双螺杆挤出熔融理论的可视化研究
|
摘要
双螺杆挤出中的熔融是理论研究的薄弱点之一，其主要原因是在相当长的一段时间内人们对熔融现象无法作直接的观察。本文作者利用所在的北京化工大学塑料机械及塑料工程研究所自行研制的三向全程可视化双螺杆挤出机进行实验观察，描述并分析了同向双螺杆挤出的固体输送和熔融现象，在此基础上对熔融过程作了较深入的理论研究，提出了一些新的学术观点与理论。
本文的主要观点和工作结果如下：
(1) 提出同向双螺杆挤出的熔融过程中物料运动具有多种形式的观点。造成物料运动多样性的根本原因是双螺杆复杂的几何关系和运动关系导致正常挤出时大部分螺槽的非充满，加料量因而成为一个独立的工艺操作变量。本文初步总结了在熔融阶段几种常见的运动形式，并把它们分为连续的和非连续的两大类。有了运动形式多样性的思想，在实际生产中，可以通过控制设备参数(如螺杆组合)、加工条件(如加料量)等方法使物料以预计的形式运动；在理论研究中，则指出应针对不同的运动形式建立不同的物理与数学模型。
(2) 分析了与熔融有着密切关系的固体输送现象，提出了固体输送的两区物理模型。物料自加料口加入机筒即进入散粒体区，在此区域中，物料几乎作完全的正位移运动，重力在这一过程中起了重要的作用。随着温度的升高，物料与螺杆间、料粒之间开始有轻微的粘连而形成环流，此区域被称为粘连区，固体物料形成环流是粘连区的特点。
(3) 通过实验观察，发现在同向双螺杆挤出的熔融阶段，未熔物料(无论是粒料还是粉料)始终散布在熔料(熔体)中。这是因为物料在通过啮合区时受到挤压、阻挡，啮合区对固、液两相产生物理掺混的作用。在双螺杆挤出的熔融段，没有一个明显的固、液相间的分界面，这是与单螺杆挤出现象的不同之处。
(4) 物料的连续型运动形式出现于较大加料量时，这意味着可以获得较大的挤出产量。本文就熔融段中物料的两种连续型运动形式，根据能量方程和运动方程分别建立平动模型和平动滚动模型，并作了数学求解和理论计算，最
The study on polymer's melting in twin-screw extrusion has been one of difficulties in theory researches, mainly because we couldn't observe the melting phenomena directly. With the three-dimension successive windowed twin-screw extruder, which is developped by the Institute of Plastics Machinery and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, the author carrys on several extrusion experiments. In this thesis the solid conveying and melting phenomena of twin screw extrusion are observed, described and analized. Melting process is studied theoretically,and several new ideas are presented. Main study results are as follows :
1. There are several flow patterns at melting section in co-rotating twin screw extrusion. This is caused mainly by the complex geometry and motion relations of the twin screw, and thus feeding rate is independent. Flow patterns in melting section are classified into two types, continuous and uncontinuous. With the idea of manifold flow patterns, we can try to let polymer flowing in planned pattern by means of controlling screw configuration and processing conditions, feeding rate, for instance. When we do theory research, the idea let us understand that we should establish different physical and mathematical models for different flow patterns.
2. The phenomena of solid conveying are analized and solid conveying physical model — two region model — is established. In the first region, we call it dispersed
solid region, polymer moves at almost entire positive displacement, and gravity plays an important role here. In the second region polymer pellets adhere to the screw and other pellets slightly, and move round along the " 8 " -shaped channel. This region
is called adhesive solid region.
3. We observe that the solid pellets (powder consists of small pellets also) which haven't melted always distribute in melt, because of the intermeshing zone's physical
本文的主要观点和工作结果如下：
(1) 提出同向双螺杆挤出的熔融过程中物料运动具有多种形式的观点。造成物料运动多样性的根本原因是双螺杆复杂的几何关系和运动关系导致正常挤出时大部分螺槽的非充满，加料量因而成为一个独立的工艺操作变量。本文初步总结了在熔融阶段几种常见的运动形式，并把它们分为连续的和非连续的两大类。有了运动形式多样性的思想，在实际生产中，可以通过控制设备参数(如螺杆组合)、加工条件(如加料量)等方法使物料以预计的形式运动；在理论研究中，则指出应针对不同的运动形式建立不同的物理与数学模型。
(2) 分析了与熔融有着密切关系的固体输送现象，提出了固体输送的两区物理模型。物料自加料口加入机筒即进入散粒体区，在此区域中，物料几乎作完全的正位移运动，重力在这一过程中起了重要的作用。随着温度的升高，物料与螺杆间、料粒之间开始有轻微的粘连而形成环流，此区域被称为粘连区，固体物料形成环流是粘连区的特点。
(3) 通过实验观察，发现在同向双螺杆挤出的熔融阶段，未熔物料(无论是粒料还是粉料)始终散布在熔料(熔体)中。这是因为物料在通过啮合区时受到挤压、阻挡，啮合区对固、液两相产生物理掺混的作用。在双螺杆挤出的熔融段，没有一个明显的固、液相间的分界面，这是与单螺杆挤出现象的不同之处。
(4) 物料的连续型运动形式出现于较大加料量时，这意味着可以获得较大的挤出产量。本文就熔融段中物料的两种连续型运动形式，根据能量方程和运动方程分别建立平动模型和平动滚动模型，并作了数学求解和理论计算，最
The study on polymer's melting in twin-screw extrusion has been one of difficulties in theory researches, mainly because we couldn't observe the melting phenomena directly. With the three-dimension successive windowed twin-screw extruder, which is developped by the Institute of Plastics Machinery and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, the author carrys on several extrusion experiments. In this thesis the solid conveying and melting phenomena of twin screw extrusion are observed, described and analized. Melting process is studied theoretically,and several new ideas are presented. Main study results are as follows :
1. There are several flow patterns at melting section in co-rotating twin screw extrusion. This is caused mainly by the complex geometry and motion relations of the twin screw, and thus feeding rate is independent. Flow patterns in melting section are classified into two types, continuous and uncontinuous. With the idea of manifold flow patterns, we can try to let polymer flowing in planned pattern by means of controlling screw configuration and processing conditions, feeding rate, for instance. When we do theory research, the idea let us understand that we should establish different physical and mathematical models for different flow patterns.
2. The phenomena of solid conveying are analized and solid conveying physical model — two region model — is established. In the first region, we call it dispersed
solid region, polymer moves at almost entire positive displacement, and gravity plays an important role here. In the second region polymer pellets adhere to the screw and other pellets slightly, and move round along the " 8 " -shaped channel. This region
is called adhesive solid region.
3. We observe that the solid pellets (powder consists of small pellets also) which haven't melted always distribute in melt, because of the intermeshing zone's physical
引文
1 朱复华．双螺杆挤出机及其理论基础(连载一)．塑料科技，1981，(4)：25～37
2 Schenkel G. Kunstoffe Extrudertechnik. Munish: Hanser Verlag, 1963
3 Ermenger R. Chem Ing Tech. 1964, 36: 175
4 刘廷华．双螺杆挤出可视化实验研究与非充满固体输送及熔融理论研究：[学位论文]．北京：北京化工大学，1995
5 Todd D B, Baumann D K. Twin Screw Reinforced Plastics Compounding. PES, 1978, 18(4): 321～325
6 L P B M詹森．双螺杆挤出．北京：轻工业出版社，1987
7 Booy M L. Geometry of Fully Wiped Twin-Screw Equipment. PES, 1978, 18(12): 973
8 Denson C D, Hwang B K. The Influence of the Axial Pressure Gradient on Flow Rate for Newtonian Liquids in a Self Wiping, Co-Rotating Twin-Screw Extruder. PES, 1980, 20 (14): 965
9 Mizuguchi H, Hashimoto N, Mizoguchi M, et al. The Study of Twin Extruder TEX, with Counter Rotation Screws and Co-rotation Screws. JSW Technical Review, No 42
10 Maheshri J C. Wyman C E. Mixing in an Intermeshing Twin Screw Extruder Chamber: Combined Cross and Down Channel Flow. PES, 1980, 20(9): 601～607
11 Booy M L. Isothermal Flow of Viscous Liquids in Corotating Twin Screw Devices. PES, 1980, 20(18): 1220～1228
12 Rauwendaal C J. Analysis and Experimental Evaluation of Twin Screw Extruders. PES, 1981, 21(16): 1092～1100
13 Schmidt L R, Lovgren E M, Meissner P G. U S Patent No.4443592. 1984
14 耿孝正，张沛．塑料混合及设备．北京：中国轻工业出版社，1993
15 Szydlowski W, White J L. An Improve Theory of Metering in an Intermeshing Corotating Twin-Screw Extruder. Adv Polym Technol, 1987, 7: 177
16 White J L, Szydlowski W. Adv Polym Technol, 1987, 7: 419
17 Kalyon D, Gotsis A, Gogos C, et al. SPE ANTEC Tech Papers, 1988, 34: 34
18 Kalyon D, Gotsis A, Gogos C, et al. Adv Polym Technol, 1988, 8: 337
19 Meijer H E H, Elemans P H M. The Modeling of ContinuousMixers. Part Ⅰ: The Corotating Twin-Screw Extruder. PES, 1988, 28(5): 275～290
20 Lawal A, Kalyon D M, Ji Z. Computational Study of Chaotic Mixing in Co-Rotating Two-Tipped Kneading Paddles: Two-Dimensional Approach. PES, 1993, 33(3): 140～148
21 Li T, Zloczower I. Flow Field Analysis of an Intermeshing Counterrotating Twin Screw Extruder. PES, 1994, 34(7): 551～558
22 Chu L, Min K. Non-Newtonian and Isothermal Analysis of Flow of Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) in a Model Twin Screw Extruder. Part Ⅰ. PES, 1994, 34(12): 986～994
23 Fukuoka T, Min K. Numerical Nonisothermal Flow Analysis of Non-Newtonian Fluid in a Nonintermeshing Counter-Rotating Twin Screw Extruder. PES, 1994, 34(13): 1033～1046
24 Hating P, Fritz H G. Simulation of Polymer Flow in Co-Rotating Twin-Screw Extruders. In: The 12th Annual Meeting of The PPS. Italy, 1996. 381
25 Goffart D, Wal D J V, Klomp E M, et al. Three-Dimensional Flow Modeling of a Self-Wiping Corotating Twin-Screw Extruder. Part Ⅰ: The Transporting Section. PES, 1996, 36 (7): 901
26 Funatsu K, Liu L J, Higashi H. Three-Dimensional Simulation and Its Application to Performance Evaluation of Various Twin Screw Extruders. In: The 12th Annual Meeting of The PPS. Italy, 1996. 329
27 Chiruvella R V, Jaluria Y, Karwe M V, et al. Transport in a Twin-Screw Extruder for the Processing of Polymers. PES, 1996, 36 (11): 1531
28 Bourry D, Favis B D. Development of the Morphology of an Immiscible Binary Blend during Twin-Screw Extrusion. In: The 12th Annual Meeting of The PPS. Italy, 1996. 111
29 Huneault M A, Champagne M F, Luciani A. Polymer Blend Mixing and Dispersion in the Kneading Section of a Twin-Screw Extruder. PES, 1996, 36 (12): 1694
30 朱复华．双螺杆挤出机及其理论基础(连载二)．塑料科技，1982，(1)：38～48
31 朱复华．双螺杆挤出机及其理论基础(连载三、四)．塑料科技，1982，(2)：23～41
32 朱复华．双螺杆挤出机及其理论基础(连载五)．塑料科技，1983，(2)：44～55
33 朱复华．双螺杆挤出机及其理论基础(连载六)．塑料科技，1983，(4)：21～34
34 郑柯，盛昌泗．示踪元素检测聚合物在挤出机内停留时间诸．塑料工业，1985，(2)：22～27
35 柳和生．异向旋转双螺杆挤出机理的研究：[学位论文]．上海：上海交通大学，1988
36 桑瑞菊．啮合异向旋转双螺杆挤出机熔体输送机理的研究：[学位论文]．北京：北京化工大学，1987
37 王蓉．同向旋转双螺杆挤出机的捏合盘熔体输送特性及混合特性的研究：[学位论文]．北京：北京化工大学，1989
38 刘廷华，朱复华．啮合型同向旋转双螺杆挤塑螺槽非充满的固体输送的理论研 究(Ⅰ、理论模型)．中国塑料，1996，10(6)：81
39 刘廷华，朱复华．啮合型同向旋转双螺杆挤塑螺槽非充满的固体输送的理论研究(Ⅱ、应力场和速度场求解)．中国塑料，1997，11(1)：76
40 任冬云．双螺杆挤出的非充满熔融理论的研究：[学位论文]．北京：北京化工大学，1997
41 朱复华，房世增．单螺杆塑化挤出理论的研究(Ⅰ)．高分子材料科学与工程，1986，2(3)1～6
42 朱复华，房世增．单螺杆塑化挤出理论的研究(Ⅱ)．高分子材料科学与工程，1987，3(4)：22～33
43 朱复华，江顺亮，刘廷华．可视化挤出机促进了聚合物加工科学的研究．化工进展，1997，(1)：5
44 Fuhua Zhu, Tinghua Liu, Yichong Guo, et al. Visual Experimental and Theoretical Study on Channels Filled partially of Solid Conveying and Melting Process in Twin Screw Extruder. The 12th Annual Meeting, PPS, Sorrento, Italy, 1996. 355
45 朱复华，刘廷华，郭奕崇等．同向双螺杆挤出可视化研究．塑料，1996，25(4)：9
46 Tinghua Liu, Yichong Guo, Fuhua Zhu. A New Visualization for Twin-Screw Plasticating Extrusion. In: PPS-10. Akron, U S A, 1994.55～56
47 Tinghua Liu, Yichong Guo, Ziwei Chen, et al. Visual Technological Study on Corotating Twin Screw Extrusion of UHMW-PE Gel. PCR '94. Kyoto, Japan, 1994. 378
48 Hashimoto N, Kakizaki J. Analysis of Behavior of Polymer in Twin Screw Extruder By Observing Through Transparent Cylindr．日本制钢所技报，1993，(48)
49 袁明君．单螺杆挤出的过程研究．：[学位论文]．北京：北京化工大学，1997
50 杨会战．可视化双螺杆挤出机用于几种工程塑料共混的实验研究：[学位论文]．北京：北京化工大学，1996
51 Nishio T, Suzuki Y, Kakugo M, et al. J Society of Polymer Science, 1990, 47(4): 331
52 Stephan M, Franzheim O, et al. Real-Time Morphology in Polymer Blends inside a Twin Screw Extruder—A new Innovative Approach, In: The 12th Annual Meeting of The PPS. Ltaly, 1996
53 Franzheim O, Stephan, Rische T, et al. Analysis of Morphology Development of Immiscible Blends in a Twin Screw Extruder. Advances in Polymer Technology, 1997, 1st Qurter
54 Stephan M, Jakisch L, Fischer D. In-line Infrared-Extrusion on Monitoring(IREM) of Polymer Melt Reaction. In: PPS'95 European Meeting
55 Byoungjoo K, White J L. Simulation of thermal Degradation, Peroxide Induced Degradation, and Maleation of Polypropylene in a Modular Co-Rotating Twin Screw Extruder. PES, 1997, 37 (3): 576
56 Sakai T, Hashimoto N, Kataoka K. Experimental Study on Dewatering and Devolatilizing Operations Using Intermeshed Twin Screw Extruders. Intern Polymer Processing, 1993, 8(3): 218～222
57 Sakai T.The Development of On-Line Techniques and Novel Processing Systems for the Monitoring and Handling of the Evolution of Microstructure in Nonreactive and Reactive Polymer Systems. Advances in Polymer Technology, 1995, 14 (4): 277
58 Blanch, et al. On-Line Rheological Measurements. U S Patent, 4817416. Apr. 4, 1989
59 江顺亮．单螺杆挤出理论研究：[学位论文]．北京：北京化工大学，1996
60 朱复华．螺杆设计及其理论基础．北京：轻工业出版社，1984
61 房士增．非塞流固体输送机理的研究：[学位论文]．北京：北京化工大学，1983
62 Z．塔德莫尔，C．G．戈戈斯．聚合物加工原理．耿孝正等译．北京：化学工业出版社，1990
63 陈利钦．熔融理论及动态实验方法研究：[学位论文]．北京：北京化工大学，1984
64 刘荣梅．单螺杆挤出机中的固体床破碎理论研究．：[学位论文]．北京：北京化工大学，1993
65 成都科技大学等．高分子化学及物理学．北京：轻工业出版社，1991
66 张开．高分子物理学．北京：化学工业出版社，1981
67 徐秉业．塑性力学．北京：高等教育出版社，1988
68 蒋泳秋 塑性力学基础．北京：机械工业出版社，1981
69 孙训方，方孝淑，陆洪耀．材料力学．北京：人民教育出版社，1964
70 黄炎．工程弹性力学．北京：清华大学出版社，1982
71 余同希．塑性力学．北京：高等教育出版社，1989
72 杨秀雯，梁立华．数学物理方程与特殊函数．天津：天津大学出版社，1985．
73 熊洪允，曾绍标，毛云英．应用数学基础(下)，天津：天津大学出版社，1994
74 潘亚明，朱鹤孙．化学与化工中的数学方法．北京：北京理工大学出版社，1993
75 张吉瑞．化工数值方法．北京：中国石化出版社，1995
76 钱壬章，俞昌铭，林文贵．传热分析与计算．北京：高等教育出版社，1987
77 周昆颖．传热学(上册)．北京化工大学内部教材
78 华中工学院数学教研室、软件教研室．算法语言计算方法北京：人民教育出版社，1978
79 李树钰．数值计算方法．第2版．天津：天津科学技术出版社，1994
80 金日光，华幼卿．高分子物理．北京：化学工业出版社，1991
81 中国科技大学．高聚物的结构与形态．北京：科学出版社，1981
82 金日光．高聚物流变学及其在加工中的应用．北京：化学工业出版社，1986
83 王贵恒．高分子材料成型加工原理．北京：化学工业出版社，1991
84 朱谷君．工程传热传质学．北京：航空工业出版社，1989
85 程俊国．高等传热学．重庆：重庆大学出版社，1991
86 Carslaw H S, Jaeger J C. Conduction of Heat in Solids. 2nd ed., Great Britain: Univ. Printing House, Oxford, 1959
87 李庆扬，易大义，王能超．现代数值分析．北京：高等教育出版社，1995
88 丁浩．塑料工业实用手册(上册)．北京：化学工业出版社，1995
89 Harlin A. Qualitative Analysis of twin-Screw Extruder Performance in Stabilization Pelletizing of HDPE Resins. PES, 1996, 36 (3): 403
90 邢应生．挤出过程中结构形态、流变性能的在线可视化测试方法的研究：[学位论文]．北京：北京化工大学，1997
91 郭奕崇，王克坚，刘廷华等．啮合型同向双螺杆挤出机设计中的几个问题．中国塑料，1993，7(4)：60
92 刘慧，曹达鹏，欧志英．异向双螺杆挤出机啮合原理及计算机辅助设计．中国塑料，1996，10(1)：59
93 柳和生，黄文伟．啮合型同向旋转双螺杆螺纹头数选择及螺杆间隙设计．塑料工业，1992，(6)：24
94 陈岩，崔爱玲．全啮合双螺杆螺纹外形曲线形成过程的推导．中国塑料，1988，2(3)：12
2 Schenkel G. Kunstoffe Extrudertechnik. Munish: Hanser Verlag, 1963
3 Ermenger R. Chem Ing Tech. 1964, 36: 175
4 刘廷华．双螺杆挤出可视化实验研究与非充满固体输送及熔融理论研究：[学位论文]．北京：北京化工大学，1995
5 Todd D B, Baumann D K. Twin Screw Reinforced Plastics Compounding. PES, 1978, 18(4): 321～325
6 L P B M詹森．双螺杆挤出．北京：轻工业出版社，1987
7 Booy M L. Geometry of Fully Wiped Twin-Screw Equipment. PES, 1978, 18(12): 973
8 Denson C D, Hwang B K. The Influence of the Axial Pressure Gradient on Flow Rate for Newtonian Liquids in a Self Wiping, Co-Rotating Twin-Screw Extruder. PES, 1980, 20 (14): 965
9 Mizuguchi H, Hashimoto N, Mizoguchi M, et al. The Study of Twin Extruder TEX, with Counter Rotation Screws and Co-rotation Screws. JSW Technical Review, No 42
10 Maheshri J C. Wyman C E. Mixing in an Intermeshing Twin Screw Extruder Chamber: Combined Cross and Down Channel Flow. PES, 1980, 20(9): 601～607
11 Booy M L. Isothermal Flow of Viscous Liquids in Corotating Twin Screw Devices. PES, 1980, 20(18): 1220～1228
12 Rauwendaal C J. Analysis and Experimental Evaluation of Twin Screw Extruders. PES, 1981, 21(16): 1092～1100
13 Schmidt L R, Lovgren E M, Meissner P G. U S Patent No.4443592. 1984
14 耿孝正，张沛．塑料混合及设备．北京：中国轻工业出版社，1993
15 Szydlowski W, White J L. An Improve Theory of Metering in an Intermeshing Corotating Twin-Screw Extruder. Adv Polym Technol, 1987, 7: 177
16 White J L, Szydlowski W. Adv Polym Technol, 1987, 7: 419
17 Kalyon D, Gotsis A, Gogos C, et al. SPE ANTEC Tech Papers, 1988, 34: 34
18 Kalyon D, Gotsis A, Gogos C, et al. Adv Polym Technol, 1988, 8: 337
19 Meijer H E H, Elemans P H M. The Modeling of ContinuousMixers. Part Ⅰ: The Corotating Twin-Screw Extruder. PES, 1988, 28(5): 275～290
20 Lawal A, Kalyon D M, Ji Z. Computational Study of Chaotic Mixing in Co-Rotating Two-Tipped Kneading Paddles: Two-Dimensional Approach. PES, 1993, 33(3): 140～148
21 Li T, Zloczower I. Flow Field Analysis of an Intermeshing Counterrotating Twin Screw Extruder. PES, 1994, 34(7): 551～558
22 Chu L, Min K. Non-Newtonian and Isothermal Analysis of Flow of Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) in a Model Twin Screw Extruder. Part Ⅰ. PES, 1994, 34(12): 986～994
23 Fukuoka T, Min K. Numerical Nonisothermal Flow Analysis of Non-Newtonian Fluid in a Nonintermeshing Counter-Rotating Twin Screw Extruder. PES, 1994, 34(13): 1033～1046
24 Hating P, Fritz H G. Simulation of Polymer Flow in Co-Rotating Twin-Screw Extruders. In: The 12th Annual Meeting of The PPS. Italy, 1996. 381
25 Goffart D, Wal D J V, Klomp E M, et al. Three-Dimensional Flow Modeling of a Self-Wiping Corotating Twin-Screw Extruder. Part Ⅰ: The Transporting Section. PES, 1996, 36 (7): 901
26 Funatsu K, Liu L J, Higashi H. Three-Dimensional Simulation and Its Application to Performance Evaluation of Various Twin Screw Extruders. In: The 12th Annual Meeting of The PPS. Italy, 1996. 329
27 Chiruvella R V, Jaluria Y, Karwe M V, et al. Transport in a Twin-Screw Extruder for the Processing of Polymers. PES, 1996, 36 (11): 1531
28 Bourry D, Favis B D. Development of the Morphology of an Immiscible Binary Blend during Twin-Screw Extrusion. In: The 12th Annual Meeting of The PPS. Italy, 1996. 111
29 Huneault M A, Champagne M F, Luciani A. Polymer Blend Mixing and Dispersion in the Kneading Section of a Twin-Screw Extruder. PES, 1996, 36 (12): 1694
30 朱复华．双螺杆挤出机及其理论基础(连载二)．塑料科技，1982，(1)：38～48
31 朱复华．双螺杆挤出机及其理论基础(连载三、四)．塑料科技，1982，(2)：23～41
32 朱复华．双螺杆挤出机及其理论基础(连载五)．塑料科技，1983，(2)：44～55
33 朱复华．双螺杆挤出机及其理论基础(连载六)．塑料科技，1983，(4)：21～34
34 郑柯，盛昌泗．示踪元素检测聚合物在挤出机内停留时间诸．塑料工业，1985，(2)：22～27
35 柳和生．异向旋转双螺杆挤出机理的研究：[学位论文]．上海：上海交通大学，1988
36 桑瑞菊．啮合异向旋转双螺杆挤出机熔体输送机理的研究：[学位论文]．北京：北京化工大学，1987
37 王蓉．同向旋转双螺杆挤出机的捏合盘熔体输送特性及混合特性的研究：[学位论文]．北京：北京化工大学，1989
38 刘廷华，朱复华．啮合型同向旋转双螺杆挤塑螺槽非充满的固体输送的理论研 究(Ⅰ、理论模型)．中国塑料，1996，10(6)：81
39 刘廷华，朱复华．啮合型同向旋转双螺杆挤塑螺槽非充满的固体输送的理论研究(Ⅱ、应力场和速度场求解)．中国塑料，1997，11(1)：76
40 任冬云．双螺杆挤出的非充满熔融理论的研究：[学位论文]．北京：北京化工大学，1997
41 朱复华，房世增．单螺杆塑化挤出理论的研究(Ⅰ)．高分子材料科学与工程，1986，2(3)1～6
42 朱复华，房世增．单螺杆塑化挤出理论的研究(Ⅱ)．高分子材料科学与工程，1987，3(4)：22～33
43 朱复华，江顺亮，刘廷华．可视化挤出机促进了聚合物加工科学的研究．化工进展，1997，(1)：5
44 Fuhua Zhu, Tinghua Liu, Yichong Guo, et al. Visual Experimental and Theoretical Study on Channels Filled partially of Solid Conveying and Melting Process in Twin Screw Extruder. The 12th Annual Meeting, PPS, Sorrento, Italy, 1996. 355
45 朱复华，刘廷华，郭奕崇等．同向双螺杆挤出可视化研究．塑料，1996，25(4)：9
46 Tinghua Liu, Yichong Guo, Fuhua Zhu. A New Visualization for Twin-Screw Plasticating Extrusion. In: PPS-10. Akron, U S A, 1994.55～56
47 Tinghua Liu, Yichong Guo, Ziwei Chen, et al. Visual Technological Study on Corotating Twin Screw Extrusion of UHMW-PE Gel. PCR '94. Kyoto, Japan, 1994. 378
48 Hashimoto N, Kakizaki J. Analysis of Behavior of Polymer in Twin Screw Extruder By Observing Through Transparent Cylindr．日本制钢所技报，1993，(48)
49 袁明君．单螺杆挤出的过程研究．：[学位论文]．北京：北京化工大学，1997
50 杨会战．可视化双螺杆挤出机用于几种工程塑料共混的实验研究：[学位论文]．北京：北京化工大学，1996
51 Nishio T, Suzuki Y, Kakugo M, et al. J Society of Polymer Science, 1990, 47(4): 331
52 Stephan M, Franzheim O, et al. Real-Time Morphology in Polymer Blends inside a Twin Screw Extruder—A new Innovative Approach, In: The 12th Annual Meeting of The PPS. Ltaly, 1996
53 Franzheim O, Stephan, Rische T, et al. Analysis of Morphology Development of Immiscible Blends in a Twin Screw Extruder. Advances in Polymer Technology, 1997, 1st Qurter
54 Stephan M, Jakisch L, Fischer D. In-line Infrared-Extrusion on Monitoring(IREM) of Polymer Melt Reaction. In: PPS'95 European Meeting
55 Byoungjoo K, White J L. Simulation of thermal Degradation, Peroxide Induced Degradation, and Maleation of Polypropylene in a Modular Co-Rotating Twin Screw Extruder. PES, 1997, 37 (3): 576
56 Sakai T, Hashimoto N, Kataoka K. Experimental Study on Dewatering and Devolatilizing Operations Using Intermeshed Twin Screw Extruders. Intern Polymer Processing, 1993, 8(3): 218～222
57 Sakai T.The Development of On-Line Techniques and Novel Processing Systems for the Monitoring and Handling of the Evolution of Microstructure in Nonreactive and Reactive Polymer Systems. Advances in Polymer Technology, 1995, 14 (4): 277
58 Blanch, et al. On-Line Rheological Measurements. U S Patent, 4817416. Apr. 4, 1989
59 江顺亮．单螺杆挤出理论研究：[学位论文]．北京：北京化工大学，1996
60 朱复华．螺杆设计及其理论基础．北京：轻工业出版社，1984
61 房士增．非塞流固体输送机理的研究：[学位论文]．北京：北京化工大学，1983
62 Z．塔德莫尔，C．G．戈戈斯．聚合物加工原理．耿孝正等译．北京：化学工业出版社，1990
63 陈利钦．熔融理论及动态实验方法研究：[学位论文]．北京：北京化工大学，1984
64 刘荣梅．单螺杆挤出机中的固体床破碎理论研究．：[学位论文]．北京：北京化工大学，1993
65 成都科技大学等．高分子化学及物理学．北京：轻工业出版社，1991
66 张开．高分子物理学．北京：化学工业出版社，1981
67 徐秉业．塑性力学．北京：高等教育出版社，1988
68 蒋泳秋 塑性力学基础．北京：机械工业出版社，1981
69 孙训方，方孝淑，陆洪耀．材料力学．北京：人民教育出版社，1964
70 黄炎．工程弹性力学．北京：清华大学出版社，1982
71 余同希．塑性力学．北京：高等教育出版社，1989
72 杨秀雯，梁立华．数学物理方程与特殊函数．天津：天津大学出版社，1985．
73 熊洪允，曾绍标，毛云英．应用数学基础(下)，天津：天津大学出版社，1994
74 潘亚明，朱鹤孙．化学与化工中的数学方法．北京：北京理工大学出版社，1993
75 张吉瑞．化工数值方法．北京：中国石化出版社，1995
76 钱壬章，俞昌铭，林文贵．传热分析与计算．北京：高等教育出版社，1987
77 周昆颖．传热学(上册)．北京化工大学内部教材
78 华中工学院数学教研室、软件教研室．算法语言计算方法北京：人民教育出版社，1978
79 李树钰．数值计算方法．第2版．天津：天津科学技术出版社，1994
80 金日光，华幼卿．高分子物理．北京：化学工业出版社，1991
81 中国科技大学．高聚物的结构与形态．北京：科学出版社，1981
82 金日光．高聚物流变学及其在加工中的应用．北京：化学工业出版社，1986
83 王贵恒．高分子材料成型加工原理．北京：化学工业出版社，1991
84 朱谷君．工程传热传质学．北京：航空工业出版社，1989
85 程俊国．高等传热学．重庆：重庆大学出版社，1991
86 Carslaw H S, Jaeger J C. Conduction of Heat in Solids. 2nd ed., Great Britain: Univ. Printing House, Oxford, 1959
87 李庆扬，易大义，王能超．现代数值分析．北京：高等教育出版社，1995
88 丁浩．塑料工业实用手册(上册)．北京：化学工业出版社，1995
89 Harlin A. Qualitative Analysis of twin-Screw Extruder Performance in Stabilization Pelletizing of HDPE Resins. PES, 1996, 36 (3): 403
90 邢应生．挤出过程中结构形态、流变性能的在线可视化测试方法的研究：[学位论文]．北京：北京化工大学，1997
91 郭奕崇，王克坚，刘廷华等．啮合型同向双螺杆挤出机设计中的几个问题．中国塑料，1993，7(4)：60
92 刘慧，曹达鹏，欧志英．异向双螺杆挤出机啮合原理及计算机辅助设计．中国塑料，1996，10(1)：59
93 柳和生，黄文伟．啮合型同向旋转双螺杆螺纹头数选择及螺杆间隙设计．塑料工业，1992，(6)：24
94 陈岩，崔爱玲．全啮合双螺杆螺纹外形曲线形成过程的推导．中国塑料，1988，2(3)：12