意识形态对文学翻译的操控
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摘要
根据安德烈·勒菲弗尔的翻译改写理论。所有的改写都反映某种意识形态和诗学形态。正如他在《翻译、历史与文化论集》一书中所提到的：“翻译活动并非在真空中进行,译者对自我的认知以及所拥有的文化都会影响翻译实践。”勒菲弗尔指出在特定的历史文化条件下,意识形态和诗学形态会影响改写的过程。
1966-1976年的文化大革命,是中国文学翻译发展史中一个非常特殊的低谷期。在这十年里,无论是文学翻译实践,还是翻译理论,都是满目疮痍。与此同时,意识形态对文学翻译的左右,在这段时期内表现得淋漓尽致。
本文通过列举文革期间文学翻译中的特殊现象,如翻译过程,发行方式,以及文学翻译的类别和目录,进而证明意识形态对翻译活动的影响。同时,本文还就美国短篇小说《爱情故事》文革中译本进行了分析,从语言层面和文化层面找寻意识形态对文学翻译的作用。最终得出结论：意识形态对文学翻译的操控作用在原著选择,译者选择,以及翻译策略选择等方面,至关重要,不容忽视。
According to Andre Lefevere's Rewriting Theory, all rewritings reflect certain ideology and poetics. As he mentions in his work Translation, History and Culture, "Translations are not made in a vacuum. And the way the translators understand themselves and their cultures is one of the factors that may influence the way in which they translate." Lefevere also points out that under certain history and culture, the process of rewriting would be restricted by two factors:ideology and poetology.
The Cultural Revolution in China, which took place from 1966 to 1976, is a special slump for the development of Chinese literary translation. Just in the stagnant ten years, both the practice and theory of China's literary translation were confronted with a great depression. At the same time, the role of ideology plays on literary translation showed thoroughly and vividly.
This thesis makes a tentative study by carrying out a collection of peculiar phenomena in literary translation, such as selection of literary works, translating processes, and publication forms during the Culture Revolution, to show the great influence ideology plays on the translating process. Furthermore, it also employs a comprehensive study of the translation of Love Story, and tries to find out the influence at linguistic and cultural levels. The conclusion is finally drawn that the ideological manipulations of literary translation plays a key role in the aspects of selection of the original works, translators and translating strategies
1966-1976年的文化大革命,是中国文学翻译发展史中一个非常特殊的低谷期。在这十年里,无论是文学翻译实践,还是翻译理论,都是满目疮痍。与此同时,意识形态对文学翻译的左右,在这段时期内表现得淋漓尽致。
本文通过列举文革期间文学翻译中的特殊现象,如翻译过程,发行方式,以及文学翻译的类别和目录,进而证明意识形态对翻译活动的影响。同时,本文还就美国短篇小说《爱情故事》文革中译本进行了分析,从语言层面和文化层面找寻意识形态对文学翻译的作用。最终得出结论：意识形态对文学翻译的操控作用在原著选择,译者选择,以及翻译策略选择等方面,至关重要,不容忽视。
According to Andre Lefevere's Rewriting Theory, all rewritings reflect certain ideology and poetics. As he mentions in his work Translation, History and Culture, "Translations are not made in a vacuum. And the way the translators understand themselves and their cultures is one of the factors that may influence the way in which they translate." Lefevere also points out that under certain history and culture, the process of rewriting would be restricted by two factors:ideology and poetology.
The Cultural Revolution in China, which took place from 1966 to 1976, is a special slump for the development of Chinese literary translation. Just in the stagnant ten years, both the practice and theory of China's literary translation were confronted with a great depression. At the same time, the role of ideology plays on literary translation showed thoroughly and vividly.
This thesis makes a tentative study by carrying out a collection of peculiar phenomena in literary translation, such as selection of literary works, translating processes, and publication forms during the Culture Revolution, to show the great influence ideology plays on the translating process. Furthermore, it also employs a comprehensive study of the translation of Love Story, and tries to find out the influence at linguistic and cultural levels. The conclusion is finally drawn that the ideological manipulations of literary translation plays a key role in the aspects of selection of the original works, translators and translating strategies
引文
Alvarez, R & Vidal, M. C. (2007). Translation, Power, Subversion. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Andre, L. (2007). Translation, Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Andre, L. (2003). Translation, History, Culture. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Bassnett, S. (2002). Translation Studies. London and New York:Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
Bassnett, S. & Andre, L.(2001). Constructing Cultures:Essays on Literary Translation. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Calzada-Perez.(2003) Apropos of Ideology. Manchester:St.Jerome,
Eric Segal. (2002). Love Story. New York:Harper Torch
Itamar Even-Zohar. (1990). Polysystem Studies. International Journal for Theory and Analysis of Literature and Communication, Volume 11
Morning Sun (2005). Long Bow Group, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Issued
Munday, J. (2008). Introducing Translation Studies:Theories and applications London and New York:Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
Tymoczko,M & Gentzler,E.(2007). Translation and Power. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Vennuti, L. (2004). The Translator's Invisibility. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Yang Hui. (2009). Review about Ideological Influence on Translation. US-China Foreign Language, Volume 7.
巴金(Ba Jin). (2010).随想录.北京：作家出版社.
蔡国荣译(Cai Guorong). (1974).美国小说两篇--爱情故事.上海：上海人民出版社.(内部发行)
陈丹燕(Chen Danyan). (2008).上海的风花雪月. 北京：作家出版社.
陈福康(Chen Fukang). (2008).中国译学理论史稿.上海：上海外语教育出版社.
傅敏(Fu Min). (2005).傅雷书简.北京：当代世界出版社.
黄焰结(Huang Yanjie). (2007).论翻译与权力.天津外国语学院学报.第3期.
季羡林(Ji Xianlin). (2007).牛棚杂忆.北京：华艺出版社.
季羡林(Ji Xianlin). (2008).季羡林自传.北京：当代中国出版社.
季羡林(Ji Xianlin). (2007).季羡林谈翻译.北京：当代中国出版社.
靳彪,赵秀明(Jin Biao & Zhao Xiuming). (2000).“文革”十年间的中国翻译界.天津外国语学院学报.第1期
柯琳娟,杜雅萍(Ke Linjuan & Du Yaping). (2010).草婴传.南京：江苏人民出版社
李晶(Li Jing). (2008).中国翻译考察(1966-1976)：“后现代”文化研究视域下的历史反思.天津：南开大学出版社.
马士奎(Ma Shikui). (2003).文革期间的外国文学翻译.中国翻译，第3期.
马士奎(Ma Shikui). (2007)中国当代文学翻译研究(1966-1976).北京：中央民族大学出版社.
马士奎(Ma Shikui). (2006).翻译注意地位的模糊化—析“文革”时期文学翻译中译者的角色.临沂师范学院学报.第5期.
马士奎(Ma Shikui). (2009).塑造美国形象—“文革”期间对美国当代文学作品的译介.临沂师范学院学报.第2期.
沈展云((Shen Zhanyun). (2007).灰皮书,黄皮书.广州：花城出版社.
舒今译(Su Jin). (1996).爱情故事.上海：上海译文出版社.
谭载喜(Tan Zaixi). (2008).西方翻译简史.北京：商务印书馆
王东风(Wang Dongfeng). (2003).一只看不见的手—论意识形态对翻译实践的操纵.中国翻译.第5期.
王晓元(Wang Xiaoyuan). (2010).翻译话语与意识形态—中国1895—1911年文学翻译研究.上海：上海外语教育出版社.
谢天振(Xie Tianzhen). (2008).当代国外翻译理论导读.天津：南开大学出版社
徐德明(Xu Deming). (2006).老舍自述.武汉：湖北人民出版社.
俞吾金(?)Yu Wujin).(1993).意识形态论. 上海：上海人民出版社.
张国俊(Zhang Guojun). (2008).权力话语与文革时期的外国文学翻译.华南农业大学学报(社会科学版).第4期.
赵文静(Zhao Wenjing). (2006).翻译的文化操控—胡适的改写与新文化的建构.上海：复旦大学出版社.
周发祥，程玉梅,李艳霞,孙红,张卫晴(Zhou Faxiang, Chen Yumei, Li Yanxia, Sun Hong & Zhang Weiqing). (2009).二十世纪中国翻译文学史 十七年及“文革”卷.天津：百苑文艺出版社.
Andre, L. (2007). Translation, Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Andre, L. (2003). Translation, History, Culture. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Bassnett, S. (2002). Translation Studies. London and New York:Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
Bassnett, S. & Andre, L.(2001). Constructing Cultures:Essays on Literary Translation. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Calzada-Perez.(2003) Apropos of Ideology. Manchester:St.Jerome,
Eric Segal. (2002). Love Story. New York:Harper Torch
Itamar Even-Zohar. (1990). Polysystem Studies. International Journal for Theory and Analysis of Literature and Communication, Volume 11
Morning Sun (2005). Long Bow Group, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Issued
Munday, J. (2008). Introducing Translation Studies:Theories and applications London and New York:Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
Tymoczko,M & Gentzler,E.(2007). Translation and Power. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Vennuti, L. (2004). The Translator's Invisibility. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Yang Hui. (2009). Review about Ideological Influence on Translation. US-China Foreign Language, Volume 7.
巴金(Ba Jin). (2010).随想录.北京：作家出版社.
蔡国荣译(Cai Guorong). (1974).美国小说两篇--爱情故事.上海：上海人民出版社.(内部发行)
陈丹燕(Chen Danyan). (2008).上海的风花雪月. 北京：作家出版社.
陈福康(Chen Fukang). (2008).中国译学理论史稿.上海：上海外语教育出版社.
傅敏(Fu Min). (2005).傅雷书简.北京：当代世界出版社.
黄焰结(Huang Yanjie). (2007).论翻译与权力.天津外国语学院学报.第3期.
季羡林(Ji Xianlin). (2007).牛棚杂忆.北京：华艺出版社.
季羡林(Ji Xianlin). (2008).季羡林自传.北京：当代中国出版社.
季羡林(Ji Xianlin). (2007).季羡林谈翻译.北京：当代中国出版社.
靳彪,赵秀明(Jin Biao & Zhao Xiuming). (2000).“文革”十年间的中国翻译界.天津外国语学院学报.第1期
柯琳娟,杜雅萍(Ke Linjuan & Du Yaping). (2010).草婴传.南京：江苏人民出版社
李晶(Li Jing). (2008).中国翻译考察(1966-1976)：“后现代”文化研究视域下的历史反思.天津：南开大学出版社.
马士奎(Ma Shikui). (2003).文革期间的外国文学翻译.中国翻译，第3期.
马士奎(Ma Shikui). (2007)中国当代文学翻译研究(1966-1976).北京：中央民族大学出版社.
马士奎(Ma Shikui). (2006).翻译注意地位的模糊化—析“文革”时期文学翻译中译者的角色.临沂师范学院学报.第5期.
马士奎(Ma Shikui). (2009).塑造美国形象—“文革”期间对美国当代文学作品的译介.临沂师范学院学报.第2期.
沈展云((Shen Zhanyun). (2007).灰皮书,黄皮书.广州：花城出版社.
舒今译(Su Jin). (1996).爱情故事.上海：上海译文出版社.
谭载喜(Tan Zaixi). (2008).西方翻译简史.北京：商务印书馆
王东风(Wang Dongfeng). (2003).一只看不见的手—论意识形态对翻译实践的操纵.中国翻译.第5期.
王晓元(Wang Xiaoyuan). (2010).翻译话语与意识形态—中国1895—1911年文学翻译研究.上海：上海外语教育出版社.
谢天振(Xie Tianzhen). (2008).当代国外翻译理论导读.天津：南开大学出版社
徐德明(Xu Deming). (2006).老舍自述.武汉：湖北人民出版社.
俞吾金(?)Yu Wujin).(1993).意识形态论. 上海：上海人民出版社.
张国俊(Zhang Guojun). (2008).权力话语与文革时期的外国文学翻译.华南农业大学学报(社会科学版).第4期.
赵文静(Zhao Wenjing). (2006).翻译的文化操控—胡适的改写与新文化的建构.上海：复旦大学出版社.
周发祥，程玉梅,李艳霞,孙红,张卫晴(Zhou Faxiang, Chen Yumei, Li Yanxia, Sun Hong & Zhang Weiqing). (2009).二十世纪中国翻译文学史 十七年及“文革”卷.天津：百苑文艺出版社.