高真实感地形场景仿真研究
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摘要
真实感是场景仿真中衡量仿真效果的一个重要指标,并随着软、硬件条件的不断发展而越来越受到重视。本文从地形生成算法和纹理映射技术两个方面论述如何提高场景仿真的真实感。
在地形建模方面,基于前人的工作基础,通过结合影响地形细节的视点相关、地形精度、地形粗糙度三种因素,构建一种新的判断准则,来约束基于改良的受限四叉树的LOD(level of detail)地形结构的建立,同时给出相应的数据结构和具体的地形生成算法。而在纹理映射方面,着重论述如何减弱或消除小纹理映射技术中存在的问题,例如来自于不同纹理之间边缘过渡的突兀感、小纹理映射在大区域带来重复性、视距变化引起的纹理虚化或闪烁等,通过对地形数据进行一定的处理得到纹理的混合因子,从而混合出整个地形的地貌纹理数据,改善地形场景仿真的真实感。最后通过OpenGL(Open Graphics Library)实现场景仿真,验证了本文方法在满足渲染速度情况下提高了仿真的真实感。
The third dimension is an important guideline to measure simulation effect in scene simulation, which is more and more regarded with the continuous development of software and hardware. This paper discusses that how to enhance the third dimension of scene simulation from the two aspects of terrain algorithm and texture mappings technique.
On the facet of terrain modeling, a new metric is established to restrict the building of LOD(level of detail )terrain structure which is based on improved restricted quad-trees on the foundation of predecessors’work. Simultaneity, relevant data-structures and detailed algorithms for generating 3D terrain were presented. Three factors affecting the terrain details were considered, which are the view dependence, terrain precision and terrain roughness.
On the facet of texture mapping, how to lower or eliminate the problems existing in small-texture mappings technique is discussed, such as the abrupt sense coming from the marginal transition between different texture, the repetition brought by the small texture mapped in the large scale area, the mosaic effect or flicker of texture brought by the change of viewing distance and so on. The physiognomy texture data of all the terrain are blended by the texture mixable factor through treating with terrain data, which improves the third dimension of terrain scene simulation.
Finally, the scene simulation are carried out by OpenGL(Open Graphics Library), which validate that the method proposed in this paper enhance the third dimension of simulation and meet the rendering speed.
在地形建模方面,基于前人的工作基础,通过结合影响地形细节的视点相关、地形精度、地形粗糙度三种因素,构建一种新的判断准则,来约束基于改良的受限四叉树的LOD(level of detail)地形结构的建立,同时给出相应的数据结构和具体的地形生成算法。而在纹理映射方面,着重论述如何减弱或消除小纹理映射技术中存在的问题,例如来自于不同纹理之间边缘过渡的突兀感、小纹理映射在大区域带来重复性、视距变化引起的纹理虚化或闪烁等,通过对地形数据进行一定的处理得到纹理的混合因子,从而混合出整个地形的地貌纹理数据,改善地形场景仿真的真实感。最后通过OpenGL(Open Graphics Library)实现场景仿真,验证了本文方法在满足渲染速度情况下提高了仿真的真实感。
The third dimension is an important guideline to measure simulation effect in scene simulation, which is more and more regarded with the continuous development of software and hardware. This paper discusses that how to enhance the third dimension of scene simulation from the two aspects of terrain algorithm and texture mappings technique.
On the facet of terrain modeling, a new metric is established to restrict the building of LOD(level of detail )terrain structure which is based on improved restricted quad-trees on the foundation of predecessors’work. Simultaneity, relevant data-structures and detailed algorithms for generating 3D terrain were presented. Three factors affecting the terrain details were considered, which are the view dependence, terrain precision and terrain roughness.
On the facet of texture mapping, how to lower or eliminate the problems existing in small-texture mappings technique is discussed, such as the abrupt sense coming from the marginal transition between different texture, the repetition brought by the small texture mapped in the large scale area, the mosaic effect or flicker of texture brought by the change of viewing distance and so on. The physiognomy texture data of all the terrain are blended by the texture mixable factor through treating with terrain data, which improves the third dimension of terrain scene simulation.
Finally, the scene simulation are carried out by OpenGL(Open Graphics Library), which validate that the method proposed in this paper enhance the third dimension of simulation and meet the rendering speed.
引文
[1]吴家铸,党岗,刘华峰等.视景仿真技术及应用.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社, 2001, 7.
[2]朱庆.对三维GIS的技术进步的思考.地理信息世界. 2004, Vol.2(3). 6-7.
[3]童胜.大范围三维地形实时显示研究.华中科技大学硕士学位论文, 2003, 5.
[4]李志林,朱庆.数字高程模型(第二版).武昌:武汉大学出版社, 2003, 10.
[5]和平鸽工作室. OpenGL三维图形系统开发与实用技术-(实用技术篇).重庆:重庆大学出版社, 2003, 8.
[6]杨晓霞.大规模地形多分辨率模型算法研究.西南交通大学硕士学位论文, 2005, 6.
[7]王道臣.基于限制四叉树LOD大规模地形预处理算法.计算机工程与应用. 2007, Vol.43(24).
[8]郭齐胜,董志明.战场环境仿真.北京:国防工业出版社, 2005. 4.
[9]廖巍.大规模地形的建模与动态绘制技术研究.国防科学技术大学硕士学位论文, 2002, 11.
[10]Bryan Turner. Real-Time Dynamic Level of Detail Terrain Rendering with ROAM. http://www.gamasutra.com/features/20000403/turner_01. htm. April 03,2000.
[11]Hoppe H. Smooth view-dependent level-of-detail control and its application to terrain rendering. Proc. of the IEEE Conf. on Visualization 1998. 1998. 35?42.
[12]P.Lindstrom, V.Pascucci. Terrain Simplification Simplified: A General Framework for View-Dependent Out-of-Core Visualization. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUA-LIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS. 2002, VOL.8(3) .
[13]Mark Duchaineau, Murray Wolinski, David E. Sigeti, et al. ROAMing Terrain: Real-time, Optimally Adapting Meshes. Proceedings of the Conference on Visualization '97, Oct 1997, pp. 81-88.
[14]杜伟.基于全球范围DEM地形和目标模型的数据组织和快速显示.国防科学技术大学硕士学位论文, 2003, 12.
[15]季伟.三维GIS中地形可视化技术的研究.河海大学硕士学位论文, 2001.
[16]杨新文.三维地形生成及简化技术研究.武汉大学硕士学位论文, 2004, 5.
[17]张红.基于高程熵的大规模地形建模方法.计算机工程与设计. 2006, 12, Vol.24(27).
[18]Renato Pajarola, ETH Zürich. Large Scale Terrain Visualization Using TheRestricted Quadtree Triangulation. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/dynhome.jsp.
[19]Renato Bruno Pajarola. Access to large scale Terrain and Image Databases in Geoinformation Systems. 1998, DISS. ETH No. 12729.
[20]Xiaohong Bao. LOD-based Clustering Techniques for Efficient Large-scale Terrain Storage and Visualization. Proceedings SPIE Conference on Visualization and Data Analysis. 2003, pages 225–235.
[21]殷宏.基于限制四叉树的大规模地形可视化及其实现.计算机应用研究. 2005, 6. Vol.5
[22]潘李亮.基于LOD的大规模真实感室外场景实时渲染技术的初步研究. http://dev.gameres.com/Program/Visual/3D/largeLOD. pdf. 2003. 04.
[23]邵晓鹏.红外纹理生成方法研究.西安电子科技大学博士论文, 2005, 10.
[24]A. Rosenfeld. Digital Picture Analysis. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, 1976.
[25]Kenneth R. Castleman著;朱志刚,林学,石定机等译.数字图像处理.北京:电子工业出版社, 2002.
[26]叶橹.游戏美术设计.北京:海洋出版社, 2007, 3.
[27]A. Martin, G. Gesquiere, W. Puech and S. Thon. Real Time 3D Visualization of DEM Combined with a Robust DCT Based Data-Hiding Method. SPIE-IS&T/ Vol. 6060 60600G-1.
[28]Wei Hua, Huaisheng, Zhang Yanqing, et al. Huge Texture Mapping for Real-Time Visualization of Large-Scale Terrain .VRST’04, 2004. 10.
[29]Carsten Dachsbacher, Tobias Bolch, Marc Stamminger. Procedural Reproduction of Terrain Textures with Geographic Data.
[30]杜莹.全球多分辨率虚拟地形环境关键技术研究.中国人民解放军信息工程大学博士学位论文, 2005, 4.
[31]和平鸽工作室. OpenGL三维图形系统开发与实用技术-(基础编程篇).重庆:重庆大学出版社, 2003, 8.
[32]崔天剑.计算机辅助色彩构成表现技法.北京:人民邮电出版社, 2002, 5.
[33]姜陆.三维大规模地形的实时显示和渲染.中国民航飞行学院学报. 2005, 5, vol.4(16).
[34]尚晶晶. Direct3D游戏开发技术详解.北京:人民邮电出版社, 2006, 2.
[35]佟美莹.三维地形显示的研究与实现.哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文, 2002, 6.
[2]朱庆.对三维GIS的技术进步的思考.地理信息世界. 2004, Vol.2(3). 6-7.
[3]童胜.大范围三维地形实时显示研究.华中科技大学硕士学位论文, 2003, 5.
[4]李志林,朱庆.数字高程模型(第二版).武昌:武汉大学出版社, 2003, 10.
[5]和平鸽工作室. OpenGL三维图形系统开发与实用技术-(实用技术篇).重庆:重庆大学出版社, 2003, 8.
[6]杨晓霞.大规模地形多分辨率模型算法研究.西南交通大学硕士学位论文, 2005, 6.
[7]王道臣.基于限制四叉树LOD大规模地形预处理算法.计算机工程与应用. 2007, Vol.43(24).
[8]郭齐胜,董志明.战场环境仿真.北京:国防工业出版社, 2005. 4.
[9]廖巍.大规模地形的建模与动态绘制技术研究.国防科学技术大学硕士学位论文, 2002, 11.
[10]Bryan Turner. Real-Time Dynamic Level of Detail Terrain Rendering with ROAM. http://www.gamasutra.com/features/20000403/turner_01. htm. April 03,2000.
[11]Hoppe H. Smooth view-dependent level-of-detail control and its application to terrain rendering. Proc. of the IEEE Conf. on Visualization 1998. 1998. 35?42.
[12]P.Lindstrom, V.Pascucci. Terrain Simplification Simplified: A General Framework for View-Dependent Out-of-Core Visualization. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUA-LIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS. 2002, VOL.8(3) .
[13]Mark Duchaineau, Murray Wolinski, David E. Sigeti, et al. ROAMing Terrain: Real-time, Optimally Adapting Meshes. Proceedings of the Conference on Visualization '97, Oct 1997, pp. 81-88.
[14]杜伟.基于全球范围DEM地形和目标模型的数据组织和快速显示.国防科学技术大学硕士学位论文, 2003, 12.
[15]季伟.三维GIS中地形可视化技术的研究.河海大学硕士学位论文, 2001.
[16]杨新文.三维地形生成及简化技术研究.武汉大学硕士学位论文, 2004, 5.
[17]张红.基于高程熵的大规模地形建模方法.计算机工程与设计. 2006, 12, Vol.24(27).
[18]Renato Pajarola, ETH Zürich. Large Scale Terrain Visualization Using TheRestricted Quadtree Triangulation. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/dynhome.jsp.
[19]Renato Bruno Pajarola. Access to large scale Terrain and Image Databases in Geoinformation Systems. 1998, DISS. ETH No. 12729.
[20]Xiaohong Bao. LOD-based Clustering Techniques for Efficient Large-scale Terrain Storage and Visualization. Proceedings SPIE Conference on Visualization and Data Analysis. 2003, pages 225–235.
[21]殷宏.基于限制四叉树的大规模地形可视化及其实现.计算机应用研究. 2005, 6. Vol.5
[22]潘李亮.基于LOD的大规模真实感室外场景实时渲染技术的初步研究. http://dev.gameres.com/Program/Visual/3D/largeLOD. pdf. 2003. 04.
[23]邵晓鹏.红外纹理生成方法研究.西安电子科技大学博士论文, 2005, 10.
[24]A. Rosenfeld. Digital Picture Analysis. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, 1976.
[25]Kenneth R. Castleman著;朱志刚,林学,石定机等译.数字图像处理.北京:电子工业出版社, 2002.
[26]叶橹.游戏美术设计.北京:海洋出版社, 2007, 3.
[27]A. Martin, G. Gesquiere, W. Puech and S. Thon. Real Time 3D Visualization of DEM Combined with a Robust DCT Based Data-Hiding Method. SPIE-IS&T/ Vol. 6060 60600G-1.
[28]Wei Hua, Huaisheng, Zhang Yanqing, et al. Huge Texture Mapping for Real-Time Visualization of Large-Scale Terrain .VRST’04, 2004. 10.
[29]Carsten Dachsbacher, Tobias Bolch, Marc Stamminger. Procedural Reproduction of Terrain Textures with Geographic Data.
[30]杜莹.全球多分辨率虚拟地形环境关键技术研究.中国人民解放军信息工程大学博士学位论文, 2005, 4.
[31]和平鸽工作室. OpenGL三维图形系统开发与实用技术-(基础编程篇).重庆:重庆大学出版社, 2003, 8.
[32]崔天剑.计算机辅助色彩构成表现技法.北京:人民邮电出版社, 2002, 5.
[33]姜陆.三维大规模地形的实时显示和渲染.中国民航飞行学院学报. 2005, 5, vol.4(16).
[34]尚晶晶. Direct3D游戏开发技术详解.北京:人民邮电出版社, 2006, 2.
[35]佟美莹.三维地形显示的研究与实现.哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文, 2002, 6.