无线IP网络中视频FGS编码与传输研究
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摘要
随着信息技术的发展和社会的进步,人类对信息的需求越来越多,在移动中获得信息成了人们自然而然的要求。以数据和多媒体业务为主,在无线终端上向用户提供多种具有不同服务质量和内容的服务,正是未来无线通信发展的方向。视频是多媒体数据的重要组成部分,无线视频的编码与传输技术也因此成为当前多媒体通信领域的研究热点。
在当今不同类型的无线网络都趋同于IP网络的背景下,现代网络已进入了无线IP网络的发展阶段。无线IP网络概念的提出,是IP网络发展中的一个重要标志,同时也是无线网络发展的一个里程碑。然而,无线IP网络的异构性,使得视频通信面临着极大挑战,如何应对这种挑战,以下几个方面的问题需要引起重视:第一,无线IP网络中的有线链路和无线链路带宽容量和带宽变化的不对称性;第二,视频传输数据差错的多样性和时变特性;第三,视频数据传输时延和时延抖动的约束性;第四,服务质量(QoS)保障的复杂性等。
本文的研究以作者所在实验室承担的国家863重大攻关课题——“数字视音频编码、传输、测试与应用示范系统”和国家自然科学基金重大项目——“未来移动通信系统基础理论与技术研究”为主要背景,对无线IP网络中视频的源端编码技术和传输系统进行了较深入的分析与讨论,尝试为以上针对无线IP视频传输提出的问题找到合适的解决方案。
从系统的角度出发,采用联合信源——信道编码技术进行信源和信道间的优化码率配置,以提高视频传输系统的自适应性。并且,在信源端采用视频精细粒度可伸缩性(FGS)编码方案,以适应网络带宽容量和带宽变化;提出了多乘积码的信道编码方案以对抗无线IP网络中的混合差错;采用前向纠错(FEC)来减小时延以满足实时视频应用的要求。
针对源端的FGS和PFGS编码技术存在编码效率低下的致命弱点,在对其深入研究和分析的基础上,提出了比特平面编码技术中的残差系数符号新的编码方案,一定程度上提高了编码效率;同时,对原码流结构进行了改进,给出了两种分级码流结构:两级和三级码流结构,这种结构提高了码流的容错性,而且,也是后面多乘积码中不同打包方案所需要的;还结合信源率失真理论,引入了FGS增强层的率失真模型并讨论帧间码率分配算法,为后面的联合优化做了铺垫。
针对前面改进的码流结构,提出了两种传输打包方案:变长打包和等长打包;针对无线IP网络产生的混合传输差错的特点以及实时视频传输的要求,提出了跨层的多乘积码FEC(MPFEC)方案,即在链路层采用率兼容穿孔卷积码(RCPC)实现包内FEC,在传输层通过使用系统里德——索罗蒙码(RS)实现包间FEC;并建立了发送端估计信道传输失真的模型。
基于广义率失真理论,采用联合信源——信道编码技术,结合信源端的FGS技术和MPFEC传输策略,给出了新的FGS增强层和信道码率优化配置算法。实验仿真结果证明该算法实际传输效果很好。
考虑了基本层(或单层)视频传输的问题,在基本层由于采用了运动补偿预测编码技术,传输差错的帧间依赖性致使差错繁殖是不可避免的。对在目标码率约束条件下,为了减少计算的复杂性,信道编码性能、差错繁殖的衰减性和率失真函数均被建模,实验仿真证明这些模型在给定条件下与实际仿真测量结果间吻合很好。特别是,引入了差错繁殖的衰减模型之后,建立了新的率失真模型,使得率失真曲面的生成更加简单。
With the rapid development of information technology and the great progress of society, the demand for obtaining information has become greater and greater. Therefore, it is not surprising that people hope to obtain information in mobile. User will be provided with services of different contents and qualities by way of data and multimedia application on wireless terminal. The above will be the shows of the future of wireless communication. Video is a very important part of multimedia data. Wireless video coding and transmitting technology has become the biggest buzz words of present multimedia communication research area.
Modern network is entering the era of developing wireless IP network, due to the different types of wireless networks are converging into all IP networks today. The proposal of the concept of IP networks is both the trademark of IP network development and the milestone of wireless network development.
However, heterogeneity of wireless IP network challenges video communication greatly. To meet the challenge, the following should be taken into serious consideration: Firstly, the wired link of wireless IP network has bandwidth capacity and bandwidth change which are unsymmetrical to wireless link. Secondly, which the error of transmitting video data is variant and time varying. Thirdly, the delay and jitter of transmitting video data are constrained. Finally, guarantee of QoS is complicated.
The laboratory, at which the author works, is undertaking the national high technology research and development program of China (No.2002AA119010) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60496315). Based on the research work at the laboratory, the author makes a detailed and profound analysis of video coding and transmission system of wireless IP network, thesis tries to find out solutions to the problem described above.
From the angel of system, joint source-channel coding is adopted to optimize rate allocation so as to increase self-adaptation of video transmitting system. In addition, FGS video coding is taken to adapt to the different bandwidth and variation of bandwidth. Multiple products coding scheme is suggested to correct the hybrid errors of wireless IP network. Furthermore, FEC is adopted to decrease the delay for real time video application.
Angled at the fatal weakness of low coding efficiency of FGS and PFGS video coding, based on its analysis and research, a new coding scheme of the sign of residue coefficient in bit-plane is advanced, which raises coding efficiency to a certain degree. In the meantime, bitstream structure has been greatly improved by classifying it into two grades: two-grade and three-grade bitstream structure. It not only raises error resilience of bitstream, but also is required by the following various packaging schemes in multiple product FEC. Combing source rate-distortion theory, rate-distortion model of FGS enhancement layer is introduced. Rate allocation arithmetic among frames of FGS enhancement layer is discussed so as to pave the way for future joint optimization.
Owing to the above-mentioned improved bitstream structure, two transmitting package scheme are suggested correspondingly: lengthened package and equally-lengthened package; to correct the hybrid errors of wireless IP network and realize the real time video application, multiple product FEC (MPFEC) scheme could be one suitable solution. It requires the realization of intra-package FEC by way of containing RCPC in the data link layer, of inter-package FEC by way of using systematic RS coding in transport layer. The model of estimating transmission distortion at sending end has been set up.
Based on the general rate distortion theory, combined with FGS technology at source and MPFEC transmitting strategy, adopting joint source-channel technology, FGS enhancement layer rate and channel rate optimization allocation arithmetic is put forward. Experimental imitating results prove it to be a very effective way to the practical transmission.
Considering the problem of base layer (or single layer) video transmission, error propagation is avoidless duo to inter-roll dependency in which motion-compensation predicating coding technology results. Constrained by target rate, channel coding performance, error propagation attenuation and distortion function are all modeled to decrease the complicated computation. Experiments prove that under given condition computing results of these models very approximate to those of the practical simulation results. Particularly, the introduction of attenuation model of error propagation and construction of new rate distortion model has simple greatly the generating of rate-distortion surface.
在当今不同类型的无线网络都趋同于IP网络的背景下,现代网络已进入了无线IP网络的发展阶段。无线IP网络概念的提出,是IP网络发展中的一个重要标志,同时也是无线网络发展的一个里程碑。然而,无线IP网络的异构性,使得视频通信面临着极大挑战,如何应对这种挑战,以下几个方面的问题需要引起重视:第一,无线IP网络中的有线链路和无线链路带宽容量和带宽变化的不对称性;第二,视频传输数据差错的多样性和时变特性;第三,视频数据传输时延和时延抖动的约束性;第四,服务质量(QoS)保障的复杂性等。
本文的研究以作者所在实验室承担的国家863重大攻关课题——“数字视音频编码、传输、测试与应用示范系统”和国家自然科学基金重大项目——“未来移动通信系统基础理论与技术研究”为主要背景,对无线IP网络中视频的源端编码技术和传输系统进行了较深入的分析与讨论,尝试为以上针对无线IP视频传输提出的问题找到合适的解决方案。
从系统的角度出发,采用联合信源——信道编码技术进行信源和信道间的优化码率配置,以提高视频传输系统的自适应性。并且,在信源端采用视频精细粒度可伸缩性(FGS)编码方案,以适应网络带宽容量和带宽变化;提出了多乘积码的信道编码方案以对抗无线IP网络中的混合差错;采用前向纠错(FEC)来减小时延以满足实时视频应用的要求。
针对源端的FGS和PFGS编码技术存在编码效率低下的致命弱点,在对其深入研究和分析的基础上,提出了比特平面编码技术中的残差系数符号新的编码方案,一定程度上提高了编码效率;同时,对原码流结构进行了改进,给出了两种分级码流结构:两级和三级码流结构,这种结构提高了码流的容错性,而且,也是后面多乘积码中不同打包方案所需要的;还结合信源率失真理论,引入了FGS增强层的率失真模型并讨论帧间码率分配算法,为后面的联合优化做了铺垫。
针对前面改进的码流结构,提出了两种传输打包方案:变长打包和等长打包;针对无线IP网络产生的混合传输差错的特点以及实时视频传输的要求,提出了跨层的多乘积码FEC(MPFEC)方案,即在链路层采用率兼容穿孔卷积码(RCPC)实现包内FEC,在传输层通过使用系统里德——索罗蒙码(RS)实现包间FEC;并建立了发送端估计信道传输失真的模型。
基于广义率失真理论,采用联合信源——信道编码技术,结合信源端的FGS技术和MPFEC传输策略,给出了新的FGS增强层和信道码率优化配置算法。实验仿真结果证明该算法实际传输效果很好。
考虑了基本层(或单层)视频传输的问题,在基本层由于采用了运动补偿预测编码技术,传输差错的帧间依赖性致使差错繁殖是不可避免的。对在目标码率约束条件下,为了减少计算的复杂性,信道编码性能、差错繁殖的衰减性和率失真函数均被建模,实验仿真证明这些模型在给定条件下与实际仿真测量结果间吻合很好。特别是,引入了差错繁殖的衰减模型之后,建立了新的率失真模型,使得率失真曲面的生成更加简单。
With the rapid development of information technology and the great progress of society, the demand for obtaining information has become greater and greater. Therefore, it is not surprising that people hope to obtain information in mobile. User will be provided with services of different contents and qualities by way of data and multimedia application on wireless terminal. The above will be the shows of the future of wireless communication. Video is a very important part of multimedia data. Wireless video coding and transmitting technology has become the biggest buzz words of present multimedia communication research area.
Modern network is entering the era of developing wireless IP network, due to the different types of wireless networks are converging into all IP networks today. The proposal of the concept of IP networks is both the trademark of IP network development and the milestone of wireless network development.
However, heterogeneity of wireless IP network challenges video communication greatly. To meet the challenge, the following should be taken into serious consideration: Firstly, the wired link of wireless IP network has bandwidth capacity and bandwidth change which are unsymmetrical to wireless link. Secondly, which the error of transmitting video data is variant and time varying. Thirdly, the delay and jitter of transmitting video data are constrained. Finally, guarantee of QoS is complicated.
The laboratory, at which the author works, is undertaking the national high technology research and development program of China (No.2002AA119010) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60496315). Based on the research work at the laboratory, the author makes a detailed and profound analysis of video coding and transmission system of wireless IP network, thesis tries to find out solutions to the problem described above.
From the angel of system, joint source-channel coding is adopted to optimize rate allocation so as to increase self-adaptation of video transmitting system. In addition, FGS video coding is taken to adapt to the different bandwidth and variation of bandwidth. Multiple products coding scheme is suggested to correct the hybrid errors of wireless IP network. Furthermore, FEC is adopted to decrease the delay for real time video application.
Angled at the fatal weakness of low coding efficiency of FGS and PFGS video coding, based on its analysis and research, a new coding scheme of the sign of residue coefficient in bit-plane is advanced, which raises coding efficiency to a certain degree. In the meantime, bitstream structure has been greatly improved by classifying it into two grades: two-grade and three-grade bitstream structure. It not only raises error resilience of bitstream, but also is required by the following various packaging schemes in multiple product FEC. Combing source rate-distortion theory, rate-distortion model of FGS enhancement layer is introduced. Rate allocation arithmetic among frames of FGS enhancement layer is discussed so as to pave the way for future joint optimization.
Owing to the above-mentioned improved bitstream structure, two transmitting package scheme are suggested correspondingly: lengthened package and equally-lengthened package; to correct the hybrid errors of wireless IP network and realize the real time video application, multiple product FEC (MPFEC) scheme could be one suitable solution. It requires the realization of intra-package FEC by way of containing RCPC in the data link layer, of inter-package FEC by way of using systematic RS coding in transport layer. The model of estimating transmission distortion at sending end has been set up.
Based on the general rate distortion theory, combined with FGS technology at source and MPFEC transmitting strategy, adopting joint source-channel technology, FGS enhancement layer rate and channel rate optimization allocation arithmetic is put forward. Experimental imitating results prove it to be a very effective way to the practical transmission.
Considering the problem of base layer (or single layer) video transmission, error propagation is avoidless duo to inter-roll dependency in which motion-compensation predicating coding technology results. Constrained by target rate, channel coding performance, error propagation attenuation and distortion function are all modeled to decrease the complicated computation. Experiments prove that under given condition computing results of these models very approximate to those of the practical simulation results. Particularly, the introduction of attenuation model of error propagation and construction of new rate distortion model has simple greatly the generating of rate-distortion surface.
引文
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