黄泛沙地不同土地利用类型土壤风蚀规律及影响机制
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摘要
土壤风蚀是黄泛平原土地风沙化的首要环节,直接影响区域的生产、生活、生态安全和农业经济的持续发展。为揭示平原区土壤风蚀规律,本研究以不同土地利用类型为研究对象,运用野外调查试验、定位监测与室内分析测试、地物光谱测定相结合的方法,研究了土壤风蚀的时空变化规律与动态、风蚀影响因子、地物光谱特征及其与有机质之间的关系,主要研究结果为:
(1)不同用地类型土壤蚀积状况差异显著。农业用地以花生地风蚀深度和风蚀量最大,属中度侵蚀;撂荒地和农林间作地属轻度侵蚀;小麦地和玉米留茬地处于风积状态。林业用地土壤风蚀强度随造林年限增加而降低,1年造林地属中度风蚀,3年和5年造林地分别为轻度风蚀与微度风蚀,8年造林地为风积状态。
(2)不同用地类型土壤蚀积月际变化规律及动态不同:花生地、撂荒地和造林地月际间均为风蚀状态,且呈“V”变化,第一和第二峰值分别出现于11月和4月;玉米留茬地和8年造林地月际间整体以风积为主;其他用地类型月际间蚀积变化复杂,大致呈单峰变化趋势。
(3)不同土地利用方式土壤机械组成均以粉砂、极细砂和细砂为主。风蚀深度与砂粒含量呈正相关线性关系,与粘粒、粉粒含量成负相关,相关性不显著。土壤有机质含量与风蚀深度间呈显著线性负相关,其变化遵循D=0.646-0.383XO。紧实度、含水量均与土壤风蚀呈一定程度负相关,但无明显数量关系。
(4)不同造林年限林地行间与树下微地形变化明显,受微地形及造林年限双重影响,呈现洼地风蚀弱于垄地,风积强于垄地的规律;随着造林年限的增加土壤有机质含量增加,风蚀减小而风积增强。人为翻耕土壤造成风蚀增大。
(5)除花生地外,农业用地、林业用地对0.2m处的风速削弱作用明显,风速降低百分比分别为0.36%～40.07%和10.28%～52.46%,近地表粗糙度增大5.35～186.45倍和1.31～52.79倍。地表留茬、作物种植和造林等措施可增大地表粗糙度,减弱近地表风速,减缓土壤风蚀的发生。
(6)不同用地类型风沙流活动于近地表50cm范围内,输沙率随高度的变化遵循y=ae-bx指数规律递减;输沙量随高度的分布呈现幂函数关系;随高度增加,风沙流砂粒含量减少而粉砂及粘土含量增多,风蚀物粒径逐渐变细。
(7)不同土地利用方式其土壤光谱特征值差别明显,主要发生于500～750nm、1350～1500nm、1750-2000nm和1900～2200nm处,土壤有机质与光谱特征值间呈多元线性相关关系,但各拟合方程中涉及的特征波段并不相同。
Wind erosion, which is the essential part in the floodplain of the Yellow River wind-sandy land, influence directly the production, life, regional ecological security and agriculture economic sustainable development of the zone. The paper basing on different types of land use, combining methods that field investigation test, positioning monitoring and indoor analysis test and Spectral determination, studied temporal-spatial pattern and dynamic of wind erosion, wind erosion influence factors, spectral characteristics and its relationship with organic matter to reveal regional wind erosion rule. The main results are as follows:
(1) The significant difference existed between different land types’soil erosion status. The wind erosion depth and amount of peanut sample plot in agricultural land was the largest, belonging to moderate erosion; the abandoned land and agroforesty systems belonged to mild erosion; the wheatland and corn stubble land was in wind-blown state. The wind erosion intensity of forestry land decreaced with the growth of afforestation years; one year’afforestation ground belonged to moderate wind erosion; three years and five years’afforestation grounds belonged to mild wind erosion, while eight years’afforestation ground was in wind-blown state.
(2) The change rules and dynamic between months of soil erosion integrated varied from different land use types. Peanut sample plot, abandoned land and afforestation ground were in Wind erosion state between months, changing as the shape of "V", and the first and the second peaks appeared respectively in November and April; the corn stubble land and eight years’afforestation ground were mainly in wind-blown state between months; the soil erosion status changes of other land use types between months was complex, presenting roughly a single-peak trend.
(3) The mechanical composition of soil in different land use types all major in powder sand, very fine and fine sand. It presents that the depth of wind erosion are in positive linear correlation with the sand content, in negative correlation with powder content where the correlation is not significant. The soil organic content correlate with the depth of erosion in a significant negative linear relation, whose variation follows as D =0.646-0.383×XO. Moreover, the soil compactness and the moisture content relate with the soil erosion presenting a negative relation to a certain degree, which is in no significant number relationship.
(4) It changes obviously between the rows of trees with different afforestation age and the tiny terrain under the tree, which shows the discipline that the wind erosion of the depressions is less than that of the highland and that wind-blow is more than the highland, influenced by both the tiny terrain and the afforestation age. The content of the soil organic matter increase, the wind erosion decrease and the wind-blown increase with the afforestation age extension. The soil erosion increase caused by artificial landuse.
(5) The agricultural land and the forestry land plays an important role on the weakness of the wind speed at the place of 0.2 meters except the earthnut land. The percentage of the decreased wind speeds are respectively 0.36%～40.07% and 28%～52.46%, with the increasing roughness of near land surface by 5.35～186.45 times and 1.31～52.79 times. The surface leaved stubbly, the crops and the afforestation can increase the surface roughness, decrease the wind speed near the land and slow down the wind erosion. Surface leave stubble, crop planting and silviculture measures such as surface roughness can increase, about the near-surface wind speed, slow down the occurrence of wind erosion.
(6) Activities of different types of land in the near-surface of wind flow within 50cm, there is sediment transport rate with height follows y=ae-bx exponential decrease; and the weight of sediment load distribution with height power function relationship; Increasing altitude, wind flow silt and sand content decreased and clay content increased, erosion tapered diameter.
(7) The spectral characteristics of the soil has big different in the different land use values, mainly in the 500～750nm, 1350～1500nm ,1750～2000nm and 1900～2200nm Department, and the spectral characteristics of soil organic matter was between the value of the multiple linear correlation, but the fitting Equations involved in the characteristic bands are not the same.
(1)不同用地类型土壤蚀积状况差异显著。农业用地以花生地风蚀深度和风蚀量最大,属中度侵蚀;撂荒地和农林间作地属轻度侵蚀;小麦地和玉米留茬地处于风积状态。林业用地土壤风蚀强度随造林年限增加而降低,1年造林地属中度风蚀,3年和5年造林地分别为轻度风蚀与微度风蚀,8年造林地为风积状态。
(2)不同用地类型土壤蚀积月际变化规律及动态不同:花生地、撂荒地和造林地月际间均为风蚀状态,且呈“V”变化,第一和第二峰值分别出现于11月和4月;玉米留茬地和8年造林地月际间整体以风积为主;其他用地类型月际间蚀积变化复杂,大致呈单峰变化趋势。
(3)不同土地利用方式土壤机械组成均以粉砂、极细砂和细砂为主。风蚀深度与砂粒含量呈正相关线性关系,与粘粒、粉粒含量成负相关,相关性不显著。土壤有机质含量与风蚀深度间呈显著线性负相关,其变化遵循D=0.646-0.383XO。紧实度、含水量均与土壤风蚀呈一定程度负相关,但无明显数量关系。
(4)不同造林年限林地行间与树下微地形变化明显,受微地形及造林年限双重影响,呈现洼地风蚀弱于垄地,风积强于垄地的规律;随着造林年限的增加土壤有机质含量增加,风蚀减小而风积增强。人为翻耕土壤造成风蚀增大。
(5)除花生地外,农业用地、林业用地对0.2m处的风速削弱作用明显,风速降低百分比分别为0.36%～40.07%和10.28%～52.46%,近地表粗糙度增大5.35～186.45倍和1.31～52.79倍。地表留茬、作物种植和造林等措施可增大地表粗糙度,减弱近地表风速,减缓土壤风蚀的发生。
(6)不同用地类型风沙流活动于近地表50cm范围内,输沙率随高度的变化遵循y=ae-bx指数规律递减;输沙量随高度的分布呈现幂函数关系;随高度增加,风沙流砂粒含量减少而粉砂及粘土含量增多,风蚀物粒径逐渐变细。
(7)不同土地利用方式其土壤光谱特征值差别明显,主要发生于500～750nm、1350～1500nm、1750-2000nm和1900～2200nm处,土壤有机质与光谱特征值间呈多元线性相关关系,但各拟合方程中涉及的特征波段并不相同。
Wind erosion, which is the essential part in the floodplain of the Yellow River wind-sandy land, influence directly the production, life, regional ecological security and agriculture economic sustainable development of the zone. The paper basing on different types of land use, combining methods that field investigation test, positioning monitoring and indoor analysis test and Spectral determination, studied temporal-spatial pattern and dynamic of wind erosion, wind erosion influence factors, spectral characteristics and its relationship with organic matter to reveal regional wind erosion rule. The main results are as follows:
(1) The significant difference existed between different land types’soil erosion status. The wind erosion depth and amount of peanut sample plot in agricultural land was the largest, belonging to moderate erosion; the abandoned land and agroforesty systems belonged to mild erosion; the wheatland and corn stubble land was in wind-blown state. The wind erosion intensity of forestry land decreaced with the growth of afforestation years; one year’afforestation ground belonged to moderate wind erosion; three years and five years’afforestation grounds belonged to mild wind erosion, while eight years’afforestation ground was in wind-blown state.
(2) The change rules and dynamic between months of soil erosion integrated varied from different land use types. Peanut sample plot, abandoned land and afforestation ground were in Wind erosion state between months, changing as the shape of "V", and the first and the second peaks appeared respectively in November and April; the corn stubble land and eight years’afforestation ground were mainly in wind-blown state between months; the soil erosion status changes of other land use types between months was complex, presenting roughly a single-peak trend.
(3) The mechanical composition of soil in different land use types all major in powder sand, very fine and fine sand. It presents that the depth of wind erosion are in positive linear correlation with the sand content, in negative correlation with powder content where the correlation is not significant. The soil organic content correlate with the depth of erosion in a significant negative linear relation, whose variation follows as D =0.646-0.383×XO. Moreover, the soil compactness and the moisture content relate with the soil erosion presenting a negative relation to a certain degree, which is in no significant number relationship.
(4) It changes obviously between the rows of trees with different afforestation age and the tiny terrain under the tree, which shows the discipline that the wind erosion of the depressions is less than that of the highland and that wind-blow is more than the highland, influenced by both the tiny terrain and the afforestation age. The content of the soil organic matter increase, the wind erosion decrease and the wind-blown increase with the afforestation age extension. The soil erosion increase caused by artificial landuse.
(5) The agricultural land and the forestry land plays an important role on the weakness of the wind speed at the place of 0.2 meters except the earthnut land. The percentage of the decreased wind speeds are respectively 0.36%～40.07% and 28%～52.46%, with the increasing roughness of near land surface by 5.35～186.45 times and 1.31～52.79 times. The surface leaved stubbly, the crops and the afforestation can increase the surface roughness, decrease the wind speed near the land and slow down the wind erosion. Surface leave stubble, crop planting and silviculture measures such as surface roughness can increase, about the near-surface wind speed, slow down the occurrence of wind erosion.
(6) Activities of different types of land in the near-surface of wind flow within 50cm, there is sediment transport rate with height follows y=ae-bx exponential decrease; and the weight of sediment load distribution with height power function relationship; Increasing altitude, wind flow silt and sand content decreased and clay content increased, erosion tapered diameter.
(7) The spectral characteristics of the soil has big different in the different land use values, mainly in the 500～750nm, 1350～1500nm ,1750～2000nm and 1900～2200nm Department, and the spectral characteristics of soil organic matter was between the value of the multiple linear correlation, but the fitting Equations involved in the characteristic bands are not the same.
引文
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朱震达.中国荒漠化防治[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1999
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Belnap J. Surface disturbances: their role in accelerateing desertification[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,1995,37:39-57.
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Bisal,F.,J.Hsieh.1966.Influence of moisture on the erodibility of soil by wind[J].Soil Science, 1966,102,143-146
Chepil ,W.S.Influence of moisture on erodibility of soil by wind[J].Proceedingd of Soil Society of America,1956,20,288-292
Chepil,W.S.ProPerties of soil whieh inftuenee winderosion:Mechani calstability of structure[J]. Sci.,195la,72:465-478
Chepil.W.S..Relationofwinderosiontowaterstableanddryelodstruetureofsoil[Jl.SoilSci.,1942,55:275-287
Fnyrear,D.W. Soil cover and wind erosion[J].Transactiions of the ASSE,1984,28(3):781-784
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Galvao L S,Vitorelloa.Variability of laboratory measured soil lines of soils from southeastern Brazil[J].Remote Sensing of Environment, 1998,63:166-181.
Glenn O.Sehwab.风力侵蚀及其防治措施[J].水土保持科技情报.1993,4:45-48
Goudie,A.S..Dust storms in space and time[J].Progress in Physical Geography, 1983,7:502-530.
Greeley,R.and Iversen,J.D.. Wind as a geological process on Earth,Mars,Venus and Titan[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1985.
Gunsaulis F R,Kocher M F,Griffis C L.Surface structure effects on close-range reflectance as a function of soil organic matter content[J]. American Society of Agricultural Engineer,1991,34:641-649.
Hagen,L.J.A wind erosion prediction system to meet the user’s need.[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation.1991,46(2):107-111.
Johnson,J.W.Sand movement on coastal dunes.Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference[M].US Dept.Agric.Misc.Publ.1965,(970):747-755.
Lyles,L.Threshold Velocities and Initial Particle Motion as Influence by Air Turbulence[J].Trans,ASSE,1987,14(3):563
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Pasak,V.Wind Erosion on Soils[J].VUM Zbraslaav,Scientific Monographs,1973,3:78-89.
Pye,K..Aolian dust and dust deposits[J].London:Academic Press. 1987
Pye,K.and Tsoar,H.Aeolian Sand and Sand Dunes[J].London,Hyman Unwin,1990
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