基于单片机+FPGA的空间煤粉燃烧炉控制系统设计与实现
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摘要
煤作为一次能源,在燃烧过程产生大量的NOx,NOx的过量排放对环境造成重大污染。如何降低NOx排放,已经成为一个全球关注的焦点。本文以提高煤粉燃烧效率,降低碳排放为目的,着眼于通过在空间微重力环境下进行煤燃烧实验,观察煤燃烧过程并进行检测气体成分,研究煤粉的燃烧特性和NOx排放的浓度,并对实验现象和实验数据进行分析。并且该实验结果对地面环境下提高煤燃烧效率和燃烧炉设计水平,具有非常重要的意义。
本文提出基于“单片机+CPLD/FPGA体系结构”的集成化设计方案:①在FPGA中实现数字逻辑部分电路;②FPGA与单片机以总线接口方式实现译码、数据和控制信号锁存功能的Verilog设计。
本文设计、研制了一套基于单片机+FPGA的可应用于空间煤粉燃烧的实验控制系统,该系统分为空间煤粉燃烧炉单元和控制系统单元两大部分。其中,控制系统是本文论述的核心部分,主要功能是对传感器探测到的温度和气体成分信号进行处理,并将其数字化后传输到计算机,控制煤粉燃烧炉的升温过程,并进行煤粉着火点实验。本文介绍了课题的背景和选题意义,详细介绍了空间煤粉燃烧炉及其控制系统的组成方案。重点阐述了控制系统的硬件电路设计、FPGA设计。对系统的软件设计过程进行了介绍,并对整个系统进行了调试和实验。最后,对现阶段的工作进行了总结并提出了改进的建议,作为下一步工作的参考。
As non-renewable energy resources, Coal produces lots of pollutions including NOx during combustion, which devastatingly pollutes the environment. How to reduce the emission of NOx has become a focus of global attention. Aiming at improving the efficiency of pulvlized coal combustion and reducing the emission of carbon, the thesis is mainly about observing the process of coal combustion and detecting the gas ingredients after puvlized coal combustion by coal combustion experiment under microgravity circumstance. To study the characteristic of coal combustion and NOx emission, the results have very important effect both in improving the efficiency of coal combustion and design level of burner
The thesis come up with an integrated design scheme based on“MCU+FPGA Architecture”:①FPGA designs and implements digital logic circuit②Decoding, latching data and controlling signals are implemented in FPGA with bus interface between MCU and FPGA③Chip selecting principles and MCU idle mode design are completed under the consideration of low power requirement;
The thesis designs and implements control system based on the architecture of“MCU+FPGA”which can be used in space coal combustion experiment. The system can be divided into two parts, which are pulverized coal combustion furnace and control system. Control system is the core of the thesis, and its mainly function is to amplify the signal of temperature and the gas composition detected by sensors, then convert analog signals into digital signals and transfer into computer, meanwhile controlling the process of temperature changes of the system. Introducing the background of issues and significance, and elaborating the design of hardware circuit and FPGA in detail, the thesis then introduce the design of system software and make debugging and experiment of the system. At the end of this thesis, the stage work is summarized, and improving proposal is also given as reference to the future work.
本文提出基于“单片机+CPLD/FPGA体系结构”的集成化设计方案:①在FPGA中实现数字逻辑部分电路;②FPGA与单片机以总线接口方式实现译码、数据和控制信号锁存功能的Verilog设计。
本文设计、研制了一套基于单片机+FPGA的可应用于空间煤粉燃烧的实验控制系统,该系统分为空间煤粉燃烧炉单元和控制系统单元两大部分。其中,控制系统是本文论述的核心部分,主要功能是对传感器探测到的温度和气体成分信号进行处理,并将其数字化后传输到计算机,控制煤粉燃烧炉的升温过程,并进行煤粉着火点实验。本文介绍了课题的背景和选题意义,详细介绍了空间煤粉燃烧炉及其控制系统的组成方案。重点阐述了控制系统的硬件电路设计、FPGA设计。对系统的软件设计过程进行了介绍,并对整个系统进行了调试和实验。最后,对现阶段的工作进行了总结并提出了改进的建议,作为下一步工作的参考。
As non-renewable energy resources, Coal produces lots of pollutions including NOx during combustion, which devastatingly pollutes the environment. How to reduce the emission of NOx has become a focus of global attention. Aiming at improving the efficiency of pulvlized coal combustion and reducing the emission of carbon, the thesis is mainly about observing the process of coal combustion and detecting the gas ingredients after puvlized coal combustion by coal combustion experiment under microgravity circumstance. To study the characteristic of coal combustion and NOx emission, the results have very important effect both in improving the efficiency of coal combustion and design level of burner
The thesis come up with an integrated design scheme based on“MCU+FPGA Architecture”:①FPGA designs and implements digital logic circuit②Decoding, latching data and controlling signals are implemented in FPGA with bus interface between MCU and FPGA③Chip selecting principles and MCU idle mode design are completed under the consideration of low power requirement;
The thesis designs and implements control system based on the architecture of“MCU+FPGA”which can be used in space coal combustion experiment. The system can be divided into two parts, which are pulverized coal combustion furnace and control system. Control system is the core of the thesis, and its mainly function is to amplify the signal of temperature and the gas composition detected by sensors, then convert analog signals into digital signals and transfer into computer, meanwhile controlling the process of temperature changes of the system. Introducing the background of issues and significance, and elaborating the design of hardware circuit and FPGA in detail, the thesis then introduce the design of system software and make debugging and experiment of the system. At the end of this thesis, the stage work is summarized, and improving proposal is also given as reference to the future work.
引文
[1]唐超军.基于空间反应的煤粉无焰燃烧特性研究[D].合肥;中国科学技术大学, 2009.
[2]王素娟,孙锐,张勇,孙晓辉,孙邵增.燃尽风对水平浓淡煤粉燃烧器NOx排放特性影响的数值模拟[J].电站系统工程, 2008.
[3] Clean Coal Day in Japan [M]. Clean Coal Day in Japan. 2008.
[4] J.M.Beer. Combustion Technogy Developments in Power Generation in Response to Environmental Challenges [J]. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 2000, (26): 301-27.
[5] Yu Ming-Gao Y K, Jia Hai-Lin,Lu Chang, Lu Lai-Xiang. Coal combustion restrained by ultra-fine water mist [J]. Mining Science and Technogy, 2009, Vol19 NO.5:574-579.
[6] Katalambula H H J, Chiba T,Et Al. Dependence of single coal particle ignition mechanism on the surrounding volatile matter cloud [J]. Energy & Fuels, 1997, 11:1033-9.
[7] M. Zhu H Z, Gentu Tang,Et Al. Ignition of single coal particle in a hot furnace under normal-and micro-gravity condition [J]. Montreal: Proc Combust Inst, 2009.
[8]陈天翼,刘蔡.微重力燃烧试验设备与燃烧火焰观测[J].导弹与航天运载技术,总第222期.
[9]张夏.微重力燃烧研究进展[J].力学进展, 2004, NO.34(4): 507-508.
[10]潘松,黄继业. EDA技术实用教程[M].北京;科学出版社. 2006.
[11] Ning Song M P. NEW APPROACH TO AND/OR/EXOR FACTORIZATION FOR REGULAR ARRAYS [J]. THE LIBRARY OF CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 1998, 270-276.
[12]褚振勇,翁木云. FPGA设计及应用[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社, 2002.
[13]邱柯妮.基于“单片机+CPLD/FPGA体系结构”的程控交换机系统集成化设计[D].北京;中国科学院研究生院, 2004.
[14]南建辉,熊鸣,王军茹. MCS-51单片机原理及应用实例[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2004.
[15]位娜.基于FPGA的固态IDE接口设计[D].北京;中国科学院研究生院, 2008.
[16]樊京,郭俊杰.单片机+CPLD结构体系在电子设计中的应用[J].单片机与嵌入式系统应用, 2002, 6.
[17]刘峰.原子氧气辉探测仪控制系统设计[D].北京;中国科学院研究生院, 2008.
[18]孙志强,周孑民,张宏建.热电偶测温系统的不确定度评定与分析[J].传感技术学报, 2007, 20(5):1061-1063.
[19]杜维,张宏建,乐嘉华.过程检测技术及仪表[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 1999.
[20]张庆玲.热电偶传感器测温系统的设计应用[J].西北轻工业学院学报, 2000, 18(1):82-85.
[21] DATA SHEET AD976 [M].ANALOG DEVICES.
[22]施隆照. AD976的工作原理及其在线阵CCD系统中的应用[J].福州大学学报(自然科学版), 2003, (31): 36-39.
[23] DATA SHEET: 80c32 [M]. TEMIC.
[24] DATA SHEET: 74LVCH16245 [M]. Philips.
[25]谢志鹏.基于ARM的激光扫描控制系统设计[D].北京;中国科学院研究生院, 2008.
[26] The 3.3V Configuration of Spartan-3 FPGAs [M]. XAPP453 (v111). XILINX.Inc. 2008.
[27] Platform Flash In-System Programmable Configuration PROMS [M].XILINX Inc., 2006.
[28]张洪,游董杜.单片机与FPGA/CPLD总线接口逻辑设计[J].单片机开发与应用, 2008, 24(10-2): 122.
[29] Mosely Id M P H, Bingham C M. Effect of dead time on harmonic distrotion in class-D audio power amplifers [J]. Electronics Letters, 1999, 3(12):950-2.
[30]孙丽飞,田小建,刘鹏,单向东.基于半导体制冷器的高精度PWM功率驱动器[J].光电子激光, 2004, 15(9): 1026-1028.
[31]石英,李新新,姜宇柏. ISE应用于开发技巧[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 2006.
[32]田耕,徐文波,胡彬. Xilinx ISE Design Suit 10.x FPGA开发指南[M].北京:人民邮电出版社, 2008.
[33] Chih-Chang Lin M M-S, Duane Gatlin. On Designing Universal Logic Blocks and Their Application to FPGA Design [M]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS. 1997: 519-526.
[34]范小丰.基于PID算法的炉温控制器设计[D];武汉科技大学, 2009.
[35] Eda先锋工作室薛小刚,葛毅敏. Xilinx ISE 9.x FPGA/CPLD设计指南[M].北京:人民邮电出版社, 2007.8.
[36]张加胜,刘海波,陈文娅.一种基于现场可编程门阵列的数字存储组合式脉宽调制方案[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版), 2008, 32(1):143-146.
[37]李建林,王立乔,李彩霞等.基于现场可编程门阵列的多路PWM波形发生器[J].中国电机工程学报, 2005, 25(10):55-59.
[38]包明,包奎.实现PWM脉宽调制的FPGA芯片研制[J].电工技术, 2003, 30-33.
[39]李垂君.基于FPGA的PID控制器研究与实现[D].大连;大连理工大学, 2007.
[40]吕小红.电阻炉只能温度控制系统的设计和应用[D].武汉;武汉科技大学.
[41]王海宁.基于单片机的温度控制系统的研究[D].合肥;合肥工业大学, 2008.
[42]霍罡,曹辉.可编程序控制器模拟量及PID算法应用案例[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2008.
[43]戴雅馨.浅析PID参数整定方法[J].纯碱工业, 2009, 6:15-7.
[44] Nakamura Y Y H, Taheno T, Et Al. Effects of Gravity and Ambient Oxygen on a Gas-phase Ignition over a Heated Solid Fuel [J]. Combustion and Flame, 2000 120: 34-48.
[45]王敏. P I D调节及参数整定[J].科技创新导报, 2009, NO.31:57.
[46]欧阳惠斌,阳武娇. PID最小方差控制在参数整定中的应用[J].计算机仿真, 2007, NO.24(7):323-346.
[2]王素娟,孙锐,张勇,孙晓辉,孙邵增.燃尽风对水平浓淡煤粉燃烧器NOx排放特性影响的数值模拟[J].电站系统工程, 2008.
[3] Clean Coal Day in Japan [M]. Clean Coal Day in Japan. 2008.
[4] J.M.Beer. Combustion Technogy Developments in Power Generation in Response to Environmental Challenges [J]. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 2000, (26): 301-27.
[5] Yu Ming-Gao Y K, Jia Hai-Lin,Lu Chang, Lu Lai-Xiang. Coal combustion restrained by ultra-fine water mist [J]. Mining Science and Technogy, 2009, Vol19 NO.5:574-579.
[6] Katalambula H H J, Chiba T,Et Al. Dependence of single coal particle ignition mechanism on the surrounding volatile matter cloud [J]. Energy & Fuels, 1997, 11:1033-9.
[7] M. Zhu H Z, Gentu Tang,Et Al. Ignition of single coal particle in a hot furnace under normal-and micro-gravity condition [J]. Montreal: Proc Combust Inst, 2009.
[8]陈天翼,刘蔡.微重力燃烧试验设备与燃烧火焰观测[J].导弹与航天运载技术,总第222期.
[9]张夏.微重力燃烧研究进展[J].力学进展, 2004, NO.34(4): 507-508.
[10]潘松,黄继业. EDA技术实用教程[M].北京;科学出版社. 2006.
[11] Ning Song M P. NEW APPROACH TO AND/OR/EXOR FACTORIZATION FOR REGULAR ARRAYS [J]. THE LIBRARY OF CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 1998, 270-276.
[12]褚振勇,翁木云. FPGA设计及应用[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社, 2002.
[13]邱柯妮.基于“单片机+CPLD/FPGA体系结构”的程控交换机系统集成化设计[D].北京;中国科学院研究生院, 2004.
[14]南建辉,熊鸣,王军茹. MCS-51单片机原理及应用实例[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2004.
[15]位娜.基于FPGA的固态IDE接口设计[D].北京;中国科学院研究生院, 2008.
[16]樊京,郭俊杰.单片机+CPLD结构体系在电子设计中的应用[J].单片机与嵌入式系统应用, 2002, 6.
[17]刘峰.原子氧气辉探测仪控制系统设计[D].北京;中国科学院研究生院, 2008.
[18]孙志强,周孑民,张宏建.热电偶测温系统的不确定度评定与分析[J].传感技术学报, 2007, 20(5):1061-1063.
[19]杜维,张宏建,乐嘉华.过程检测技术及仪表[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 1999.
[20]张庆玲.热电偶传感器测温系统的设计应用[J].西北轻工业学院学报, 2000, 18(1):82-85.
[21] DATA SHEET AD976 [M].ANALOG DEVICES.
[22]施隆照. AD976的工作原理及其在线阵CCD系统中的应用[J].福州大学学报(自然科学版), 2003, (31): 36-39.
[23] DATA SHEET: 80c32 [M]. TEMIC.
[24] DATA SHEET: 74LVCH16245 [M]. Philips.
[25]谢志鹏.基于ARM的激光扫描控制系统设计[D].北京;中国科学院研究生院, 2008.
[26] The 3.3V Configuration of Spartan-3 FPGAs [M]. XAPP453 (v111). XILINX.Inc. 2008.
[27] Platform Flash In-System Programmable Configuration PROMS [M].XILINX Inc., 2006.
[28]张洪,游董杜.单片机与FPGA/CPLD总线接口逻辑设计[J].单片机开发与应用, 2008, 24(10-2): 122.
[29] Mosely Id M P H, Bingham C M. Effect of dead time on harmonic distrotion in class-D audio power amplifers [J]. Electronics Letters, 1999, 3(12):950-2.
[30]孙丽飞,田小建,刘鹏,单向东.基于半导体制冷器的高精度PWM功率驱动器[J].光电子激光, 2004, 15(9): 1026-1028.
[31]石英,李新新,姜宇柏. ISE应用于开发技巧[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 2006.
[32]田耕,徐文波,胡彬. Xilinx ISE Design Suit 10.x FPGA开发指南[M].北京:人民邮电出版社, 2008.
[33] Chih-Chang Lin M M-S, Duane Gatlin. On Designing Universal Logic Blocks and Their Application to FPGA Design [M]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS. 1997: 519-526.
[34]范小丰.基于PID算法的炉温控制器设计[D];武汉科技大学, 2009.
[35] Eda先锋工作室薛小刚,葛毅敏. Xilinx ISE 9.x FPGA/CPLD设计指南[M].北京:人民邮电出版社, 2007.8.
[36]张加胜,刘海波,陈文娅.一种基于现场可编程门阵列的数字存储组合式脉宽调制方案[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版), 2008, 32(1):143-146.
[37]李建林,王立乔,李彩霞等.基于现场可编程门阵列的多路PWM波形发生器[J].中国电机工程学报, 2005, 25(10):55-59.
[38]包明,包奎.实现PWM脉宽调制的FPGA芯片研制[J].电工技术, 2003, 30-33.
[39]李垂君.基于FPGA的PID控制器研究与实现[D].大连;大连理工大学, 2007.
[40]吕小红.电阻炉只能温度控制系统的设计和应用[D].武汉;武汉科技大学.
[41]王海宁.基于单片机的温度控制系统的研究[D].合肥;合肥工业大学, 2008.
[42]霍罡,曹辉.可编程序控制器模拟量及PID算法应用案例[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2008.
[43]戴雅馨.浅析PID参数整定方法[J].纯碱工业, 2009, 6:15-7.
[44] Nakamura Y Y H, Taheno T, Et Al. Effects of Gravity and Ambient Oxygen on a Gas-phase Ignition over a Heated Solid Fuel [J]. Combustion and Flame, 2000 120: 34-48.
[45]王敏. P I D调节及参数整定[J].科技创新导报, 2009, NO.31:57.
[46]欧阳惠斌,阳武娇. PID最小方差控制在参数整定中的应用[J].计算机仿真, 2007, NO.24(7):323-346.