不同玉米自交系ZmNAS1和ZmNAS2基因和启动子的克隆与序列分析
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摘要
铁是植物生长发育过程中必须营养元素之一,在干旱半干旱的石灰性土壤上,铁素主要以不溶性难被植物吸收的固态形式存在,所以缺铁现象较为普遍。玉米等禾本科植物能够由根系分泌麦根酸类物质,也叫植物铁载体来活化螯合土壤中难以被植物吸收利用的铁,使之易于被植物吸收利用,从而解决自身铁营养缺乏问题。在植物铁载体合成过程中,烟酰胺合成酶(NAS)是这一过程的限速酶。本研究的主要研究结果如下:
1、克隆了24份玉米自交系ZmNAS1和ZmNAS2基因编码区序列,并分析了材料间基因的多态性。24份材料间ZmNAS1基因编码区DNA序列的一致性为99.43%,共有38个变异位点,约占总位点数的3.9%,平均26 bp有一个变异位点;其中单一信息位点16个,简约信息位点22个;无插入和缺失。氨基酸同义突变17个,错义突变21个。ZmNAS1基因编码区核苷酸多样性PI值为0.00884,单倍型多样性(HD)为0.938±0.00155,24条序列共定义了17种单倍型。24份材料间ZmNAS2基因编码区DNA序列的一致性为99.16%;共发现变异位点60个,占总位点数的1.66%,平均30 bp一个变异位点,其中单变异位点9个,简并位点51个,无插入和缺失;氨基酸同义突变35个,错义突变25个。ZmNAS2基因编码区核苷酸多样性PI值为0.01191,24条序列共定义了17种单倍型,单倍型多样性指数(HD)为0.964±0.00057。与前人研究相比,总的来说,两个ZmNAS基因编码区的单核苷酸变异率较高。ZmNAS1基因较ZmNAS2相比,存在较多的低频SNP。
2、克隆了24份材料ZmNAS1基因启动子序列,分析了材料间的多态性。相同引物所扩增的24份材料ZmNAS1基因启动子区的相似度92.05%,扩增序列最长为2315bp,最短为1741 bp,单一信息位点5个,简约信息位点65个;缺失插入位点9个,共574bp。核苷酸多样性指数(PI)为0.01359。共定义了13种单倍型,单倍型多样性指数(HD)值为0.917。与编码区相比,启动子变异更活跃。
3、通过Tajima’s D值与Fu和Li’s D*与F*值进行中性检测,结果表明:ZmNAS1基因编码区及启动子与ZmNAS2基因编码区在群体中均未偏离中性进化,说明它们的变异受自然选择影响较小。
4、利用生物信息学软件对ZmNAS1和ZmNAS2基因启动子元件进行分析预测并比较材料间差异。结果表明:ZmNAS1和ZmNAS2基因启动子均具有一些与光调控、激素诱导、响应逆境胁迫等有关的顺式作用元件,但在基因间与材料间元件的种类和数目存在一定差异;此外,不同类材料的两个基因启动子上都有一定数目的缺铁诱导元件的核心序列。根据启动子元件分析,初步判断ZmNAS1和ZmNAS2基因除受缺铁诱导表达外,还可能受到其它多种信号的共同调控,是一个复杂的调控过程。基因启动子在不同材料间差异,推测基因在不同材料间受到的表达调控水平也不相同。
5、利用扩增玉米自交系ZmNAS1基因编码区序列的引物对水稻、高粱、大麦、小麦、黑麦、燕麦、青稞等作物的ZmNAS1基因编码区进行了同源克隆。包括玉米,8种禾本科植物的NAS1基因DNA编码区序列一致性高达99.58%,甚至超过了24份玉米自交系材料之间的一致性,说明NAS1基因在种属间进化比较保守。出现的一些变异位点也出现在不同的玉米自交系之间,这说明这些变异位点的在种属分化之前就已存在。
Iron is one of necessary nutrient elements in plant growth process. Iron element is existed by not soluble and difficult to be absorbed form in calcareous soils. Therefore, iron deficiency is more prevalent. Graminaceous species can enhance iron(Fe) acquisition from sparingly soluble inorganic Fe(Ⅲ)compounds by release of phytosiderophores(PS) which mobilize Fe(Ⅲ) by chelating, such as corn. ZmNAS is a key enzyme in phytosiderophore synthetic pathway in maize. The main results of this study as follows:
1. 24 inbred lines' ZmNAS1 and ZmNAS2 sequence of coding area were cloned, The consistency of ZmNAS1 coding area DNA sequence is 99.43%. There were 38 variable sites, accounted for about 3.9% of total sites and a variable site every 26 bp sites on average. In which single information site is 16, and parsimony-informative site is 22. There is no insertion and deletion. The numember of amino acids synonymous mutations are 17 and missense mutations are 21. The PI of ZmNAS1 coding areas nucleotide diversity is 0.00884, and the HD(haplotype diversity index) is 0.938±0.00155. 17 kinds of haplotype are defined by 24 sequence. The consistency of ZmNAS2 DNA encoding region sequence among the 24 materials can reach up to 99.16%; and the variable sites were founded 60 in all, Average 30 bp appear a variable site. In these variable sites, 9 single variable sites, 51 parsimony-informative sites, no insert and deletion. 35 amino acids synonymous mutations, 25 missense mutations. The PI value of the nucleotide diversity of the encoding region of ZmNAS2 gene is 0.01191 and the HD(haplotype diversity index) is 0.964±0.00057. 17 kinds of haplotype are defined by 24 sequence. Compared with previous studies, in general, single nucleotide mutation rate of two ZmNAS coding region is higher. ZmNAS1 encoding region have more low-frequency SNP than ZmNAS2.
2. ZmNAS1gene promoter sequence were cloned in 24 maize inbred lines, According to the sequence of the promoter of the ZmNAS1 gene of 24 materials, analyzed the gene polymorphism among the different maize inbred lines. The similarity of the promoter region reach 92.05%, the longest is 2315 bp and the shortest is 1741 bp. There are 5 single information sites, 65 parsimony-informative sites, deletion and insertion 587 bp. The value of PI is 0.01359. 13 kinds of haplotype is defined. HD (haplotype diversity index) is 0.917. Compared with coding region, the promoter mutation were more active.
3. The test of natural evolution by Tajima's D value、Fu and Li's D* and F* values,results show that coding regions and promoter of ZmNAS1 and coding regions of ZmNAS2 were not deviating from the neutral evolution ,It shows that they less affected by natural selection.
4. Use bioinformatics software to analyze ZmNAS1 and ZmNAS2 gene promoter elements and compare the differences among materials. The results show that ZmNAS1 and ZmNAS2 gene promoter have some cis-acting elements related to light regulation, hormone induction, response stresses and so on. But there is some different number. In addition, there are a certain number core sequence of the iron-deficiency induction elements on the two gene promoter of different materials. According to promoter elements analysis, we pre-judge that ZmNAS1 and ZmNAS2 gene expression is a complex control process. It may be controlled by many other signals besides the iron deficiency. We speculate that regulating level on expression is also different in Various materials according to the difference of gene promoter.
5. Homology cloning on the ZmNAS1 genetic encoding area of the rice, sorghum, barley, wheat, rye, oats and hullessbarley by the primer of cloned gene of ZmNAS1 encoding region in maize inbred line. Including corn ,The consistency of encoding region sequence of NAS1 gene among the eight species can reach up to 99.58%, It is even exceed the consistency of 24 maize inbred lines. It shows that the gene of NAS1 is highly conversed in the species evolution. The variation site also appears in the different maize inbred line. It shows that the variation sites have been existed before the species differentiation.
1、克隆了24份玉米自交系ZmNAS1和ZmNAS2基因编码区序列,并分析了材料间基因的多态性。24份材料间ZmNAS1基因编码区DNA序列的一致性为99.43%,共有38个变异位点,约占总位点数的3.9%,平均26 bp有一个变异位点;其中单一信息位点16个,简约信息位点22个;无插入和缺失。氨基酸同义突变17个,错义突变21个。ZmNAS1基因编码区核苷酸多样性PI值为0.00884,单倍型多样性(HD)为0.938±0.00155,24条序列共定义了17种单倍型。24份材料间ZmNAS2基因编码区DNA序列的一致性为99.16%;共发现变异位点60个,占总位点数的1.66%,平均30 bp一个变异位点,其中单变异位点9个,简并位点51个,无插入和缺失;氨基酸同义突变35个,错义突变25个。ZmNAS2基因编码区核苷酸多样性PI值为0.01191,24条序列共定义了17种单倍型,单倍型多样性指数(HD)为0.964±0.00057。与前人研究相比,总的来说,两个ZmNAS基因编码区的单核苷酸变异率较高。ZmNAS1基因较ZmNAS2相比,存在较多的低频SNP。
2、克隆了24份材料ZmNAS1基因启动子序列,分析了材料间的多态性。相同引物所扩增的24份材料ZmNAS1基因启动子区的相似度92.05%,扩增序列最长为2315bp,最短为1741 bp,单一信息位点5个,简约信息位点65个;缺失插入位点9个,共574bp。核苷酸多样性指数(PI)为0.01359。共定义了13种单倍型,单倍型多样性指数(HD)值为0.917。与编码区相比,启动子变异更活跃。
3、通过Tajima’s D值与Fu和Li’s D*与F*值进行中性检测,结果表明:ZmNAS1基因编码区及启动子与ZmNAS2基因编码区在群体中均未偏离中性进化,说明它们的变异受自然选择影响较小。
4、利用生物信息学软件对ZmNAS1和ZmNAS2基因启动子元件进行分析预测并比较材料间差异。结果表明:ZmNAS1和ZmNAS2基因启动子均具有一些与光调控、激素诱导、响应逆境胁迫等有关的顺式作用元件,但在基因间与材料间元件的种类和数目存在一定差异;此外,不同类材料的两个基因启动子上都有一定数目的缺铁诱导元件的核心序列。根据启动子元件分析,初步判断ZmNAS1和ZmNAS2基因除受缺铁诱导表达外,还可能受到其它多种信号的共同调控,是一个复杂的调控过程。基因启动子在不同材料间差异,推测基因在不同材料间受到的表达调控水平也不相同。
5、利用扩增玉米自交系ZmNAS1基因编码区序列的引物对水稻、高粱、大麦、小麦、黑麦、燕麦、青稞等作物的ZmNAS1基因编码区进行了同源克隆。包括玉米,8种禾本科植物的NAS1基因DNA编码区序列一致性高达99.58%,甚至超过了24份玉米自交系材料之间的一致性,说明NAS1基因在种属间进化比较保守。出现的一些变异位点也出现在不同的玉米自交系之间,这说明这些变异位点的在种属分化之前就已存在。
Iron is one of necessary nutrient elements in plant growth process. Iron element is existed by not soluble and difficult to be absorbed form in calcareous soils. Therefore, iron deficiency is more prevalent. Graminaceous species can enhance iron(Fe) acquisition from sparingly soluble inorganic Fe(Ⅲ)compounds by release of phytosiderophores(PS) which mobilize Fe(Ⅲ) by chelating, such as corn. ZmNAS is a key enzyme in phytosiderophore synthetic pathway in maize. The main results of this study as follows:
1. 24 inbred lines' ZmNAS1 and ZmNAS2 sequence of coding area were cloned, The consistency of ZmNAS1 coding area DNA sequence is 99.43%. There were 38 variable sites, accounted for about 3.9% of total sites and a variable site every 26 bp sites on average. In which single information site is 16, and parsimony-informative site is 22. There is no insertion and deletion. The numember of amino acids synonymous mutations are 17 and missense mutations are 21. The PI of ZmNAS1 coding areas nucleotide diversity is 0.00884, and the HD(haplotype diversity index) is 0.938±0.00155. 17 kinds of haplotype are defined by 24 sequence. The consistency of ZmNAS2 DNA encoding region sequence among the 24 materials can reach up to 99.16%; and the variable sites were founded 60 in all, Average 30 bp appear a variable site. In these variable sites, 9 single variable sites, 51 parsimony-informative sites, no insert and deletion. 35 amino acids synonymous mutations, 25 missense mutations. The PI value of the nucleotide diversity of the encoding region of ZmNAS2 gene is 0.01191 and the HD(haplotype diversity index) is 0.964±0.00057. 17 kinds of haplotype are defined by 24 sequence. Compared with previous studies, in general, single nucleotide mutation rate of two ZmNAS coding region is higher. ZmNAS1 encoding region have more low-frequency SNP than ZmNAS2.
2. ZmNAS1gene promoter sequence were cloned in 24 maize inbred lines, According to the sequence of the promoter of the ZmNAS1 gene of 24 materials, analyzed the gene polymorphism among the different maize inbred lines. The similarity of the promoter region reach 92.05%, the longest is 2315 bp and the shortest is 1741 bp. There are 5 single information sites, 65 parsimony-informative sites, deletion and insertion 587 bp. The value of PI is 0.01359. 13 kinds of haplotype is defined. HD (haplotype diversity index) is 0.917. Compared with coding region, the promoter mutation were more active.
3. The test of natural evolution by Tajima's D value、Fu and Li's D* and F* values,results show that coding regions and promoter of ZmNAS1 and coding regions of ZmNAS2 were not deviating from the neutral evolution ,It shows that they less affected by natural selection.
4. Use bioinformatics software to analyze ZmNAS1 and ZmNAS2 gene promoter elements and compare the differences among materials. The results show that ZmNAS1 and ZmNAS2 gene promoter have some cis-acting elements related to light regulation, hormone induction, response stresses and so on. But there is some different number. In addition, there are a certain number core sequence of the iron-deficiency induction elements on the two gene promoter of different materials. According to promoter elements analysis, we pre-judge that ZmNAS1 and ZmNAS2 gene expression is a complex control process. It may be controlled by many other signals besides the iron deficiency. We speculate that regulating level on expression is also different in Various materials according to the difference of gene promoter.
5. Homology cloning on the ZmNAS1 genetic encoding area of the rice, sorghum, barley, wheat, rye, oats and hullessbarley by the primer of cloned gene of ZmNAS1 encoding region in maize inbred line. Including corn ,The consistency of encoding region sequence of NAS1 gene among the eight species can reach up to 99.58%, It is even exceed the consistency of 24 maize inbred lines. It shows that the gene of NAS1 is highly conversed in the species evolution. The variation site also appears in the different maize inbred line. It shows that the variation sites have been existed before the species differentiation.
引文
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Kobayashi T., Suzuki M., Inoue H., Itai RN., Takahashi M., Nakanishi H., Mori S. and Nishizawa NK. Expression of iron-acquisition-related genes in iron-deficient rice is co-ordinately induced by partially conserved iron-deficiency-responsive elements. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2005, 56: 1305-1316
Kobayashi T., Ogo Y., Itai RN., Nakanishi H., Takahashi M., Mori S. and Nishizawa NK. The transcription factor IDEF1 regulates the response to and tolerance of iron deficiency in plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2007, 104: 19150-19155
Kobayashi T., Itai RN., Ogo Y., Kakei Y., Nakanishi H., Takahashi M. and Nishizawa NK. The rice transcription factor IDEF1 is essential for the early response to iron deficiency, and induces vegetative expression of late embryogenesis abundant genes. The Plant Journal, 2009, 60: 948-961
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Lindsay WL. Role of chelation in micronutrient availability. In The Plant root and its environment. University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, 1974, 507-524
Lindsay WL. Iron oxide solubilization by organic matter and its effect on iron availability. Plant and Soil, 1991, 130: 27-34
Ling HQ., Pich A., Scholz G. and Ganal MW. Map-based cloning of chloronerva, a gene involved in iron uptake of higher plants encoding nicotianamine synthase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of USA, 1999, 96: 7098-7103
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Nagasaka S., Takahashi M., Nakanishi-Itai R., Bashir K., Nakanishi H., Mori S and Nishizawa NK. Time course analysis of gene expression over 24 hours in Fe-deficient barley roots. Plant Molecular Biology, 2009, 69: 621-631
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Nagasaka S., Takahashi M., Nakanishi IR., Bashir K., Nakanishi H., Mori S. and Nishizawa NK. Time course analysis of gene expression over 24 hours in Fe-deficient barley roots. Plant Mol. Biol., 2009, 69: 621-631
Nakanishi H., Yamaguchi H., Sasakuma T., Nishizawa NK. and Mori S. dioxygenase genes Ids3 and Ids2 from Hordeum vulgare are inolved in the biosynthes is of mugineic acid family phytosiderophores. Plant Mol. Biol., 2000, 44 (20): 199-207
Negishi T., Nakanishi H. and Yazaki J. cDNA microarry analysis of gene expression during Fe-deficient stress in barley suggests that polar transport of vesicles is implicated in phytosiderophore secretion in Fe-deficient barely roots. Plant Journal, 2002, 30(1): 83-94
Nigel JR., Sadjuga JG. and Quentin JG. The froh gene family from Arabidopsis thaliana: putative iron chelate reductase. Plant Soil, 1997, 196: 245-248
Nozoye T., Ital RN., Nagasaka S., Takahashi M., Nakanishi H., Mori S. and Nishizawa NK. Diurnal changes in the expression of Genes that participate in phytosiderophore synthesis in rice. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 2004, 50: 1125-1131
Ogo Y., Itai RN., Nakanishi H., Inoue H., Kobayashi T., Suzuki M., Takahashi M., Mori S., and Nishizawa NK. Isolation and characterization of IRO2, a novel iron-regulated bHLH transcription factor in graminaceous plants. J. Exp. Bot. 2006, 57: 2867-2878
Ogo Y., Itai RN., Nakanishi H., Kobayashi T., Takahashi M., Mori S and Nishizawa NK. The rice bHLH protein OsIRO2 is an essential regulator of the genes involved in Fe uptakeunder Fe-deficient conditions. Plant J., 2007, 51: 366-377
Ogo Y., Kobayashi T., Itai RN., Nakanishi H., Kakei Y., Takahashi M., Toki S., Mori S.and Nishizawa N.K. A novel NAC transcription factor IDEF2 that recognizes the iron deficiency-responsive element 2 regulates the genes involved in iron homeostasis in plants. Biol. Chem., 2008, 283: 13407-13417
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