导电聚合物—聚（3，4-二氧乙基噻吩）（PEDOT）在OLED器件中的应用
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摘要
在导电聚合物当中,聚(3,4-二氧乙基噻吩)是最具有应用前景聚合物之一。当加入聚苯磺酸以后,形成的水溶性凝胶—溶胶体系聚(3,4-二氧乙基噻吩)／聚苯乙烯磺酸(即PEDOT:PSS),可以制成导电膜,膜的透光性好,制备简单,如果其电导率能有较大提高,有望在有机发光二极管或有机光伏器件中作为电极使用。为了提高聚(3,4-二氧乙基噻吩)／聚苯乙烯磺酸凝胶—溶胶体系的电导率,使其能广泛应用于有机光电器件中,本文主要开展了以下三方面的工作：
1.通过掺杂的办法,使PEDOT:PSS的电导率从1S／cm提高到1562.5s／cm。实验在PEDOT:PSS中掺入二甲基亚砜以及乙二醇或者异丙醇,用四探针测量掺杂薄膜的电导率,最后找到了电导率最高时的最佳掺杂配比为：(PEDOT:PSS):IS: DMSO=16:5:0.8。结果表明：在150℃下处理55分钟时得到的掺杂薄膜的电导率最高,而在200℃下处理55分钟,薄膜的电导率下降,因此含有少量的掺杂溶剂有利于电导率的提高。
2.将上述的导电薄膜做为阳极应用到了聚合物电致发光器件(PLED)当中。实验表明：在PLED器件中,用厚度为240nm的PEDOT:PSS掺杂薄膜作为电极的器件其性能上与用60Ω／□的ITO电极的器件相当(240nmPEDOT:PSS的器件效率最大为1.7cd／A,而ITO器件的效率最大为1.9 cd／A)。
3.以MEH-PPV:PEO为发光层制作了PLED器件。实验发现：加入PEO后,MEH-PPV的发光峰的位置红移,从580nm移到625nm,猜测可能产生了激基复合物,同时也发现MEH-PPV:PEO=12:1的器件比没有PEO的器件效率提高了45倍。并且,相同9伏电压下,发光亮度提高了近50倍。说明PEO的加入有利器件性能的提高。
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxyth) is one of the most promising conductive polymer in organic optoelectronical devices. The mixture of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxyth) and poly (styrenesulfonate) is soluble in water. With simple processing methode, such as dip coating, spin coating, ink-jet printing etc, it can form conductive film with good transparency. In order to further improve the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS film and to further apply to PLED devices, I carried out the following research work:
1 Improving conductivity of PEDOT:PSS by doping.
By doping ethylene glycol, isopropanol or DMSO,the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS(doping) is dramatically enhanced, from 1 to 1500 s/cm. Using Four Point Probe, the conductivity film of PEDOT:PSS(doping) is respectively measured under different ratio of PEDOT:PSS and isopropanol, PEDOT:PSS and DMSO, and PEDOT:PSS and ethylene glycol,. The best ratio is (PEDOT:PSS):IS:DMSO=16:5:0.8. The conductivity of the film of PEDOT:PSS(doping) is influenced by different temperatures and different treatment time for films.The optimum condition is 150℃for 55 minutes, while the conductivty of the film treated 200℃for 55 minutes is reduced.In a word,a bit of doping remained of the film is in favor of conductivty.
2...Polymer light-emitting diode with highly conductive polymer as anode layer
Polymer light emitting diodes are fabricated by using PEDOT:PSS(doping) film as anode. When the thickness of high conductivity PEDOT:PSS(doping) film is 240nm, its performance as anode is as good as ITO.The efficiency of 240nm device is 1.7cd/A.and The efficiency of ITO device is 1.9 cd/A.
3 MEH-PPV:PEO as active layer in PLED.
The emission peak of MEH-PPV shows red shift from 580nm to 625nm when adding with PEO,which may be because of producing a exciplex. Adding a little PEO to MEH-PPV, the performance of the PLED is improved.When the The ratio of MEH-PPV:PEO is 12:1.the efficiency of PLEDis 2cd/A; But the efficiency of PLED without PEO is 0.044cd/A.So adding a small amount of PEO to MEH-PPV can improve electron injection to furtherly balance electron and hole injection, and to improve film and to reduce interface effect between films and to reduces deficiency of the MEH-PPV film possibly.
1.通过掺杂的办法,使PEDOT:PSS的电导率从1S／cm提高到1562.5s／cm。实验在PEDOT:PSS中掺入二甲基亚砜以及乙二醇或者异丙醇,用四探针测量掺杂薄膜的电导率,最后找到了电导率最高时的最佳掺杂配比为：(PEDOT:PSS):IS: DMSO=16:5:0.8。结果表明：在150℃下处理55分钟时得到的掺杂薄膜的电导率最高,而在200℃下处理55分钟,薄膜的电导率下降,因此含有少量的掺杂溶剂有利于电导率的提高。
2.将上述的导电薄膜做为阳极应用到了聚合物电致发光器件(PLED)当中。实验表明：在PLED器件中,用厚度为240nm的PEDOT:PSS掺杂薄膜作为电极的器件其性能上与用60Ω／□的ITO电极的器件相当(240nmPEDOT:PSS的器件效率最大为1.7cd／A,而ITO器件的效率最大为1.9 cd／A)。
3.以MEH-PPV:PEO为发光层制作了PLED器件。实验发现：加入PEO后,MEH-PPV的发光峰的位置红移,从580nm移到625nm,猜测可能产生了激基复合物,同时也发现MEH-PPV:PEO=12:1的器件比没有PEO的器件效率提高了45倍。并且,相同9伏电压下,发光亮度提高了近50倍。说明PEO的加入有利器件性能的提高。
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxyth) is one of the most promising conductive polymer in organic optoelectronical devices. The mixture of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxyth) and poly (styrenesulfonate) is soluble in water. With simple processing methode, such as dip coating, spin coating, ink-jet printing etc, it can form conductive film with good transparency. In order to further improve the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS film and to further apply to PLED devices, I carried out the following research work:
1 Improving conductivity of PEDOT:PSS by doping.
By doping ethylene glycol, isopropanol or DMSO,the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS(doping) is dramatically enhanced, from 1 to 1500 s/cm. Using Four Point Probe, the conductivity film of PEDOT:PSS(doping) is respectively measured under different ratio of PEDOT:PSS and isopropanol, PEDOT:PSS and DMSO, and PEDOT:PSS and ethylene glycol,. The best ratio is (PEDOT:PSS):IS:DMSO=16:5:0.8. The conductivity of the film of PEDOT:PSS(doping) is influenced by different temperatures and different treatment time for films.The optimum condition is 150℃for 55 minutes, while the conductivty of the film treated 200℃for 55 minutes is reduced.In a word,a bit of doping remained of the film is in favor of conductivty.
2...Polymer light-emitting diode with highly conductive polymer as anode layer
Polymer light emitting diodes are fabricated by using PEDOT:PSS(doping) film as anode. When the thickness of high conductivity PEDOT:PSS(doping) film is 240nm, its performance as anode is as good as ITO.The efficiency of 240nm device is 1.7cd/A.and The efficiency of ITO device is 1.9 cd/A.
3 MEH-PPV:PEO as active layer in PLED.
The emission peak of MEH-PPV shows red shift from 580nm to 625nm when adding with PEO,which may be because of producing a exciplex. Adding a little PEO to MEH-PPV, the performance of the PLED is improved.When the The ratio of MEH-PPV:PEO is 12:1.the efficiency of PLEDis 2cd/A; But the efficiency of PLED without PEO is 0.044cd/A.So adding a small amount of PEO to MEH-PPV can improve electron injection to furtherly balance electron and hole injection, and to improve film and to reduce interface effect between films and to reduces deficiency of the MEH-PPV film possibly.
引文
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[2]徐景坤,蒲守智,申亮,肖强,聚(3,4-二氧乙基噻吩)在有机光电子领域的应用进展,化学研究,2005,1：94-98
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[6]R. Kieboom, A. Aleshin, K. Hutohison, F. Wudl, A. Heeger, Doped poly((3, 4-alkylenedioxythiophen)films:thermalelectromagneticaland morphologiealanalysis, Synthetic Metal,1999,101:436-437
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[2]徐景坤,蒲守智,申亮,肖强,聚(3,4-二氧乙基噻吩)在有机光电子领域的应用进展,化学研究,2005,1：94-98
[3]C.W. Kwon, G. CamPet, B.B.Kate, Structure of thin film of poly((3, 4-alkylenedioxythiophen), Active and Passive Electronic Components 2003, 26:81-8
[4]C. Aleman, E. Armelin, J. I. Iribarre, F. Liesa, M. Laso, J. Casanovas, Structural and electronic ProPerties poly((3,4-alkylenedioxythiophen) and thioPheneoligomer:Atheoretieal investigation,2005,149:151-156
[5]M. Skomspka. J. Miecakowski. R. Holze, J. Heizen, In situ conductance stidies of p-and n-doping of poly((3,4-alkylenedioxythiophen), Journal of Eleectoannalyticalchemisty,2005,577:9-17
[6]R. Kieboom, A. Aleshin, K. Hutohison, F. Wudl, A. Heeger, Doped poly((3, 4-alkylenedioxythiophen)films:thermalelectromagneticaland morphologiealanalysis, Synthetic Metal,1999,101:436-437
[7]X. Crispin, S. Marciniak, W. Marciniak, G. ZOtti, A. W. Denier, Van. DerGon, F. Louwe, M. Fahlman, L. Groenendal, ED. Sehryve, W. R. Salaneek, Conduetivity, morphology, interfacial chemistry and stability of poly((3,4-alkylenedioxythiophen)-poly(styrenesulfonate):A Photoeleetron speetroscopy study Joumal of Polymer Science:PartB:Polymer Physics 2003, 41:2561—2583
[8]G. Agalya, C. Lv, X.Wang, M. KoyamaM. Kubo, A.Miyamot.Theoretical study on the electronic and molecular ProPerties of ground and excited states of ethelenedioxythiophene and styrenesulphonic acid Applied Surface Science, 2005,244:195—198
[9]M. M. de Kok, M. Buechell, S. I. E. Vulto, P. van de Weijer, E. A. Meulenkamp, S. H. P. M. de Winter, A. J. G. Mank, H. J. M. Vorstenbosch, C. H. L. Weijtens, V. van Elsbergen, Phys. Stat. Sol. (A) 2004,201,1342.
[10]Zhengchun Liu, Yi Su, Kody Varahramyan. Inkjet-printed silver conductors using silver nitrate ink and theirelectrical contacts with conducting polymers, Thin Solid Films,2005 478:275-279
[11]C. S. Lee, J. Y. Kim, D. E. Lee, J. Joo, B. G. Wagh, S.Han, Y. W. Beag, S. K. Koh, Flexible and transparent organic film speaker by using highly conducting PEDOT/PSS as electrode, Synthetic Metals 2003 139:457-461
[12]M. K. Fung, S. L. Lai, S. W. Tong, M. Y. Chan, C. S. Lee, S. T. Lee. Anode modification of polyfluorene-based polymer light-emitting devices, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol.81, No.8,19 August 2002
[13]刘新福；杜占平：李为民,半导体测量技术原理与应用,冶金工业出版社2007 1
[14]Henry J. Snaith, Henry Kenrick, Marco Chiesa, Richard H. Friend. Morphological and electronic consequences of modifications to the polymer anode, Polymer 2005 46:2573-2578
[15]Tiejun Wang, Yingqun Qi, Jingkun Xu, Xiujie Hu, Ping Chen. Effects of poly(ethylene glycol) on electrical conductivity of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonic acid) film, Applied Surface Science 2005250:188-194
[16]Jianyong Ouyang, Qianfei Xu, Chi-Wei Chu, Yang Yang, Gang Li, Joseph Shinar. Onthemechanismofconductivityenhancementinpoly(3,4-ethylenedioxythio phene):poly(styrene sulfonate) film through solvent treatment, Polymer 2004 45:8443-8450
[17]Sang-Soo Jeon, Sang-Il Han, Yong Hyun Jin, Seung Soon Im. Polycarbonate-based conductive film prepared by coating DBSA-doped PEDOT/sorbitol. Synthetic Metals 148 (2005) 287-291
[18]S. Timpanaro, M. Kemerink, F. J. Touwslager, M. M. De Kok, S. Schrader. Morphology and conductivity of PEDOT/PSS films studied by scanning-tunnel ing microscopy, Chemical Physics Letters 394 (2004) 339-343
[19]A.M. Nardes, M. Kemerink, M. M. de Kok, E. Vinken, K. Maturova, R. A. J. Janssen. Conductivity, work function, and environmental stability of PEDOT:PSS thin films treated with sorbitol. Organic Electronics 9 (2008) 727-734
[20]Leif A. A. Pettersson, Soumyadeb Ghosh. Optical anisotropy in thin films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(4-styrenesulfonate). Organic Electronics 3 (2002) 143-148
[21]Shawn Sapp and Silvia Luebben, Ya. B. Losovyj, P. Jeppson, D. L. Schulz, and A.N. Caruso. work function and implications of doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-co-poly(Ethylene glycol), APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 88,152107 (2006)
[22]张伟,李保铭,程雷,郑玉婴,乙二醇掺杂使PEDOT/PSS电导率提高的机理究,2008年全国高分子材料科学与工程研讨会(10.15-10.18,贵阳)
[23]铁军,齐英群,徐景坤,胡秀杰,陈萍.聚乙二醇对PEDOT-PSS导电性能的影响,科学通报,第48卷第19期 2003年10月
[24]Alexander Colsmann, Florian Stenzel, Gerhard Balthasar, Hung Do, Uli LemmerPlasmapatterningofPoly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(styrenesulfo nate) anodes for efficient polymer solar cells, Thin Solid Films 517 (2009) 1750-1752
[25]YijieXiaand Jianyong Ouyang, Significant Conductivity Enhancement ofConductivePoly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)Poly(styrenesulfonate)Filmsthr oughaTreatment with Organic Carboxylic Acids andlnorganic Acids, Applied Materials 2010 2.2:474-483
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