ICF用MCP选通软X射线皮秒分幅相机动态时空特性及新型多时间分辨诊断技术研究
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摘要
微通道板行波选通软X射线分幅相机(MCP-XFC)是一种新型超快诊断工具,它可以获取超快现象的高时间/空间分辨的两维图像,是集快速光电子、光学、真空技术与计算处理技术于一体的超快精密测量设备,是我国开展高能量密度物理学、惯性约束核聚变(ICF)、材料科学、光物理、光化学、超快光谱学与等离子物理学等方面研究的重要技术支撑,其测量数据是分析超快过程的重要依据。
本论文在总结国内外MCP-XFC技术发展的基础上,进行了MCP—XFC皮秒选通状态下的时空特性的理论和实验研究并为扩大其应用范围和发展而开展了新型多时间分辨的软X射线分幅摄影技术研究。
本文首先在MCP像管的静态电子渡越时间和电子倍增的理论模型的基础上建立了MCP像管皮秒脉冲选通状态下的动态工作理论模型,在此基础上,开展了微通道板行波皮秒选通软X射线分幅相机(MCP-XPFC)的动态时空特性研究。
在时间分辨特性研究方面,引入了均匀设计方法,建立了MCP-XPFC选通脉冲参数与时间分辨率之间的快速预估模型,在一定的实验参数范围内,此预估模型能够代替相机理论模型快速指导实验。
在空间分辨特性研究方面,本文研究了MCP-XPFC的动态空间分辨能力与屏压、近贴距离、皮秒选通脉冲的幅值与宽度等参数的关系;计算了常用参数下的MCP—XPFC的系统动态空间分辨率,讨论了提高相机动态空间分辨率的措施,提出了优化相机结构参数的方法。
为研究包括惯性约束、Z—Pinch和磁约束在内的反应快慢不相同的核聚变反应的动态过程,有必要发展一种时间分辨范围很宽的新型分幅相机。为此,本文设计并研制了一种新型开放式阴极微带正交式双MCP结构分幅相机原型,该机对于皮秒至微秒级的选通脉冲,均可获得目标的16幅高增益(G～10~8)两维图像。与单MCP—XPFC相比,双MCP既提高了增益又减少了X射线直穿光造成的背景噪声,提高了图像质量。我们从理论和实验两方面研究了通过控制级联选通脉冲的脉宽和时间间隔获得多时间分辨能力的方法。
在新型原理样机的理论和实验研究的基础上,探讨了双MCP双皮秒窄脉冲选通方式对系统时间分辨率的影响,从理论和实验两方面证明了当选通脉冲宽度和单MCP中电子平均渡越时间相当或更小时,通过改变正负两个选通脉冲间的时间间隔,在当前高压窄电脉冲产生技术的限制下,仍可以提高相机的时间分辨至45ps。
在单块薄的,小长/径比的MCP分幅相机上用窄脉冲选通,可以获得40ps时间分辨,通过在此单片MCP之后增加一块用于倍增的MCP,可以改善由于MCP薄而带来的直穿光严重、增益低、信噪比差的缺点。
总之,本文简要地从理论和实验两方面证明了,通过施加脉宽与薄MCP电子平均渡越时间相当的选通脉冲,可以将分幅相机60ps时间分辨缩短至45ps以内。
在本论文进行过程中,我们自行建立了一套超快诊断综合测试及强激光物理实验平台,包含多波长3TW飞秒钛宝石激光源、多功能高真空靶室、高速的图像信息获取设备以及红外、可见光、紫外、X射线变像管扫描相机和分幅相机等超快诊断设备,它不仅是一个可用于超快诊断设备静动态测试的飞秒级、高强度、涵盖红外至深紫外波段的超短光源,同时可以开展强激光和物质相互作用方面的研究工作。
The soft X-ray framing camera with the gated micro-channel plate(MCP-XFC)is the key ultra-fast diagnostic tool which can be used to capture 2D pictures of ultra-fast phenomena with high temporal/spatial resolution and is an ultra-fast precision measuring instrument which integrates ultra-fast photo-electronics and electronics,optics,vacuum technology and computing technology.The MCP-XFC is an important technologic support for the basic research of high-energy density physics,inertial confinement fusion(ICF), material science,photo-physics,photo-chemistry,ultra-fast spectroscopy,and laser plasma research,etc.The data taken by MCP-XFC are the important basis to analyze some ultra-fast processes.
Based on the MCP-XFC technology development in China and abroad,a theoretical and experimental research of the dynamic temporal characteristics of the MCP-XPFC is using picosecond electronic pulse has been carried out and a new soft X-ray framing technology with multi-scale temporal resolution has been put forward to promote the ICF diagnostic technology applications and development
In this thesis,based on the theoretical model of electronic transit time and gain of DC MCP image,a fundamental theoretical model of MCP framing tube gated by the picosecond high voltage pulse is set-up first and then the characteristics of the dynamic temporal and spatial resolution of the MCP-XPFC gated by picosecond electrical pulse is discussed
In studying temporal resolution characteristics,the Uniform Design method is introduced into the design of MCP-XPFC,and the fast prediction model based on the parameters of gating pulses and dynamic temporal resolution is established.Whichin a certain range of parameters,the prediction model can replace the camera's temporal resolution theoretical model and give a quick guide of the experiment.
In studying spatial resolution characteristics,the relation of the dynamic spatial resolution and the phosphor screen voltage,the proximity distance,amplitude and width of picosecond gating pulse have been studied.Taking frequently used parameters,the dynamic spatial resolution of MCP-XFC is calculated,some measures to improve the dynamic spatial resolution of the camera are discussed,and the method to optimize the structure parameters of the camera has been proposed.
To diagnose the processes of nuclear fusion,which have different reaction speed rate, such as ICF,Z-Pinch and magnetic confinement fusion,it is necessary to develop a new type of X-ray framing camera,which has an expanded range of temporal resolution.For this purpose,we designed and developed a new prototype camera,which is based on two pieces of gated MCPs that are contacted to each other as a Chevron structure and the micro-strip lines on the input surface of the Chevron MCP are normal to those on the output surface of the MCP.Both micro-strip lines on the input surface and the output surface of the framing tube are provided with some high voltage pulses respectively and their gating order can be controlled by delay time so that its widely tunable exposure time (ps～us) and 16 frames of high gain(～10~(8)) 2D pictures can be obtained.In comparison to single MCP-XPFC,the new type of camera can reduce the background noise brought by the X-ray straight through,increases the image gain,and therefore,it can improves image quality.The theoretical and experimental studies demonstrated that by controlling the pulsed width and interval of two cascade gating pulse,the multi-scale temporal resolution images can be acquired.
On the basis of theoretical and experimental study of the new prototype camera,the method using one positive and one negative ps gating pulses as a cascades gating to decrease the temporal resolution is discussed.The results of the theoretical and experimental study show,when cascades gating pulse width and electron average transit time in MCP channel is less than or rather,by changing and controlling the pulse interval between two cascade gating pulses,the temporal resolution of camera can be improved to 45ps.
By using narrow gating pulse to gate a framing camera which consists of a single thin MCP with small L/D ratio,it is possible to get a time resolution of 40ps.By adding an ordinary MCP behind the single thin MCP,the disadvantages induced by the thin MCP, such as low gain,low SNR and the light passing through the MCP channel directly can be overcome.
In brief,the paper has demonstrated theoretically and experimentally that the time resolution of the gated micro-tripe MCP framing camera can be improved from 60ps to 45ps by using one gating pulse which has a width equal to the electron average transit time in the thin MCP channel.
During carrying out this research,a platform named "ultra-fast diagnosis and high power laser physics experiment" has been set-up by ourselves.This platform contains a multi-wavelength 3TW femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser source,a high vacuum multi-function vacuum target chamber,a high-speed high resolution CCD camera and some ultra-fast diagnostic equipments such as sensitive to infrared,visible light,ultraviolet, and X-ray streak cameras and framing cameras,etc.The platform,therefore,not only can provide a high density,IR-XUV,fs light source for testing of static and dynamic characteristics of high temporal resolution diagnosis instruments but also can be used to carry out researches on interaction between ultra-short laser and material.
本论文在总结国内外MCP-XFC技术发展的基础上,进行了MCP—XFC皮秒选通状态下的时空特性的理论和实验研究并为扩大其应用范围和发展而开展了新型多时间分辨的软X射线分幅摄影技术研究。
本文首先在MCP像管的静态电子渡越时间和电子倍增的理论模型的基础上建立了MCP像管皮秒脉冲选通状态下的动态工作理论模型,在此基础上,开展了微通道板行波皮秒选通软X射线分幅相机(MCP-XPFC)的动态时空特性研究。
在时间分辨特性研究方面,引入了均匀设计方法,建立了MCP-XPFC选通脉冲参数与时间分辨率之间的快速预估模型,在一定的实验参数范围内,此预估模型能够代替相机理论模型快速指导实验。
在空间分辨特性研究方面,本文研究了MCP-XPFC的动态空间分辨能力与屏压、近贴距离、皮秒选通脉冲的幅值与宽度等参数的关系;计算了常用参数下的MCP—XPFC的系统动态空间分辨率,讨论了提高相机动态空间分辨率的措施,提出了优化相机结构参数的方法。
为研究包括惯性约束、Z—Pinch和磁约束在内的反应快慢不相同的核聚变反应的动态过程,有必要发展一种时间分辨范围很宽的新型分幅相机。为此,本文设计并研制了一种新型开放式阴极微带正交式双MCP结构分幅相机原型,该机对于皮秒至微秒级的选通脉冲,均可获得目标的16幅高增益(G～10~8)两维图像。与单MCP—XPFC相比,双MCP既提高了增益又减少了X射线直穿光造成的背景噪声,提高了图像质量。我们从理论和实验两方面研究了通过控制级联选通脉冲的脉宽和时间间隔获得多时间分辨能力的方法。
在新型原理样机的理论和实验研究的基础上,探讨了双MCP双皮秒窄脉冲选通方式对系统时间分辨率的影响,从理论和实验两方面证明了当选通脉冲宽度和单MCP中电子平均渡越时间相当或更小时,通过改变正负两个选通脉冲间的时间间隔,在当前高压窄电脉冲产生技术的限制下,仍可以提高相机的时间分辨至45ps。
在单块薄的,小长/径比的MCP分幅相机上用窄脉冲选通,可以获得40ps时间分辨,通过在此单片MCP之后增加一块用于倍增的MCP,可以改善由于MCP薄而带来的直穿光严重、增益低、信噪比差的缺点。
总之,本文简要地从理论和实验两方面证明了,通过施加脉宽与薄MCP电子平均渡越时间相当的选通脉冲,可以将分幅相机60ps时间分辨缩短至45ps以内。
在本论文进行过程中,我们自行建立了一套超快诊断综合测试及强激光物理实验平台,包含多波长3TW飞秒钛宝石激光源、多功能高真空靶室、高速的图像信息获取设备以及红外、可见光、紫外、X射线变像管扫描相机和分幅相机等超快诊断设备,它不仅是一个可用于超快诊断设备静动态测试的飞秒级、高强度、涵盖红外至深紫外波段的超短光源,同时可以开展强激光和物质相互作用方面的研究工作。
The soft X-ray framing camera with the gated micro-channel plate(MCP-XFC)is the key ultra-fast diagnostic tool which can be used to capture 2D pictures of ultra-fast phenomena with high temporal/spatial resolution and is an ultra-fast precision measuring instrument which integrates ultra-fast photo-electronics and electronics,optics,vacuum technology and computing technology.The MCP-XFC is an important technologic support for the basic research of high-energy density physics,inertial confinement fusion(ICF), material science,photo-physics,photo-chemistry,ultra-fast spectroscopy,and laser plasma research,etc.The data taken by MCP-XFC are the important basis to analyze some ultra-fast processes.
Based on the MCP-XFC technology development in China and abroad,a theoretical and experimental research of the dynamic temporal characteristics of the MCP-XPFC is using picosecond electronic pulse has been carried out and a new soft X-ray framing technology with multi-scale temporal resolution has been put forward to promote the ICF diagnostic technology applications and development
In this thesis,based on the theoretical model of electronic transit time and gain of DC MCP image,a fundamental theoretical model of MCP framing tube gated by the picosecond high voltage pulse is set-up first and then the characteristics of the dynamic temporal and spatial resolution of the MCP-XPFC gated by picosecond electrical pulse is discussed
In studying temporal resolution characteristics,the Uniform Design method is introduced into the design of MCP-XPFC,and the fast prediction model based on the parameters of gating pulses and dynamic temporal resolution is established.Whichin a certain range of parameters,the prediction model can replace the camera's temporal resolution theoretical model and give a quick guide of the experiment.
In studying spatial resolution characteristics,the relation of the dynamic spatial resolution and the phosphor screen voltage,the proximity distance,amplitude and width of picosecond gating pulse have been studied.Taking frequently used parameters,the dynamic spatial resolution of MCP-XFC is calculated,some measures to improve the dynamic spatial resolution of the camera are discussed,and the method to optimize the structure parameters of the camera has been proposed.
To diagnose the processes of nuclear fusion,which have different reaction speed rate, such as ICF,Z-Pinch and magnetic confinement fusion,it is necessary to develop a new type of X-ray framing camera,which has an expanded range of temporal resolution.For this purpose,we designed and developed a new prototype camera,which is based on two pieces of gated MCPs that are contacted to each other as a Chevron structure and the micro-strip lines on the input surface of the Chevron MCP are normal to those on the output surface of the MCP.Both micro-strip lines on the input surface and the output surface of the framing tube are provided with some high voltage pulses respectively and their gating order can be controlled by delay time so that its widely tunable exposure time (ps～us) and 16 frames of high gain(～10~(8)) 2D pictures can be obtained.In comparison to single MCP-XPFC,the new type of camera can reduce the background noise brought by the X-ray straight through,increases the image gain,and therefore,it can improves image quality.The theoretical and experimental studies demonstrated that by controlling the pulsed width and interval of two cascade gating pulse,the multi-scale temporal resolution images can be acquired.
On the basis of theoretical and experimental study of the new prototype camera,the method using one positive and one negative ps gating pulses as a cascades gating to decrease the temporal resolution is discussed.The results of the theoretical and experimental study show,when cascades gating pulse width and electron average transit time in MCP channel is less than or rather,by changing and controlling the pulse interval between two cascade gating pulses,the temporal resolution of camera can be improved to 45ps.
By using narrow gating pulse to gate a framing camera which consists of a single thin MCP with small L/D ratio,it is possible to get a time resolution of 40ps.By adding an ordinary MCP behind the single thin MCP,the disadvantages induced by the thin MCP, such as low gain,low SNR and the light passing through the MCP channel directly can be overcome.
In brief,the paper has demonstrated theoretically and experimentally that the time resolution of the gated micro-tripe MCP framing camera can be improved from 60ps to 45ps by using one gating pulse which has a width equal to the electron average transit time in the thin MCP channel.
During carrying out this research,a platform named "ultra-fast diagnosis and high power laser physics experiment" has been set-up by ourselves.This platform contains a multi-wavelength 3TW femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser source,a high vacuum multi-function vacuum target chamber,a high-speed high resolution CCD camera and some ultra-fast diagnostic equipments such as sensitive to infrared,visible light,ultraviolet, and X-ray streak cameras and framing cameras,etc.The platform,therefore,not only can provide a high density,IR-XUV,fs light source for testing of static and dynamic characteristics of high temporal resolution diagnosis instruments but also can be used to carry out researches on interaction between ultra-short laser and material.
引文
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54 国家自然基金申请书,资助号10376041 2004
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10 谭显详,韩立石编,高速摄影技术,原子能出版社,1990,北京 P156
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13 邱孟通 Z—Pinch软X射线多幅图像诊断系统 西北核技术研究所博士论文2002
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2 Ze F,Kauffman R L,Kilkenny J D,et al.,A new multichannel soft X-ray framing camera for fusion experiments[J],1992 Rev.Sci.Instrum.63(i0)5124-5126
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8 Eberhardt E H,Gain model for microchannel plates[J],App.Opt.1979,18(9):1418-1423
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10 M.Ito,H.Kume,K.Oba,Computer analysis of the timing properties in micro channel plate photomultiplier tubes,IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,1984,NS-31(1),408-412
11 山冰 常增虎 刘进元等 四通道X射线MCP行波选通分幅相机 光子学报.,26(5).1997,449-455
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