橡胶树死皮发生过程不同排胶现象的树皮解剖学特征
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摘要
橡胶树死皮病是目前最重要的病害之一,近百年来开展了大量研究,但至今其发病机理仍不十分清楚。本文根据研究小组前期观测到的橡胶树从正常排胶到完全死皮整个发展过程出现的不同排胶现象以及它们之间存在内在联系的假设,对巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis Mull.Arg.)两个品系热研7-33-97和PR107不同排胶现象的树皮解剖结构进行显微观察和统计比较,主要结果如下。
1、巴西橡胶树死皮发展过程不同排胶现象之间的显微结构特征存在较大的差异
与健康树树皮相比,乳管内缩现象树皮水囊皮中的乳管和黄皮中的乳管直径均比健康树略小；黄皮中的有效乳管列数明显减少,石细胞面积所占黄皮有效乳管列总面积的百分比增大。黄皮中部不排胶现象树皮水囊皮中的乳管和黄皮中的乳管直径均比健康树要小,甚至只是健康乳管的1/3；石细胞和膨大乳管的数量所占黄皮有效乳管列总面积的百分比明显增大；最为显著的结构特征是,在黄皮中部出现几列连续石细胞后又出现3-7列仍能正常产胶的乳管。黄皮内侧不徘胶现象水囊皮中的乳管列数明显减少,并且稀疏分布不能成列；黄皮内侧的乳管基本成为膨大乳管,乳管相对密度很小；石细胞和膨大乳管的数量所占黄皮有效乳管列总面积的百分比明显增大；黄皮内侧也出现少量石细胞。排胶缓慢现象水囊皮中的乳管列数明显减少,基本观察不到；黄皮中乳管基本都已不成列,膨大乳管数量所占黄皮有效乳管列总面积的百分比明显增大。在黄皮内侧出现石细胞。点状排胶现象水囊皮中,乳管相对密度较小；黄皮中石细胞和膨大乳管数量所占黄皮有效乳管列总面积的百分比增大很多；石细胞分布广,甚至在水囊皮中即有石细胞存在。部分割线不排胶现象树皮水囊皮中的乳管和黄皮中有效乳管直径均明显减小；水囊皮中的乳管列数明显减少,基本观察不到；黄皮中乳管列不连续,石细胞和膨大乳管数量所占黄皮有效乳管列总面积的百分比明显增大；黄皮第一列乳管即为石细胞列。整条割线不排胶现象树皮水囊皮中乳管和黄皮有效乳管直径均略小；水囊皮中的乳管列数明显减少,且不连续；黄皮中石细胞和膨大乳管数量所占黄皮有效乳管列总面积的百分比大于85%。完全死皮现象乳管相对密度小；黄皮中基本没有有效乳管列,石细胞和膨大乳管数量所占黄皮有效乳管列总面积的百分比大于90%;在水囊皮中出现大块石细胞。
2、巴西橡胶树死皮发展过程中的不同排胶现象之间存在相互联系
观测结果表明,橡胶树死皮发展过程树皮的显微结构变化可分为两大类型,类型一：石细胞和膨大乳管相对集中局部出现在割线上部分区域,由此推测在外界某种因素胁迫下分别在黄皮外层、中层和内层出现石细胞和膨大乳管的大量发生,导致出现乳管内缩、黄皮中部不排胶、黄皮内侧不排胶现象；类型二：石细胞和膨大乳管在割线上均匀分布,由此推测在外界其它某种因素胁迫下整个黄皮层零散出现石细胞和膨大乳管并且逐渐增多,导致出现排胶缓慢、点状排胶、部分不排胶、全线不排胶现象,这两种类型均可发展到不可逆转的完全死皮现象。
Tapping Panel Dryness (TPD) in Hevea brasiliensis is one of the most pivotal diseases at the present time, and the pathogenesis of TPD has not been clarified yet till now although a large amount of research has been carried out during the last about 100 years. This study was carried out by microscopic observation and statistical comparison on the anatomical structure of the bark under tapping cut of the rubber clones, Reyan7-33-97 and PR107, base on the result that there were 8 types of latex flow phenomenon during TPD occurrence, and there were internal relation among them interiorly, assumed by our research group's previous on observations on TPD in Hevea brasiliensis. The main results shown as follows,
1. There were obviously differences in the microscopic structure characters among the 8 types of TPD symptoms
Compared with the healthy plants'bark, in the inter-flowing symptom, the laticifer diameters of conducting phloem and yellow phloem in the plants were smaller; although newly developed laticifer's columns number was normal in conducting phloem, its arrange was loose, sometimes the laticifer columns were not successive, even vanished; the yellow phloem's available laticifer number obviously decreased, and these laticifer became tuberous, the total amount of stone cells'percentage out of the available laticifer's total areas in yellow phloem increased. In the middle-flowing symptom:the laticifer diameters of conducting phloem and yellow phloem were smaller than those of healthy plants, ever 1/3 out of healthy plants'laticifer diameter; The number of conducting phloem's laticider decreased, the columns of newly developed laticifer in conducting phloem were less, and arranged untightly, sometimes these laticifer arrange was not successive, even vanished; the available laticifer columns in yellow phloem were not obvious, but the total amount of stone cells and tuberous laticifer'percentage out of the available laticifer's total areas in yellow phloem obviously increased; the most remarkable character was that several successive stone cells appeared in yellow phloem, then 3 to 7 columns of laticifer which could normally yield latex appeared; and stone cells appeared in the inside of yellow phloem. In the outer-flowing symptom, the laticifer diameter in conducting phloem and available laticifer diameter in yellow phloem presented were similar with those of healthy plants; the laticifer columns in conducting phloem obviously decreased, and were too loose to form columns; the available laticifer amount in yellow phloem obviously decreased, and the laticifer inside the yellow phloem became tuberous laticifer, and arranged loosely, with very small relative density; the total amount of stone cells and tuberous laticifer's percentage out of the available laticifer's total areas in yellow phloem remarkably increased; stone cells appeared inside the yellow phloem, and a certain amount of stone cells appeared outside and in the middle of yellow phloem. As per the slowness-flowing symptom, the diameters of laticifer in the conducting phloem and the available laticifer in yellow phloem were similar without much discrepancy; the laticifer's columns in conducting phloem decreased obviously, and too loose to form a column, basically out of observation; the available laticifer columns in the yellow phloem appreciably decreased, basically couldn't form column, and some tuberous laticifer intermingled among the laticifer, the amount of tuberous laticifer out of the available laticifer's total areas in yellow phloem remarkably increased. Stone cells appeared inside the yellow phloem; racial and laticifer distributed disorganizedly. As per the punctate-flowing symptom, the diameter of conducting phloem's laticifer and available laticifer presented were larger than those of healthy plants; the laticifer columns in conducting phloem decreased, arranged loosely, and had small relative density; without much change, nearly each available laticifer in the yellow phloem presented tuberous laticifer; the amount of stone cells and tuberous laticifer's percentage out of the available laticifer's total areas in yellow phloem remarkably increased; stone cells widely arranged, even appeared in the conducting phloem. As per partly-flowing symptom of partial tapping line, both of the diameters of the laticifer in conducting phloem and the available laticifer in yellow phloem were remarkably decreased; the laticifer columns in conducting phloem remarkably decreased, basically out of awareness; the available columns in conducting phloem were basically similar, but the laticifer was not successive, with a large amount of stone cells and tuberous laticifer intermingling; the amount of stone cells and tuberous laticifer's percentage out of the available laticifer's total areas in yellow phloem remarkably increased; inside the yellow phloem was basically stone cells, the first laticifer column of yellow phloem was stone cell column. As per non-flowing symptom of whole tapping line, the diameters of the laticifer in conducting phloem and the available laticifer in yellow phloem were slightly smaller; the laticifer columns in conducting phloem remarkably decreased, and were not successive; yellow phloem possessed few available laticifer, from inside to outside of which distributed stone cells, intermingling some tuberous cell, and distributing almost stone cells and tuberous laticifer; the amount of stone cells and tuberous laticifer's percentage out of the available laticifer's total areas in yellow phloem was larger than 85%. As per the entire dryness symptom, the diameters in the conducting phloem and yellow phloem were similar, the amount of laticifer columns in conducting phloem was rather small, the conducting phloem was relatively thick, and the relative density of laticifer was small; there was almost no available laticifer columns in the yellow phloem, but nearly stone cells and tuberous laticifer distributed among the columns; the amount of stone cells and tuberous laticifer's percentage out of the available laticifer's total areas in yellow phloem was larger than 90%; and large stone cells presented in the conducting phloem.
2. There was internal relation among the 8 types of latex flow phenomenon interiorly
The observation result indicated, the microstructure variation of the bark with difference latex flow phenomenon during TPD development process would be classified into two types. The first, the stone cell and tuberous laticifer appeared in group at somewhere of yellow phloem of the tapping cut. So our speculated that there were some stress from some outer-factors induced the stone cell and tuberous laticifer appeared in the outer, middle and inter yellow phloem individually that would conduce laticifer recess symptom, middle symptom, inner symptom. The other type was that, the stone cell and tuberous laticifer dispersedly distributed on the yellow phloem in the tapping cut. We can speculated that there were some stress from outer-factor induced the stone cell and tuberous laticifer appeared in the yellow phloem individually and increased gradually. That would conduced latex flow slowness symptom, punctate latex flow symptom, non-latex flow symptom and entirely non-latex flow symptom. These two types of all could develop into irreversible and completely TPD.
1、巴西橡胶树死皮发展过程不同排胶现象之间的显微结构特征存在较大的差异
与健康树树皮相比,乳管内缩现象树皮水囊皮中的乳管和黄皮中的乳管直径均比健康树略小；黄皮中的有效乳管列数明显减少,石细胞面积所占黄皮有效乳管列总面积的百分比增大。黄皮中部不排胶现象树皮水囊皮中的乳管和黄皮中的乳管直径均比健康树要小,甚至只是健康乳管的1/3；石细胞和膨大乳管的数量所占黄皮有效乳管列总面积的百分比明显增大；最为显著的结构特征是,在黄皮中部出现几列连续石细胞后又出现3-7列仍能正常产胶的乳管。黄皮内侧不徘胶现象水囊皮中的乳管列数明显减少,并且稀疏分布不能成列；黄皮内侧的乳管基本成为膨大乳管,乳管相对密度很小；石细胞和膨大乳管的数量所占黄皮有效乳管列总面积的百分比明显增大；黄皮内侧也出现少量石细胞。排胶缓慢现象水囊皮中的乳管列数明显减少,基本观察不到；黄皮中乳管基本都已不成列,膨大乳管数量所占黄皮有效乳管列总面积的百分比明显增大。在黄皮内侧出现石细胞。点状排胶现象水囊皮中,乳管相对密度较小；黄皮中石细胞和膨大乳管数量所占黄皮有效乳管列总面积的百分比增大很多；石细胞分布广,甚至在水囊皮中即有石细胞存在。部分割线不排胶现象树皮水囊皮中的乳管和黄皮中有效乳管直径均明显减小；水囊皮中的乳管列数明显减少,基本观察不到；黄皮中乳管列不连续,石细胞和膨大乳管数量所占黄皮有效乳管列总面积的百分比明显增大；黄皮第一列乳管即为石细胞列。整条割线不排胶现象树皮水囊皮中乳管和黄皮有效乳管直径均略小；水囊皮中的乳管列数明显减少,且不连续；黄皮中石细胞和膨大乳管数量所占黄皮有效乳管列总面积的百分比大于85%。完全死皮现象乳管相对密度小；黄皮中基本没有有效乳管列,石细胞和膨大乳管数量所占黄皮有效乳管列总面积的百分比大于90%;在水囊皮中出现大块石细胞。
2、巴西橡胶树死皮发展过程中的不同排胶现象之间存在相互联系
观测结果表明,橡胶树死皮发展过程树皮的显微结构变化可分为两大类型,类型一：石细胞和膨大乳管相对集中局部出现在割线上部分区域,由此推测在外界某种因素胁迫下分别在黄皮外层、中层和内层出现石细胞和膨大乳管的大量发生,导致出现乳管内缩、黄皮中部不排胶、黄皮内侧不排胶现象；类型二：石细胞和膨大乳管在割线上均匀分布,由此推测在外界其它某种因素胁迫下整个黄皮层零散出现石细胞和膨大乳管并且逐渐增多,导致出现排胶缓慢、点状排胶、部分不排胶、全线不排胶现象,这两种类型均可发展到不可逆转的完全死皮现象。
Tapping Panel Dryness (TPD) in Hevea brasiliensis is one of the most pivotal diseases at the present time, and the pathogenesis of TPD has not been clarified yet till now although a large amount of research has been carried out during the last about 100 years. This study was carried out by microscopic observation and statistical comparison on the anatomical structure of the bark under tapping cut of the rubber clones, Reyan7-33-97 and PR107, base on the result that there were 8 types of latex flow phenomenon during TPD occurrence, and there were internal relation among them interiorly, assumed by our research group's previous on observations on TPD in Hevea brasiliensis. The main results shown as follows,
1. There were obviously differences in the microscopic structure characters among the 8 types of TPD symptoms
Compared with the healthy plants'bark, in the inter-flowing symptom, the laticifer diameters of conducting phloem and yellow phloem in the plants were smaller; although newly developed laticifer's columns number was normal in conducting phloem, its arrange was loose, sometimes the laticifer columns were not successive, even vanished; the yellow phloem's available laticifer number obviously decreased, and these laticifer became tuberous, the total amount of stone cells'percentage out of the available laticifer's total areas in yellow phloem increased. In the middle-flowing symptom:the laticifer diameters of conducting phloem and yellow phloem were smaller than those of healthy plants, ever 1/3 out of healthy plants'laticifer diameter; The number of conducting phloem's laticider decreased, the columns of newly developed laticifer in conducting phloem were less, and arranged untightly, sometimes these laticifer arrange was not successive, even vanished; the available laticifer columns in yellow phloem were not obvious, but the total amount of stone cells and tuberous laticifer'percentage out of the available laticifer's total areas in yellow phloem obviously increased; the most remarkable character was that several successive stone cells appeared in yellow phloem, then 3 to 7 columns of laticifer which could normally yield latex appeared; and stone cells appeared in the inside of yellow phloem. In the outer-flowing symptom, the laticifer diameter in conducting phloem and available laticifer diameter in yellow phloem presented were similar with those of healthy plants; the laticifer columns in conducting phloem obviously decreased, and were too loose to form columns; the available laticifer amount in yellow phloem obviously decreased, and the laticifer inside the yellow phloem became tuberous laticifer, and arranged loosely, with very small relative density; the total amount of stone cells and tuberous laticifer's percentage out of the available laticifer's total areas in yellow phloem remarkably increased; stone cells appeared inside the yellow phloem, and a certain amount of stone cells appeared outside and in the middle of yellow phloem. As per the slowness-flowing symptom, the diameters of laticifer in the conducting phloem and the available laticifer in yellow phloem were similar without much discrepancy; the laticifer's columns in conducting phloem decreased obviously, and too loose to form a column, basically out of observation; the available laticifer columns in the yellow phloem appreciably decreased, basically couldn't form column, and some tuberous laticifer intermingled among the laticifer, the amount of tuberous laticifer out of the available laticifer's total areas in yellow phloem remarkably increased. Stone cells appeared inside the yellow phloem; racial and laticifer distributed disorganizedly. As per the punctate-flowing symptom, the diameter of conducting phloem's laticifer and available laticifer presented were larger than those of healthy plants; the laticifer columns in conducting phloem decreased, arranged loosely, and had small relative density; without much change, nearly each available laticifer in the yellow phloem presented tuberous laticifer; the amount of stone cells and tuberous laticifer's percentage out of the available laticifer's total areas in yellow phloem remarkably increased; stone cells widely arranged, even appeared in the conducting phloem. As per partly-flowing symptom of partial tapping line, both of the diameters of the laticifer in conducting phloem and the available laticifer in yellow phloem were remarkably decreased; the laticifer columns in conducting phloem remarkably decreased, basically out of awareness; the available columns in conducting phloem were basically similar, but the laticifer was not successive, with a large amount of stone cells and tuberous laticifer intermingling; the amount of stone cells and tuberous laticifer's percentage out of the available laticifer's total areas in yellow phloem remarkably increased; inside the yellow phloem was basically stone cells, the first laticifer column of yellow phloem was stone cell column. As per non-flowing symptom of whole tapping line, the diameters of the laticifer in conducting phloem and the available laticifer in yellow phloem were slightly smaller; the laticifer columns in conducting phloem remarkably decreased, and were not successive; yellow phloem possessed few available laticifer, from inside to outside of which distributed stone cells, intermingling some tuberous cell, and distributing almost stone cells and tuberous laticifer; the amount of stone cells and tuberous laticifer's percentage out of the available laticifer's total areas in yellow phloem was larger than 85%. As per the entire dryness symptom, the diameters in the conducting phloem and yellow phloem were similar, the amount of laticifer columns in conducting phloem was rather small, the conducting phloem was relatively thick, and the relative density of laticifer was small; there was almost no available laticifer columns in the yellow phloem, but nearly stone cells and tuberous laticifer distributed among the columns; the amount of stone cells and tuberous laticifer's percentage out of the available laticifer's total areas in yellow phloem was larger than 90%; and large stone cells presented in the conducting phloem.
2. There was internal relation among the 8 types of latex flow phenomenon interiorly
The observation result indicated, the microstructure variation of the bark with difference latex flow phenomenon during TPD development process would be classified into two types. The first, the stone cell and tuberous laticifer appeared in group at somewhere of yellow phloem of the tapping cut. So our speculated that there were some stress from some outer-factors induced the stone cell and tuberous laticifer appeared in the outer, middle and inter yellow phloem individually that would conduce laticifer recess symptom, middle symptom, inner symptom. The other type was that, the stone cell and tuberous laticifer dispersedly distributed on the yellow phloem in the tapping cut. We can speculated that there were some stress from outer-factor induced the stone cell and tuberous laticifer appeared in the yellow phloem individually and increased gradually. That would conduced latex flow slowness symptom, punctate latex flow symptom, non-latex flow symptom and entirely non-latex flow symptom. These two types of all could develop into irreversible and completely TPD.
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27.陈慕容,罗大全,许来玉,等.橡胶树褐皮病皮接传染研究.热带作物学报,2000,21(3)：15-20.
28.郑冠标,陈慕容,杨绍华,等.橡胶树褐皮病的病因及其防治研究.华南农业大学学报,1988,9(2)：22-23.
29. Sivakumaran S,Lcong S K,Ghousc M,et al.Influence of some agronomic practices on tapping panel dryness in Hevea trees.Tn:International Rubber Research and Development Board Workshop on Tapping Panel Dryness.Hainan,China:Hainan Press,1994:26.
30. Tian Weimin;Hao Bingzhong.Protein-storing cells with a 67 kDa protein in regularly tapped Hevea trees and in trees affected by tapping panel dryness. Journal of Rubber Research,1999,2(3):183-191.
31. Dian K,Sangare A,Diopoh J K.Evidence for specific variation of protein pattern during tapping panel dryness condition development in Hevea brasiliensis.Plant Science,1995,105(2):207-210.
32. Li J.G.Brader and E.T.Palval.The WRKY70 transcription factor:A node of convergence for jasmonate-mediated and salicylate-mediated signals in plant defense.Plant Cell,2004.16:319-331.
33. Hamzah S,Xiao X,Luo S,et al.Protein marker for tapping panel dryness identified as the small rubber particle protein(Hev b 3).Journal of Rubber Research,2000,3(1):42-52.
34. Sookmark U,Pujade-Renaud V,Chrestin H,et al.Characterization of polypeptides accumulated in the atex cytosol of rubber trees affected by the tapping panel dryness syndrome.Plant and Cell Physiology, 2002,43(11):1323-1333.
35. Chen Shoucai,Peng Shiqing,Huang Guixiu,et al.Association of decreased expression of a Myb ranscription factor with the TPD(tapping panel dryness)syndrome in Hevea brasiliensis.Plant Molecular Biology,2003,51(1):51-58.
36.黄贵修,吴坤鑫,陈守才.利用mRNA差别显示技术分离橡胶树死皮病相关cDNA.热带作物学报,2002,23(3)：36-42.陈慕容,罗大全,黄庆春,等.橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用.热带作物学报,1998,19(4)：34-38.
37. Weston K.Myb proteins in life.death and differentiation.Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, 1998,8(1):76-81.
38. Venkatachalam P,Thulaseedharan A,Raghothama K.Identification of expression profiles of tapping panel dryness(TPD)associated genes from the latex of rubber tree(Hevea brasiliensis Muell.Arg.)Planta,2007,226(2):499-515.
39.杨少琼,莫业勇,范思伟.PR107初产树对强割加刺激的生理反应.热带作物学报,1995,16(1)：29-37.
40. Vichitcholchai N,Kosaisawe J,Maenmeun S,et al.The effect of tapping system and stimulation on the hysiological diagnosis of latex in the non-traditional rubber area of Thailand.International Rubber Research and Development Board,Brickendonbury,UK,1996:150-160.
41. Pushpadas M V,et al.Brown bast and nutrition,A case study.Rubb Board Bull,1975,12(3):83-88.
42. Chrestin H.Biochemical basis of bark dryness C.R.Coll.Expl.Physiol. Am.Hevea, IRRDB, Montpellier.France,1984:273-293.
43. de Fay E, Jacob J L, Symptomatology, histological and cytological aspects. Ins d'Auzac J, Jacob J L, Chrestin H eds. Physiology of Rubber Tree Latex. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida,1989, 407-428
44. Gomez JB,Ghandimathi H.The brown bast syndrome of Hevea Part I.Morphological observations.Journal of Natural Rubber Research,1990,5(2):81-89.
45. Yusof F,Arija M AS,Ghandimathi H,et al.Changes in some physiological latex parameters in relation to over-exploitation and the onset of induced tapping panel dryness.Journal of Natural Rubber Research,1995,10(3):182-198.
46. Commere J,Eschbach J M,Serres E.Tapping panel dryness in Cot'e D'Ivoire.Proceedings of the IRRDB Workshop on Tree Dryness, Penang,1989:48-60.
47. Yusof F,Arija M AS,Ghandimathi H,et al.Changes in some physiological latex parameters in relation to over-exploitation and the onset of induced tapping panel dryness.Journal of Natural Rubber Research,1995,10(3):182-198.
48.许闻献.国外橡胶树死皮生理学研究简况.热带农业科学,1984,(2)：38-42.
49. Gomez JB.Ghandimathi H.The brown bast syndrome of Hevea PartⅠ.Morphological observations.Journal of Natural Rubber Research,1990,5(2):81-89.
50. Gomez JB,Hamzah S,Ghandimathi H,et al.The brown bast syndrome of Hevea Part Ⅱ.Histological observations.Journal of Natural Rubber Research,1990,5(2):90-101.
51. Hao BZ,Wu JL.Ultrastructure of laticifers in drying bark induced by over-exploitation of Hevea brasiliensis with ethephon.Journal of Natural Rubber Research,1993,8(4):286-292.
52. SharplesA,LambourneJ.Fieldexperimentsrelatingtobrown bast disease of Heavea brasiliensis. Malayan AgrJ,1924,12:190-343
53. Rands R D. Brown bast disease of Plantation rubber,Its cause and prevention. Archief Voor De Rubbercultuur In Nederlandsch-Indie,5e Jaargang 1921s224-275
54. Vichitcholchai N,Kosaisawe J,Maenmeun S,et al.The effect of tapping system and stimulation on the physiological diagnosis of latex in the non-traditional rubber area of Thailand.International Rubber Research and Development Board,Brickendonbury, UK,1996:150-160.
55. Frey-WysslingA.Investigationonthedilutionreactionand the movement of the latex of Hevea brasiliensisduring tapping. Archf Rubber Cult,1932,16:285
56.范思伟,杨少琼.巴西橡胶死皮病的概念、假说和发病机理.热带农业科学,1991,(2)：73-80.
57. Chen Shoucai,Peng Shiqing,Huang Guixiu,et al.Association of decreased expression of a Myb transcription factor with the TPD(tapping panel dryness)syndrome in Hevea brasiliensis.Plant Molecular Biology,2003,51 (1):51-58.
58. Van de Sype, H,:The dry cut syndrome of Hevea brasiliensis:evoluion, agronomical end physiological aspects, Collodue Hevea'84:Exploi on-physiologie Amelioration (IRRDB), 9-123ulY} 198d, Montpellier, France,249-271
59. Chua, S. E.Physiological change in Hevea trees under intensive tapping, J. Rubb, Res, Inst. Malaya,20(2)1967:100-105
60. Pellegrin F.Nandris D.Chrestin H,et al.Rubber tree(Hevea brasiliensis)bark necrosis syndrome I:still no evidence of a biotic causal agent.Plant Disease,2004,88(9):1046.
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