南京市公示语汉译英错误分析研究
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摘要
随着我国改革开放的深入和国际化脚步的加快,英语公示语在我国的作用就愈显重要。然而,我国英语公示语的状况却令人忧虑,还远远达不到令人满意的水平,这不但严重影响了我国的国际形象,而且还给来到中国的海外人士的日常生活带来了很多困扰和不便。
本文旨在对南京市公共场所公示语的汉译英中出现的错误进行分析并提出解决策略。作者采用了定量统计和定性研究的方法。错误分析基于作者亲自在南京主要公共场所采集的不正确的汉译英公示语。因此,这些例子在反映南京公示语状况方面,具有真实性和代表性。
本文的研究主要基于语言学中的错误分析理论,对汉语公示语英译中出现的错误进行分析。根据错误分析理论,错误类型主要分为三个层次:本体错误,语段错误和语篇错误。从统计和分析中可以发现,南京公示语英译中出现的错误主要集中在选词,语法和语用等方面。
根据错误分析的结果,发现导致这些错误主要有三个原因:主观原因、母语的影响和目标语使用的不准确。针对公示语英译的特点,作者提出了一些解决方案来提高汉语公示语英译的质量,比如添加,简化和正话反说等等。
总之,南京汉语公示语的英译问题急需关注,有关方面应尽快采取措施。然而,要彻底消除南京公示语的英译中出现的错误,错误分析必不可少。通过错误分析可以发现问题的类别和原因,有针对性地提出解决方案来帮助南京提高双语环境的质量。因此该研究具有一定的社会意义和实用价值。
With China’s continuing reform and integration into the world, English public signs are becoming more and more important in this country. However, the use of English public signs is far from being satisfactory, which may bring a lot of inconveniences to those who come to China to work or travel.
This thesis focuses on the error analysis of the English translation of public signs in the city of Nanjing and the strategies for the better E-C translation of public signs by adopting the quantitative statistics and qualitative analysis approach. The error analysis is based on the data recently collected by the author herself from different parts of the city and therefore, the examples used are representative of the present situation of the C-E translation of public signs in Nanjing.
According to the theory of Carl James, the types of errors concerning the C-E translation of public signs fall into three levels: substance level, text level and discourse level. The statistic analysis sheds light on what are the main problems that lead to the errors in the E-C translation of public signs.
Through the errors analysis, it is found that the causes of errors may be attributed to subjectivity, mother-tongue interference and inaccurate use of target language. In order to solve these problems, some suggestions are proposed for improving the quality of the C-E translation of public signs such as addition, simplification and conversion and so on.
In a word, special attention should be paid to the C-E translation of public signs and immediate actions should be taken to improve the present situation of the C-E translation of public signs in Nanjing. Only by trying to get rid of the inappropriate C-E translation of public signs in Nanjing can Nanjing build a favorite bilingual environment. And overseas visitors will find it more convenient and pleasant to stay in this city.
本文旨在对南京市公共场所公示语的汉译英中出现的错误进行分析并提出解决策略。作者采用了定量统计和定性研究的方法。错误分析基于作者亲自在南京主要公共场所采集的不正确的汉译英公示语。因此,这些例子在反映南京公示语状况方面,具有真实性和代表性。
本文的研究主要基于语言学中的错误分析理论,对汉语公示语英译中出现的错误进行分析。根据错误分析理论,错误类型主要分为三个层次:本体错误,语段错误和语篇错误。从统计和分析中可以发现,南京公示语英译中出现的错误主要集中在选词,语法和语用等方面。
根据错误分析的结果,发现导致这些错误主要有三个原因:主观原因、母语的影响和目标语使用的不准确。针对公示语英译的特点,作者提出了一些解决方案来提高汉语公示语英译的质量,比如添加,简化和正话反说等等。
总之,南京汉语公示语的英译问题急需关注,有关方面应尽快采取措施。然而,要彻底消除南京公示语的英译中出现的错误,错误分析必不可少。通过错误分析可以发现问题的类别和原因,有针对性地提出解决方案来帮助南京提高双语环境的质量。因此该研究具有一定的社会意义和实用价值。
With China’s continuing reform and integration into the world, English public signs are becoming more and more important in this country. However, the use of English public signs is far from being satisfactory, which may bring a lot of inconveniences to those who come to China to work or travel.
This thesis focuses on the error analysis of the English translation of public signs in the city of Nanjing and the strategies for the better E-C translation of public signs by adopting the quantitative statistics and qualitative analysis approach. The error analysis is based on the data recently collected by the author herself from different parts of the city and therefore, the examples used are representative of the present situation of the C-E translation of public signs in Nanjing.
According to the theory of Carl James, the types of errors concerning the C-E translation of public signs fall into three levels: substance level, text level and discourse level. The statistic analysis sheds light on what are the main problems that lead to the errors in the E-C translation of public signs.
Through the errors analysis, it is found that the causes of errors may be attributed to subjectivity, mother-tongue interference and inaccurate use of target language. In order to solve these problems, some suggestions are proposed for improving the quality of the C-E translation of public signs such as addition, simplification and conversion and so on.
In a word, special attention should be paid to the C-E translation of public signs and immediate actions should be taken to improve the present situation of the C-E translation of public signs in Nanjing. Only by trying to get rid of the inappropriate C-E translation of public signs in Nanjing can Nanjing build a favorite bilingual environment. And overseas visitors will find it more convenient and pleasant to stay in this city.
引文
Bassnett, S. Translation Studies. London and New York: Routledge, 1991.
Brown, H. D. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs, 1987.
Connor, U. Contrastive rhetoric: Cross-cultural aspects of second-language writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Corder, S. P. Error Analysis and Interlanguage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981.
Corder, S. P. Error Analysis. In Allen, J. L. P. & Corder, S. P. (ed.). Techniques in Applied Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1974.
Cruttenden, A. Item Learning and System Learning. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 1981(10), 79-88.
Ellis, R. The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Fries, C. C. Teaching and Learning English as a Foreign Language. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1945.
George, H. V. Common Errors in Language Learning: Insights from English. Rowley, Massachusetts: Newbury House, 1972.
Halliday, M. A. K. & Hasan, Ruqaiya. Cohesion in English. London: Longman, 1976.
James, C. Errors in Language Learning and Use: Exploring Error Analysis. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.
Janicki, K. Studia Anglica Poznaniensia. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 1980(12), 61-71.
Lado, R. Linguistics Across Cultures. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1957.
Leech, G. Semantics: The Study of Meaning. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1981.
Nida, E. A. Language, Culture and Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993.
Nord, C. Translating as a Purposeful Activity—Functionalist Approaches Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Odlin, T. The Translator’s Invisibility—A History of Language Learning. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education, 2001.
Richards, J. C. The Context of Language Teaching. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching & Research Press and Cambridge, 2001.
Rod, E. Second Language Acquisition. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1999.
Selinker, L. Interlanguage. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 1972(10), 209-231.
Snell-Horby, M. Translation Studies-An Integrated Approach. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000.
Stern, H. H. Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983.
Van Dijk, Teun A. Text and context: Explorations in the semantics and pragmatics of discourse. London: Longman, 1977.
Thomas, J. Cross-Cultural Pragmatic Failure. Applied Linguistics, 1983(2), 108-110.
Yi, Xiubo. Applied Linguistics—Language Teaching and Learning. Jilin: Jilin University Press, 2004.
Wang, Lifei. A Survey of Modern Second Language Learning and Teaching. Shanghai: Shanghai Education Press, 2000.
Widdowson, H. G. Discourse Analysis: a Critical View. Language and Literature, 1995(3), 157-172.
Bei, Zhu, et al. [北竹,单爱民].谈英语公示用语的语言特点与汉英翻译.北京第二外国语学院学报, 2002(5): 76-79.
Bian, Zhengdong. [卞正东].论标示语的翻译.上海翻译, 2005(1): 26-31.
Chen, Shuying. [陈淑莹].标示语英译的语用失误探析.四川外语学院学报, 2006(1): 117-120.
Chen, Wenbo. [陈文伯].教你如何掌握汉译英技巧.北京:世界知识出版社, 2000.
Dai, Zongxian, et al. [戴宗显,吕和发].公示语汉英翻译研究—以2012年奥运会主办城市伦敦为例.中国翻译, 2005(6): 36-40.
Ding, Hengqi. [丁衡祁].对外宣传中的英语质量亟待提高.中国翻译, 2002(4): 44-46.
Ding, Hengqi. [丁衡祁].努力完善城市公示语逐步确定参照性译文.中国翻译, 2006(5): 5-8.
He, Xuegeng. [贺学耘].汉英公示语翻译的现状及其交际翻译策略.外语与外语教学, 2006(3): 57-59.
Huang, Youyi. [黄友义].坚持“外宣三贴近”原则,处理好外宣翻译中的难点问题. 中国翻译, 2004(6): 5-6.
Jia, Yuxin. [贾玉新].跨文化交际学.上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1997.
Kang, Ning. [康宁].从语篇功能看汉语旅游语篇的翻译.中国翻译, 2005(3): 51-56.
Li, Kexing. [李克兴].试析深圳的英语弊病及翻译谬误.上海科技翻译, 2000(1): 54-57.
Liu, Meiyan, et al. [刘美岩,胡毅].公示语英译错误分析及对策.外语教学, 2009(2): 110-113.
Long, Jianghua. [龙江华].国内公示语汉英翻译研究述评.语文学刊, 2007(17): 128-131.
Luo, Xuanmin, et al. [罗选民,黎土旺].关于公示语翻译的几点思考.中国翻译, 2006(4): 15-17.
Lü, Hefa. [吕和发]. A Chinese-English Dictionary on Signs.北京:商务印书馆, 2004.
Lü, Hefa. [吕和发].公示语的汉英翻译.中国科技翻译, 2004(1): 38-40.
Ni, Chuanbin, et al. [倪传斌,刘治].标记语的英译原则及实例分析.上海科技翻译, 1998(2): 18-20.
Niu, Xinsheng. [牛新生].公示语文本类型与翻译探析.外语教学, 2008(3): 89-92.
Niu, Xinsheng. [牛新生].旅游景区公示语英译问题研究—以宁波市旅游景区公示语英译为例.宁波大学学报, 2008(3): 38-43.
Pan, Wenguo. [潘文国].汉英语对比纲要.北京:北京语言文化大学出版社, 2004.
Wan, Zhengfang. [万正方].公示语翻译问题实例举隅.广告大观, 2005(11): 23-25.
Wang, Yinquan. [王银泉].“厕所”英文到底怎么说—从南京市汉英公示语翻译错误说开去.广告大观, 2006(10): 72-77.
Wang, Yinquan. [王银泉].“酒后驾车”还是“边开车边喝酒”?—沪宁高速公路上的公示语译文问题不少.广告大观. 2007(9): 40-45.
Wang, Yinquan. [王银泉].“绳索”加“道路”等于“索道”?—南京市中山陵景区公示语英语译文错误触目惊心.广告大观. 2006(11): 74-82.
Wang, Yinquan. [王银泉].无所不在无奇不有的公示语翻译失误—以南京市为例. 广告大观. 2007(11): 26-38.
Wang, Yinquan, et al. [王银泉,陈新仁].城市标识用语英译失误及其实例剖析.中国翻译, 2004(2): 67-70.
Wang, Ying, et al. [王颖,吕和发].公示语汉英翻译.北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2007.
Wu, Weixiong. [吴伟雄].中文标语英译浅谈.中国翻译, 1998(1): 35-38.
Xiao, Liming. [萧立明].英汉比较研究与翻译.上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2003.
Yuan, Xiaoning. [袁晓宁].外宣英译的策略及其理据.中国翻译, 2005(1): 67-70.
Zhang, Xinhong. [张新红].社会用语英译中的语用失误:调查与分析.外语教学, 2000(3): 14-20.
Zhang, Meifang. [张美芳].澳门公共牌示语言及其翻译研究.上海翻译, 2006(1): 29-34.
Zhao, Xiang. [赵湘].公示语翻译研究综述.外语与外语教学, 2006(12): 72-74.
Zhao, Xiang. [赵湘].中英标识语的文化差异与语用翻译.外语教学, 2006(2): 72-74.
Zhao, Xiaopei. [赵小沛].公示语翻译中的语用失误探析.南京理工大学学报, 2003(5): 68-71.
Brown, H. D. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs, 1987.
Connor, U. Contrastive rhetoric: Cross-cultural aspects of second-language writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Corder, S. P. Error Analysis and Interlanguage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981.
Corder, S. P. Error Analysis. In Allen, J. L. P. & Corder, S. P. (ed.). Techniques in Applied Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1974.
Cruttenden, A. Item Learning and System Learning. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 1981(10), 79-88.
Ellis, R. The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Fries, C. C. Teaching and Learning English as a Foreign Language. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1945.
George, H. V. Common Errors in Language Learning: Insights from English. Rowley, Massachusetts: Newbury House, 1972.
Halliday, M. A. K. & Hasan, Ruqaiya. Cohesion in English. London: Longman, 1976.
James, C. Errors in Language Learning and Use: Exploring Error Analysis. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.
Janicki, K. Studia Anglica Poznaniensia. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 1980(12), 61-71.
Lado, R. Linguistics Across Cultures. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1957.
Leech, G. Semantics: The Study of Meaning. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1981.
Nida, E. A. Language, Culture and Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993.
Nord, C. Translating as a Purposeful Activity—Functionalist Approaches Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Odlin, T. The Translator’s Invisibility—A History of Language Learning. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education, 2001.
Richards, J. C. The Context of Language Teaching. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching & Research Press and Cambridge, 2001.
Rod, E. Second Language Acquisition. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1999.
Selinker, L. Interlanguage. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 1972(10), 209-231.
Snell-Horby, M. Translation Studies-An Integrated Approach. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000.
Stern, H. H. Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983.
Van Dijk, Teun A. Text and context: Explorations in the semantics and pragmatics of discourse. London: Longman, 1977.
Thomas, J. Cross-Cultural Pragmatic Failure. Applied Linguistics, 1983(2), 108-110.
Yi, Xiubo. Applied Linguistics—Language Teaching and Learning. Jilin: Jilin University Press, 2004.
Wang, Lifei. A Survey of Modern Second Language Learning and Teaching. Shanghai: Shanghai Education Press, 2000.
Widdowson, H. G. Discourse Analysis: a Critical View. Language and Literature, 1995(3), 157-172.
Bei, Zhu, et al. [北竹,单爱民].谈英语公示用语的语言特点与汉英翻译.北京第二外国语学院学报, 2002(5): 76-79.
Bian, Zhengdong. [卞正东].论标示语的翻译.上海翻译, 2005(1): 26-31.
Chen, Shuying. [陈淑莹].标示语英译的语用失误探析.四川外语学院学报, 2006(1): 117-120.
Chen, Wenbo. [陈文伯].教你如何掌握汉译英技巧.北京:世界知识出版社, 2000.
Dai, Zongxian, et al. [戴宗显,吕和发].公示语汉英翻译研究—以2012年奥运会主办城市伦敦为例.中国翻译, 2005(6): 36-40.
Ding, Hengqi. [丁衡祁].对外宣传中的英语质量亟待提高.中国翻译, 2002(4): 44-46.
Ding, Hengqi. [丁衡祁].努力完善城市公示语逐步确定参照性译文.中国翻译, 2006(5): 5-8.
He, Xuegeng. [贺学耘].汉英公示语翻译的现状及其交际翻译策略.外语与外语教学, 2006(3): 57-59.
Huang, Youyi. [黄友义].坚持“外宣三贴近”原则,处理好外宣翻译中的难点问题. 中国翻译, 2004(6): 5-6.
Jia, Yuxin. [贾玉新].跨文化交际学.上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1997.
Kang, Ning. [康宁].从语篇功能看汉语旅游语篇的翻译.中国翻译, 2005(3): 51-56.
Li, Kexing. [李克兴].试析深圳的英语弊病及翻译谬误.上海科技翻译, 2000(1): 54-57.
Liu, Meiyan, et al. [刘美岩,胡毅].公示语英译错误分析及对策.外语教学, 2009(2): 110-113.
Long, Jianghua. [龙江华].国内公示语汉英翻译研究述评.语文学刊, 2007(17): 128-131.
Luo, Xuanmin, et al. [罗选民,黎土旺].关于公示语翻译的几点思考.中国翻译, 2006(4): 15-17.
Lü, Hefa. [吕和发]. A Chinese-English Dictionary on Signs.北京:商务印书馆, 2004.
Lü, Hefa. [吕和发].公示语的汉英翻译.中国科技翻译, 2004(1): 38-40.
Ni, Chuanbin, et al. [倪传斌,刘治].标记语的英译原则及实例分析.上海科技翻译, 1998(2): 18-20.
Niu, Xinsheng. [牛新生].公示语文本类型与翻译探析.外语教学, 2008(3): 89-92.
Niu, Xinsheng. [牛新生].旅游景区公示语英译问题研究—以宁波市旅游景区公示语英译为例.宁波大学学报, 2008(3): 38-43.
Pan, Wenguo. [潘文国].汉英语对比纲要.北京:北京语言文化大学出版社, 2004.
Wan, Zhengfang. [万正方].公示语翻译问题实例举隅.广告大观, 2005(11): 23-25.
Wang, Yinquan. [王银泉].“厕所”英文到底怎么说—从南京市汉英公示语翻译错误说开去.广告大观, 2006(10): 72-77.
Wang, Yinquan. [王银泉].“酒后驾车”还是“边开车边喝酒”?—沪宁高速公路上的公示语译文问题不少.广告大观. 2007(9): 40-45.
Wang, Yinquan. [王银泉].“绳索”加“道路”等于“索道”?—南京市中山陵景区公示语英语译文错误触目惊心.广告大观. 2006(11): 74-82.
Wang, Yinquan. [王银泉].无所不在无奇不有的公示语翻译失误—以南京市为例. 广告大观. 2007(11): 26-38.
Wang, Yinquan, et al. [王银泉,陈新仁].城市标识用语英译失误及其实例剖析.中国翻译, 2004(2): 67-70.
Wang, Ying, et al. [王颖,吕和发].公示语汉英翻译.北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2007.
Wu, Weixiong. [吴伟雄].中文标语英译浅谈.中国翻译, 1998(1): 35-38.
Xiao, Liming. [萧立明].英汉比较研究与翻译.上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2003.
Yuan, Xiaoning. [袁晓宁].外宣英译的策略及其理据.中国翻译, 2005(1): 67-70.
Zhang, Xinhong. [张新红].社会用语英译中的语用失误:调查与分析.外语教学, 2000(3): 14-20.
Zhang, Meifang. [张美芳].澳门公共牌示语言及其翻译研究.上海翻译, 2006(1): 29-34.
Zhao, Xiang. [赵湘].公示语翻译研究综述.外语与外语教学, 2006(12): 72-74.
Zhao, Xiang. [赵湘].中英标识语的文化差异与语用翻译.外语教学, 2006(2): 72-74.
Zhao, Xiaopei. [赵小沛].公示语翻译中的语用失误探析.南京理工大学学报, 2003(5): 68-71.