colon carcinoma cells. Nature ,1999 ,398(6726) :422-6
14. Anton Novak , Shu Chi , Hsu , Chung Yee Leung-Hagestein et al. Cell adhesion and the intergin-linked kinase regulated the LEF-1 and beta-catenin signaling pathways. Pro. Natl. Acad Sci. USA , 1998 ,95(8) :4374-79
15. Chie Sakanaka , Joseph B Weiss , and Lweis T Williams. Bridging of beta- catenin and glycogen synthase kinase3-beta by Axin and inhibition of beta-catenin mediated transcription. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 1998 , 95(6) : 3020-23
16. Jeroen Roose , Gerwitn Huls , Moniek Van Beest , et al. Synergy Between Tumor Suppressor APC and the beta-catenin-Tcf4 Target Tcf1. Science , 1999 , 285(5435) :1923-6
17. Easwaran V, Pish vaian M, Salimuddin , Byers S. Cross-regulation of`beta- caternin-LEF/ TCF and retinoid signaling pathways.Curr Biol, 1999, 9(23) : 1415-8
18. Masayuki Ozawa ,Helene Baribanlt ,Rolf Kemler ,et al . The EMBO J ,1989 ;8 : 1711-7
19. Cornelia Kraus ,Thomas Liehr ,Jorg Hulsken ,et al . Genomics ,1994 ;23 :272-4
20. Ernesto Resnik. Nature Genetics ,1997 ;16 :9-11
21. Benjamin A ,Alman ,Catherine Li ,Mandy E , Pajerski , et al . American J of Pathology ,1997 ;151 :529-34
22. Janet Heasman ,Aaron Cranford , Kim Goldstone ,et al . Cell ,1994 ;79 :791-80
23. Hermann Aberle ,Andreas Bauer ,Jorg Stappert ,et al . The EMBO J ,1997 ;16 : 3797-804
24. Vladimir Korinek ,Nick Barker , Patrice J ,Morin , et al . Science ,1997 ; 275 : 1784-7
25. Patrice J ,Morin ,Andrew Bsparks ,Vladimir Korinek , et al . Science , 1997 ; 275 :1777～1780
26. Xingpei Hao , Ian Tomlinson ,Mohammad Ilyas , et al . Virchows Arch ,1997 ; 431 :167-72
27. He TC ,Sparks AB ,Rago C ,et al . Science ,1998 ;281 (5382) :1507-12
28. Sparks AB ,Morin PJ ,Vogelstein B ,et al . Cancer Res ,1998 ;58 (6) :1130-34
29. Bonnee Rubinfeld ,Paul Robbins ,Mona EL Gamil ,et al . Science ,1997 ;275 : 1790-92
30. Krishnadath KK,Tilanus HW,Van Blankenstein M,et al . J Pathol , 1997 ; 182(3) : 331-8
31. Washington K,Chiappori A ,Hamilton K,et al .Mod Pathol ,1998 ;11 (9) :805-13
32. Sanders DS ,Bruton R ,Darnton SJ ,et al . Int J Cancer ,1998 ;79 (6) :573-9
33. Hashizume R ,Koizumi H ,Ihara A ,et al . Histopathology ,1996 ;29 :139-46
34. Miyoshi Y, Iwao K,Nagasawa Y,et al . Cancer Res ,1998 ;58 (12) :2524-27
35. Palacios J . Gamallo C. Cancer Res ,1998 ;58 (7) :1344-47
36. Set suo H. Inactivation of t he E-CD mediated cell adhesion system in human cancers. Am J Pat hol ,1998 ,153 (2) :333
37. Frenette PS ,Wagner DD. Adhesion molecules Part Ⅰ. New Eng J Med , 1996 , 334 :1526
38. Fumihiro Hommura , M. D , KeiJi Furuuchi , Ph. D , Koichi Yamazaki ,M. D. Increased expression of β-catenin predicts better prognosis in nonsmall cell lung carcinomas Cancer. 2002;94(3) :752-8
39. Koch K. Calcium branding and homo-association of E-CD Domains. Biochemist ry ,1997 ,36 (25) :7697-7705
40. Nagar ,B. Overduin M. , Ikura M. and Rini . J . M. St ructural basisof calcium 2 induced E-cadherin rigidification and dimerization. Nature (Land), 1996 , 380 :360-4
41. Angar B , et al . St ructural basis of calcium induced E-CD rigdification and dimerization Nature ,1996 ,380 :360-4
42. Hinck L ,Nat hke I ,Papkoff J ,et al . Pynamics of cadherin/ catenin complex formation : Novel protein interactions and pat hways of complex assembly. J Cell Biol 1994 ,125 :1327-40
43. Anie JM ,et al . Mol Cell Biol ,1995 ,15 :4819
44. Shapiro L , Fannon AM , Kwong PD , et al . Reduce expression of cell-cell adhesion by cadherins. Nature ,1995 ,374 :6520
45. Set suo Hirohashi. Inactivation of t he E-CD-mediated cell adhesion system in human cancers. American Journal of Pat holgy ,1998 ;153 :333-9
46. Hitoshi S ,et al . Expression of immunoreactive E-CD adhesion molecules in human cancers. Am J Pat ho ,1991 ,139 (1) :17
47. Graff J R ,Herman J G,Lapidus RG,et al . E-cadherin expression is silenced by DNA hypermet hylation in human breast and prostate carcinomas Cancer Res ,1995 ,55 :5195-9
48. Aronheim A, Zandi E, Hennemann H et al. Isolation of an AP-1 repressor by a novel method for detecting protein-protein interactions. Mol Cell Biol, 1997, 17: 3094-102
49. Barke N, Huls G, Korinek V, et al. Restricted high level expression of TCF4 protein in intestinal and mammary gland epithelium. Am J pathol, 1999, 154:29-35
50. Barker N, Huls G, Korinek V, et al. Restricted high level expression of TCF4 protein in intestinal and mammary gland epithelium. Am J Pathol, 1999,154(1): 29-35
51. Bendixen C, Gangloff S, Rothstein R. A yeast mating-selection scheme for detection of protein-protein interactions. Nucleic Acids Res, 1994, 22: 1778-9
52. Bhat HK, Springer I, Rajurama S, e al .Immunocytochemical lacalization of c-myc and c-jun oncoprotein in hamster kidney and estrogen induced kindney tumor. J steroid Biochem Mol Biol,1997,60:99-104
53. Bienz M. TCF: Transcriptional activator or repressor? Curr Opin Cell Biol, 1998,10(3): 366-72
54. Morin PJ , Sparks AB , Korinek V , et al. Science , 1997 ; 275(5307) :1787-90
55. Munemitsu S , Albert I , Rubinfeld B , et al. Mol Cell Biol ,1996 ;16 (8) :4088-94
56. Sakanaka C , Weiss JB , Williams L T. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA ,1998 ;95 (6) :3020-3
57. Yost C , Torres M , Miller JR , et al. Genes Dev , 1996 ; 10 (12) :1443-54
58. Sparks AB ,Morin PJ ,Vogelstein B ,et al. Cancer Res ,1998 ;58 (6) :1130-4
59. Takahashi M , Fukuda K, Sugimura T , et al. Cancer Res ,1998 ;58 (1) :42-6
60. Brabletz T ,J ung A , Hermann K, et al. Pathol Res Pract ,1998 ;194 (10) :701-4
61. Samowitz WS , Powers MD , Spirio LN , et al. Cancer Res ,1999 ;59 (7) :1442-44
62. Rubinfeld B ,Robbins P , EL Gamil M ,et al. Science ,1997 ;275 (5307) :1790-92
63. Rimm DL ,Caca K,Hu G,et al. Am J Pathol ,1999 ;154 (2) :325-29
64. De La Coste A ,Romagnolo B ,Billuart P ,et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 1998 ; 95 (15) :8847-51
65. Koch A ,Denkhaus D ,Albrecht S ,et al. Cancer Res ,1999 ;59(2) :269-73
66. Miyoshi Y, Iwao K,Nagasawa Y,et al. Cancer Res ,1998 ;58 (12) :2524-27
67. Voeller HJ , Truica GI , Gelmann EP. Cancer Res , 1998 ; 58 (12) :2520-3
68. Palacios J ,Gamallo C. Cancer Res ,1998 ;58 (7) :1344-7
69. Fukuchi T ,Sakamoto M , Tsuda H ,et al. Cancer Res ,1998 ; 58 (16) :3526-8
70. Bullion LC ,Levine AJ . Curr Opin Oncol ,1998 ;10 (1) :81-87
71. 李存玺,章静波. 癌细胞粘附与癌细胞侵袭和转移 1996. 145
72. 李存玺,章静波. 细胞与细胞粘附机制 1996. 133
73. Birchmeiev W. Cadherin expression in carcinomas : role of the formation of cell junction and the prevention of invasiveness.BBA ,1994 ,1198 :11
74. Jou T, Stewart DB , Stappert J , et al. Gentic and biochemical dissection of protein linkages in the cadherin -catenin complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci , 1995 , 92(11) :5067 - 5071
75. Yaw OA , Masao N , Mikolash P ,et al. Expression of the E – cadherin/catenin (α- ,β- ,γ- ) complex correlates with the macroscopic appearance of early gastric cancer. J Pathol , 2000 , 192 : 433 - 439
76. Aberle H , Bauer A , Stappert J , et al. Beta - catein is a target for the ubiquitin - proteasome pathway. EMBO J , 1997 ,16(13) :3797 - 3804
77. Morin PJ . Beta - catenin and cancer. Bioessays , 1999 ,21(12) : 1021 - 1030
78. Behrens J . Control of beta - catenin signaling in tumor development. Ann N Y Acad Sci , 2000 , 910 : 21 - 33 ,discussion 33 - 35
79. 崔 健. Wnt 通路与肿瘤. 国外医学·肿瘤学分册, 2000 , 27(3) : 138 - 140
80. Chen H , Sigrun K, Jon GJ ,et al. Alterations of E - cadherin andβ- catenin in grastic cancer. BMC Cancer , 2001 ,1(1) :16
81. Sparks AB , Morin PJ , Vogelstein B , et al. Mutational analysis of the APC/β- catenin/Tcf pathway in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res , 1998 , 58 : 1130 - 1134
82. Barker N , Clevers H. Catenins , Wnt signaling and cancer. Bioessays , 2000 , 22(11) :961 - 965
83. Peifei M. Beta - catenin as oncogene : the smoking gun. Sicence , 1997 ,275 : 1752 - 1753
84. Ben - Zeev A , Geiger B. Differential molecular interactions ofβ- catenin and plakoglobin in adhesion , signaling and cancer. Curr Opin Cell Biol , 1998 , 10 :629- 639
85. 成 军. 肿瘤转移相关基因. 成 军. 肿瘤相关基因[M] .2000. 225 - 229
86. Kinsella AR , Iepts GC , Hill CL , et al. Reduced E -cadherin expression correlates with increased invasivenessin colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Clin Exp Metastasis ,1994 ,12 :335 - 342
87. Shimoyama Y, Nagafuchi A , Fujita S , et al. Cadherin dysfunction in a human cancer cell line : possible involvement of loss of alpha - catenin expression in reduced cell - cell adhesiveness. Cancer Res , 1992 , 52 :5570 - 4
88. Kawanishi J , Kato J , Sasaki K, et al. Loss of E - cadherin dependent cel - cell adhesion due to mutation of the beta - catenin gene in a human cancer cell line ,HSC -39. Mol Cell Biol , 1995 ,15(3) : 1175 - 1181
89. Gofuku J ,Shiozaki H ,Tsujinaka T, et al. Expression of E- cadherin and alpha - catenin in patients with coiorectalcarcinoma. correlation with cancer invasion and metastasis. Am J Clin Pathol , 1999 , 111(1) : 29 - 37
90. Bankfalvi A , Terpe HJ , Breukelmann D , et al. Immunophenotypic and prognostic analysis of E - cadherin and beta - catenin expression during breast carcinogenesis and tumour progression : a comparative study with CD44 Histopathology , 1999 ,34(1) :25 - 34
91. Heimann R , Lan F , McBride R , et al. Separating favorable from unfavorable prognostic markers in breast cancer : the role of E - cadherin[J ] . Cancer Res , 2000 , 60(2) : 298 - 304
92. Karayiannakis AJ , Syrigos KN , Polychronidis A , et al. Expression patterns of alph - ,beta - and gamma - catenin in pancreatic cancer : correlation with E – cadherin expression , pathological feature and prognosis[J ] . Anti-cancer Res , 2001 ,21(6A) : 4127 - 4134
93. Ramesh S , Nash J , McCulloch PG. Reduction in membranous expression of β- catenin and increased cytoplasmic E - cadherin expression predict poor survival in gastric cancer. Br J Cancer , 1999 ,81(8) : 1392 - 1397
94. St Croix B , Sheehanc C , Rak JW, et al. E - cadherin- dependent growth suppression is mediated by the cyclin - dependent kinase inhibitor p27(KIP1). J Cell Biol , 1998 ,142(2) :557 - 571
95. He TC , Sparks AB , Rago C , et al. Idencification of C- MYC as a target of the APC pathway. Sience ,1998 ,281(5382) : 1438 - 1441
96. Tetsu O , McCormick F. Beta - catenin regulates expression of cyclinD1 in colon carcinoma cells. Nature ,1999 , 398(6726) : 422 - 426
97. Shtutman M, Zhurinsky J , Simcha I , et al. The cyclinD1 gene is a target of thebeta - cateninPLEF – 1 pathway[J ] . Proc Natl Acad Sci , 1999 , 96(10) : 5522- 5527
98. Kimura Y, Shiozaki H , Doki Y, et al. Cytoplasmic beta- catenin in esophageal cancers. Int J Cancer , 1999 , 84(2) : 174 - 178
99. Samowitz WS , Powers MD , Spirio LN , et al. Beta -catenin mutations are more frequent in small colorectaladenomas than in larger adenomas and invasive carcinomas. Cancer Res ,1999 ,59(7) :1442 – 1444
100. Utsunomiya T, Doki Y, Takemoto H , et al. Correlationof beta - catenin and cyclin D1 expression in colon cancers. Oncology , 2001 , 61(3) : 226 – 233
101. Klotz, L. (2000) Cancer, 88, 3009-3014.
102. Debryne, F. (2002) Sem. Urol. Oncol. 20, 4-9.
103. Isaacs, J.T., Furuya, Y. & Berges, R. (1994) Sem. Cancer Biol. 5, 391-400.
104. Denmeade, S.R., Lin, X.S. & Isaacs, J.T. (1996) Prostate 28, 251-265.
105. Craft, N. & Sawyers, C.L. (1999) Cancer Met. Rev. 17, 421-427.
106. Buchanan, G., Irvine, R.A., Coetzee, G.A. & Tilley, W.D. (2001) Cancer Met. Rev. 20, 207-223.
107. Culig, Z., Klocker, H., Bartsch, G., Steiner, H. & Hobish, A. (2003) J. Urol. 170, 1363-1369.
108. Taplin, M.E. & Balk, S.P. (2004) J. Cell Biochem. 91, 483-490.
109. Cornauer, M.V., Schulz, W.A., Burchardt, T., Anastasiadis, A.G., de la Taille, A., Ackermann, R. & Burchardt, M. (2003) Int. J. Oncol. 23, 1095-1102.
110. Sampson, E.R., Yeh, S.Y., Chang, H.C., Tsai, M.Y., Wang, X., Ting, H.J. & Chang, C. (2001) J. Biol. Reg. Homeostatic Agents 15, 123-129.
111. Yeh, S., Lin, H.K., Kang, H.Y., Thin, T.H., Lin, M.F. & Chang, C. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A. 96, 5458-5463.
112. Chen, T., Wang, L.H. & Farrar, W.L., (2000) Cancer Res. 60, 2132-2135.
113. Lin, H.K., Yeh, S., Kang, H.Y. & Chang, C. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A. 98, 7200-7205.
114. Ueda, T., Bruchovsky, N. & Sadar, M.D. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 7076-7085.
115. Catz, S.D. & Johnson, J.L. (2003) Apoptosis 8, 29-37.
116. Furumurthy, S., Vasudevan, K.M. & Rangnekar, V.M. (2001) Cancer Met. Rev. 20, 225-243.
117. Raffo, A., Perlman, H., Chen, M.-W., Day, M. & Buttyan, R. (1995) Cancer Res. 55, 4438-4445.
118. Lessard, L., Mes-Masson, A.M., Lamarre, L., Wall, L., Lattouf, J.B. & Saad., F. (2003) Br. J. Urol. Intl. 91: 417-420.
119. Malik, S.N., Brattain, M., Ghosh, P.M., Troyer, D.A., Prihoba, T., Bedolla, R. & Kreisberg, J.I. (2002) Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 1168-1171.
120. Chen, M.-W., Vacherot, F., de la Taille, A., Gil-Diez-de-Medina, S., Shen, R., Friedman, R.A, Burchardt, M., Chopin, D.K. & Buttyan, R. (2002) Oncogene 21, 7861-7871.
121. Blanco, P., Saargent, C.A., Boucher, C.A., Mitchell, M. & Affara, N.A. (2000) Mammalian Genome 11, 906-914.
122. Blanco-Arias, P., Sargent, C.A. & Affara, N.A. (2004) Mammalian Genome 15, 41-52.
123. De la Taille, A., Rubin, M.A., Chen, M.-W., Vacherot, F., Gil-Diez-de-Medina, S., Burchardt, M., Buttyan, R. & Chopin, D.K. (2003) Clin. Cancer Res. 9, 1801-1807.
124. Chen, S., Guttridge, D.C., You, Z., Zhang, Z., Fribley, A., Mayo, M.W., Kitajewski, J.& Wang, C.Y. (2001) J. Cell Biol. 152, 87-96.
125. You, Z., Saims, D., Chen, S., Zhang, Z., Guttridge, D.C., Guan, K.L., MacDougald, O.A., Brown, A.M., Evan, G., Kitajewski, J. & Wang, C.Y. (2002) J. Cell Biol. 157, 429-440.
126. Quieres, L., Gil-Diez-de-Medina, S., Terry, S., Chen, M.-W., de la Taille, A., Allory, Y., Maille, P., Trans, P.-L., Abbou, C.C., Buttyan, R., Chopin, D.K. & Vacherot, F. (2005) Clin. Cancer Res. (Submitted).
127. Shen, R., Dorai, T., Szaboles, M., Katz, A.E., Olsson, C.A. & Buttyan, R. (1997) Urol. Oncol. 3, 67-75.
128. Tetsu, O. & McCormick, F. (1999) Nature 398, 422-426.
129. Lustig, B. & Behrens, J. (2003) J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 129, 199-221.
130. Leung, J.Y., Kolligs, F.T., Wu, R., Zhai, Y., Kuick, R., Hanash, S., Cho, K.R. & Fearon, E.R. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 21657-21665.
131. Bang, Y.J., Prinia, F., Fang, W.G., et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A. 91, 5330-5334.
132. Deeble, P.D., Murphy, D.J., Parsons, S.J. & Cox, M.E. (2001) Mol Cell. Biol. 21, 8471-8482.
133. Meyer-Siegler, K. (2001) Mol. Med. 7, 850-860.
134. Cohen, R.J., Glezerson, G., Taylor, L.F., Brundle, J.A. J. & Naude, J.H. (1993) J. Urol. 150, 365-368.
135. Randolph, T.L., Amin, M.B., Ro, J.Y. & Ayala, A.G. (1997) Mod. Pathol. 10, 612-629.
136. Di Sant’Agnese, P.A. (1992) Hum. Pathol. 23, 287-296.
137. Weinstein, M.H., Partin, A.W., Veltri, R.W. & Epstein, J.I. (1996) Hum. Pathol. 27, 683-687.
138. McWilliam, L.J., Manson, C. & George, N.J. (1997) Br. J. Urol. 80, 287-290.
139. Bollito, E., Berruti, A., Bellina, M., Mosca, A., Leonardo, E., Tarabuzzi, R., Cappia, S., Aria, M.M., Tampellini, M., Fontana, D., Gubetta, L., Angeli, A. & Dogliotti, L. (2001) Ann. Oncol. 12(S), 159-164.
140. Krupski, T., Petroni, G.R., Frierson, H.F. Jr & Theodorescu, J.U. (2000) Urol. 55, 743-749.
141. Ahlegren, G., Pedersen, K., Lundberg, S., Aus, G., Hugosson, J. & Abrahamsson, P. (2000) Urol. 56, 1011-1015.
142. Segawa, N., More, I., Utsunomiya, H., Nakamura, M., Nakamura, Y., Shan, L., Kakudo, K. & Katsuoka, Y. (2001) Pathol. Intl. 51, 452-459.
143. Di Sant’Agnese, P.A. (1992) Hum. Pathol. 23, 287-296.
144. Roudier, M.P., True, L.D., Higano, C.S., Vesselle, H., Ellis, W., Lange, P and Vessella, R.L. Phenotypic heterogeneity of end-stage prostate carcinoma to the bone. Human Pathol., 34: 646-653.
145. Mucci, N.R., Akdas, G., Manely, S. and Rubin, M.A. (2000) Neuroendocrine expression in metastatic prostate cancer: evaluation of high throughput tissue microarrays to detect heterogenous protein expression. Hum. Pathol., 31: 406-414.
146. Kadmon, D., Thompson, T.C., Lynch, G.R. & Scardino, P.T. (1991) J. Urol. 146, 358-361.
147. Tarle, M., Frkovic-Graio, S., Kraljic, I. & Kovacic, K. (1994) Prostate 24, 143-148.
148. Berruti, A., Dogliotti, L, Mosca, A., Bellina, M., Mari, M., Torta, M., Tarabuzzi, R., Bollito, E., Fontana, D. & Angeli, A. (2000) Cancer 88, 2590-2597.
149. Ito, T., Yamamoto, S., Ohno, Y. Namiki, K., Aizawa, T., Akiyama, A. & Tachibana, M. (2001) Oncol. Rep. 8, 1221-1224.
150. Isshiki, S., Akakura, K., Komiya, A., Suzuki, H., Kamiya, N. & Ito, H. (2002) J. Urol. 167, 512-515.
151. Ismail, A., Landry, F., Aprikian, A.G. & Chevalier, S. (2002) Prostate 51, 117-125.
152. Tarle, M., Ahel, M.Z. & Kovacic, K. (2002) Anticancer Res. 22, 2425-2529.
153. Hirano, D., Okada, Y., Minei, S., Takimoto, Y. & Nemoto, N. (2004) Eur. Urol. 45, 586-592.
154. Jin, R.J., Wang, Y., Naoya, M., Ishii, K., Tsukamoto, T., Shappell, S.B., Hayward, S.W., Kasper, S. & Matusik, R.J. (2004) Cancer Res. 64, 5489-5495.
155. Moon, R.T., Bowerman, B., Boutros, M. & Perrimon, N. (2002) Science 296, 1644-1646.
156. Hendriks, B. & Reichmann, E. (2002) Biol. Res. 35, 277-286.
157. van Es, J.H., Baarker, N. & Clevers, H. (2003) Curr. Opinon Gen. Devel. 13, 28-33.
158. Voeller, J.J., Truica, C.I. & Gelmann, E.P. (1998) Cancer Res. 58, 2520-2523.
159. Chesire, D.R., Ewing, C.M., Sauvageot, J., Bova, G.S. & Isaacs, W.B. (2000) Prostate 45, 323-334.
160. Chesire, D.R., Ewing, C.M., Gage, W.R. & Isaacs, W.B. (2002) Oncogene 21, 2679-2694.
161. Chen, G., Shukier, N., Potti, A., Sircare, K., Aprikian, A., Goltzman, D & Rabbani, S.A. (2004) Cancer 101, 1345-1356.