基于H.264标准的视频水印技术研究
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摘要
近年来随着数字视频在社会生活中的普及，视频作品遭到恶意攻击和非法侵权的问题也越来越严重。如何有效地对数字视频进行版权保护，成为多媒体技术发展中迫切而现实的问题。视频水印技术正是为解决这个问题而受到人们越来越多的关注，成为当前学术领域研究的热点。
水印技术存在的基础是其技术的先进性，其归根结底是利用冗余来携带水印信息，而视频压缩的目的是去除冗余，因此好的水印设计方案应该充分考虑视频压缩编码的新动向，紧密结合当前及未来的标准进行研究。而H.264作为最新一代的视频编码标准，迫切要求水印技术与其相融合，提升和改进现有的视频水印算法，以适应新的应用环境。
本文在对视频水印技术及H.264标准分析研究的基础上，提出了一种针对H.264低比特率码流特性的鲁棒视频水印设计算法。该算法首先将二值水印图像扫描为序列，并扩频处理，然后在H.264帧内预测编码阶段根据一定的判定条件，将水印序列逐比特地嵌入到Ⅰ帧每个宏块的16个4×4子块所选定的某个中、高频变换系数中，水印嵌入具有一定的自适应性，同时引入基于Lagrangian优化算法的编码控制模型，以提高含水印视频码流的率失真性能，最后对算法的嵌入和提取过程进行了仿真实现。
实验结果表明，本算法在得到视频比特流较好率失真性能的同时对重量化编码、滤波、添加噪声和帧编辑等普通攻击具有一定的鲁棒性；水印提取时不需要对压缩码流完全解码，并且为盲提取；算法复杂度低，能够满足实时随机检测的需要，具有一定的实用性。
In recent years, with popularity of digital video in social life, the issue of video works by malicious attacks and illegal use has become increasingly serious. How to protect the copyright of digital video effectively has become an urgent and realistic issue in the development of multimedia technique. Video watermarking technique to solve this problem is paid more and more attention by researchers and has emerged to a flourishing research topic in current academic domain.
The basis for the existence of watermarking technique is the advanced nature of its technology, which uses redundant information to carry watermarking. And video compression aims to remove redundant, so a good watermarking scheme should take full account of the new video compression coding trends in close connection with the current and future standards for research. H.264, as the latest generation of video coding standard, has an urgent requirement of integration watermarking technique with it to enhance and improve the existing video watermarking algorithms to adapt to the new application environment.
This paper proposes a robust video watermarking scheme aiming at H.264 low bit rate stream based on the analysis and research of video watermarking technique and H.264 standard. This scheme scans a binary watermark image into sequences firstly and processes them with spread-spectrum, and then embeds watermark sequences into certain median-frequency or high-frequency transform coefficients selected bit-by-bit by judgment under certain conditions in all 4×4 sub-blocks of each macroblock of I frames in H.264 intra prediction coding stage. The embedding process has certain adaptability, and introduces the coding control model based on the algorithm of Lagrangian optimization to enhance the rate-distortion performance of the watermarking video bitstream. Finally, experiments are performed to simulate the embedding and extraction scheme.
Experimental results show that this algorithm obtains better rate-distortion performance of video bitstream, and has certain robustness against some common attacks such as requantization coding, filtering, adding noise, frame editing and so on. Watermark extraction does not need to decode compressed bitstream completely, which realizes the blind extraction; this algorithm which has a low complexity can meet the requirement of real-time random detecting, and has certain practicality.
水印技术存在的基础是其技术的先进性，其归根结底是利用冗余来携带水印信息，而视频压缩的目的是去除冗余，因此好的水印设计方案应该充分考虑视频压缩编码的新动向，紧密结合当前及未来的标准进行研究。而H.264作为最新一代的视频编码标准，迫切要求水印技术与其相融合，提升和改进现有的视频水印算法，以适应新的应用环境。
本文在对视频水印技术及H.264标准分析研究的基础上，提出了一种针对H.264低比特率码流特性的鲁棒视频水印设计算法。该算法首先将二值水印图像扫描为序列，并扩频处理，然后在H.264帧内预测编码阶段根据一定的判定条件，将水印序列逐比特地嵌入到Ⅰ帧每个宏块的16个4×4子块所选定的某个中、高频变换系数中，水印嵌入具有一定的自适应性，同时引入基于Lagrangian优化算法的编码控制模型，以提高含水印视频码流的率失真性能，最后对算法的嵌入和提取过程进行了仿真实现。
实验结果表明，本算法在得到视频比特流较好率失真性能的同时对重量化编码、滤波、添加噪声和帧编辑等普通攻击具有一定的鲁棒性；水印提取时不需要对压缩码流完全解码，并且为盲提取；算法复杂度低，能够满足实时随机检测的需要，具有一定的实用性。
In recent years, with popularity of digital video in social life, the issue of video works by malicious attacks and illegal use has become increasingly serious. How to protect the copyright of digital video effectively has become an urgent and realistic issue in the development of multimedia technique. Video watermarking technique to solve this problem is paid more and more attention by researchers and has emerged to a flourishing research topic in current academic domain.
The basis for the existence of watermarking technique is the advanced nature of its technology, which uses redundant information to carry watermarking. And video compression aims to remove redundant, so a good watermarking scheme should take full account of the new video compression coding trends in close connection with the current and future standards for research. H.264, as the latest generation of video coding standard, has an urgent requirement of integration watermarking technique with it to enhance and improve the existing video watermarking algorithms to adapt to the new application environment.
This paper proposes a robust video watermarking scheme aiming at H.264 low bit rate stream based on the analysis and research of video watermarking technique and H.264 standard. This scheme scans a binary watermark image into sequences firstly and processes them with spread-spectrum, and then embeds watermark sequences into certain median-frequency or high-frequency transform coefficients selected bit-by-bit by judgment under certain conditions in all 4×4 sub-blocks of each macroblock of I frames in H.264 intra prediction coding stage. The embedding process has certain adaptability, and introduces the coding control model based on the algorithm of Lagrangian optimization to enhance the rate-distortion performance of the watermarking video bitstream. Finally, experiments are performed to simulate the embedding and extraction scheme.
Experimental results show that this algorithm obtains better rate-distortion performance of video bitstream, and has certain robustness against some common attacks such as requantization coding, filtering, adding noise, frame editing and so on. Watermark extraction does not need to decode compressed bitstream completely, which realizes the blind extraction; this algorithm which has a low complexity can meet the requirement of real-time random detecting, and has certain practicality.
引文
[1] 段云所，魏仕民，唐礼勇等．信息安全概论[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，2005．
[2] Tirkel A Z. Electronic watermark[J]. Digital Image Computing Technology and Applications, 1993, 10(1):666-673.
[3] Watson A B. Perceptual optimization of DCT color quantization matrices[A]. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Image Processing, Los Alamitos, CA, 1994, 1:100-104.
[4] A. Watson, J. ttu, and J. McGowan Ⅲ. Digital video quality metric based on human vision[J]. J.Electron. Imageing, 2001, 10(1):20-29.
[5] M.Noorkami, R.M. Mersereau. A H.264 video watermarking algorithm exploiting a human visual model[A]. Submitted to International Workshop on Digital Watermarking(IWDW), Siena, September 15-17, 2005.
[6] ISO/IEC 14496-10 and ITU-T Rec. H.264, Advanced video coding[S], 2003.
[7] T.Y.Chung, M.S.Hong and Y.N.Oh, et al. Digital watermarking for copyright protection of MPEG-2 compressed video[J]. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 1998, 44(3):895-901.
[8] G.-Z.Wu, Y.-J.Wang. Robust watermark embedding/detection algorithm for H.264 video [J]. Journal of Electronic Imaging, 2005, 14:13013-0-13013-9.
[9] Kunder D, Hatziakos D. Digital watermarking for telltale tamper-proofing and authentication[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1999, 87(7): 1167-1180.
[10] T. Kalker, G. Depovere, J. Haitsma, et al. A video watermarking system for broadcast monitoring[A]. In: Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents[C], Proceedings of SPIE, 1999, 3657:103-112.
[11] The Millennium Group, DVD copy-protection system[P], Aug 4, 1999.
[12] D.Robie, R.Mersereau. Video error correction using data hiding techniques[A]. In Proc. of IEEE Int. Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, Cannes, France, Oct. 2001, pp.59-64.
[13] O. Nemethova, G. C. Forte, M. Rupp. Robust error detection for H.264/AVC using relation based fragile watermarking[A] Proc. of Int. Conf. on Systems, Signals and Image Processing (IWSSIP), Budapest, Hungary, Sept. 2006.
[14] Van Schyndel, R Tirkel A, Osborne C. A digital watermarking[A]. IEEE Int. Conf. On Image Processing[C]. Austin, Tex, IEEE Press, 1994, pp.86-90.
[15] I.J. Cox, J. Kilian, T. Leighton, et al. Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia[J]. IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, 1997, 6(12): 1673-1687.
[16] Ioannis Pitas. A method for watermark casting on digital images[J]. IEEE Trans. On Circuit and Systems for Video Technology, 1998, 8(6):775-780.
[17] G. Voyatzis and I. Pitas. Chaotic watermarks for embedding in the spatial digital image domain[J]. Proc. Of the IEEE, 1998, pp.432-436.
[18] Mohan S. Kankanhalli, K. R. Ramakrishnan, and Rajmohan. Content based watermarking of images[A]. Proc. Of the 6th ACM International Conference on Multimedia, 1998, pp.61-70.
[19] E. Praun, H. Hoppe, and A. Finkelstein. Robust mesh watermarking[A]. In. Proc, of SIGGRAPH'99, 1999, pp.49-56.
[20] R. Ohbuchi, H. Masuda, and M. Aono. Watermarking three-dimensional polygonal models through geometric and topological modifications [J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 1998, 16(4):551-560.
[21] M. J. B. Maes and C. W. Van Overveld. Digital watermarking by geometric warping[A]. Proc. Of IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, 1998, 1:424-426.
[22] Puate J. and Jordan F. Using fractal compression scheme to embedded a digital signature into an image[A]. Proc. SPIE Photonics East Symposium, Boston, USA, 1996.
[23] W. Bender, D. Gruhl, N. Morimoto, et al. Techniques for data hiding[J]. IBM Systems Journal, 1996, 35 (3&4):313-336.
[24] Boney L, Tewfik A, Hamdy K. Digital watermarks for audio signals [A]. IEEE Int. Conf, on Multimedia Computing and Systems, 1996, 1:473-480.
[25] F.Hartung and B.Girod. Watermarking of uncompressed and compressed video[J]. Signal Processing, 1998, 66(8):283-301.
[26] F.Petitcolas, R.J.Anderson, and M.G.Kuhn. Attacks on copyright marking system[A]. David Aucsmith, Ed., Information Hiding[C], Second International Workshop, IH'98, 1998, Springer-Verlag, pp.219-239.
[27] F.Petitcolas, R.J.Anderson. Evaluation of copyright marking systems[A]. Proc. of IEEE: Multimedia Systems(ICMCS'99) [C]. Florence, Italy, 1999,1:574-579.
[28] Cao Hanqiang, Zhu Guangxi, Zhu Yaoting, et al. Embedding a signature in an image based on fractal compress transformations [J]. Journal of China Institute of Communications, 1998, 19(5):69-74.
[29] S.Katzenbeisser, F.Petitcolas. Information Hiding Techniques for Steganography and Digital Watermarking[M]. Boston, London, Artech House, 2000.
[30] I.J. Cox, M.L. Miller, J.A. Bloom著,王颖,黄志蓓等译．数字水印[M]．北京：电子工业出版社,2003．
[31] 王炳锡，陈琦，邓峰．数字水印技术[M]．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，2003．
[32] 苏育挺．数字视频水印技术研究[D]．天津大学博士学位论文，2001．
[33] Wenwu Zhu, Zixiang Xiong, Ya-Oin Zhang. Multiresolution watermarking for images and video[J]. IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for video technology, 1999, 9(4):545-550.
[34] G.C. Langelaar, R.L. Lagendijk, J. Biemond. Real-time labeling of MPEG-2 compressed video[J]. J. of Visual Comm. and Image Representation. 1998, 9(4):256-270.
[35] G. C. Langelaar and R.L. Lagendijk. Optimal differential energy watermarking of DCT encoded images and video[J]. IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, 2001, 10(1):148-158.
[36] F. Hartung and B. Girod. Digital watermarking of MPEG-2 coded video in the bitstream domain[A]. Proceeding of International Conference on Acoustics, and Signal Processing[C], Munich, 1997, 4:2621-2624.
[37] Biswas S, Das S R, Petriu E M. An adaptive compressed MPEG-2 video watermarking scheme[J]. IEEE Trans on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2005, 54(5):1853-1861.
[38] F. Jordan, M. Kutter, T. Ebrahim. Proposal of a watermarking technique for hiding/retrieving data in compressed and decompressed video[R]. ISO/IEC document, JTC1/SC28/WG11 MPEG97/M2281.
[39] Zhang J, Maitre H, Zhang L, et al. Embedding watermark in MPEG video sequence[A]. IEEE Fourth Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, 2001, pp.535-540.
[40] Zhuo zhao, Nenghai Yu, Xuelong Li. A novel video watermarking scheme in compressed domain based on fast motion estimation[A]. Proceedings of ICCT 2003, pp. 1878-1883.
[41] 朱忠杰，蒋刚毅，郁梅等．基于运动矢量的视频图像数字水印算法[J]．电路与系统学报，2002，7(3)：58-61．
[42] G. Qiu, P. Marziliano, A. T. Ho, D. He, and Q. Sun, A hybrid watermarking scheme for H.264/AVC video[A], In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Aug. 2004, 4:865-868.
[43] J. Zhang, A.T.S. Ho, G. Qiu, et al. Robust video watermarking of H.264/AVC[J]. IEEE Trans on Circuits and Systems-Ⅱ: Express Briefs, 2007, 54(2):205-209.
[44] S. Sakazawa, Y. Takishima, Y. Nakajima. H.264 native video watermarking method[A]. Circuits and Systems, ISCAS 2006. Proceedings. IEEE International Symposium on 21-24 May 2006.
[45] A. Golikeri, R Nasiopoulos, Z. Jane Wang. An improved scalar quantization-based digital video watermarking scheme for H.264/AVC[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 2005, 53(8): 2658-2663.
[46] M. Noorkami, R.M. Mersereau. A framework for robust watermarking of H.264-encoded video with controllable detection performance[J]. IEEE Transactions onInformation forensics and security, 2007, 2(1): 14-23.
[47] 单承赣，孙德辉．基于H.264／AVC低比特率视频流的双水印算法[J]．计算机应用，2007，27(8)：1922-1925．
[48] T. Wiegand, G.J. Sullivan, G. Bjontegaard, et al. Overview of the H.264/AVC video coding standard[J]. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., 2003, 13(7):560-576.
[49] D. Marpe, H. Schwarz, T. Wiegand. Context-based adaptive binary arithmetic coding in the H.264/AVC video compression standard[J]. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., 2003, 13(7):620-636.
[50] G. Sullivan, T. Wiegand. Video compression from concepts to the H.264/AVC standard[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2005, 93(1): 18-31.
[51] T. Wiegand, B. Girod. Lagrange multiple selection in hybrid video coder control[A]. IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Thessaloniki, Greece, Sep. 2001.
[52] A. Joch, F. Kossentini, H. Schwarz, et al. Performance comparison of video coding standards using Lagrangian coder control[A]. Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing[C], 2002, 4:Ⅳ-3728-Ⅳ-3721.
[53] T. Wiegand, H. Schwarz, A. Joch, et al. Rate-constrained coder control and comparison of video coding standards[J]. IEEE. Transactions on Circuits and Systems, 2003, 13(7):688-703.
[54] A. M. Alattar, E. T. Lin, and M. U. Celik. Digital watermarking of low bit-rate advanced simple profile MpEG-4 compressed video[J]. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., 2003, 13(8):787-800.
[55] H.264/AVC Joint Model 8.6(JM-8.6) Reference Software [Online]. Available: http://iphome.hhi.de/suehring/tml/download/old_jm/.
[2] Tirkel A Z. Electronic watermark[J]. Digital Image Computing Technology and Applications, 1993, 10(1):666-673.
[3] Watson A B. Perceptual optimization of DCT color quantization matrices[A]. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Image Processing, Los Alamitos, CA, 1994, 1:100-104.
[4] A. Watson, J. ttu, and J. McGowan Ⅲ. Digital video quality metric based on human vision[J]. J.Electron. Imageing, 2001, 10(1):20-29.
[5] M.Noorkami, R.M. Mersereau. A H.264 video watermarking algorithm exploiting a human visual model[A]. Submitted to International Workshop on Digital Watermarking(IWDW), Siena, September 15-17, 2005.
[6] ISO/IEC 14496-10 and ITU-T Rec. H.264, Advanced video coding[S], 2003.
[7] T.Y.Chung, M.S.Hong and Y.N.Oh, et al. Digital watermarking for copyright protection of MPEG-2 compressed video[J]. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 1998, 44(3):895-901.
[8] G.-Z.Wu, Y.-J.Wang. Robust watermark embedding/detection algorithm for H.264 video [J]. Journal of Electronic Imaging, 2005, 14:13013-0-13013-9.
[9] Kunder D, Hatziakos D. Digital watermarking for telltale tamper-proofing and authentication[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1999, 87(7): 1167-1180.
[10] T. Kalker, G. Depovere, J. Haitsma, et al. A video watermarking system for broadcast monitoring[A]. In: Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents[C], Proceedings of SPIE, 1999, 3657:103-112.
[11] The Millennium Group, DVD copy-protection system[P], Aug 4, 1999.
[12] D.Robie, R.Mersereau. Video error correction using data hiding techniques[A]. In Proc. of IEEE Int. Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, Cannes, France, Oct. 2001, pp.59-64.
[13] O. Nemethova, G. C. Forte, M. Rupp. Robust error detection for H.264/AVC using relation based fragile watermarking[A] Proc. of Int. Conf. on Systems, Signals and Image Processing (IWSSIP), Budapest, Hungary, Sept. 2006.
[14] Van Schyndel, R Tirkel A, Osborne C. A digital watermarking[A]. IEEE Int. Conf. On Image Processing[C]. Austin, Tex, IEEE Press, 1994, pp.86-90.
[15] I.J. Cox, J. Kilian, T. Leighton, et al. Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia[J]. IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, 1997, 6(12): 1673-1687.
[16] Ioannis Pitas. A method for watermark casting on digital images[J]. IEEE Trans. On Circuit and Systems for Video Technology, 1998, 8(6):775-780.
[17] G. Voyatzis and I. Pitas. Chaotic watermarks for embedding in the spatial digital image domain[J]. Proc. Of the IEEE, 1998, pp.432-436.
[18] Mohan S. Kankanhalli, K. R. Ramakrishnan, and Rajmohan. Content based watermarking of images[A]. Proc. Of the 6th ACM International Conference on Multimedia, 1998, pp.61-70.
[19] E. Praun, H. Hoppe, and A. Finkelstein. Robust mesh watermarking[A]. In. Proc, of SIGGRAPH'99, 1999, pp.49-56.
[20] R. Ohbuchi, H. Masuda, and M. Aono. Watermarking three-dimensional polygonal models through geometric and topological modifications [J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 1998, 16(4):551-560.
[21] M. J. B. Maes and C. W. Van Overveld. Digital watermarking by geometric warping[A]. Proc. Of IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, 1998, 1:424-426.
[22] Puate J. and Jordan F. Using fractal compression scheme to embedded a digital signature into an image[A]. Proc. SPIE Photonics East Symposium, Boston, USA, 1996.
[23] W. Bender, D. Gruhl, N. Morimoto, et al. Techniques for data hiding[J]. IBM Systems Journal, 1996, 35 (3&4):313-336.
[24] Boney L, Tewfik A, Hamdy K. Digital watermarks for audio signals [A]. IEEE Int. Conf, on Multimedia Computing and Systems, 1996, 1:473-480.
[25] F.Hartung and B.Girod. Watermarking of uncompressed and compressed video[J]. Signal Processing, 1998, 66(8):283-301.
[26] F.Petitcolas, R.J.Anderson, and M.G.Kuhn. Attacks on copyright marking system[A]. David Aucsmith, Ed., Information Hiding[C], Second International Workshop, IH'98, 1998, Springer-Verlag, pp.219-239.
[27] F.Petitcolas, R.J.Anderson. Evaluation of copyright marking systems[A]. Proc. of IEEE: Multimedia Systems(ICMCS'99) [C]. Florence, Italy, 1999,1:574-579.
[28] Cao Hanqiang, Zhu Guangxi, Zhu Yaoting, et al. Embedding a signature in an image based on fractal compress transformations [J]. Journal of China Institute of Communications, 1998, 19(5):69-74.
[29] S.Katzenbeisser, F.Petitcolas. Information Hiding Techniques for Steganography and Digital Watermarking[M]. Boston, London, Artech House, 2000.
[30] I.J. Cox, M.L. Miller, J.A. Bloom著,王颖,黄志蓓等译．数字水印[M]．北京：电子工业出版社,2003．
[31] 王炳锡，陈琦，邓峰．数字水印技术[M]．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，2003．
[32] 苏育挺．数字视频水印技术研究[D]．天津大学博士学位论文，2001．
[33] Wenwu Zhu, Zixiang Xiong, Ya-Oin Zhang. Multiresolution watermarking for images and video[J]. IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for video technology, 1999, 9(4):545-550.
[34] G.C. Langelaar, R.L. Lagendijk, J. Biemond. Real-time labeling of MPEG-2 compressed video[J]. J. of Visual Comm. and Image Representation. 1998, 9(4):256-270.
[35] G. C. Langelaar and R.L. Lagendijk. Optimal differential energy watermarking of DCT encoded images and video[J]. IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, 2001, 10(1):148-158.
[36] F. Hartung and B. Girod. Digital watermarking of MPEG-2 coded video in the bitstream domain[A]. Proceeding of International Conference on Acoustics, and Signal Processing[C], Munich, 1997, 4:2621-2624.
[37] Biswas S, Das S R, Petriu E M. An adaptive compressed MPEG-2 video watermarking scheme[J]. IEEE Trans on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2005, 54(5):1853-1861.
[38] F. Jordan, M. Kutter, T. Ebrahim. Proposal of a watermarking technique for hiding/retrieving data in compressed and decompressed video[R]. ISO/IEC document, JTC1/SC28/WG11 MPEG97/M2281.
[39] Zhang J, Maitre H, Zhang L, et al. Embedding watermark in MPEG video sequence[A]. IEEE Fourth Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, 2001, pp.535-540.
[40] Zhuo zhao, Nenghai Yu, Xuelong Li. A novel video watermarking scheme in compressed domain based on fast motion estimation[A]. Proceedings of ICCT 2003, pp. 1878-1883.
[41] 朱忠杰，蒋刚毅，郁梅等．基于运动矢量的视频图像数字水印算法[J]．电路与系统学报，2002，7(3)：58-61．
[42] G. Qiu, P. Marziliano, A. T. Ho, D. He, and Q. Sun, A hybrid watermarking scheme for H.264/AVC video[A], In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Aug. 2004, 4:865-868.
[43] J. Zhang, A.T.S. Ho, G. Qiu, et al. Robust video watermarking of H.264/AVC[J]. IEEE Trans on Circuits and Systems-Ⅱ: Express Briefs, 2007, 54(2):205-209.
[44] S. Sakazawa, Y. Takishima, Y. Nakajima. H.264 native video watermarking method[A]. Circuits and Systems, ISCAS 2006. Proceedings. IEEE International Symposium on 21-24 May 2006.
[45] A. Golikeri, R Nasiopoulos, Z. Jane Wang. An improved scalar quantization-based digital video watermarking scheme for H.264/AVC[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 2005, 53(8): 2658-2663.
[46] M. Noorkami, R.M. Mersereau. A framework for robust watermarking of H.264-encoded video with controllable detection performance[J]. IEEE Transactions onInformation forensics and security, 2007, 2(1): 14-23.
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