末次冰期以来中亚干旱区孢粉记录的环境变化
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摘要
肆虐亚洲的沙尘暴严重影响中国北方甚至日本等地区的天气,沙尘暴物质源区的中亚干早区环境问题受到密切关注,大气粉尘变化很可能是全球变化的一个重要的因素,中亚干早区粉尘可能通过海洋生物对大气中的C02含量产生影响。因此更深入地理解西风带和亚洲季风影响下的中亚干早区气候变化历史具有重要意义。论文通过新疆西北部和哈萨克斯坦的4个黄土剖面进行系统研究,以表土花粉分布规律为基础,以黄土沉积的14C年代和孢粉组合相结合,重建了中亚干旱区末次冰期以来的植被、气候、环境演化历史,主要结论如下：
50～42kyr BP,TR剖面和RM剖面孢粉组合指示蒿草原景观,气候偏干旱；则克台剖面孢粉组合指示植被为禾本草原,气候干旱或者湿润程度都有限。
42～28kyr BP,则克台剖面孢粉组合指示植被为典型蒿草原,气候偏湿但是湿润程度有限；RM剖面孢粉组合指示蒿草原景观,气候偏湿；TR剖面孢粉组合指示植被为蒿草草原,气候温和湿润,这一时期又可以分为5个亚阶段：42-40kyrBP,气候湿润；40-36kyr BP,气候湿润程度稍微下降；36-33kyr BP,气候湿润；33-30kyr BP,湿润程度稍微下降；30-28kyr BP,气候湿润程度轻微上升。总体上,中亚干旱区植被类型以蒿草草原为主,气候偏湿润。
28～15kyr BP(末次冰盛期),VA剖面孢粉组合指示蒿草原景观,气候可能偏冷,干旱或者湿润程度有限；RM剖面孢粉组合指示蒿草原景观,气候波动较大；则克台剖面孢粉组合指示指示禾本草原景观,气候冷干
15-5kyr BP(冰消期和早全新世),VA剖面孢粉组合指示蒿-藜沙漠草原景观,气候可能温和干旱；RM剖面孢粉组合指示蒿草原景观,气候偏湿；则克台剖面孢粉组合指示指示温带蒿草原景观,气候比较适宜。
5kyr BP以后(晚全新世),VA剖面孢粉组合指示指示藜-蒿草原景观,气候湿润；RM剖面孢粉组合指示蒿属植物仍然占据一定优势的典型温带草原景观,气候湿润；则克台剖面孢粉组合指示指示温带藜科草原景观,气候比较湿润。总体上,中亚干旱区植被类型以蒿-藜草原为主,气候湿润。
孢粉组合在任伺一个带段,都没有出现草原类型植物花粉含量高并且孢粉浓度高,也没有出现荒漠类型植物花粉含量高并且孢粉浓度低,换言之,没有任何一个时期气候特别干旱或者特别湿润。
中亚干旱区主要古土壤层形成于48～30kyr BP期间,而黄土层主要形成于冰期。末次冰盛期,中亚干旱区黄土层潜育化现象非常明显,说明其形成环境比黄土高原黄土形成环境更湿润。中亚干旱区气候主要受西风带影响,太阳辐射强度的变化是导致气候变化的重要因素,中亚干旱区环境和气候演化基本和北半球夏季太阳辐射变化基本一致,间冰期气候温和湿润,MIS2冰期气候冷干,但是干旱程度有限。
People pay more and more attention to sand and dust storm source area in Asia. The last glacial period is an important timeframe for understanding climate change and climate variability because the climatic boundary conditions are similar to those experienced now and possibly in the near-future. The Central Asia arid zone (including eastern Kazakhstan and northwestern Xinjiang), which is a climatic transitional zone between the westerly-dominated "European" system to the west and the monsoon-dominated "East Asian" system to the east, projected to be highly sensitive to future changes. To better understand the bioclimatic changes in the core area of the Asian arid zone, with support from AMS14C age data, Pollen data from4Loess sections (VA/TR/RM/ZKT) were analyzed.
At first, Characteristics of the modern pollen distribution and their relationship to vegetation in Central Asia is summarized. Different vegetation zones are represented by different modern pollen assemblages. Vegetation formations such as coniferous forests, alpine meadows, halophytic meadows, temperate steppes, temperate deserts, and sandy deserts in the study area have well-defined pollen assemblages.
According to AMS14C age data and pollen assemblages, vegetation and climate history in Central Asia Arid Zone during last50kyr is reconstructed as below:
50-42kyr BP, Artermisia steppe dominated and Climate inclined to be dry at TR and RM section; Grass steppe dominated and Climate was mild at ZKT section. In summary, Artermisia steppe and grass steppe dominated in this area and climate was dry slightly.
42-28kyr BP, Artermisia steppe dominated and climate inclined to be humid at ZKT section. Artermisia steppe dominated and climate inclined to be humid at RM section. Artermisia steppe dominated and climate was humid at TR section. In detail:42-40kyr, climate was mild and humid;40-36kyr, climate was mild and become dry slightly;36-33kyr, climate was warm and humid;33-30kyr, climate became dry slightly;30-28kyr, climate became wet and cold slightly. In summary, Artermisia steppe dominated in central Asia and climate was humid during42～28kyr BP.
28-15kyr BP (MIS2), Artermisia-grass arid steppe dominated in this area. Climate was cold and dry.
15-5kyr BP (Last deglacial stage and early Holocene), Artermisia steppe dominated in this area. Climate was probably warm and wet.
After5kyr BP (Late Holocene), Chenopodiaceae-Artermisia steppe dominated in this area. Climate was humid.
No pollen zone with both high steppe herbs pollen and high total pollen concentration. It means climate was not humid very much at any time. No pollen zone with both high desert herbs pollen and low total pollen concentration. It means climate was not dry very much at any time.
Main entisol developed between48and30kyr BP in Central Asian. Gleyed Loess developed during last glaciation Maximum in Central Asian Loess area. It indicates that climate in Central Asian Loess area was wetter than climate in East Asian Loess area during last glaciation Maximum. Westerly dominated climate change in Central Asia arid zone. Insolation variation is important factor to climate change. Climate change in Central Asia arid zone is consistent with insolation variation in northern semi-sphere. Climate was warm and humid during Deglacial period. Climate was cold and dry during glacial period, but it was not very dry.
50～42kyr BP,TR剖面和RM剖面孢粉组合指示蒿草原景观,气候偏干旱；则克台剖面孢粉组合指示植被为禾本草原,气候干旱或者湿润程度都有限。
42～28kyr BP,则克台剖面孢粉组合指示植被为典型蒿草原,气候偏湿但是湿润程度有限；RM剖面孢粉组合指示蒿草原景观,气候偏湿；TR剖面孢粉组合指示植被为蒿草草原,气候温和湿润,这一时期又可以分为5个亚阶段：42-40kyrBP,气候湿润；40-36kyr BP,气候湿润程度稍微下降；36-33kyr BP,气候湿润；33-30kyr BP,湿润程度稍微下降；30-28kyr BP,气候湿润程度轻微上升。总体上,中亚干旱区植被类型以蒿草草原为主,气候偏湿润。
28～15kyr BP(末次冰盛期),VA剖面孢粉组合指示蒿草原景观,气候可能偏冷,干旱或者湿润程度有限；RM剖面孢粉组合指示蒿草原景观,气候波动较大；则克台剖面孢粉组合指示指示禾本草原景观,气候冷干
15-5kyr BP(冰消期和早全新世),VA剖面孢粉组合指示蒿-藜沙漠草原景观,气候可能温和干旱；RM剖面孢粉组合指示蒿草原景观,气候偏湿；则克台剖面孢粉组合指示指示温带蒿草原景观,气候比较适宜。
5kyr BP以后(晚全新世),VA剖面孢粉组合指示指示藜-蒿草原景观,气候湿润；RM剖面孢粉组合指示蒿属植物仍然占据一定优势的典型温带草原景观,气候湿润；则克台剖面孢粉组合指示指示温带藜科草原景观,气候比较湿润。总体上,中亚干旱区植被类型以蒿-藜草原为主,气候湿润。
孢粉组合在任伺一个带段,都没有出现草原类型植物花粉含量高并且孢粉浓度高,也没有出现荒漠类型植物花粉含量高并且孢粉浓度低,换言之,没有任何一个时期气候特别干旱或者特别湿润。
中亚干旱区主要古土壤层形成于48～30kyr BP期间,而黄土层主要形成于冰期。末次冰盛期,中亚干旱区黄土层潜育化现象非常明显,说明其形成环境比黄土高原黄土形成环境更湿润。中亚干旱区气候主要受西风带影响,太阳辐射强度的变化是导致气候变化的重要因素,中亚干旱区环境和气候演化基本和北半球夏季太阳辐射变化基本一致,间冰期气候温和湿润,MIS2冰期气候冷干,但是干旱程度有限。
People pay more and more attention to sand and dust storm source area in Asia. The last glacial period is an important timeframe for understanding climate change and climate variability because the climatic boundary conditions are similar to those experienced now and possibly in the near-future. The Central Asia arid zone (including eastern Kazakhstan and northwestern Xinjiang), which is a climatic transitional zone between the westerly-dominated "European" system to the west and the monsoon-dominated "East Asian" system to the east, projected to be highly sensitive to future changes. To better understand the bioclimatic changes in the core area of the Asian arid zone, with support from AMS14C age data, Pollen data from4Loess sections (VA/TR/RM/ZKT) were analyzed.
At first, Characteristics of the modern pollen distribution and their relationship to vegetation in Central Asia is summarized. Different vegetation zones are represented by different modern pollen assemblages. Vegetation formations such as coniferous forests, alpine meadows, halophytic meadows, temperate steppes, temperate deserts, and sandy deserts in the study area have well-defined pollen assemblages.
According to AMS14C age data and pollen assemblages, vegetation and climate history in Central Asia Arid Zone during last50kyr is reconstructed as below:
50-42kyr BP, Artermisia steppe dominated and Climate inclined to be dry at TR and RM section; Grass steppe dominated and Climate was mild at ZKT section. In summary, Artermisia steppe and grass steppe dominated in this area and climate was dry slightly.
42-28kyr BP, Artermisia steppe dominated and climate inclined to be humid at ZKT section. Artermisia steppe dominated and climate inclined to be humid at RM section. Artermisia steppe dominated and climate was humid at TR section. In detail:42-40kyr, climate was mild and humid;40-36kyr, climate was mild and become dry slightly;36-33kyr, climate was warm and humid;33-30kyr, climate became dry slightly;30-28kyr, climate became wet and cold slightly. In summary, Artermisia steppe dominated in central Asia and climate was humid during42～28kyr BP.
28-15kyr BP (MIS2), Artermisia-grass arid steppe dominated in this area. Climate was cold and dry.
15-5kyr BP (Last deglacial stage and early Holocene), Artermisia steppe dominated in this area. Climate was probably warm and wet.
After5kyr BP (Late Holocene), Chenopodiaceae-Artermisia steppe dominated in this area. Climate was humid.
No pollen zone with both high steppe herbs pollen and high total pollen concentration. It means climate was not humid very much at any time. No pollen zone with both high desert herbs pollen and low total pollen concentration. It means climate was not dry very much at any time.
Main entisol developed between48and30kyr BP in Central Asian. Gleyed Loess developed during last glaciation Maximum in Central Asian Loess area. It indicates that climate in Central Asian Loess area was wetter than climate in East Asian Loess area during last glaciation Maximum. Westerly dominated climate change in Central Asia arid zone. Insolation variation is important factor to climate change. Climate change in Central Asia arid zone is consistent with insolation variation in northern semi-sphere. Climate was warm and humid during Deglacial period. Climate was cold and dry during glacial period, but it was not very dry.
引文
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