TiO_2纳米管阵列和纳米线的制备及其性能研究
摘要
二氧化钛是一种n型宽带隙无机半导体材料,在太阳能的光电转换、光催化水解制氢和气敏、湿敏传感器等方面都有着广泛的应用前景。本论文主要对TiO_2纳米管制备和掺杂规律、光吸收和湿敏特性,以及TiO_2和Na_2Ti_3O_7纳米线的制备和湿敏性能进行了研究,并获得了一系列有意义的结果。
采用电化学阳极氧化法,以氢氟酸和磷酸的水溶液作为电解液,在金属Ti片表面制备了TiO_2纳米管阵列膜。考察了反应时间、电压,磷酸浓度等因素对TiO_2纳米管结构、形貌和性能的影响。用XRD、FESEM、TEM和UV-vis等手段对其进行了表征,发现:通过反应电压和时间的控制可以制备出形貌均匀、完整的纳米管阵列。经过不同温度处理以后,随着温度的提高TiO_2由无定形结构依次转变为锐钛矿和金红石相结构。UV-vis光吸收的测试表明,P的掺杂可使TiO_2纳米管阵列的吸收边红移。将这种TiO_2纳米管阵列薄膜设计成湿敏传感器,并测试了其湿敏性能,结果表明在600℃温度下退火的样品灵敏度最高,在相对湿度为11-95%的范围内,电阻变化达2个数量级。
采用水热法,以钛酸丁酯为前驱物制备出Na_2Ti_3O_7纳米线,经过酸化和高温煅烧以后可以得到TiO_2纳米线。Na_2Ti_3O_7纳米线,长度在几微米到几十微米范围,平均直径为100nm左右。酸化以后转变成H2Ti3O7纳米线,进一步高温处理最终得到TiO_2纳米线。通过对TiO_2和Na_2Ti_3O_7纳米线分别进行湿敏性能测试,发现Na_2Ti_3O_7纳米线性能最好,具有响应速度快、灵敏度高、重复性好等特点。
TiO_2,with a wide direct band gap 3.0eV(rutile) and 3.2eV(anatase), is an important n-type semiconducting material. High-aspect-ratio TiO_2 nanotubes and nanowires who possess favorable photocatalyse and sensing properties, are attracting broad attention. In this thesis,we thesis,we prepare TiO_2 nanotubes films and investigate their optical absorption and humidity sensing properties; synthesize TiO_2 and Na_2Ti_3O_7 nanowires and study their humidity sensing properties. A series of important results are obtained.
In this paper, high-ordered P-doped TiO_2 nanotube arrays films with the tube diameters of 20-100nm have been prepared by electrochemical anodize method in the mixture electrolyte of HF and H3PO4. Through the measurements of TiO_2 nanotubes films by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction, it was found that the TiO_2 nanotubes we prepared is uniformed and ordering tubes arrays. The tubes vertically growth on the Ti plate, and parallel each other. FESEM micrographs show that the tube diameters are increased with the increasing voltages. The diameters of tubes formed in 1% H3PO4 and 0.5% HF, at 10V, 15V, 20V and 25V for 2h, are about 20nm, 70nm, 100nm and110nm. When the voltages increase to 27.5V and 30V, the nanotubes morphologies are destroyed. The TiO_2 nanotubes formed in 1% H3PO4 and 0.5% HF at 20V voltage for 2h are uniform and arranged orderly, so it is the perfect condition for the synthesization of TiO_2 nanotubes. The unannealed nanotubes is amorphous, the sample annealed at 300℃is anatase and the rutile appears in the sample annealed at 600℃.With the increasing the amount of H3PO4 from 1% to7%, the primary peak of anatase shifts from 25.43°to 25.3°.
The studies on optical absorptions of the TiO_2 nanotubes indicate many conclusions. The optical absorption edge of the sample formed in 1% H3PO4 and 0.5% HF shows t red-shift comparing with that of the sample formed in 0.5% HF. This phenomenon indicates that the use of H3PO4 could change of band gap of TiO_2 and further induce the red-shift of the optical absorption edge. With the increasing voltage, the optical absorption edge also show obvious red-shift. The possible reason is the applied voltage could influence the dopant in the TiO_2, and induce the optical absorption edge shifting to longer wavelength. The absorption in ultraviolet area is obviously enhanced with more H3PO4 being used.
The studies on the humidity sensing properties of the sensor made of TiO_2 nanotube arrays show the conclusion as follow: The novel sensor based on TiO_2 nanotube arrays is effective. The sensors based on the samples annealed at 400℃, 500℃and 600℃show different response to the change of relative humidity. The sample annealed at 600℃show the highest sensitivity with the two roders change in resistance at 11-95 % RH.
TiO_2 and Na_2Ti_3O_7 nanowires were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. Through the measurements of FESEM and TEM, it is found that the nanowires are of typical lengths ranging from several micrometers to several tens of micrometers. The average diameter of the nanowires is found to be about 100 nm, some nanowires form bundles of～500 nm in diameter and some of the nanowires lay close to each other to form bundles. The XRD patterns show the direct production of hydrothermal reaction is Na_2Ti_3O_7 nanowires, after treating by dilute HCl, the H+ replace the Na+ to form the H2Ti3O7 nanowires. The H2Ti3O7 nanowires which is annealed at high temperature would change to TiO_2 nanowires.
We fabricated the humidity sensors based on TiO_2 and Na_2Ti_3O_7 nanowires.and investigated the humidity sensing properties of these sensors. It is found that both the two sensor show high sensitivity to the change of relative humidity from 11 to 95% at low frequencese. The response time of TiO_2 and Na_2Ti_3O_7 nanowires sensors is 9s and 5s, the recovery time is 13s and 6s. It indicates that the Na_2Ti_3O_7 nanowires shows more rapid response to the humidity change than TiO_2 nanowires. There are not obvious change on sensitivity, response and recovery time of Na_2Ti_3O_7 nanowires sensors, which indicate its humidity sensing properties is better than TiO_2 nanowires sensor. It can be noted that the sensing element exhibits a narrow hysteresis loop during cyclic humidity operation. The maximum humidity hysteresis is around 3% RH under about 80% RH, <5%, is up to the mustard of the normal humidity sensor. In the test of humidity response of the sensor at different temperatures, the curves of resistance vs. humidity show parallel shift. The average temperature coefficient between 15 and 35 oC is about 0.2 % RH / oC in the humidity range of 11–95 % RH. But there is no obvious change on the sensitivity, response and recovery time.
采用电化学阳极氧化法,以氢氟酸和磷酸的水溶液作为电解液,在金属Ti片表面制备了TiO_2纳米管阵列膜。考察了反应时间、电压,磷酸浓度等因素对TiO_2纳米管结构、形貌和性能的影响。用XRD、FESEM、TEM和UV-vis等手段对其进行了表征,发现:通过反应电压和时间的控制可以制备出形貌均匀、完整的纳米管阵列。经过不同温度处理以后,随着温度的提高TiO_2由无定形结构依次转变为锐钛矿和金红石相结构。UV-vis光吸收的测试表明,P的掺杂可使TiO_2纳米管阵列的吸收边红移。将这种TiO_2纳米管阵列薄膜设计成湿敏传感器,并测试了其湿敏性能,结果表明在600℃温度下退火的样品灵敏度最高,在相对湿度为11-95%的范围内,电阻变化达2个数量级。
采用水热法,以钛酸丁酯为前驱物制备出Na_2Ti_3O_7纳米线,经过酸化和高温煅烧以后可以得到TiO_2纳米线。Na_2Ti_3O_7纳米线,长度在几微米到几十微米范围,平均直径为100nm左右。酸化以后转变成H2Ti3O7纳米线,进一步高温处理最终得到TiO_2纳米线。通过对TiO_2和Na_2Ti_3O_7纳米线分别进行湿敏性能测试,发现Na_2Ti_3O_7纳米线性能最好,具有响应速度快、灵敏度高、重复性好等特点。
TiO_2,with a wide direct band gap 3.0eV(rutile) and 3.2eV(anatase), is an important n-type semiconducting material. High-aspect-ratio TiO_2 nanotubes and nanowires who possess favorable photocatalyse and sensing properties, are attracting broad attention. In this thesis,we thesis,we prepare TiO_2 nanotubes films and investigate their optical absorption and humidity sensing properties; synthesize TiO_2 and Na_2Ti_3O_7 nanowires and study their humidity sensing properties. A series of important results are obtained.
In this paper, high-ordered P-doped TiO_2 nanotube arrays films with the tube diameters of 20-100nm have been prepared by electrochemical anodize method in the mixture electrolyte of HF and H3PO4. Through the measurements of TiO_2 nanotubes films by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction, it was found that the TiO_2 nanotubes we prepared is uniformed and ordering tubes arrays. The tubes vertically growth on the Ti plate, and parallel each other. FESEM micrographs show that the tube diameters are increased with the increasing voltages. The diameters of tubes formed in 1% H3PO4 and 0.5% HF, at 10V, 15V, 20V and 25V for 2h, are about 20nm, 70nm, 100nm and110nm. When the voltages increase to 27.5V and 30V, the nanotubes morphologies are destroyed. The TiO_2 nanotubes formed in 1% H3PO4 and 0.5% HF at 20V voltage for 2h are uniform and arranged orderly, so it is the perfect condition for the synthesization of TiO_2 nanotubes. The unannealed nanotubes is amorphous, the sample annealed at 300℃is anatase and the rutile appears in the sample annealed at 600℃.With the increasing the amount of H3PO4 from 1% to7%, the primary peak of anatase shifts from 25.43°to 25.3°.
The studies on optical absorptions of the TiO_2 nanotubes indicate many conclusions. The optical absorption edge of the sample formed in 1% H3PO4 and 0.5% HF shows t red-shift comparing with that of the sample formed in 0.5% HF. This phenomenon indicates that the use of H3PO4 could change of band gap of TiO_2 and further induce the red-shift of the optical absorption edge. With the increasing voltage, the optical absorption edge also show obvious red-shift. The possible reason is the applied voltage could influence the dopant in the TiO_2, and induce the optical absorption edge shifting to longer wavelength. The absorption in ultraviolet area is obviously enhanced with more H3PO4 being used.
The studies on the humidity sensing properties of the sensor made of TiO_2 nanotube arrays show the conclusion as follow: The novel sensor based on TiO_2 nanotube arrays is effective. The sensors based on the samples annealed at 400℃, 500℃and 600℃show different response to the change of relative humidity. The sample annealed at 600℃show the highest sensitivity with the two roders change in resistance at 11-95 % RH.
TiO_2 and Na_2Ti_3O_7 nanowires were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. Through the measurements of FESEM and TEM, it is found that the nanowires are of typical lengths ranging from several micrometers to several tens of micrometers. The average diameter of the nanowires is found to be about 100 nm, some nanowires form bundles of～500 nm in diameter and some of the nanowires lay close to each other to form bundles. The XRD patterns show the direct production of hydrothermal reaction is Na_2Ti_3O_7 nanowires, after treating by dilute HCl, the H+ replace the Na+ to form the H2Ti3O7 nanowires. The H2Ti3O7 nanowires which is annealed at high temperature would change to TiO_2 nanowires.
We fabricated the humidity sensors based on TiO_2 and Na_2Ti_3O_7 nanowires.and investigated the humidity sensing properties of these sensors. It is found that both the two sensor show high sensitivity to the change of relative humidity from 11 to 95% at low frequencese. The response time of TiO_2 and Na_2Ti_3O_7 nanowires sensors is 9s and 5s, the recovery time is 13s and 6s. It indicates that the Na_2Ti_3O_7 nanowires shows more rapid response to the humidity change than TiO_2 nanowires. There are not obvious change on sensitivity, response and recovery time of Na_2Ti_3O_7 nanowires sensors, which indicate its humidity sensing properties is better than TiO_2 nanowires sensor. It can be noted that the sensing element exhibits a narrow hysteresis loop during cyclic humidity operation. The maximum humidity hysteresis is around 3% RH under about 80% RH, <5%, is up to the mustard of the normal humidity sensor. In the test of humidity response of the sensor at different temperatures, the curves of resistance vs. humidity show parallel shift. The average temperature coefficient between 15 and 35 oC is about 0.2 % RH / oC in the humidity range of 11–95 % RH. But there is no obvious change on the sensitivity, response and recovery time.
引文
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