典型作物根际土壤溶液硝态氮浓度及淋失特征研究
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摘要
我国北方典型农田体系田间状态下作物根系区域及不同根际部位土壤溶液氮浓度特征研究甚少,田间原位测定根系土壤溶液技术尚不成熟。本研究选择华北平原棚室蔬菜与小麦/玉米体系为研究对象,采用抖土法和提取法测定根际土壤溶液氮浓度,探讨作物在不同生育期根际与非根际土壤溶液氮浓度变化,同时在氮素最大效率期对不同根系部位土壤溶液氮浓度进行比较,明确不同氮素条件下土壤溶液硝态氮的时空变化规律,并通过分析厚不饱和层土壤氮素淋失特征,为探明两种种植体系氮素淋失机制,降低硝态氮淋溶损失及预防地下水污染提供理论依据。主要研究结果如下:
(1)玉米在生长季耕层土壤溶液受氮素输入的影响,三叶期与大喇叭口期根际氮浓度显著高于非根际,表明根系对NO3--N吸收较弱,氮素向根表富集;其他时期低于非根际,表明根系对NO3--N吸收较高,NO3--N向根表迁移较低。大喇叭口期土壤剖面根际氮浓度高于非根际,浓度范围分别为0.98-5.34和0.51-0.67 mmol/L;抽雄吐丝期根际、非根际土壤溶液氮浓度均低于2 mmol/L;成熟期根际氮浓度低于非根际,分别在0.62-1.37和0.89-2.35 mmol/L之间波动。在氮素最大效率期,各轮根区域氮浓度随着土壤深度的增加呈降低趋势;不同根际部位变化趋势为:根际>根区>非根际。
(2)小麦整个生育期耕层土壤溶液随着氮源的补充,苗期、拔节期与孕穗扬花期根际氮浓度高于非根际,表明根际对NO3--N的吸收能力降低;其他时期显著低于非根际,表明根系对氮素的吸收显著高于氮素的迁移,导致氮素在非根际中富集。从整个土壤剖面来看,拔节期根际氮浓度在2.14-6.57 mmol/L之间,高于非根际;孕穗扬花期在0-60 cm根际氮浓度高于非根际,60 cm以下根际、非根际氮浓度逐渐降低且相差不大;成熟期根际氮浓度均低于非根际,范围分别为0.60-1.39和1.02-3.08 mmol/L。
(3)番茄耕层根际氮浓度除开花期外,苗期、座果期、采收期与成熟期均显著高于非根际,表明根际对NO3--N的吸收能力降低。座果期整个土壤剖面根际氮浓度高于非根际,范围分别为2.46-7.48和2.41-6.44 mmol/L;采收期1根系区域氮浓度均有所上升,范围分别为2.50-15.71和2.55-7.50 mmol/L;成熟期根际浓度在2.54-14.61 mmol/L范围内波动,高于非根际。番茄在氮素最大效率期随着土壤深度的增加,各根系区域氮浓度依次降低;不同根际部位氮浓度高低顺序为:侧根根际>主根根际>根区>非根际。采收期1根系区域氮浓度高于座果期,更具有向深层淋溶的风险。
(4)小麦/玉米根系在施肥灌水期依赖于低亲和力转运系统,养分存在淋溶风险,多数生育期都是高亲和力转运系统运转,并且随着土壤深度的增加,根系同样以高亲和力转运系统为主,淋溶风险较小;番茄在整个生育期根系主要依赖于低亲和力转运系统,使根系区域保持较高的氮浓度,养分易淋洗移出根区,对地下水造成污染。
(5)两种种植体系下,棚室蔬菜土壤硝态氮含量显著高于农田,且淋溶到10米以下;小麦/玉米农田土壤剖面硝态氮主要集中0-3 m土层,3 m以下没有明显累积。棚室蔬菜土壤对地下水的威胁性远大于农田,且地下水埋深越浅越容易受硝酸盐污染。
The study on typical crop root area and different rhizosphere area in the field and NO3--N concentration at different rhizosphere area are lacking, and the technique of assay root NO3--N concentration in situ is still not mature. This study was conducted for the two typical cropping systems of greenhouse and wheat/corn in North China Plain. Using measures of shaking up soil and soil solution in soil multi-layers to determinate NO3--N concentration of rhizosphere soil solution, it explored crop rhizosphere and the non-rhizosphere soil solution nitrogen change at different growth stages. The study also took comparison analysis on the NO3--N concentration of soil solution at different root part during maximum efficiency period, cleared the dynamics and spatial variation regularity under different nitrogen concentrationin of soil solution. Moreover, it analysised the leaching characteriristics of nitrogen in deep soil to explore the greenhouse vegetables leaching mechanism, providing theoretical basis for reducing the leaching of nitrate loss and prevention of groundwater pollution. The main results are as follows:
(1)Topsoil solution of corn was influenced by nitrogen input. The rhizosphere was significantly higher than non-rhizosphere in the trilobites period and large bugle stage, indicating that the root absorption of NO3--N was weak, the nitrogen was enriched into root top; the nitrogen rhizosphere was lower than non-rhizosphere in the other stages, indicating that the root absorption of was high, movement to top root of NO3--N was lower. At the large bugle stage the rhizosphere concentration of soil profile was higher than non-rhizosphere, fluctuating with the range of 0.98-5.34 mmol/L and 0.51-0.67 mmol/L. The rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil solution concentration of soil profile were both lower 2 mmol/L at pollination and tasselling; rhizosphere soil solution concentration of soil profile was lower than non-rhizosphere, fluctuating with the range of 0.62-1.37 mmol/L and 0.89-2.35 mmol/L respectively at the adult stages. Along with the soil depth increasing when the corn was at the nitrogen maximum efficiency period, NO3--N concentration of root area trended to decrease. The trend of NO3--N concentration of soil solution at different rhizosphere part was: rhizosphere>root area>non-rhizosphere.
(2)With the nitrogen source added into the wheat topsoil solution, the rhizosphere was higher than non-rhizosphere at the seeding, elongation and flowering stage, reaching significant level at the seeding and flowering stage, indicating that the root absorption of NO3--N was lower; the rhizosphere at the other stages was significantly lower than non-rhizosphere, indicating that the root absorption of NO3--N was significantly higher than the nitrogen movement and resulting in the nitrogen enrichment in the non-rhizosphere. From the total soil profile, rhizosphere nitrogen concentration was fluctuated with the range of 2.14-6.57 mmol/L and higher than rhizosphere. The rhizosphere concentration of soil profile 0-60 cm at flowering stage was higher than the non-rhizosphere. The rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere concentration was gradually reducing below soil profile 60 cm, and varied slightly. The rhizosphere concentration at adult stage was lower than non-rhizosphere, fluctuating with the range of 0.60-1.39 mmol/L and 1.02-3.08 mmol/L.
(3)The tomatoes topsoil solution rhizosphere nitrogen concentration at the seedling and fruit-set period, harvest time 1, 2 and adult stages was significantly higher than non-rhizosphere except blooming time,indicating that the root absorption of NO3--N was lower. The rhizosphere nitrogen of all soil profile at fruit-set period was higher than non rhizosphere, fluctuating with the range of 2.46-7.48 mmol/L and 2.41-6.44 mmol/L respectively; as the tomatoes frequently were fustigating rhizosphere nitrogen, the rhizosphere nitrogen concentration of root area at the harvest time 1 gradually increased with the range of 2.50-15.71 mmol/L and 2.55-7.50 mmol/L; the rhizosphere nitrogen of soil profile 0-100 cm at adult stages was higher than non-rhizosphere, fluctuating with the range of 2.54-14.61 mmol/L. Along with the soil depth increasing when tomatoes were at the nitrogen maximum efficiency period, NO3--N concentration of root area trended to decrease orderly. The NO3--N concentration trend of soil solution at different rhizosphere part was: The lateral root rhizosphere was the first, main root rhizosphere area was the second, the root area was third and the last was non-rhizosphere. The rhizosphere nitrogen of harvest time 1 was higher than at fruit-set period, when there was deep leaching risk.
(4)During water filled time wheat/corn root was depended low affinity transportation system, there were nutriment leaching risks. During most of crop growth and development period high affinity transportation system run and with the increasing of soil depth, rhizosphere relied mainly by high affinity transportation system, and the leaching risk was lower; tomato was depended low affinity transportation system during the whole crop growth and development period. If the root area kept higher NO3--N concentration, nutriment was easily leaching out of root area, which leading to groundwater pollution.
(5) Under two cropping systems, topsoil solution concentration in greenhouse was significantly higher than in the farmland and leaching depth reached 10 m; NO3--N concentration of wheat/corn profile soil solution mainly centered at 0-3 m depth and there was not significantly accumulation below 3 m. The risk of greenhouse soil to groundwater was greatly higher than farmland, and the deeper the easily polluted by nitrates.
(1)玉米在生长季耕层土壤溶液受氮素输入的影响,三叶期与大喇叭口期根际氮浓度显著高于非根际,表明根系对NO3--N吸收较弱,氮素向根表富集;其他时期低于非根际,表明根系对NO3--N吸收较高,NO3--N向根表迁移较低。大喇叭口期土壤剖面根际氮浓度高于非根际,浓度范围分别为0.98-5.34和0.51-0.67 mmol/L;抽雄吐丝期根际、非根际土壤溶液氮浓度均低于2 mmol/L;成熟期根际氮浓度低于非根际,分别在0.62-1.37和0.89-2.35 mmol/L之间波动。在氮素最大效率期,各轮根区域氮浓度随着土壤深度的增加呈降低趋势;不同根际部位变化趋势为:根际>根区>非根际。
(2)小麦整个生育期耕层土壤溶液随着氮源的补充,苗期、拔节期与孕穗扬花期根际氮浓度高于非根际,表明根际对NO3--N的吸收能力降低;其他时期显著低于非根际,表明根系对氮素的吸收显著高于氮素的迁移,导致氮素在非根际中富集。从整个土壤剖面来看,拔节期根际氮浓度在2.14-6.57 mmol/L之间,高于非根际;孕穗扬花期在0-60 cm根际氮浓度高于非根际,60 cm以下根际、非根际氮浓度逐渐降低且相差不大;成熟期根际氮浓度均低于非根际,范围分别为0.60-1.39和1.02-3.08 mmol/L。
(3)番茄耕层根际氮浓度除开花期外,苗期、座果期、采收期与成熟期均显著高于非根际,表明根际对NO3--N的吸收能力降低。座果期整个土壤剖面根际氮浓度高于非根际,范围分别为2.46-7.48和2.41-6.44 mmol/L;采收期1根系区域氮浓度均有所上升,范围分别为2.50-15.71和2.55-7.50 mmol/L;成熟期根际浓度在2.54-14.61 mmol/L范围内波动,高于非根际。番茄在氮素最大效率期随着土壤深度的增加,各根系区域氮浓度依次降低;不同根际部位氮浓度高低顺序为:侧根根际>主根根际>根区>非根际。采收期1根系区域氮浓度高于座果期,更具有向深层淋溶的风险。
(4)小麦/玉米根系在施肥灌水期依赖于低亲和力转运系统,养分存在淋溶风险,多数生育期都是高亲和力转运系统运转,并且随着土壤深度的增加,根系同样以高亲和力转运系统为主,淋溶风险较小;番茄在整个生育期根系主要依赖于低亲和力转运系统,使根系区域保持较高的氮浓度,养分易淋洗移出根区,对地下水造成污染。
(5)两种种植体系下,棚室蔬菜土壤硝态氮含量显著高于农田,且淋溶到10米以下;小麦/玉米农田土壤剖面硝态氮主要集中0-3 m土层,3 m以下没有明显累积。棚室蔬菜土壤对地下水的威胁性远大于农田,且地下水埋深越浅越容易受硝酸盐污染。
The study on typical crop root area and different rhizosphere area in the field and NO3--N concentration at different rhizosphere area are lacking, and the technique of assay root NO3--N concentration in situ is still not mature. This study was conducted for the two typical cropping systems of greenhouse and wheat/corn in North China Plain. Using measures of shaking up soil and soil solution in soil multi-layers to determinate NO3--N concentration of rhizosphere soil solution, it explored crop rhizosphere and the non-rhizosphere soil solution nitrogen change at different growth stages. The study also took comparison analysis on the NO3--N concentration of soil solution at different root part during maximum efficiency period, cleared the dynamics and spatial variation regularity under different nitrogen concentrationin of soil solution. Moreover, it analysised the leaching characteriristics of nitrogen in deep soil to explore the greenhouse vegetables leaching mechanism, providing theoretical basis for reducing the leaching of nitrate loss and prevention of groundwater pollution. The main results are as follows:
(1)Topsoil solution of corn was influenced by nitrogen input. The rhizosphere was significantly higher than non-rhizosphere in the trilobites period and large bugle stage, indicating that the root absorption of NO3--N was weak, the nitrogen was enriched into root top; the nitrogen rhizosphere was lower than non-rhizosphere in the other stages, indicating that the root absorption of was high, movement to top root of NO3--N was lower. At the large bugle stage the rhizosphere concentration of soil profile was higher than non-rhizosphere, fluctuating with the range of 0.98-5.34 mmol/L and 0.51-0.67 mmol/L. The rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil solution concentration of soil profile were both lower 2 mmol/L at pollination and tasselling; rhizosphere soil solution concentration of soil profile was lower than non-rhizosphere, fluctuating with the range of 0.62-1.37 mmol/L and 0.89-2.35 mmol/L respectively at the adult stages. Along with the soil depth increasing when the corn was at the nitrogen maximum efficiency period, NO3--N concentration of root area trended to decrease. The trend of NO3--N concentration of soil solution at different rhizosphere part was: rhizosphere>root area>non-rhizosphere.
(2)With the nitrogen source added into the wheat topsoil solution, the rhizosphere was higher than non-rhizosphere at the seeding, elongation and flowering stage, reaching significant level at the seeding and flowering stage, indicating that the root absorption of NO3--N was lower; the rhizosphere at the other stages was significantly lower than non-rhizosphere, indicating that the root absorption of NO3--N was significantly higher than the nitrogen movement and resulting in the nitrogen enrichment in the non-rhizosphere. From the total soil profile, rhizosphere nitrogen concentration was fluctuated with the range of 2.14-6.57 mmol/L and higher than rhizosphere. The rhizosphere concentration of soil profile 0-60 cm at flowering stage was higher than the non-rhizosphere. The rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere concentration was gradually reducing below soil profile 60 cm, and varied slightly. The rhizosphere concentration at adult stage was lower than non-rhizosphere, fluctuating with the range of 0.60-1.39 mmol/L and 1.02-3.08 mmol/L.
(3)The tomatoes topsoil solution rhizosphere nitrogen concentration at the seedling and fruit-set period, harvest time 1, 2 and adult stages was significantly higher than non-rhizosphere except blooming time,indicating that the root absorption of NO3--N was lower. The rhizosphere nitrogen of all soil profile at fruit-set period was higher than non rhizosphere, fluctuating with the range of 2.46-7.48 mmol/L and 2.41-6.44 mmol/L respectively; as the tomatoes frequently were fustigating rhizosphere nitrogen, the rhizosphere nitrogen concentration of root area at the harvest time 1 gradually increased with the range of 2.50-15.71 mmol/L and 2.55-7.50 mmol/L; the rhizosphere nitrogen of soil profile 0-100 cm at adult stages was higher than non-rhizosphere, fluctuating with the range of 2.54-14.61 mmol/L. Along with the soil depth increasing when tomatoes were at the nitrogen maximum efficiency period, NO3--N concentration of root area trended to decrease orderly. The NO3--N concentration trend of soil solution at different rhizosphere part was: The lateral root rhizosphere was the first, main root rhizosphere area was the second, the root area was third and the last was non-rhizosphere. The rhizosphere nitrogen of harvest time 1 was higher than at fruit-set period, when there was deep leaching risk.
(4)During water filled time wheat/corn root was depended low affinity transportation system, there were nutriment leaching risks. During most of crop growth and development period high affinity transportation system run and with the increasing of soil depth, rhizosphere relied mainly by high affinity transportation system, and the leaching risk was lower; tomato was depended low affinity transportation system during the whole crop growth and development period. If the root area kept higher NO3--N concentration, nutriment was easily leaching out of root area, which leading to groundwater pollution.
(5) Under two cropping systems, topsoil solution concentration in greenhouse was significantly higher than in the farmland and leaching depth reached 10 m; NO3--N concentration of wheat/corn profile soil solution mainly centered at 0-3 m depth and there was not significantly accumulation below 3 m. The risk of greenhouse soil to groundwater was greatly higher than farmland, and the deeper the easily polluted by nitrates.
引文
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