YBCO涂层导体的化学溶液沉积制备技术及超导性能研究
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摘要
高温超导涂层导体是基于双轴织构缓冲层模板生长的类单晶氧化物涂层，在液氮温区具有高临界电流密度。涂层导体是由金属基带/缓冲层/YBa2Cu3Oy(YBCO)超导层/保护层多层材料构成。为了获得双轴织构化模板和高性能的YBCO超导层，需要结合多种材料制备技术，例如轧制辅助双轴织构技术、离子束辅助沉积技术、脉冲激光沉积、磁控溅射、金属有机气相沉积和化学溶液沉积技术等。目前，YBCO超导层制备技术主要有两种，其中，脉冲激光沉积是以真空技术为基础，是探索高性能涂层导体技术的重要途径；化学溶液沉积技术以非真空技术为基础，是工业化低成本涂层导体的主攻方向。由于化学溶液沉积制备YBCO超导层的工艺过程具有低成本、易于控制薄膜组份以及易于实现连续制备等特点，因此采用化学溶液沉积制备YBCO，已逐渐成为了目前研究的热点。为了获得更加优异的性能，需要对化学溶液沉积过程中的材料成相机理进行分析，进而探索薄膜制备过程中所涉及的传统前驱液慢速热解特性，前驱膜宏观缺陷形成，YBCO形核和生长，a轴晶形成，以及化学溶液沉积技术引入钉扎等问题。
为了更加清楚地认识化学溶液沉积制备YBCO的分解和晶化机理，优化工艺参数以提高超导层的性能，本论文分别采用传统全氟前驱液和低氟前驱液制备YBCO超导层。采用红外光谱和热分析等对传统全三氟乙酸胶体和低氟胶体中特征官能团的变化和胶体的热分解行为进行分析。采用金相显微分析、原子力显微镜、X射线衍射、扫描电镜以及磁场中临界电流密度（Jc-B）测试等表征手段，研究了YBCO热解和晶化过程的关键因素，YBCO薄膜的钉扎性能等随工艺参数变化，并对其相关机理进行了探讨。本论文主要研究内容包括：传统三氟乙酸金属有机沉积（TFA-MOD）工艺优化、新型低氟前驱液的开发、化学溶液沉积技术引入钉扎中心等方面。
1、YBCO超导层的传统三氟乙酸金属有机沉积制备工艺包括前驱溶液配制、热解和晶化等过程。研究表明，在前驱溶液配制过程中，前驱体三氟乙酸铜对YBCO胶体性质起主要影响作用。YBCO全氟前驱液的特殊性使得传统工艺为慢速热解。研究发现，在热解阶段相对湿度是决定前驱膜表面裂纹产生的主要因素，升温速率是前驱膜产生褶皱形貌的主要因素。在晶化阶段，过高成相温度会导致YBCO膜产生退润湿现象，低氧分压可以充分抑制YBCO膜中a轴晶的生长。
2、系统地研究了具有不同晶格匹配度的单晶衬底和不同形貌的缓冲层对YBCO膜生长过程的影响，以及YBCO层沉积过程对金属衬底界面的影响。结果表明，表面光滑的La_2Zr_2O_7缓冲层有利于生长高织构和性能良好的超导层。在化学溶液沉积过程中，热解膜中活性组份Ba(O,F)_2与CeO_2发生界面反应生成BaCeO_3，并且金属衬底会发生氧化。通过工艺优化，采用化学溶液沉积技术在LaAlO_3单晶衬底上制备的YBCO薄膜样品在77K自场条件下的临界电流密度为~2.7MA/cm~2；在具有缓冲层衬底上制备超导层样品（YBCO/CeO_2/YSZ/CeO_2/NiW）在77K自场下临界电流达到60A/cm-w。
3、为了降低传统前驱液对低温热解工艺的敏感性，同时减少前驱体中氟含量，提高超导层的制备速率，采用苯甲酸铜替换三氟乙酸铜，获得了新型低氟前驱液。对比实验表明，新型低氟前驱液的热解时间明显缩短，而且在较广升温速率范围内（1-10K/min）都能获得完整无宏观缺陷的热解膜。整个热解时间1-2.5小时，仅为传统工艺的1/4-1/5，充分满足了高性能YBCO薄膜快速制备要求。在低氟前驱膜的晶化过程中，超导层中间相随温度发生变化，表明了晶化机制仍然为“异位氟化钡”机制。通过调节形核阶段的水汽含量，实现了YBCO超导层的均匀形核和快速晶化。最终，采用低氟前驱液在金属衬底上制备了YBCO超导层，实现了快速晶化，所获得的具有c轴织构的晶化膜，其超导性能与传统制备方法相当。
4、采用化学溶液沉积技术制备了两种不同钉扎类型的超导层，即YGd_xBa_2Cu_3O_y和YBCO+xBaZrO_3，并系统地研究了掺杂比例对超导层钉扎性能的影响。结果表明，YGdBCO薄膜中发生部分钇位替代现象和析出的少量RE_2O_3形成点缺陷，可以作为有效钉扎中心，有利于提高薄膜的磁通钉扎性能。随着前驱液中钆含量增加，YBCO相的c轴拉长。过量10%Gd的YBCO薄膜在磁场下具有最佳的性能（J_c=0.18MA/cm~2@77K、1T，F_p=~1.7GN/m~3），比未掺杂的纯YBCO样品高出约1倍。另一方面，在前驱液中引入锆元素，可以在YBCO中形成BaZrO_3第二相。研究表明，第二相的存在可以促使薄膜更加致密，并表现出更加优异的磁通钉扎能力。在YBCO引入5%BaZrO_3时，薄膜的临界电流密度最高（J_c=4.9MA/cm~2@77K、自场，J_c=0.42MA/cm~2@77K、1T，F_p=~4GN/m~3）。
The superconducting films of high temperature superconductor coatedconductors (CC) have pseudo single crystal structures based on the biaxiallytextured buffer layer templates. Coated conductors have high critical currentdensity at liquid nitrogen temperature, and show great potential for practicalapplications. Generally, coated conductors are constructed by four components,which are flexible metal substrate, buffer layer, YBa2Cu3Oy(YBCO)superconducting layer and protective layer. Several technologies have beencombined to obtain biaxially textured templates and high performance YBCOsuperconducting layers, including Rolling Assisted Biaxially Tectured Substrates(RABiTS), Ion Beam Assited Deposition (IBAD), Pulsed Laser Deposition(PLD), Sputtering, Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD),Chemical Solution Deposition (CSD). So far there are two main techniques forthe deposition of YBCO superconducting layer, PLD based on vacuumtechnology is an important method for high performance superconducting layer,and CSD based on non-vacuum technology is a low cost method forindustrialization of coated conductors. CSD method has several advantages, suchas low cost, easily precise control of film composition and reel-to-reel.Accordingly, it has attracted more and more attentions. In order to increase theperformance of YBCO superconducting layer, we should investigate the phaseformation and crystallization mechanism of YBCO film prepared by CSDprocess. We also should pay more attention to the important problems, such asthe special properties of traditional all-TFA solution for slow pyrolysis, theformation of cracks in precursor film, nucleation and growth of YBCO, theformation of a-axis grain, and enhancement of flux pinning properties.
In order to understand the mechanism of decomposition and crystallizationof YBCO, optimize the parameters and improve the superconducting propertiesof films, this paper is devoted to study YBCO films prepared by CSD methodusing the traditional all-TFA solution and low fluorine solution. The changes ofbands and decomposition behaviors of YBCO gels are analyzed by Thermal Analysis and Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy. The key parametersinvolved in the decomposition, growth, and the flux pinning of YBCO films areinvestigated by using various characterization techniques, including X-raydiffraction, optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electronmicroscopy and Jc-B measurement. The researches of thesis include theoptimization of traditional TFA-MOD, development of new low fluorine solutionand enhancement of flux pinning properties by chemical doping.
1. The process of TFA-MOD includes precursor solution, decomposition andcrystallization. During the preparation of precursor solution, coppertrifluoroacetate has great influence on the properties of YBCO-TFA gel for slowpyrolysis process. During the pyrolysis process, the relative humidity is criticalto achieve an YBCO film with crack-free surface. The heating rate has greatinfluence on the formation of buckling surface. During the firing process, thestress-induced spontaneous dewetting of YBCO film can be observed at higherfiring temperatures. The low oxygen partial pressure is beneficial to thesuppression of a-axis grains.
2. The effect of single crystal substrate with different lattice mismatch andthe effect of La2Zr2O7buffer layer’s roughness on the growth of YBCO filmshave been investigated. The effect of MOD process on the microstructure ofbuffer layers is also discussed. The smooth surface of LZO layer is veryimportant for the highly texture and good performance of YBCO film. Duringthe CSD process, the interfacial reaction and the substrate oxidation are observed.BaCeO3is formed by the reaction between Ba(O,F)2and CeO2. The YBCO filmshave been deposited by CSD process with optimized parameters on differentsubstrates. Sample (YBCO/LAO) shows an optimized performance of Jc=~2.7MA/cm2at77K self field. The critical current of another sample(YBCO/CeO2/YSZ/CeO2/NiW) is about60A/cm-w at77K self field.
3. In order to lower the sensitivity of traditional all-TFA solution, reduce thefluorine content and increase the efficiency, a new fluorine solution has beendeveloped by using copper benzoate as precursor. The decomposition time forthe low fluorine solution can be greatly reduced, and the precursor film showscrack-free and homogeneous surface in the whole heating rate range of1-10K/min. The decomposition time (1-2.5h) of the low fluorine solution is shortened to1/4-1/5of that for all-TFA solution. The low fluorine approach canbe useful for the fabrication of YBCO films with fast calcination process. Duringthe crystallization, the compositions of intermediated phase change with theannealing temperature, which demonstrate that the growth mechanism of the lowfluorine solution is still “ex-situ BaF_2” process. The water vapor pressure can becontrolled to realize the uniform nucleation and fast growth of YBCO grains.The YBCO film prepared by low fluorine solution on buffered NiW substrate hasalso demonstrated high performance.
4. Two kinds of YBCO films with different pining types (YGd_xBa_2Cu_3O_y andYBCO+xBaZrO_3) are prepared by chemical solution deposition. The effects ofdoping content on the properties of YBCO films have been investigated. The fluxpinning properties of YGdBCO film can be enhanced by the substitution of Yions by Gd ions and the precipitation of RE_2O_3, which can both work as effectivepinning centers. The length of c-axis in YGdBCO film increases with the contentof Gd ions. When the content of Gd is at10%, YGd_(0.1)Ba_2Cu_3O_yfilm has goodperformance in magnetic field (J_c=0.18MA/cm~2at77K,1T, F_p=~1.7GN/m~3),which is almost twice of that for the pure YBCO film. On the other hand, thesecond phase BaZrO_3can be formed in YBCO film by addition of Zr compoundin the precursor solution. The appearances of second phase make the film denseand increase the flux pinning. YBCO with5%BaZrO_3doping shows higherperformance in magnetic field with J2c=4.9MA/cm@77K, self field, and J_c=0.42MA/cm~2at77K,1T, F_p=~4GN/m~3.
为了更加清楚地认识化学溶液沉积制备YBCO的分解和晶化机理，优化工艺参数以提高超导层的性能，本论文分别采用传统全氟前驱液和低氟前驱液制备YBCO超导层。采用红外光谱和热分析等对传统全三氟乙酸胶体和低氟胶体中特征官能团的变化和胶体的热分解行为进行分析。采用金相显微分析、原子力显微镜、X射线衍射、扫描电镜以及磁场中临界电流密度（Jc-B）测试等表征手段，研究了YBCO热解和晶化过程的关键因素，YBCO薄膜的钉扎性能等随工艺参数变化，并对其相关机理进行了探讨。本论文主要研究内容包括：传统三氟乙酸金属有机沉积（TFA-MOD）工艺优化、新型低氟前驱液的开发、化学溶液沉积技术引入钉扎中心等方面。
1、YBCO超导层的传统三氟乙酸金属有机沉积制备工艺包括前驱溶液配制、热解和晶化等过程。研究表明，在前驱溶液配制过程中，前驱体三氟乙酸铜对YBCO胶体性质起主要影响作用。YBCO全氟前驱液的特殊性使得传统工艺为慢速热解。研究发现，在热解阶段相对湿度是决定前驱膜表面裂纹产生的主要因素，升温速率是前驱膜产生褶皱形貌的主要因素。在晶化阶段，过高成相温度会导致YBCO膜产生退润湿现象，低氧分压可以充分抑制YBCO膜中a轴晶的生长。
2、系统地研究了具有不同晶格匹配度的单晶衬底和不同形貌的缓冲层对YBCO膜生长过程的影响，以及YBCO层沉积过程对金属衬底界面的影响。结果表明，表面光滑的La_2Zr_2O_7缓冲层有利于生长高织构和性能良好的超导层。在化学溶液沉积过程中，热解膜中活性组份Ba(O,F)_2与CeO_2发生界面反应生成BaCeO_3，并且金属衬底会发生氧化。通过工艺优化，采用化学溶液沉积技术在LaAlO_3单晶衬底上制备的YBCO薄膜样品在77K自场条件下的临界电流密度为~2.7MA/cm~2；在具有缓冲层衬底上制备超导层样品（YBCO/CeO_2/YSZ/CeO_2/NiW）在77K自场下临界电流达到60A/cm-w。
3、为了降低传统前驱液对低温热解工艺的敏感性，同时减少前驱体中氟含量，提高超导层的制备速率，采用苯甲酸铜替换三氟乙酸铜，获得了新型低氟前驱液。对比实验表明，新型低氟前驱液的热解时间明显缩短，而且在较广升温速率范围内（1-10K/min）都能获得完整无宏观缺陷的热解膜。整个热解时间1-2.5小时，仅为传统工艺的1/4-1/5，充分满足了高性能YBCO薄膜快速制备要求。在低氟前驱膜的晶化过程中，超导层中间相随温度发生变化，表明了晶化机制仍然为“异位氟化钡”机制。通过调节形核阶段的水汽含量，实现了YBCO超导层的均匀形核和快速晶化。最终，采用低氟前驱液在金属衬底上制备了YBCO超导层，实现了快速晶化，所获得的具有c轴织构的晶化膜，其超导性能与传统制备方法相当。
4、采用化学溶液沉积技术制备了两种不同钉扎类型的超导层，即YGd_xBa_2Cu_3O_y和YBCO+xBaZrO_3，并系统地研究了掺杂比例对超导层钉扎性能的影响。结果表明，YGdBCO薄膜中发生部分钇位替代现象和析出的少量RE_2O_3形成点缺陷，可以作为有效钉扎中心，有利于提高薄膜的磁通钉扎性能。随着前驱液中钆含量增加，YBCO相的c轴拉长。过量10%Gd的YBCO薄膜在磁场下具有最佳的性能（J_c=0.18MA/cm~2@77K、1T，F_p=~1.7GN/m~3），比未掺杂的纯YBCO样品高出约1倍。另一方面，在前驱液中引入锆元素，可以在YBCO中形成BaZrO_3第二相。研究表明，第二相的存在可以促使薄膜更加致密，并表现出更加优异的磁通钉扎能力。在YBCO引入5%BaZrO_3时，薄膜的临界电流密度最高（J_c=4.9MA/cm~2@77K、自场，J_c=0.42MA/cm~2@77K、1T，F_p=~4GN/m~3）。
The superconducting films of high temperature superconductor coatedconductors (CC) have pseudo single crystal structures based on the biaxiallytextured buffer layer templates. Coated conductors have high critical currentdensity at liquid nitrogen temperature, and show great potential for practicalapplications. Generally, coated conductors are constructed by four components,which are flexible metal substrate, buffer layer, YBa2Cu3Oy(YBCO)superconducting layer and protective layer. Several technologies have beencombined to obtain biaxially textured templates and high performance YBCOsuperconducting layers, including Rolling Assisted Biaxially Tectured Substrates(RABiTS), Ion Beam Assited Deposition (IBAD), Pulsed Laser Deposition(PLD), Sputtering, Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD),Chemical Solution Deposition (CSD). So far there are two main techniques forthe deposition of YBCO superconducting layer, PLD based on vacuumtechnology is an important method for high performance superconducting layer,and CSD based on non-vacuum technology is a low cost method forindustrialization of coated conductors. CSD method has several advantages, suchas low cost, easily precise control of film composition and reel-to-reel.Accordingly, it has attracted more and more attentions. In order to increase theperformance of YBCO superconducting layer, we should investigate the phaseformation and crystallization mechanism of YBCO film prepared by CSDprocess. We also should pay more attention to the important problems, such asthe special properties of traditional all-TFA solution for slow pyrolysis, theformation of cracks in precursor film, nucleation and growth of YBCO, theformation of a-axis grain, and enhancement of flux pinning properties.
In order to understand the mechanism of decomposition and crystallizationof YBCO, optimize the parameters and improve the superconducting propertiesof films, this paper is devoted to study YBCO films prepared by CSD methodusing the traditional all-TFA solution and low fluorine solution. The changes ofbands and decomposition behaviors of YBCO gels are analyzed by Thermal Analysis and Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy. The key parametersinvolved in the decomposition, growth, and the flux pinning of YBCO films areinvestigated by using various characterization techniques, including X-raydiffraction, optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electronmicroscopy and Jc-B measurement. The researches of thesis include theoptimization of traditional TFA-MOD, development of new low fluorine solutionand enhancement of flux pinning properties by chemical doping.
1. The process of TFA-MOD includes precursor solution, decomposition andcrystallization. During the preparation of precursor solution, coppertrifluoroacetate has great influence on the properties of YBCO-TFA gel for slowpyrolysis process. During the pyrolysis process, the relative humidity is criticalto achieve an YBCO film with crack-free surface. The heating rate has greatinfluence on the formation of buckling surface. During the firing process, thestress-induced spontaneous dewetting of YBCO film can be observed at higherfiring temperatures. The low oxygen partial pressure is beneficial to thesuppression of a-axis grains.
2. The effect of single crystal substrate with different lattice mismatch andthe effect of La2Zr2O7buffer layer’s roughness on the growth of YBCO filmshave been investigated. The effect of MOD process on the microstructure ofbuffer layers is also discussed. The smooth surface of LZO layer is veryimportant for the highly texture and good performance of YBCO film. Duringthe CSD process, the interfacial reaction and the substrate oxidation are observed.BaCeO3is formed by the reaction between Ba(O,F)2and CeO2. The YBCO filmshave been deposited by CSD process with optimized parameters on differentsubstrates. Sample (YBCO/LAO) shows an optimized performance of Jc=~2.7MA/cm2at77K self field. The critical current of another sample(YBCO/CeO2/YSZ/CeO2/NiW) is about60A/cm-w at77K self field.
3. In order to lower the sensitivity of traditional all-TFA solution, reduce thefluorine content and increase the efficiency, a new fluorine solution has beendeveloped by using copper benzoate as precursor. The decomposition time forthe low fluorine solution can be greatly reduced, and the precursor film showscrack-free and homogeneous surface in the whole heating rate range of1-10K/min. The decomposition time (1-2.5h) of the low fluorine solution is shortened to1/4-1/5of that for all-TFA solution. The low fluorine approach canbe useful for the fabrication of YBCO films with fast calcination process. Duringthe crystallization, the compositions of intermediated phase change with theannealing temperature, which demonstrate that the growth mechanism of the lowfluorine solution is still “ex-situ BaF_2” process. The water vapor pressure can becontrolled to realize the uniform nucleation and fast growth of YBCO grains.The YBCO film prepared by low fluorine solution on buffered NiW substrate hasalso demonstrated high performance.
4. Two kinds of YBCO films with different pining types (YGd_xBa_2Cu_3O_y andYBCO+xBaZrO_3) are prepared by chemical solution deposition. The effects ofdoping content on the properties of YBCO films have been investigated. The fluxpinning properties of YGdBCO film can be enhanced by the substitution of Yions by Gd ions and the precipitation of RE_2O_3, which can both work as effectivepinning centers. The length of c-axis in YGdBCO film increases with the contentof Gd ions. When the content of Gd is at10%, YGd_(0.1)Ba_2Cu_3O_yfilm has goodperformance in magnetic field (J_c=0.18MA/cm~2at77K,1T, F_p=~1.7GN/m~3),which is almost twice of that for the pure YBCO film. On the other hand, thesecond phase BaZrO_3can be formed in YBCO film by addition of Zr compoundin the precursor solution. The appearances of second phase make the film denseand increase the flux pinning. YBCO with5%BaZrO_3doping shows higherperformance in magnetic field with J2c=4.9MA/cm@77K, self field, and J_c=0.42MA/cm~2at77K,1T, F_p=~4GN/m~3.
引文
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