中国“幸福—收入之谜”的作用机制研究
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摘要
自斯密以来，主流经济学理论都认为财富或者收入是人们获得幸福的前提，收入水平的高低被视为间接度量福利水平高低的一个主要指标，从而使得所有提高社会福利的经济政策，最后都会归结于经济的长期增长。然而，通过幸福感调查的实证研究表明，经济增长几乎不能提高居民的福利水平。当经济发展到一定程度，居民幸福感水平趋于一个稳定的值、呈现水平状态。经济学者将之称为幸福—收入之谜、幸福悖论或伊斯特林悖论。就中国而言，通过对世界价值观调查（WVS）数据分析发现同样的现象在中国也是存在的。那么，究竟是什么原因导致了该谜题在中国的发生呢？其作用机制是什么？本文将对此进行实证研究。
本文用四章篇幅，从宏观经济因素和社会因素两个方面对中国的幸福——收入之谜的作用机制进行检验。首先，检验中国的收入不平等状况对居民幸福感的影响。结果发现我国居民表现出了明显的收入不平等厌恶，由于受到不患寡而患不均的历史传统和社会主义意识形态的影响，我国居民对不平等的容忍程度较低，较低的收入不平等容忍度与较高的收入不平等之间的矛盾，使得它对居民的主观幸福感产生较大的负面影响。而且，除了收入不平等自身对居民幸福感有显著的负面影响外，收入差距过大，尤其是不合理、不公正的收入差距扩大，直接影响社会成员的心态平和程度，导致心理失衡和强烈的失落感，滋生对社会的不满情绪，形成社会的不稳定和犯罪因素，这些犯罪活动又会进一步对居民的幸福感产生负面影响。
其次，检验中国的阶层固化、机会不均等对居民幸福感的影响。实证结论显示，向下流动给居民幸福感带来的负面影响（-0.070分）要远远大于向上流动所带来的正面影响（0.045分），这在某种程度解释了当前中国幸福—收入之谜的原因。由于社会阶层固化越来越严重，向上流动的渠道日益阻塞，剩下的社会阶层状况要么是不流动，要么就是向下流动，这导致居民总体平均幸福感的下降。与此同时，在社会不流动的过程中往往伴随着机会的不平等，因为社会不流动、阶层长期固化，那将意味着大量的底层居民无法顺利向上流动，这即是重大的机会缺失，本文发现不同阶层之间的机会不平等也是导致居民不幸福的主要原因。
第三，检验政府质量对居民幸福感的影响。本文发现腐败对我国居民的主观幸福感造成显著的负面影响，因为它是一种不良的气候，破坏了社会的公平和正义，激发人内心的不满情绪，直接造成居民的幸福感损失。除此之外，腐败对居民主观幸福感的影响中还有一部分是通过影响社会非正式制度（人际间信任水平）实现的。腐败会导致居民对政府机构、政府机构人员的不信任。人际间信任感的丧失意味着非正式制度保障的逐渐破裂，居民的安全感不断降低，从而使得他们难感到幸福。
最后，检验中国式分权对居民幸福感的影响。中国式分权造成了财政支出结构的扭曲，地方政府更加注重投资性支出，轻视公共服务和人力资本投入的财政支出，这几乎已经成为了学者中的共识。但是，到目前为止，学界并没有对此种特有的现象进行深入的探讨，即分权导致支出结构偏向，而这种与中国式分权相关联的支出结构偏向又会给居民的社会心态、生活满意度和主观幸福感上带来了怎样的影响？本文发现财政分权对我国居民的幸福感产生了显著的负面影响，其原因主要在于公共支出结构的扭曲所导致的。因此，增加民生性支出的比重是解决幸福——收入之谜之道。
After the emergence of Smith’s theory, the mainstream economic theories take wealthor income as the premise for people getting happiness, the level of income is regarded asan indirect measure of welfare as a major indicator of the level, making all economicpolicies to improve social welfare, and finally will due to long-term economic growth.However, the happiness survey evidence shows that economic growth can hardly improvethe welfare of the residents when the economy develops to a certain extent, and the levelof happiness tends to a stable value, economists call it the “happiness–income puzzle”,“happiness paradox” or “Easterlin paradox”. In the case of China, the World ValuesSurvey data show the same phenomenon also exists in China. So, what causes the puzzlewas happened in China? What is its mechanism? This article will conduct empiricalresearch about this issue.
In this dissertation, we used four chapters to test the mechanism of China's“happiness-income puzzle”. Firstly, estimate the relationship and mechanism betweenincome inequality and residents’ subjective well-being in China. Our results show thatincome inequality has negative effects on residents’ subjective well-being significantly.Due to the historical tradition of “Not afraid get less, but afraid unequal distribution” andthe “socialism ideology”, which makes Chinese people showed a significant aversion toincome inequality. Moreover, in addition to the significant negative impact of incomeinequality on Chinese people’s happiness, the income gap is too large, especiallyunreasonable, unfair income disparities directly affect the peace of mind of members inthe community, leading to psychological imbalance and a strong sense of loss, thebreeding of social discontent, the formation of social instability and crime factors, thesecriminal activities will further the negative impact of income inequality on residents’happiness.
Secondly, estimate the relationship between social immobility, inequality of andresidents’ subjective well-being in China. Results show that the negative happiness effectsof downward mobility (-0.070points) is much greater than the positive effects of theupward mobility (0.045points), which in some extent to explain China's current“happiness-income puzzle”. Because of social class curing more serious, growing channel for upward mobility blocked, the rest of the social class status neither not mobilenor downward mobile, which leads to overall population decline in average happiness. Atthe same time, in the process of social mobility is associated with inequality ofopportunity generally. Because society does not mobile, it will mean a lot of people can’tbe successfully underlying upward mobility, which is the loss of opportunity, thisdissertation found that inequality of opportunity between different social class is the mainreason leading to unhappy.
Thirdly, estimate the relationship government quality and residents’ subjectivewell-being in China. Results show that corruption has negative effects on residents’subjective well-being significantly, because corruption is a bad “climate”, it may destructthe equity and justice of society and stimulate residents’ inner discontent. In addition, theeffects of corruption on happiness also through change the informal system (interpersonaltrust level) to achieve. Corruption will lead to residents don’t trust government agenciesand government’s staff. The loss of interpersonal trust means that the protection ofinformal system was ruptured. Residents continue to lower the sense of security, makingthem difficult to feel happy.
Finally, test the Chinese-style decentralization impact on the residents’ happiness.Chinese-style decentralization resulted in distortion of the structure of fiscal expenditure,local government pay more attention to investment spending than public services andhuman capital investment expenditures, which almost has become the consensus ofscholars. However, so far, scholars are not peculiar to the depth of this discussion, thatChinese-style decentralization tend to distort the structure of expenditures, and howresidents’ social psychology, life satisfaction and subjective well-being were effect by thissituation? Results show that fiscal decentralization has negative effects on residents’subjective well-being significantly, and primarily due to the distortion of the structure ofpublic expenditure caused. Therefore, increase the proportion of social expenditure is away to solve the “happiness-income puzzle” in China.
本文用四章篇幅，从宏观经济因素和社会因素两个方面对中国的幸福——收入之谜的作用机制进行检验。首先，检验中国的收入不平等状况对居民幸福感的影响。结果发现我国居民表现出了明显的收入不平等厌恶，由于受到不患寡而患不均的历史传统和社会主义意识形态的影响，我国居民对不平等的容忍程度较低，较低的收入不平等容忍度与较高的收入不平等之间的矛盾，使得它对居民的主观幸福感产生较大的负面影响。而且，除了收入不平等自身对居民幸福感有显著的负面影响外，收入差距过大，尤其是不合理、不公正的收入差距扩大，直接影响社会成员的心态平和程度，导致心理失衡和强烈的失落感，滋生对社会的不满情绪，形成社会的不稳定和犯罪因素，这些犯罪活动又会进一步对居民的幸福感产生负面影响。
其次，检验中国的阶层固化、机会不均等对居民幸福感的影响。实证结论显示，向下流动给居民幸福感带来的负面影响（-0.070分）要远远大于向上流动所带来的正面影响（0.045分），这在某种程度解释了当前中国幸福—收入之谜的原因。由于社会阶层固化越来越严重，向上流动的渠道日益阻塞，剩下的社会阶层状况要么是不流动，要么就是向下流动，这导致居民总体平均幸福感的下降。与此同时，在社会不流动的过程中往往伴随着机会的不平等，因为社会不流动、阶层长期固化，那将意味着大量的底层居民无法顺利向上流动，这即是重大的机会缺失，本文发现不同阶层之间的机会不平等也是导致居民不幸福的主要原因。
第三，检验政府质量对居民幸福感的影响。本文发现腐败对我国居民的主观幸福感造成显著的负面影响，因为它是一种不良的气候，破坏了社会的公平和正义，激发人内心的不满情绪，直接造成居民的幸福感损失。除此之外，腐败对居民主观幸福感的影响中还有一部分是通过影响社会非正式制度（人际间信任水平）实现的。腐败会导致居民对政府机构、政府机构人员的不信任。人际间信任感的丧失意味着非正式制度保障的逐渐破裂，居民的安全感不断降低，从而使得他们难感到幸福。
最后，检验中国式分权对居民幸福感的影响。中国式分权造成了财政支出结构的扭曲，地方政府更加注重投资性支出，轻视公共服务和人力资本投入的财政支出，这几乎已经成为了学者中的共识。但是，到目前为止，学界并没有对此种特有的现象进行深入的探讨，即分权导致支出结构偏向，而这种与中国式分权相关联的支出结构偏向又会给居民的社会心态、生活满意度和主观幸福感上带来了怎样的影响？本文发现财政分权对我国居民的幸福感产生了显著的负面影响，其原因主要在于公共支出结构的扭曲所导致的。因此，增加民生性支出的比重是解决幸福——收入之谜之道。
After the emergence of Smith’s theory, the mainstream economic theories take wealthor income as the premise for people getting happiness, the level of income is regarded asan indirect measure of welfare as a major indicator of the level, making all economicpolicies to improve social welfare, and finally will due to long-term economic growth.However, the happiness survey evidence shows that economic growth can hardly improvethe welfare of the residents when the economy develops to a certain extent, and the levelof happiness tends to a stable value, economists call it the “happiness–income puzzle”,“happiness paradox” or “Easterlin paradox”. In the case of China, the World ValuesSurvey data show the same phenomenon also exists in China. So, what causes the puzzlewas happened in China? What is its mechanism? This article will conduct empiricalresearch about this issue.
In this dissertation, we used four chapters to test the mechanism of China's“happiness-income puzzle”. Firstly, estimate the relationship and mechanism betweenincome inequality and residents’ subjective well-being in China. Our results show thatincome inequality has negative effects on residents’ subjective well-being significantly.Due to the historical tradition of “Not afraid get less, but afraid unequal distribution” andthe “socialism ideology”, which makes Chinese people showed a significant aversion toincome inequality. Moreover, in addition to the significant negative impact of incomeinequality on Chinese people’s happiness, the income gap is too large, especiallyunreasonable, unfair income disparities directly affect the peace of mind of members inthe community, leading to psychological imbalance and a strong sense of loss, thebreeding of social discontent, the formation of social instability and crime factors, thesecriminal activities will further the negative impact of income inequality on residents’happiness.
Secondly, estimate the relationship between social immobility, inequality of andresidents’ subjective well-being in China. Results show that the negative happiness effectsof downward mobility (-0.070points) is much greater than the positive effects of theupward mobility (0.045points), which in some extent to explain China's current“happiness-income puzzle”. Because of social class curing more serious, growing channel for upward mobility blocked, the rest of the social class status neither not mobilenor downward mobile, which leads to overall population decline in average happiness. Atthe same time, in the process of social mobility is associated with inequality ofopportunity generally. Because society does not mobile, it will mean a lot of people can’tbe successfully underlying upward mobility, which is the loss of opportunity, thisdissertation found that inequality of opportunity between different social class is the mainreason leading to unhappy.
Thirdly, estimate the relationship government quality and residents’ subjectivewell-being in China. Results show that corruption has negative effects on residents’subjective well-being significantly, because corruption is a bad “climate”, it may destructthe equity and justice of society and stimulate residents’ inner discontent. In addition, theeffects of corruption on happiness also through change the informal system (interpersonaltrust level) to achieve. Corruption will lead to residents don’t trust government agenciesand government’s staff. The loss of interpersonal trust means that the protection ofinformal system was ruptured. Residents continue to lower the sense of security, makingthem difficult to feel happy.
Finally, test the Chinese-style decentralization impact on the residents’ happiness.Chinese-style decentralization resulted in distortion of the structure of fiscal expenditure,local government pay more attention to investment spending than public services andhuman capital investment expenditures, which almost has become the consensus ofscholars. However, so far, scholars are not peculiar to the depth of this discussion, thatChinese-style decentralization tend to distort the structure of expenditures, and howresidents’ social psychology, life satisfaction and subjective well-being were effect by thissituation? Results show that fiscal decentralization has negative effects on residents’subjective well-being significantly, and primarily due to the distortion of the structure ofpublic expenditure caused. Therefore, increase the proportion of social expenditure is away to solve the “happiness-income puzzle” in China.
引文
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