三个与水稻株型相关突变体的鉴定与基因克隆
|
摘要
随着水稻基因组测序计划的全面完成,阐明基因的生物学功能成为后基因组时代的重要研究内容,而水稻的株型是构成产量的主要因素,对水稻株型发育的分子机理的了解可以为育种提供理论基础。我们从T-DNA插入水稻突变体库中,筛选到三个与株型相关的突变体:短穗Bulrush-like panicle2(Bp2)、大叶角larger leaf angles(11a)和茎秆螺旋twisted-stem and tiller angle(ts-ta),并对这3个突变体进行了形态学鉴定、遗传分析和初步的生理学研究,克隆了Bp2和11a基因并进行了部分功能研究。主要结果如下:
1.Bp2突变体表现为半矮化、穗型短而密集、叶片窄、抽穗延迟等特点,且花器官数目增加,结实率低,穗轴和枝梗伸长受到抑制,该突变体属于dn矮化类型,并发现突变体对温度敏感;遗传分析证实Bp2是稳定遗传的且受一对不完全显性核基因控制;Bp2和对照植株用GA3处理,野生型植株的株高GA_3处理比没有处理的增加17%,而Bp2处理与未处理植株的株高变化不显著,初步确定Bp2对外源GA_3不敏感;
2.对Bp2突变体自交和杂交后代植株进行Basta抗性分析,并用PCR和Southern杂交证明Bp2突变体的表型与T-DNA共分离;利用TAIL-PCR扩增Bp2突变体中T-DNA插入位置的旁侧序列,结果T-DNA插入到第5染色体的一个同源异型盒转录因子基因中;RT-PCR扩增Bp2基因的cDNA,并对Bp2编码产物进行了同源性分析;用RT-PCR分析了的器官表达,表明OsBp2在根、茎、叶、穗中呈组成型表达;
3.利用酵母自激活研究了转录因子OsBp2的激活功能,pGBKT-Bp2可以成功激活报告基因的表达;研究了其他禾谷类作物是否舆OsBp2的同源基因,结果野生稻中含有该同源基因,而小麦、玉米、高粱、甘蔗无明显的同源基因;构建了OsBp2基因的双链RNA干涉载体和超量表达载体,遗传转化正在进行;
4.对11a突变体的特征进行了鉴定,11a植株半矮化、叶角度大、叶片微卷和抽穗期延迟,突变体矮化类型也属于dn类型;GA_3处理的11a突变体株高可以部分恢复;11a可稳定遗传且受一对隐性核基因控制;Basta抗性分析和PCR分析表明11a的表型与T-DNA共分离;11a的旁侧序列分析发现T-DNA插入到第一染色体的一个WRKY转录因子基因中,根据已有报道,将该基因命名为OsWRKY11;用RT-PCR扩增11a的cDNA序列,并对11a编码产物进行了同源性分析;用RT-PCR分析了11a的器官表达特性,表明OsWRKY11在根、茎、叶、穗中呈组成型表达;用GFP进行亚细胞定位表明OsWRKY11在细胞核内发挥作用;
5.对ts-ta突变体进行了鉴定,突变体苗期叶鞘弯曲、螺旋生长,分蘖期表现为分蘖角度变大、半矮化、迟抽穗、育性较差等特点;苗期取弯曲生长的叶鞘进行石蜡切片,发现弯曲部位的细胞排列紧密;ts-ta是稳定遗传的且受一对隐性核基因控制;Basta抗性分析表明突变体与T-DNA不是共分离。
With accomplish of the rice genome sequence project, elucidating the molecular basis of gene biological functions was the next challenge in post genomic era. Plant-type was the main factor in rice yield. Elucidated the molecular mechanisms of plant-type development will provide the theoretical fundament for rice breeding. Three mutants related to plant-type, i.e. Brush-like panicle2 (Bp2), large leaf angles(lla) and twisted-stem and tiller angle(ts-ta) , were isolated from our T-DNA insertion mutant populations. The morphology , genetic and physiology of three mutants involved were analyzed. Mainly results were as follows:1. Bp2 showed semi-dwarf, short and dense panicle, narrow leaf, late heading and low fertility.Compared with the wild type, the floral organ number was increased in Bp2. Interestingly, Bp2 mutant showed thermo-sensitive. Genetic analysis of Bp2 mutant showed that Bp2 was stably inherited and the phenotype was regulated by a nuclear incomplete dominant gene. Bp2 and wild-type were treated with exogenous GA_3 at internodes elongation stages. The results demonstrated that Bp2 plants were insensitive to exogenous GA_3.2. The Basta reactions suggested that Bp2 mutant was co-segregated with the T-DNA insertion. PCR and Southern blotting confirmed the results. The sequence flanking T-DNA indicated that T-DNA inserted in a putative homebox transcription gene in rice chromosome 5. The cDNA of OsBp2 gene was amplified by RT-PCR. The OsBp2 transcriptions were detected in all organs which been tested.3. The OsBp2 ORF was fused in pGBKT7 DNA-BD sequence and transformed into yeast. The pGBKT7-Bp2 can successfully active the expression of report gene. The OsBp2 genes homologous were investigated in grass family. RNA interference vector and over-expressing vector were constructed.4. lla show semi-dwarf, large angles, rolled leaf and late heading. Bp2 and wild-type were treated by exogenous GA_3 at seedling and heading stage. Although the lla mutant sensitive to exogenous GA_3 at different concentrations, GA_3 tested plant height and leaf angles in lla couldn't restore to the corresponding wild type. Genetic analysis of lla showed that lla can stable inherits and the lla mutant was regulated by a recessive nuclear gene. Basta reactions suggested that lla mutant was co-segregated with T-DNA insertion. PCR experiment confirmed the results. The sequence flanking T-DNA indicated that T-DNA inserted in a rice WRKY transcription gene in rice chromosome 1. The cDNA of LLA was amplified used by RT-PCR. The homologous proteins were also identified. The transcripts of OsWRKYll were detected in all organs which been tested. Subcellar location analysis showed that OsWRKY11 actives in nucleus.5. ts-ta showed twisted sheath at seedling stages and large tiller angles at adults, ts-ta also showed semi-dwarf, late heading and low fertility. The sections of sheath at seeding in ts-ta exhibits epidermis cells in twisted part was small, as a result the epidermis cells was arranged dense.
1.Bp2突变体表现为半矮化、穗型短而密集、叶片窄、抽穗延迟等特点,且花器官数目增加,结实率低,穗轴和枝梗伸长受到抑制,该突变体属于dn矮化类型,并发现突变体对温度敏感;遗传分析证实Bp2是稳定遗传的且受一对不完全显性核基因控制;Bp2和对照植株用GA3处理,野生型植株的株高GA_3处理比没有处理的增加17%,而Bp2处理与未处理植株的株高变化不显著,初步确定Bp2对外源GA_3不敏感;
2.对Bp2突变体自交和杂交后代植株进行Basta抗性分析,并用PCR和Southern杂交证明Bp2突变体的表型与T-DNA共分离;利用TAIL-PCR扩增Bp2突变体中T-DNA插入位置的旁侧序列,结果T-DNA插入到第5染色体的一个同源异型盒转录因子基因中;RT-PCR扩增Bp2基因的cDNA,并对Bp2编码产物进行了同源性分析;用RT-PCR分析了的器官表达,表明OsBp2在根、茎、叶、穗中呈组成型表达;
3.利用酵母自激活研究了转录因子OsBp2的激活功能,pGBKT-Bp2可以成功激活报告基因的表达;研究了其他禾谷类作物是否舆OsBp2的同源基因,结果野生稻中含有该同源基因,而小麦、玉米、高粱、甘蔗无明显的同源基因;构建了OsBp2基因的双链RNA干涉载体和超量表达载体,遗传转化正在进行;
4.对11a突变体的特征进行了鉴定,11a植株半矮化、叶角度大、叶片微卷和抽穗期延迟,突变体矮化类型也属于dn类型;GA_3处理的11a突变体株高可以部分恢复;11a可稳定遗传且受一对隐性核基因控制;Basta抗性分析和PCR分析表明11a的表型与T-DNA共分离;11a的旁侧序列分析发现T-DNA插入到第一染色体的一个WRKY转录因子基因中,根据已有报道,将该基因命名为OsWRKY11;用RT-PCR扩增11a的cDNA序列,并对11a编码产物进行了同源性分析;用RT-PCR分析了11a的器官表达特性,表明OsWRKY11在根、茎、叶、穗中呈组成型表达;用GFP进行亚细胞定位表明OsWRKY11在细胞核内发挥作用;
5.对ts-ta突变体进行了鉴定,突变体苗期叶鞘弯曲、螺旋生长,分蘖期表现为分蘖角度变大、半矮化、迟抽穗、育性较差等特点;苗期取弯曲生长的叶鞘进行石蜡切片,发现弯曲部位的细胞排列紧密;ts-ta是稳定遗传的且受一对隐性核基因控制;Basta抗性分析表明突变体与T-DNA不是共分离。
With accomplish of the rice genome sequence project, elucidating the molecular basis of gene biological functions was the next challenge in post genomic era. Plant-type was the main factor in rice yield. Elucidated the molecular mechanisms of plant-type development will provide the theoretical fundament for rice breeding. Three mutants related to plant-type, i.e. Brush-like panicle2 (Bp2), large leaf angles(lla) and twisted-stem and tiller angle(ts-ta) , were isolated from our T-DNA insertion mutant populations. The morphology , genetic and physiology of three mutants involved were analyzed. Mainly results were as follows:1. Bp2 showed semi-dwarf, short and dense panicle, narrow leaf, late heading and low fertility.Compared with the wild type, the floral organ number was increased in Bp2. Interestingly, Bp2 mutant showed thermo-sensitive. Genetic analysis of Bp2 mutant showed that Bp2 was stably inherited and the phenotype was regulated by a nuclear incomplete dominant gene. Bp2 and wild-type were treated with exogenous GA_3 at internodes elongation stages. The results demonstrated that Bp2 plants were insensitive to exogenous GA_3.2. The Basta reactions suggested that Bp2 mutant was co-segregated with the T-DNA insertion. PCR and Southern blotting confirmed the results. The sequence flanking T-DNA indicated that T-DNA inserted in a putative homebox transcription gene in rice chromosome 5. The cDNA of OsBp2 gene was amplified by RT-PCR. The OsBp2 transcriptions were detected in all organs which been tested.3. The OsBp2 ORF was fused in pGBKT7 DNA-BD sequence and transformed into yeast. The pGBKT7-Bp2 can successfully active the expression of report gene. The OsBp2 genes homologous were investigated in grass family. RNA interference vector and over-expressing vector were constructed.4. lla show semi-dwarf, large angles, rolled leaf and late heading. Bp2 and wild-type were treated by exogenous GA_3 at seedling and heading stage. Although the lla mutant sensitive to exogenous GA_3 at different concentrations, GA_3 tested plant height and leaf angles in lla couldn't restore to the corresponding wild type. Genetic analysis of lla showed that lla can stable inherits and the lla mutant was regulated by a recessive nuclear gene. Basta reactions suggested that lla mutant was co-segregated with T-DNA insertion. PCR experiment confirmed the results. The sequence flanking T-DNA indicated that T-DNA inserted in a rice WRKY transcription gene in rice chromosome 1. The cDNA of LLA was amplified used by RT-PCR. The homologous proteins were also identified. The transcripts of OsWRKYll were detected in all organs which been tested. Subcellar location analysis showed that OsWRKY11 actives in nucleus.5. ts-ta showed twisted sheath at seedling stages and large tiller angles at adults, ts-ta also showed semi-dwarf, late heading and low fertility. The sections of sheath at seeding in ts-ta exhibits epidermis cells in twisted part was small, as a result the epidermis cells was arranged dense.
引文
1 陈温福,徐正进,张龙步.水稻超高产育种生理基础.沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社,1995.
2 仇玉萍 荆邵娟 付坚 李璐 余迪求.13个水稻WRKY因的克隆及其表达谱分析.科学通报,2004,49(18):1860～1869
3 董国军,藤本宽,滕胜,胡兴明,曾大力,郭龙彪,钱前.水稻剑叶角度的QTL分析.中国水稻科学,2003,17:219～222
4 李正理.植物制片技术.北京:科学出版社,1978:129～138.
5 卢阳江,郑康乐.一种简易提取水稻DNA的方法.中国水稻科学,1992,6(1):47～48
6 孙林静.水稻理想株型及其育种模式.天津农业科学,1998,4(2):52～54
7 汪得凯,付亚萍,胡国成,斯华敏,孙宗修.水稻茎秆螺旋突变体ts-ta的鉴定及其遗传分析.中国水稻科学,2005b(In press)
8 汪得凯,李付振,孙宗修.基因打靶技术在植物基因功能研究中的应用.生命科学,2004,16(4):236～240
9 汪得凯,张红心,胡国成,付亚萍,斯华敏,孙宗修.一个水稻大叶角度突变体11a的遗传分析及基因克隆.科学通报,2005a,50(4):399～401
10 王江,李琳,宛新杉,安林升,张景六,洪孟民.插入玉米Ds转座因子的水稻转化群体及其分子分析.植物生理学报,2000,26(6):501～506
11 吴海滨,朱汝财,赵德刚.TILLING技术的原理与方法评述.分子植物育种,2004,2(4):574～580
12 张宁,杨泽.Tilling技术及其在遗传学中的应用.生命的化学.2004,24(6):516～517
13 张秀海,孙勇如.植物基因打靶研究现状.生物工程进展,1999,19(4):57～61
14 郑娥香,杨志行,朱治平,傅中滇.水稻bicoid反义基因转基因植株胚胎发育的形态变化.植物学通报,2001,18(6):707～713
15 郑雷英,朱旭东,钱前,赵忠,张建军,胡筱荷,林鸿宣,罗达.水稻穗部突变体-Cl的形态和定位分析.科学通报.2003,48(3):264～267.
16 朱正歌,肖晗,傅亚萍,胡国成,于永红,斯华敏,张景六,孙宗修.水稻转座子突变体库的构建及突变类型的遗传分析.生物工程学报,2001,17(3):288～292
17 Afolabi A S, Worland B, Snape J W, Vain P. A large-scale study of rice plants transformed with different T-DNAs provides new insights into locus composition and T-DNA linkage configurations. Theor Appl Genet, 2004; 109(4): 815～826.
18 Agrawal GK, Yamazaki M, Kobayashi M, Hirochika R, Miyao A, Hirochika H. Screening of the rice viviparous mutants generated by endogenous retrotransposon Tos17 insertion, Tagging of a zeaxanthin epoxidase gene and a novel OsTATC gene. Plant Physiol, 2001, 125:1248～1257.
19 Ahn O, Miyoshi K, Itoh J I, Nagato Y, Kurata N. A genetic and physical map of the region containing PLASTOCHRON1, a heterochronic gene, in rice(Oryza sativa L.). Theor Appl Genet, 2002, 105(5): 654～659
20 Alonso J M, Stepanova A N, Leisse T J, Kim C J, Chen H, Shinn P, Stevenson D K, Zimmerman J, Barajas P, Cheuk R, Gadrinab C, Heller C, Jeske A, Koesema E, Meyers C C, Parker H, Prednis L, Ansari Y, Choy N, Deen H, Geralt M, Hazari N, Hom E, Karnes M, Mulholland C, Ndubaku R, Schmidt I, Guzman P, Aguilar-Henonin L, Schmid M, Weigel D, Carter D E, Marchand T, Risseeuw E, Brogden D, Zeko A, Crosby W L, Berry C C, Ecker J R. Genome-wide insertional mutagenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana. Science, 2003, 301(5633): 653～657
21 An G, Lee S, Kim SH, Kim SR. Molecular genetics using T-DNA in rice. Plant Cell Physiol, 2005, 46(1): 14～22
22 Asai K, Satoh N, Sasaki H, Satoh H, Nagato Y. A rice heterochronic mutant, moril, is defective in the juvenile-adult phase change. Development, 2002, 129(1): 265～273
23 Ashikari M, Wu J, Yano M, Sasaki T, Yoshimura A. Rice gibberellin-insensitive dwarf mutant gene Dwarf 1 encodes the alpha-subunit of GTP-binding protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1999, 96(18): 10284～10289.
24 Barakat A, Gallois P, Raynal M, Mestre-Ortega D, Sallaud C, Guiderdoni E, Delseny M, Bernardi G. The distribution of T-DNA in the genomes of transgenic Arabidopsis and rice. FEBS Lett, 2000, 471(2-3): 161～164
25 Barthels N, van der Lee F M, Klap J, Goddijn O J M, Karimi M, Puzio P, Grundler F M W, Ohl S A, Lindsey K, Robertson L, Robertson W M, Van Montagu M, Gheysen G, . Sijmons P C. Regulatory sequences of Arabidopsis drive reporter gene expression in nematode feeding structures. Plant Cell, 1997, 9(12): 2119～2134
26 Bernstein E, Caudy A A, Hammond S M, Hannon G J. Role for a bidentate ribonuclease in the initiation step of RNA interference. Nature, 2001, 409(6818): 363～366
27 Bird C R, Ray J A, Fletcher J D, Boniwell J M, Bird A S, Teulieres C, Blain I, Bramley P M, Schuch W. Using antisense RNA to study gene function: inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis in transgenic tomatoes. BioTechnology, 1991, 9(7): 635～639
28 Bommert P, Satoh-Nagasawa N, Jackson D, Hirano H Y. Genetics and evolution of inflorescence and flower development in grasses. Plant Cell Physiol, 2005, 46(1): 69～78.
29 Borevitz J O, Liang D, Plouffe D, Chang H S, Zhu T, Weigel D, Berry C C, Winzeler E, Choryl J. Large-scale identification of single-feature polymorphisms in complex genomes. Genome Res, 2003, 13(3): 513～523
30 Boutros M, Kiger A A, Armknecht S, Kerr K, Hild M, Koch B, Haas S A, Consortium H F, Paro R, Perrimon N. Genome-wide RNAi analysis of growth and viability in Drosophila cells. Science, 2004, 303(5659): 832～835
31 Brunaud V, Balzergue S, Dubreucq B, Aubourg S, Samson F, Chauvin S, Bechtold N, Cruaud C, DeRose R, Pelletier G, Lepiniec L, Caboche M, Lecharny A. T-DNA integration into the Arabidopsis genome depends on sequences of pre-insertion sites. EMBO Rep, 2002, 3(12), 1152-1157
32 Capecchi M R. Altering the genome by homologous recombination. Science, 1989, 244(4910): 1288～1292.
33 Chen S, Jin W, Wang M, Zhang F, Zhou J, Jia Q, Wu Y, Liu F, Wu P. Distribution and characterization of over 1000 T-DNA tags in rice genome. Plant J, 2003, 36(I): 105～13
34 Chin H G, Choe M S, Lee S H, Park S H, Koo J C, Kim N Y, Lee J J, Oh B G, Yi G H, Kim S C. Molecular analysis of rice plants harboring an Ac/Ds transposable element-mediated gene trapping system. Plant J, 1999, 19(5):615～623
35 Coen E S, Nugent J M. Evolution of flowers and inflorescences. Development(Suppl), 1994, 107～116
36 Colbert T, Till B J, Tompa R, Reynolds S, Steine M N, Yeung A T, McCallum C M, Comai L, Henikoff S. High-throughput screening for induced point mutations. Plant Physiol, 2001, 126(2): 480～484
37 Comai L, Young K, Till B J, Reynolds S H, Greene E A, Codomo C A, Enns L C, Johnson J E, Burtner C, Odden A R, Henikoff S. Efficient discovery of DNA polymorphisms in natural populations by Ecotilling. Plant, J, 2004, 37(5): 778～786
38 Cotten M, Birustiel M L. Ribozyme mediated destruction of RNA in vivo. EMBO J, 1989, 8(12): 3861～3866
39 Courtney-Gutterson N, Napoli C, Lemieux C, Morgan A, Firoozabady E, Robinson K E. Modification of flower color in florist's chrysanthemum: Production of a white-flowering varity through molecular genetics. Biotechnology, 1994, 12(3): 268～271
40 Day A G, Bejarano E R, Buck K W, Burrell M, Lichtenstein C P. Expression of an antisense viral gene in transgenic tobacco confers resistance to the DNA virus tomato golden mosaic virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1991, 88(15): 6721～6725
41 De Buck S, Jacobs A, Van Montagu M, Depicker A. The DNA sequences of T-DNA junctions suggest that complex T-DNA loci are formed by a recombination process resembling T-DNA integration. Plant, J, 1999, 20(3): 295～304
42 Dong J, Chen C, Chen Z. Expression profiles of the Arabidopsis WRKY gene superfamily during plant defense response. Plant Mol Biol, 2003, 51(1): 21～37.
43 Douglas S J, Chuck G, Dengler R E, Pelecanda L, Riggs C D. KNAT1 and ERECTA regulate inflorescence architecture in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 2002, 14(3): 547～558
44 Earp D, Lowe B, Baker B. Amplification of genomic sequences flanking transposable elements in host and heterologous plants: a tool for transposon tagging and genome characterization. Nucl Acids Res, 1990, 18(11): 3271～3279
45 Elbashir S M, Martinez J, Patkaniowska A, Lendeckel W, Tuschl T. Functional anatomy of siRNAs for mediating efficient RNAi in Drosophila melanogaster embryo lysate. EMBO J. 2001; 20(23): 6877～6888
46 Enoki H, Izawa T, Kawahara M, Komatsu M, Koh S, Kyozuka J, Shimamoto K. Ac as a tool for the functional genomics of rice. Plant J, 1999, 19(5): 605～613
47 Eulgem T, Rushton PJ, Robatzek S, Somssich IE. The WRKY superfamily of plant transcription factors. Trends Plant Sci, 2000, 5(5): 199～206.
48 Feng Q, Zhang Y, Hao P, Wang S, Fu G, Huang Y, Li Y, Zhu J, Liu Y, Hu X, Jia P, Zhang Y, Zhao Q, Ying K, Yu S, Tang Y, Weng Q, Zhang L, Lu Y, Mu J, Lu Y, Zhang LS, Yu Z, Fan D, Liu X, Lu T, Li C, Wu Y, Sun T, Lei H, Li T, Hu H, Guan J, Wu M, Zhang R, Zhou B, Chen Z, Chen L, Jin Z, Wang R, Yin H, Cai Z, Ren S, Lv G, Gu W, Zhu G, Tu Y, Jia J, Zhang Y, Chen J, Kang H, Chen X, Shao C, Sun Y, Hu Q, Zhang X, Zhang W, Wang L, Ding C, Sheng H, Gu J, Chen S, Ni L, Zhu F, Chen W, Lan L, Lai Y, Cheng Z, Gu M, Jiang J, Li J, Hong G, Xue Y, Han B. Sequence and analysis of rice chromosome 4. Nature, 2002, 420(6913): 316～320
49 Fire A, Xu S, Montgomery MK, Kostas SA, Driver SE, Mello CC. Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature, 1998, 391(6669): 806～811
50 Fujisawa Y, Kato T, Ohki S, Ishikawa A, Kitano H, Sasaki T, Asahi T, Iwasaki Y. Suppression of the heterotrimeric G protein causes abnormal morphology, including dwarfism, in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1999, 96(13): 7575～7580
51 Furutani I, Watanabe Y, Prieto R, Masukawa M, Suzuki K, Naoi K, Thitamadee S, Shikanai T, Hashimoto T. The SPIRAL genes are required for directional control of cell elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Development, 2000, 127(20): 4443～4453
52 Gilchrist E J, Haughn G W. TILLING without a plough: a new method with applications for reverse genetics. Curr Opin Plant Biol, 2005, 8(2): 211～215
53 Goff S A, Ricke D, Lan T H, Presting G, Wang R, Dunn M, Glazebrook J, Sessions A, Oeller P, Varma H, Hadley D, Hutchison D, Martin C, Katagiri F, Lange B M, Moughamer T, Xia Y, Budworth P, Zhong J, Miguel T, Paszkowski U, Zhang S, Colbert M, Sun W L, Chen L, Cooper B, Park S, Wood T C, Mao L, Quail P, Wing R, Dean R, Yu Y, Zharkikh A, Shen R, Sahasrabudhe S, Thomas A, Cannings R, Gutin A, Pruss D, Reid J, Tavtigian S, Mitchell J, Eldredge G, Scholl T, Miller R M, Bhatnagar S, Adey N, Rubano T, Tusneem N, Robinson R, Feldhaus J, Macalma T, Oiiphant A, Briggs S. A draft sequence of the rice genome(Oryza sativa L.ssp japonia). Science, 2002(5565): 296:92-100
54 Goldfarb A N and Lewandowska K. Nuclear redirection of a cytoplasmic helix-loop-helix protein via heterodimerization with a nuclear localizing partner. Exp Cell Res, 1994, 214(2), 481～485
55 Greco R, Ouwerkerk PB, Taal AJ, Favalli C, Beguiristain T, Puigdomenech P, Colombo L, Hoge JH, Pereira A. Early and multiple Ac transpositions in rice suitable for efficient insertional mutagenesis. Plant Mol. Biol, 2001, 46(6): 215～227
56 Greene E A, Codomo C A, Taylor N E, Henikoff J G, Till B J, Reynolds S H, Enns L C, Burtner C, Johnson J E, Odden A R, Comai L, Henikoff S. Spectrum of chemically induced mutations from a large-scale reverse-genetic screen in Arabidopsis. Genetics, 2003, 164(2): 731～740
57 Halfter U, Morris P C, Willmitzer L. Gene targeting in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Gen Genet, 1992, 231(2): 186～193
58 Hamilton A J, Lycett G W, Grierson D. Antisense gene that inhibits synthesis of the hormone ethylene in transgenic plants. Nature, 1990, 346:284～287
59 Hanin M, Volrath S, Bogucki A, Briker M, Ward E, Paszkowski J. Gene targeting in Arabidopsis. Plant J, 2001, 28(6): 671～677
60 Henikoff J G, Greene EA, Pietrokovski S, Henikoff S. Increased coverage of protein families with the blocks database servers. Nucleic Acids Res, 2000, 28(1): 228～230
61 Henikoff S, Comai L. Single-nucleotide mutations for plant functional genomics. Annu Rev Plant Biol, 2003, 54:375～401
62 Henikoff S, Till B J, Comai L. TILLING-Traditional mutagenesis meets functional genomics. Plant Physiol, 2004, 135(2): 630～636
63 Hirochika H, Sugimoto K, Otsuki Y, Tsugawa H, Kanda M. Retrotransposons of rice involved in mutations induced by tissue culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1996, 93(15): 7783～7788
64 Hirochika H. Contribution of the Tos17 retrotransposon to rice functional genomics. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol, 2000, 4(2): 118～122
65 Hirockika H. Retrotransposons of rice: their regulation and use for genome analysis. Plant Mol Biol, 1997, 35(1-2): 231～240
66 Hong Z, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Shimizu-Sato S, Inukai Y, Fujioka S, Shimada Y, Takatsuto S, Agetsuma M, Yoshida S, Watanabe Y, Uozu S, Kitano H, Ashikari M, Matsuoka M. Loss-of-function of a rice brassinosteroid biosynthetic enzyme, C-6 oxidase, prevents the organized arrangement and polar elongation of cells in the leaves and stem. Plant J, 2002, 32(4):495～508
67 Hong Z, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Umemura K, Uozu S, Fujioka S, Takatsuto S, Yoshida S, Ashikari M, Kitano H, Matsuoka M. A rice brassinosteroid-deficient mutant, ebisu dwarf(d2), is caused by a loss of function of a new member of cytochrome P450. Plant Cell, 2003, 15(12): 2900～2910
68 Huang S, Cerny RE, Bhat DS, Brown SM. Cloning of a Arabidopsis patatin-like, STURDY, by activation T-DNA tagging. Plant Physiol, 2001, 125(2): 573～584
69 Ikeda A, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Sonoda Y, Kitano H, Koshioka M, Futsuhara Y, Matsuoka M, Yamaguchi J. slender rice, a constitutive gibberellin response mutant, is caused by a null mutation of the SLR1 gene, an ortholog of the height-regulating gene GAI/RGA/KHT/D8. Plant Cell, 2001, 13(5): 999～1010
70 Inukai Y, Miwa M, Nagato Y, Kitano H, Yamauchi A. Characterization of rice mutants deficient in the formation of crown roots. Breed Sci, 2001, 51(2): 123～129
71 Inukai Y, Miwa M, Nagato Y, Kitano H, Yamauchi A. RRL1, RRL2 and CRL2 loci regulating root elongation in rice. Breed Sci, 2001, 51(2): 231～239
72 Inukai Y, Sakamoto T, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Shibata Y, Gomi K, Umemura I, Hasegawa Y, Ashikari M, Kitano H, Matsuoka M. Crown rootlessl, which is essential for crown root formation in rice, is a target of an AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR in auxin signaling. Plant Cell, 2005, 17(5): 1387～1396
73 Ishiguro S, Nakamura K. Characterization of a cDNA encoding a novel DNA-binding protein, SPF1, that recognizes SP8 sequences in the 5'upstream regions of genes coding for sporamin and beta-amylase from sweet potato. Mol Gen Genet, 1994, 244(6): 563～571.
74 Ito Y, Eiguchi M, Kurata N. Establishment of an enhancer trap system with Ds and GUS for functional genomics in rice. Mol Genet Genomics, 2004, 271(6): 639～650
75 Itoh H, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Sentoku N, Kitano H, Matsuoka M, Kobayashi M. Cloning and functional analysis of two gibberellin 3 beta-hydroxylase genes that are differently expressed during the growth of rice. Proc Natl A cad Sci U S A, 2001, 98(15): 8909-8914
76 Itoh J I, Hasegawa A, Kitano H, Nagato Y. A recessive heterochronic mutation, plastochronl, shortens the plastochron and elongates the vegetative phase in rice. Plant Cell, 1998, 10(9): 1511～1522
77 Izant J G, Weintraub H. Constitutive and conditional suppression of exogenous and endogenous genes by anti-sense RNA. Science, 1985, 229(4711): 345～352
78 Jeon J S, Lee S, Jung K H, Jun S H, Jeong D H, Lee J, Kim C, Jang S, Yang K, Nam J, An K, Han M J, Sung R J, Choi H S, Yu J H, Choi J H, Cho S Y, Cha S S, Kim S I, An G. T-DNA insertional mutagenesis for functional genomics in rice. Plant J, 2000, 22(6): 561～570
79 Jeon JS, Gynheung A. Gene tagging in rice: a high throughput system for functional genomics. Plant Sci, 2001, 161(2): 211～219
80 Jeong D H, An S, Kang HG, Moon S, Han J J, Park S, Lee H S, An K, An G. T-DNA insertional mutagenesis for activation tagging in rice. Plant Physiology, 2002; 130(4): 1636～1644
81 Jiang H, Wang S, Dang L, Wang S, Chen H, Wu Y, Jiang X, Wu P. A Novel Short-Root Gene Encodes a Glucosamine-6-Phosphate Acetyitransferase Required for Maintaining Normal Root Cell Shape in Rice. Plant Physiol, 2005, 138(1): 232～242
82 Jin J, Zhu C, Zhang H X, Sun Z X. Preliminary study on a gravity-insensitive rice mutant. Journal of Zhejiang University, 2004, 5(2): 144～148
83 Jin W Z, Wang S M, Xu M, Duan R J, Wu P. Characterization of enhancer trap and gene trap harboring Ac/Ds transposon in transgenic rice. J Zhejiang Univ Sci, 2004, 5(4): 390～399
84 Johnson C S, Kolevski B, Smyth D R. TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA2, a trichome and seed coat development gene of Arabidopsis, encodes a WRKY transcription factor. Plant Cell, 2002, 14(6): 1359～1375.
85 Jung K H, Hur J, Ryu CH, Choi Y, Chung Y Y, Miyao A, Hirochika H, An G. Characterization of a Rice Chlorophyll-Deficient Mutant Using the T-DNA Gene-Trap System. Plant Cell Physiol, 2003, 44(5): 463～472
86 K. Shimamoto(Ed.). Molecular Biology of Rice. Tokyo: Springer Press, 1999
87 Kamath R S, Ahringer J. Genorne-wide RNAi screening in Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods, 2003, 30(4):313～321
88 Kardailsky I, Shukla V K, Ahn J H, Dagenais N, Christensen S K, Nguyen J T, Chory J, Harrison M J, Weigel D. Activation tagging of the floral inducer FT. Science, 1999, 286(5446): 1962～1965
89 Kato C, Mizutani T, Tamaki H, Kumagai H, Kamiya T, Hirobe A, Fujisawa Y, Kato H, Iwasaki Y. Characterization ofheterotrimeric G protein complexes in rice plasma membrane. Plant J, 2004, 38(2): 320～331
90 Kempin S A, Liljegren S J, Block L M, Rounsley S D, Yanofsky M F, Lam E. Targeted disruption in Arabidopsis. Nature, 1997, 389(6653): 802～803
91 Kerstetter R A, Vollbrecht E, Lowe B, Veit B, Yamaguchi J, Hake S. Sequence analysis and expression patterns divide the maize knottedl-like homeobox genes into two classes. Plant Cell, 1994, 6(12):1877～1887
92 Ketting R F, Fischer S E, Bernstein E, Sijen T, Hannon G J, Plasterk R H. Dicer functions in RNA interference and in synthesis of small RNA involved in developmental timing in C. elegans. Genes Dev, 2001, 15(20): 2654～2659
93 Kim C M, Piao H L, Park S J, Chon N S, Je B I, Sun B, Park S H, Park J Y, Lee E J, Kim M J, Chung W S, Lee K H, Lee Y S, Lee J J, Won Y J, Yi G, Nam M H, Cha Y S, Yun D W, Eun M Y, Han CD. Rapid, large-scale generation of Ds transposant lines and analysis of the Ds insertion sites in rice. Plant J, 2004, 39(2): 252～263
94 Kinoshita T. Linkage mapping using mutant genes in rice. Rice Genet Newsl, 1998, 15:13～75
95 Kishimoto, N, Shimosaka E, Matsuura S, Saito A. A current RFLP linkage map of rice Alignment of the molecular map with the classical map. Rice Genet Newsl, 1992, 9:118～124
96 Knutzon D S, Thompson G A, Radke S E, Johnson W B, Knauf V C, Kridl J C. Modification of Brassica seed oil by antisense expression of a stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1992, 89(7): 2624～2628
97 Kobayashi S, Fukuta Y, Morita S, Sato T, Osaki M, Khush G S. Quantitative trait loci affecting flag leaf development in rice(Oryza sativa L.). Breed Sci, 2003, 53:255～262
98 Kohli A, Xiong J, Greco R, Christou P, Pereira A. Tagged transcriptome display(TTD) in indica rice using Ac transposition. Mol. Genet. Genomics, 2001, 266(1): 1～11
99 Kolesnik T, Szeverenyi I, Bachmann D, Kumar CS, Jiang S, Ramamoorthy R, Cai M, Ma Z G, Sundaresan V, Ramachandran S. Establishing an efficient Ac/Ds tagging system in rice: large-scale analysis of Ds flanking sequences. Plant J, 2004, 37(2): 301～314
100 Komatsu M, Chujo A, Nagato Y, Shimamoto K, Kyozuka J. FRIZZY PANICLE is required to prevent the formation of axillary meristems and to establish floral meristem identity in rice spikelets. Development, 2003, 130(16): 3841～350
101 Komatsu M, Maekawa M, Shimamoto K, Kyozuka J. The LAX1 and FRIZZY PANICLE2 genes determine the inflorescence architecture of rice by controlling rachis-branch and spikelet development. Dev Biol, 2001, 231(2): 364～373
102 Kononov M E, Bassuner B, Gelvin S B. Integration of T-DNA binary vector "backbone' sequences into the tobacco genome: evidence for multiple complex patterns of integration. Plant J, 1997, 11(5): 945～957
103 Kurata N, Miyoshi K, Nonomura K, Yamazaki Y, Ito Y. Rice mutants and genes related to organ development, morphogenesis and physiological traits. Plant Cell Physiol, 2005, 46(1):48～62.
104 Laufs P, Autran D, Traas J. A chromosomal paracentric inversion associated with T-DNA integration in Arabidopsis. Plant J, 1999, 18(2): 131～139
105 Laux T, Mayer K F X, Berger J, Jurgens G. The WUSCHEL gene is required for shoot and floral meristem integrity in Arabidopsis. Development, 1996, 122(1), 87～96.
106 Lee H, Suh S S, Park E, Cho E, Ahn J H, Kim S G, Lee J S, Kwon Y M, Lee I. The AGAMOUS-like 20 MADS domain protein integrates floral inductive pathways in drabidopsis. Genes Dev, 2000, 14(18): 2366～2376
107 Lee K Y, Lurid P, Lowe K, Dunsmuir P. Homologous recombination in plant cells after Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Plant Cell, 1990, 2(5): 415～425
108 Lee N S, Dohjima T, Bauer G, Li H, Li M, Ehsani A, Salvaterra P, Rossi J. Expression of small interfering RNAs targeted against HIV-1 rev transcripts in human cells. Nature Biotech, 2002, 20(5): 500～505
109 Lee S, Jung K H, An G, Chung YY. Isolation and characterization of a rice cysteine protease gene, OsCP1, using T-DNA gene-trap system. Plant Mol Biol, 2004, 54(5): 755～765
110 Lee S, Kim J, Son J S, Nam J, Jeong D H, Lee K, Jang S, Yoo J, Lee J, Lee D Y, Kang H G, An G. Systematic reverse genetic screening of T-DNA tagged genes in rice for functional genomic analyses: MADS-box genes as a test case. Plant Cell Physiol, 2003, 44(12): 1403-1411
111 Li X, Qian Q, Fu Z, Wang Y, Xiong G, Zeng D, Wang X, Liu X, Teng S, Hiroshi F, Yuan M, Luo D, Han B, Li J. Control of tillering in rice. Nature, 2003a, 422(6932): 618～621
112 Li Y, Qian Q, Zhou Y, Yan M, Sun L, Zhang M, Fu Z, Wang Y, Han B, Pang X, Chen M, Li J. BRITTLE CULM1, which encodes a COBRA-like protein, affects the mechanical properties of rice plants. Plant Cell, 2003b, 15(9): 2020～2031
113 Li Z K, Paterson A H, Pinson S R M, Stansel J W. RFLP facilitated analysis of tiller and leaf angles in rice(Oryza sativa L). Euphytical, 1999b, 9(2): 79～84
114 Li Z, Paterson A H, Pinson S R M, Khush G S. A major gene, Tα1 and QTLs affecting tiller and leaf angles in rice. Rice Genet Newsl, 1999a, 15:154～156
115 Liu L, White M J, MacRae T H. Transcription factors and their genes in higher plants-functional domains, evolution and regulation. Eur d Biochem, 1999(2), 262, 247～257
116 Liu Y G, Mitsukawa N, Oosumi T, Whittier R F. Efficient isolation and mapping of Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA insert junctions by thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR. Plant J, 1995, 8(3): 457～463
117 Long J A, Moan E I, Medford J I, Barton M K. A member of the KNOTTED class of homeodomain proteins encoded by the S TMgene of Arabidopsis. Nature, 1996, 379(6560): 66～69
118 Maekawa M. A new allele at the lg locus conferring short ligules, Rice Genet Newsl, 1988, 5:87～89
119 Mahmoud S S, Croteau R B. Metabolic engineering of essential oil yield and composition in mint by altering expression of deoxyxylulose phosphate reductoisomerase and menthofuran synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2001, 98(15): 8915～8920
120 Mare C, Mazzucotelli E, Crosatti C, Francia E, Stanca AM, Cattivelli L. Hv-WRKY38: a new transcription factor involved in cold-and drought-response in barley. Plant Mol Biol, 2004, 55(3): 399～416.
121 Margis-Pinheiro M, Zhou X R, Zhu Q H, Dennis E S, Upadhyaya N M. Isolation and characterization of a Ds-tagged rice(Oryza sativa L.) GA-responsive dwarf mutant defective in an early step of the gibberellin biosynthesis pathway. Plant Cell Rep, 2005, 23(12): 819～833
122 Marx J. Interfering with gene expression. Science, 2000, 288(5470): 1370～1372
123 Matsumoto N, Okada K. A homeobox gene, PRESSED FLOWER, regulates lateral axis-dependent development of Arabidopsis flowers. Genes Dev, 2001, 15(24), 3355～3366.
124 Mayer K FX, Schoof H, Haecker A, Lenhard M, Jurgens G, Laux T. Role of WUSCHEL in regulating stem cell fate in the Arabidopsis shoot meristem. Cell, 1998, 95(6), 805～815.
125 McCallum C M, Comai L, Greene E A. Henikoff S. Targeted screening for induced mutations. Nat Biotechnol, 2000a, 18(4): 455～457
126 McCailum C M, Comai L, Greene E A. Henikoff S. Targeting induced local lesions IN genomes(TILLING) for plant functional genomics. Plant Physiol, 2000b, 123(2): 439～342
127 Meinke D W, Meinke L K, Showalter T C, Schissel A M, Mueller L A, Tzafrir I. A sequence-based map of Arabidopsis genes with mutant phenotypes. Plant Physiol, 2003, 131(2): 409～418
128 Mele G, Ori N, Sato Y, Hake S. The knottedl-like homeobox gene BREVIPEDICELLUS regulates cell differentitation by modulating metabolic pathways. Genes Dev, 2003, 17(17): 2088-2093
129 Meshi T, lwabuchi M. Plant transcription factors. Plant Cell Physiol, 1995, 36(8): 1405～1420
130 Miao Y, Laun T, Zimmermann P, Zentgraf U. Targets of the WRKY53 transcription factor and its role during leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. Plant Mol Biol, 2004, 55(6): 853～867.
131 Miao Z H, Lam E. Targeted disruption of the TGA3 locus in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J, 1995; 7(2): 359～365
132 Middendorf L R, Bruce J C, Bruce R C, Eckles R D, Grone D L, Roemer S C, Sloniker G D, Steffens D L, Sutter S L, Brumbaugh J A. Continuous, on-line DNA sequencing using a versatile infrared laser scanner/electrophoresis apparatus. Electrophoresis, 1992, 13(8): 487～494
133 Miura, K, Ashikari M, Matsuoka M, Hsing Y I C. Mapping of the lazy gene, la. Rice Genet Newsl. 2003, 20: 29～30.
134 Miyao A, Tanaka K, Murata K, Sawaki H, Takeda S, Abe K, Shinozuka Y, Onosato K, Hirochika H. Target site specificity of the Tos17 retrotransposon shows a preference for insertion within genes and against insertion in retrotransposon-rich regions of the genome. Plant Cell, 2003, 15(8): 1771～1780
135 Miyoshi K, Ahn BO, Kawakatsu T, Ito Y, Itoh J, Nagato Y, Kurata N. PLASTOCHRON1, a timekeeper of leaf initiation in rice, encodes cytochrome P450. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004, 101(3): 875～880
136 Mori M, Nomura T, Ooka H, Ishizaka M, Yokota T, Sugimoto K, Okabe K, Kajiwara H, Satoh K, Yamamoto K, Hirochika H, Kikuchi S. Isolation and characterization of a rice dwarf mutant with a defect in brassinosteroid biosynthesis. Plant Physiol, 2002, 130(3): 1152～1161
137 Muller K J, Romano N, Gerstner O, Garciamaroto F, Pozzi C, Salamini F, Rohde W. The barley Hooded mutation caused by a duplication in a homeobox gene intron. Nature, 1995, 374(6524): 727～730
138 Murai M and Izawa M. Effects of major genes controlling morphology on panicle in rice. Breed Sci, 1994, 44:247～255
139 Nacry P, Camilleri C, Courtial B, Caboche M, Bouchez D. Major chromosomal rearrangements induced by T-DNA transformation in Arabidopsis. Genetics, 1998, 149(2): 641～650
140 Nagasawa N, Miyoshi M, Sano Y, Satoh H, Hirano H, Sakai H, Nagato Y. SUPERWOMANI and DROOPING LEAF genes control floral organ identity in rice. Development, 2003, 130(4): 705～718
141 Nakano A, Suzuki G, Yamamoto M, Turnbull K, Rahman S, Mukai Y. Rearrangements of large-insert T-DNAs in transgenic rice. Mol Genet Genomics, 2005, 273(2): 123～129
142 Nardmann J, Ji J, Werr W, Scanlon M J. The maize duplicate genes narrow sheathl and narrow sheath2 encode a conserved homeobox gene function in a lateral domain of shoot apical meristems. Development, 2004, 131(12):2827～2839.
143 Nelson A, Roth D A, Johnson J D. Tobacco mosaic virus infection of transgenic Nicotiana plants is inhibited by antisense constructs directed at the 5'region of viral RNA. Gene, 1993, 127(2): 227～232
144 Ng P C, Henikoff S. SIFT: Predicting amino acid changes that affect protein function. Nucleic Acids Res, 2003, 31(13): 3812～3814
145 Nonomura K, Nakano M, Fukuda T, Eiguchi M, Miyao A, Hirochika H, Kurata N. An insertional mutation in the rice PAIR2 gene, the ortholog of Arabidopsis ASYI, results in a defect in homologous chromosome pairing during meiosis. Mol Genet Genomics, 2004, 271(2): 121～129
146 Oeller P W, Wong L M, Taylor L P, Pike D A, Theologis A. Reversible inhibition of tomato fruit senescence by antisense RNA. Science, 1991(5030), 254:437～439
147 Offringa R., de Groot M J A, Haagsman H J, Does M P, van den. Elzen P J M, Hooykaas P J J. Extrachromosomal homologous recombination and gene targeting in plant cells after Agrobacterium mediated transformation. EMBO J, 1990; 9(10): 3077～3084
148 Okamoto K, Freundlich M. Mechanism for the autogenous control of the crp operon: Transcriptional inhibition by a divergent RNA transcript. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1986, 83(14): 5000～5004
149 Oleykowski C A, Bronson Mullins C R, Godwin A K, Yeung A T. Mutation detection using a novel plant endonuclease. Nucleic Acids Res, 1998, 26(20): 4597～4602
150 Park J M, Cho J H, Kang S G, Jang H J, Pih K T, Piao H L, Cho M J, Hwang I. A dynamin-like protein in Arabidopsis thaliana is involved in biogenesis of thylakoid membranes. EMBO J, 1998, 17(4): 859～867
151 Park SO, Zheng Z, Oppenheimer DG, Hauser BA. The PRETTY FEW SEEDS2 gene encodes an Arabidopsis homeodomain protein that regulates ovule development. Development, 2005, 132(4):841～849
152 Pasquinelli A E. MicroRNAs: deviants no longer. Trends Genet, 2002, 18(4): 171～173
153 Paszkowski J, Baur M, Bogucki A, Potrykus, I. Gene targeting in plants. EMBO J, 1988, 7(13): 4021～4026
154 Perry J A, Wang T L, Welham T J, Gardner S, Pike J M, Yoshida S, Pamiske M. A TILLING reverse genetics tool and a web-accessible collection of mutants of the legume Lotus japonicus. Plant Physiol, 2003, 131(3): 866～871
155 Plesch G, Kamann, Mueller-roeber B. Cloning of regulatory sequences mediating guard-cell-specific gene expression. Gene, 2000, 249(1): 83～89
156 Puchta H. Gene replacement by homologous recombination in plants. Plant Mol Biol. 2002, 48(1-2): 173～182
157 Que Q, Jorgensen R A. Homology-based control of gene expression patterns in transgenic petunia flowers. Dev Genet. 1998, 22(1): 100～109
158 Ramachandran S, Hiratsuka K, Chua NH. Transcription factors in plant growth and development. Curr Opin Genet Dev, 1994, 4(5): 642～646
159 Raquel L, Gago GM, Palena CM, Gonzalez DH. Homeobox gene in plant development. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1998, 1442(1): 1～19
160 Ray A, Langer M. Homologous recombination: ends as the means. Trends in Plant Sci, 2002, 7(10): 435～440
161 Reiss B, Schubert I, Kopchen K, Wendeler E, Schell J, Puchta H. RecA stimulates sister chromatid exchange and the fidelity of double-strand break repair, but not gene targeting, in plants transformed by Agrobacterium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2000, 97(7): 3358～3363
162 Riechmann J L, Heard J, Martin G, Reuber L, Jiang C, Keddie J, Adam L, Pineda O, Ratcliffe O J, Samaha R R, Creelman R, Pilgrim M, Broun P, Zhang J Z, Ghandehari D, Sherman BK, Yu G. Arabidopsis transcription factors: genome-wide comparative analysis among eukaryotes. Science, 2000, 290(5499):2105～2110
163 Risseeuw E, Offringa R, Franke-van Dijk MEI, Hooykaas PJJ. Targeted recombination in plants using Agrobacterium coincides with additional rearrangements at the target locus. Plant J, 1995, 7(1): 109～119
164 Robatzek S, Somssich IE. A new member of the Arabidopsis WRKY transcription factor family, AtWRKY6, is associated with both senescence-and defence-related processes. Plant J, 2001, 28(2): 123～133.
165 Robatzek S, Somssich IE. Targets of AtWRKY6 regulation during plant senescence and pathogen defense. Genes Dev, 2002, 16(9): 1139～1149.
166 Rommens C M, Rudenko G N, Dijkwel P P, van Haaren M J, Ouwerkerk P B, Blok K M, Nijkamp H J, Hille J. Characterization of the Ac/Ds behaviour in transgenic tomato plants using plasmid rescue. Plant Mol. Biol. 1992, 20(1): 61～70
167 Ruf S, Kossel H, Bock R. Targeted inactivation of a tobacco intron-containing open reading frame reveals a novel chloroplast-encoded photosystem I-related gene. J Cell Biol, 1997, 139(1): 95～102
168 Rutherford R, Masson P H. Arabidopsis thaliana sku mutant seedlings show exaggerated surface-dependent alteration in root growth vector. Plant Physiol, 1996, 111(4): 987～998.
169 Sakata K, Nagamura Y, Numa H, Antonio B A, Nagasaki H, Idonuma A, Watanabe W, Shimizu Y, Horiuchi I, Matsumoto T, Sasaki T, Higo K. RiceGAAS: an automated annotation system and database for rice genome sequence. Nucl. Acids Res, 2002, 30(1): 98～102
170 Sallaud C, Gay C, Larmande P, Bes M, Piffanelli P, Piegu B, Droc G, Regad F, Bourgeois E, Meynard D, Perin C, Sabau X, Ghesquiere A, Glaszmann J C, Delseny M, Guiderdoni E. High throughput T-DNA insertion mutagenesis in rice: a first step towards in silico reverse genetics. Plant J. 2004, 39(3): 450～464
171 Sanchez A C, Khush G S. A gene for collarless phenotype in rice. Rice Genet Newsl, 1998, 15:99～100
172 Sasaki A, Ashikari M, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Itoh H, Nishimura A, Swapan D, Ishiyama K, Saito T, Kobayashi M, Khush G S, Kitano H, Matsuoka M. Green revolution: a mutant gibberellin-synthesis gene in rice. Nature, 2002, 416(6882): 701～702
173 Sasaki A, Itoh H, Gomi K, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Ishiyama K, Kobayashi M, Jeong D H, An G, Kitano H, Ashikari M, Matsuoka M. Accumulation of phosphorylated repressor for gibberellin signaling in an F-box mutant. Science, 2003, 299(5614): 1896～1898
174 Sasaki T, Matsumoto T, Yamamoto K, Sakata K, Baba T, Katayose Y, Wu J, Niimura Y, Cheng Z, Nagamura Y, Antonio BA, Kanamori H, Hosokawa S, Masukawa M, Arikawa K, Chiden Y, Hayashi M, Okamoto M, Ando T, Aoki H, Arita K, Hamada M, Harada C, Hijishita S, Honda M, Ichikawa Y, Idonuma A, Iijima M, Ikeda M, Ikeno M, Ito S, Ito T, Ito Y, Ito Y, Iwabuchi A, Kamiya K, Karasawa W, Katagiri S, Kikuta A, Kobayashi N, Kono I, Machita K, Maehara T, Mizuno H, Mizubayashi T, Mukai Y, Nagasaki H, Nakashima M, Nakama Y, Nakamichi Y, Nakamura M, Namiki N, Negishi M, Ohta I, Ono N, Saji S, Sakai K, Shibata M, Shimokawa T, Shomura A, Song J, Takazaki Y, Terasawa K, Tsuji K, Waki K, Yamagata H, Yamane H, Yoshiki S, Yoshihara R, Yukawa K, Zhong H, Iwama H, Endo T, Ito H, Hahn JH, Kim HI, Eun MY, Yano M, Jiang J, Gojobori T. The genome sequence and structure of rice chromosome 1. Nature, 2002, 420(6913): 312～316
175 Sato Y, Sentoku N, Miura Y, Hirochika H, Kitano H, Matsuoka M. Loss-of-function mutations in the rice homeobox gene OSH15 affect the architecture of internodes resulting in dwarf plants. EMBO J, 1999, 18(4): 992～1002
176 Savin K W, Baudinette S C, Graham M W, Michael M Z, Nugent G D, Lu CY, Chandler S F, Cornish E C. Antisense ACC oxidase RNA delays carnation petal senescence. HortScience, 1995, 30(5): 970～972
177 Schneeberger R, Tsiantis M, Freeling M, Langdale J A. The rough sheath2 gene negatively regulates homeobox gene expression during maize leaf development. Development, 1998, 125(15): 2857～2865
178 Sedbrook J C, Carroll K L, Hung K F, Masson P H, Somerville C R. The Arabidopsis SKU5 gene encodes an extracellular glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein involved in directional root growth. Plant Cell, 2002, 14(7): 1635-1648
179 Sha Y, Li S, Pei Z, Luo L, Tian Y, He C. Generation and flanking sequence analysis of a rice T-DNA tagged population. Theor Appl Genet, 2004, 108(2): 306～314.
180 Shimamoto K, Kyozuka J. Rice as a model for comparative genomics of plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol, 2002, 53:399～419
181 Slade A J, Fuerstenberg S I, Loeffler D, Steine M N, Facciotti D. A reverse genetic, nontransgenic approach to wheat crop improvement by TILLING. Nat Biotechnol, 2005, 23(1): 75～81
182 Smith H M S, Hake S. The interaction of two homeobox Genes, BREVIPEDICELLUS and PENNYWISE, regulates internode patterning in the Arabidopsis inflorescence. Plant Cell, 2003, 15(8): 1717～1727
183 Springer P S. Gene traps: tools for plant development and genomics. Plant Cell, 2000, 12(7): 1007～1020
184 Stemple D L. TILLING—a high-throughput harvest for functional genomics. Nat Rev Genet, 2004, 5(2): 145～150
185 Sun C, Palmqvist S, Olsson H, Boren M, Ahlandsberg S, Jansson C. A novel WRKY transcription factor, SUSIBA2, participates in sugar signaling in barley by binding to the sugar-responsive elements of the isol promoter. Plant Cell, 2003, 15(9): 2076～2092.
186 Svitashev S K, Pawlowski W P, Makarevitch I, Plank D W, Somers D A. Complex transgene locus structures implicate multiple mechanisms for plant transgene rearrangement. Plant Journal, 2002, 32(4): 433～445
187 Szabados L, Kovacs I, Oberschall A, Abraham E, Kerekes I, Zsigmond L, Nagy R, Alvarado M, Krasovskaja I, Gal M, Berente A, Redei G P, Haim A B, Koncz C. Distribution of 1000 sequenced T-DNA tags in the Arabidopsis genome. Plant J, 2002, 32(2): 233～242.
188 Tabara H, Sarkissian M, Kelly W G, Fleenor J, Grishok A, Timmons L, Fire A, Mello C C. The rde-1 gene, RNA interference, and transposon silencing in C. elegans. Cell 1999, 99(2): 123～132
189 Takahashi M, Nagasawa N, Kitano H, Nagato Y. panicle phytomerl mutations affect the panicle architecture of rice. Theor Appl Genet, 1998, 96:1050～1056
190 Takano M, Egawa H, Ikeda J E, Wakasa K. The structures of integration sites in transgenic rice. Plant J. 1997, 11(3): 353-361
191 Takano M, Kanegae, Shinomura T, Miyao A, Hirochika H, Furuya M. Isolation and characterization of rice phytochrome A mutant. Plant Cell, 2001, 13(3): 512～534
192 Tanabe S, Ashikari M, Fujioka S, Takatsuto S, Yoshida S, Yano M, Yoshimura A, Kitano H, Matsuoka M, Fujisawa Y, Kato H, Iwasaki Y. A novel cytochrome P450 is implicated in brassinosteroid biosynthesis via the characterization of a rice dwarf mutant, dwarfll, with reduced seed length. Plant Cell, 2005, 17(3): 776～790
193 Tavanez J P, Cunha C, Silva M C, David E, Monjardino J, Carmo-Fonseca M. Hepatitis delta virus ribonucleoproteins shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. RNA, 2002, 8(5): 637～646
194 Terada R, Urawa H, Inagaki Y, Tsugane K, Iida S. Efficient gene targeting by homologous recombination in rice. Nature biotech, 2002, 20(10): 1030～1034
195 Thitamadee S, Tuchihara K, Hashimoto T. Microtubule basis for left-handed helical growth in Arabidopsis. Nature, 2002, 417(6885): 193～196.
196 Thomas C M, Jones D A, English J J, Carroll B J, Bennetzen J L, Harrison K, Burbidge A, Bishop G J, Jones J D. Analysis of the chromosomal distribution of transposon-carrying T-DNAs in tomato using the inverse polymerase chain reaction. Mol. Gen. Genet, 1994, 242(5), 573-585
197 Thomas K R, Deng C, Capecchi M R. High-fidelity gene targeting in embryonic stem cells by using sequence replacement vectors. Mol Cell Biol, 1992, 12(7): 2919～2923
198 Till B J, Burtner C, Comai L, Henikoff S. Mismatch cleavage by single-strand specific nucleases. Nucleic Acids Res, 2004, 32(8): 2632～2641
199 Till B J, Reynolds S H, Greene E A, Codomo C A, Enns L C, Johnson J E, Burtner C, Odden A R, Young K, Taylor N E, Henikoff J G, Comai L, Henikoff S. Large-scale discovery of induced point mutations with high-throughput TILLING. Genorne Res, 2003, 13(3): 524～530
200 Till B J, Reynolds S H, Weil C, Springer N, Burtner C, Young K, Bowers E, Codomo C A, Enns L C, Odden A R, Greene E A, Comai L, Henikoff S. Discovery of induced point mutations in maize genes by TILLING. BMC Plant Biol, 2004, 4:12
201 Tillib S V, Mirzabekov A D. Advances in the analysis of DNA sequence variations using oligonucleotide microchip technology. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 2001, 12(1): 53～58
202 Torri K U, Mitsukawa N, Oosumi T, Matsuura Y, Yokoyama, Whittier R F, Komeda Y. The Arabidopsis ERECTA gene encodes a putative receptor protein kinase with extracellular leucine-rich repeats. Plant Cell, 1996, 8(4): 735-746
203 Ulker B, Somssich IE. WRKY transcription factors: from DNA binding towards biological function. Curr Opin Plant Biol, 2004, 7(5): 491～498.
204 van der Fits L, Hillion F, Memelink J. T-DNA activation tagging as a tool to isolate regulators of a metabolic pathway from a genetically non-tractable plant species. Transgenic research, 2001, 10(6): 513～521.
205 Van der Krol A R, Lenting P E, Veenstra J, Van der Meer I M, Koes R E, Gerats A G M, Mol J N M, Stuitje AR. An anti-sense chalcone synthase gene in transgenic plants inhibits flower pigmentation. Nature, 1988, 333(6176): 866～869
206 van der Meer I M, Stam M E, van Tunen A J, Mol J N, Stuitje A R. Antisense inhibition of flavonoid biosynthesis in petunia anthers results in male sterility. Plant Cell, 1992, 4(3):253～262
207 Venglat S P, Dumonceaux T, Rozwadowski K, Parnell L, Babic V, Keller W, Martienssen R, Selvaraj G, Datla R. The homeobox gene BREVIPEDICELLUS is a key regulator of inflorescence architecture in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2002, 99(7): 4730～4735
208 Vergunst A C, Hooykaas P J J. Recombination in the plant genome and its application in biotechnology. Crit Rev Plant Sci, 1999, 18(1): 1～31
209 Voelckel C, Krugel T, Gase K, Heidrich N, van Dam N M, Winz R, Baldwin I T. Anti-sense expression of putrescine N-methyltransferase confirms defensiverole of nicotine in Nicotiana sylvestris against Manduca sexta. Chemoecology, 2001, 11(3): 121～126
210 Vollbrecht E, Veit B, Sinha N, Hake S C. The developmental gene Knotted 1 is a member of a maize homeobox gene family. Nature, 1991, 350(6315): 241～243
211 Wang Y G, Xing Q H, Deng Q Y, Liang F S, Yuan L P, Weng M L, Wang B. Fine mapping of the rice thermo-sensitive genic male-sterile gene tms5. Theor Appl Genet, 2003, 107(5):917～921.
212 Waterhouse P M, Graham M W, Wang M B. Virus resistance and gene silencing in plants can be induced by simultaneous expression of sense and antisense RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1998, 95(23): 13959～13964
213 Weigel D, Ahn J H, Blazquez M A, Borevitz J O, Christensen S K, Fankhauser C, Ferrandiz C, Kardailsky I, Malancharuvil E J, Neff M M, Nguyen J T, Sato S, Wang Z Y, Xia Y, Dixon R A, Harrison M J, Lamb C J, Yanofsky M F, Chory J. Activation tagging in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol, 2000, 122(4): 1003～1013
214 Wi S J, Park K Y. Antisense expression of carnation cDNA encoding ACC synthase or ACC oxidase enhances polyamine content and abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco plants. Mol Cells, 2002, 13(2): 209～220
215 Wienholds E, van Eeden F, Kosters M, Mudde J, Plasterk R H, Cuppen E. Efficient target-selected mutagenesis in zebrafish. Genome Res, 2003, 13(12): 2700～2707
216 Xu Y H, Zhu Y Y, Zhou H C, Li Q, Sun Z x, Liu Y G, Lin H X, He Z H. Identification of a 98-kb DNA segment containing the rice Eui gene controlling uppermost internode elongation, and construction of a TAC transgene sublibrary. Mol Genet Genomics, 2004, 272(2): 149～155
217 Xu Y, McCouch S R, and Shen Z. Transgressive segregation of tiller angle in rice caused by complementary gene action. Crop Sci, 1998, 38(1): 12-19.
218 Yamaguchi T, Nagasawa N, Kawasaki S, Matsuoka M, Nagato Y, Hirano H Y. The YABBY gene DROOPING LEAF regulates carpel specification and midrib development in Oryza sativa. Plant Cell, 2004, 16(2): 500～509
219 Yamamori M, Nakamura T, Endo T R, Nagamine T. Waxy protein deficiency and chromosome location of coding genes in common wheat. Theor Appl Genet, 1994, 89: 179～184
220 Yamamuro C, Ihara Y, Wu X, Noguchi T, Fujioka S, Takatsuto S, Ashikari M, Kitano H, Matsuoka M. Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitivel homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. Plant Cell, 2000, 12(9): 1591～1606
221 Yamazaki M, Tsugawa H, Miyao A, Yano M, Wu J, Yamamoto S, Matsumoto T, Sasaki T, Hirochika H. The rice retrotransposon Tos17 prefers low-copy-number sequences as integration targets. Mol Genet Genomics, 2001, 265(2): 336～344
222 Yang P Z, Chen C H, Wang Z P, Fan B F, Chen Z X. A pathogen- and salicylic acid-induced WRKY DNA-binding activity recognizes the elicitor response element of the tobacco class Ⅰ chitinase gene promoter. Plant J, 1999, 18(2): 141～149.
2 仇玉萍 荆邵娟 付坚 李璐 余迪求.13个水稻WRKY因的克隆及其表达谱分析.科学通报,2004,49(18):1860～1869
3 董国军,藤本宽,滕胜,胡兴明,曾大力,郭龙彪,钱前.水稻剑叶角度的QTL分析.中国水稻科学,2003,17:219～222
4 李正理.植物制片技术.北京:科学出版社,1978:129～138.
5 卢阳江,郑康乐.一种简易提取水稻DNA的方法.中国水稻科学,1992,6(1):47～48
6 孙林静.水稻理想株型及其育种模式.天津农业科学,1998,4(2):52～54
7 汪得凯,付亚萍,胡国成,斯华敏,孙宗修.水稻茎秆螺旋突变体ts-ta的鉴定及其遗传分析.中国水稻科学,2005b(In press)
8 汪得凯,李付振,孙宗修.基因打靶技术在植物基因功能研究中的应用.生命科学,2004,16(4):236～240
9 汪得凯,张红心,胡国成,付亚萍,斯华敏,孙宗修.一个水稻大叶角度突变体11a的遗传分析及基因克隆.科学通报,2005a,50(4):399～401
10 王江,李琳,宛新杉,安林升,张景六,洪孟民.插入玉米Ds转座因子的水稻转化群体及其分子分析.植物生理学报,2000,26(6):501～506
11 吴海滨,朱汝财,赵德刚.TILLING技术的原理与方法评述.分子植物育种,2004,2(4):574～580
12 张宁,杨泽.Tilling技术及其在遗传学中的应用.生命的化学.2004,24(6):516～517
13 张秀海,孙勇如.植物基因打靶研究现状.生物工程进展,1999,19(4):57～61
14 郑娥香,杨志行,朱治平,傅中滇.水稻bicoid反义基因转基因植株胚胎发育的形态变化.植物学通报,2001,18(6):707～713
15 郑雷英,朱旭东,钱前,赵忠,张建军,胡筱荷,林鸿宣,罗达.水稻穗部突变体-Cl的形态和定位分析.科学通报.2003,48(3):264～267.
16 朱正歌,肖晗,傅亚萍,胡国成,于永红,斯华敏,张景六,孙宗修.水稻转座子突变体库的构建及突变类型的遗传分析.生物工程学报,2001,17(3):288～292
17 Afolabi A S, Worland B, Snape J W, Vain P. A large-scale study of rice plants transformed with different T-DNAs provides new insights into locus composition and T-DNA linkage configurations. Theor Appl Genet, 2004; 109(4): 815～826.
18 Agrawal GK, Yamazaki M, Kobayashi M, Hirochika R, Miyao A, Hirochika H. Screening of the rice viviparous mutants generated by endogenous retrotransposon Tos17 insertion, Tagging of a zeaxanthin epoxidase gene and a novel OsTATC gene. Plant Physiol, 2001, 125:1248～1257.
19 Ahn O, Miyoshi K, Itoh J I, Nagato Y, Kurata N. A genetic and physical map of the region containing PLASTOCHRON1, a heterochronic gene, in rice(Oryza sativa L.). Theor Appl Genet, 2002, 105(5): 654～659
20 Alonso J M, Stepanova A N, Leisse T J, Kim C J, Chen H, Shinn P, Stevenson D K, Zimmerman J, Barajas P, Cheuk R, Gadrinab C, Heller C, Jeske A, Koesema E, Meyers C C, Parker H, Prednis L, Ansari Y, Choy N, Deen H, Geralt M, Hazari N, Hom E, Karnes M, Mulholland C, Ndubaku R, Schmidt I, Guzman P, Aguilar-Henonin L, Schmid M, Weigel D, Carter D E, Marchand T, Risseeuw E, Brogden D, Zeko A, Crosby W L, Berry C C, Ecker J R. Genome-wide insertional mutagenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana. Science, 2003, 301(5633): 653～657
21 An G, Lee S, Kim SH, Kim SR. Molecular genetics using T-DNA in rice. Plant Cell Physiol, 2005, 46(1): 14～22
22 Asai K, Satoh N, Sasaki H, Satoh H, Nagato Y. A rice heterochronic mutant, moril, is defective in the juvenile-adult phase change. Development, 2002, 129(1): 265～273
23 Ashikari M, Wu J, Yano M, Sasaki T, Yoshimura A. Rice gibberellin-insensitive dwarf mutant gene Dwarf 1 encodes the alpha-subunit of GTP-binding protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1999, 96(18): 10284～10289.
24 Barakat A, Gallois P, Raynal M, Mestre-Ortega D, Sallaud C, Guiderdoni E, Delseny M, Bernardi G. The distribution of T-DNA in the genomes of transgenic Arabidopsis and rice. FEBS Lett, 2000, 471(2-3): 161～164
25 Barthels N, van der Lee F M, Klap J, Goddijn O J M, Karimi M, Puzio P, Grundler F M W, Ohl S A, Lindsey K, Robertson L, Robertson W M, Van Montagu M, Gheysen G, . Sijmons P C. Regulatory sequences of Arabidopsis drive reporter gene expression in nematode feeding structures. Plant Cell, 1997, 9(12): 2119～2134
26 Bernstein E, Caudy A A, Hammond S M, Hannon G J. Role for a bidentate ribonuclease in the initiation step of RNA interference. Nature, 2001, 409(6818): 363～366
27 Bird C R, Ray J A, Fletcher J D, Boniwell J M, Bird A S, Teulieres C, Blain I, Bramley P M, Schuch W. Using antisense RNA to study gene function: inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis in transgenic tomatoes. BioTechnology, 1991, 9(7): 635～639
28 Bommert P, Satoh-Nagasawa N, Jackson D, Hirano H Y. Genetics and evolution of inflorescence and flower development in grasses. Plant Cell Physiol, 2005, 46(1): 69～78.
29 Borevitz J O, Liang D, Plouffe D, Chang H S, Zhu T, Weigel D, Berry C C, Winzeler E, Choryl J. Large-scale identification of single-feature polymorphisms in complex genomes. Genome Res, 2003, 13(3): 513～523
30 Boutros M, Kiger A A, Armknecht S, Kerr K, Hild M, Koch B, Haas S A, Consortium H F, Paro R, Perrimon N. Genome-wide RNAi analysis of growth and viability in Drosophila cells. Science, 2004, 303(5659): 832～835
31 Brunaud V, Balzergue S, Dubreucq B, Aubourg S, Samson F, Chauvin S, Bechtold N, Cruaud C, DeRose R, Pelletier G, Lepiniec L, Caboche M, Lecharny A. T-DNA integration into the Arabidopsis genome depends on sequences of pre-insertion sites. EMBO Rep, 2002, 3(12), 1152-1157
32 Capecchi M R. Altering the genome by homologous recombination. Science, 1989, 244(4910): 1288～1292.
33 Chen S, Jin W, Wang M, Zhang F, Zhou J, Jia Q, Wu Y, Liu F, Wu P. Distribution and characterization of over 1000 T-DNA tags in rice genome. Plant J, 2003, 36(I): 105～13
34 Chin H G, Choe M S, Lee S H, Park S H, Koo J C, Kim N Y, Lee J J, Oh B G, Yi G H, Kim S C. Molecular analysis of rice plants harboring an Ac/Ds transposable element-mediated gene trapping system. Plant J, 1999, 19(5):615～623
35 Coen E S, Nugent J M. Evolution of flowers and inflorescences. Development(Suppl), 1994, 107～116
36 Colbert T, Till B J, Tompa R, Reynolds S, Steine M N, Yeung A T, McCallum C M, Comai L, Henikoff S. High-throughput screening for induced point mutations. Plant Physiol, 2001, 126(2): 480～484
37 Comai L, Young K, Till B J, Reynolds S H, Greene E A, Codomo C A, Enns L C, Johnson J E, Burtner C, Odden A R, Henikoff S. Efficient discovery of DNA polymorphisms in natural populations by Ecotilling. Plant, J, 2004, 37(5): 778～786
38 Cotten M, Birustiel M L. Ribozyme mediated destruction of RNA in vivo. EMBO J, 1989, 8(12): 3861～3866
39 Courtney-Gutterson N, Napoli C, Lemieux C, Morgan A, Firoozabady E, Robinson K E. Modification of flower color in florist's chrysanthemum: Production of a white-flowering varity through molecular genetics. Biotechnology, 1994, 12(3): 268～271
40 Day A G, Bejarano E R, Buck K W, Burrell M, Lichtenstein C P. Expression of an antisense viral gene in transgenic tobacco confers resistance to the DNA virus tomato golden mosaic virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1991, 88(15): 6721～6725
41 De Buck S, Jacobs A, Van Montagu M, Depicker A. The DNA sequences of T-DNA junctions suggest that complex T-DNA loci are formed by a recombination process resembling T-DNA integration. Plant, J, 1999, 20(3): 295～304
42 Dong J, Chen C, Chen Z. Expression profiles of the Arabidopsis WRKY gene superfamily during plant defense response. Plant Mol Biol, 2003, 51(1): 21～37.
43 Douglas S J, Chuck G, Dengler R E, Pelecanda L, Riggs C D. KNAT1 and ERECTA regulate inflorescence architecture in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 2002, 14(3): 547～558
44 Earp D, Lowe B, Baker B. Amplification of genomic sequences flanking transposable elements in host and heterologous plants: a tool for transposon tagging and genome characterization. Nucl Acids Res, 1990, 18(11): 3271～3279
45 Elbashir S M, Martinez J, Patkaniowska A, Lendeckel W, Tuschl T. Functional anatomy of siRNAs for mediating efficient RNAi in Drosophila melanogaster embryo lysate. EMBO J. 2001; 20(23): 6877～6888
46 Enoki H, Izawa T, Kawahara M, Komatsu M, Koh S, Kyozuka J, Shimamoto K. Ac as a tool for the functional genomics of rice. Plant J, 1999, 19(5): 605～613
47 Eulgem T, Rushton PJ, Robatzek S, Somssich IE. The WRKY superfamily of plant transcription factors. Trends Plant Sci, 2000, 5(5): 199～206.
48 Feng Q, Zhang Y, Hao P, Wang S, Fu G, Huang Y, Li Y, Zhu J, Liu Y, Hu X, Jia P, Zhang Y, Zhao Q, Ying K, Yu S, Tang Y, Weng Q, Zhang L, Lu Y, Mu J, Lu Y, Zhang LS, Yu Z, Fan D, Liu X, Lu T, Li C, Wu Y, Sun T, Lei H, Li T, Hu H, Guan J, Wu M, Zhang R, Zhou B, Chen Z, Chen L, Jin Z, Wang R, Yin H, Cai Z, Ren S, Lv G, Gu W, Zhu G, Tu Y, Jia J, Zhang Y, Chen J, Kang H, Chen X, Shao C, Sun Y, Hu Q, Zhang X, Zhang W, Wang L, Ding C, Sheng H, Gu J, Chen S, Ni L, Zhu F, Chen W, Lan L, Lai Y, Cheng Z, Gu M, Jiang J, Li J, Hong G, Xue Y, Han B. Sequence and analysis of rice chromosome 4. Nature, 2002, 420(6913): 316～320
49 Fire A, Xu S, Montgomery MK, Kostas SA, Driver SE, Mello CC. Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature, 1998, 391(6669): 806～811
50 Fujisawa Y, Kato T, Ohki S, Ishikawa A, Kitano H, Sasaki T, Asahi T, Iwasaki Y. Suppression of the heterotrimeric G protein causes abnormal morphology, including dwarfism, in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1999, 96(13): 7575～7580
51 Furutani I, Watanabe Y, Prieto R, Masukawa M, Suzuki K, Naoi K, Thitamadee S, Shikanai T, Hashimoto T. The SPIRAL genes are required for directional control of cell elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Development, 2000, 127(20): 4443～4453
52 Gilchrist E J, Haughn G W. TILLING without a plough: a new method with applications for reverse genetics. Curr Opin Plant Biol, 2005, 8(2): 211～215
53 Goff S A, Ricke D, Lan T H, Presting G, Wang R, Dunn M, Glazebrook J, Sessions A, Oeller P, Varma H, Hadley D, Hutchison D, Martin C, Katagiri F, Lange B M, Moughamer T, Xia Y, Budworth P, Zhong J, Miguel T, Paszkowski U, Zhang S, Colbert M, Sun W L, Chen L, Cooper B, Park S, Wood T C, Mao L, Quail P, Wing R, Dean R, Yu Y, Zharkikh A, Shen R, Sahasrabudhe S, Thomas A, Cannings R, Gutin A, Pruss D, Reid J, Tavtigian S, Mitchell J, Eldredge G, Scholl T, Miller R M, Bhatnagar S, Adey N, Rubano T, Tusneem N, Robinson R, Feldhaus J, Macalma T, Oiiphant A, Briggs S. A draft sequence of the rice genome(Oryza sativa L.ssp japonia). Science, 2002(5565): 296:92-100
54 Goldfarb A N and Lewandowska K. Nuclear redirection of a cytoplasmic helix-loop-helix protein via heterodimerization with a nuclear localizing partner. Exp Cell Res, 1994, 214(2), 481～485
55 Greco R, Ouwerkerk PB, Taal AJ, Favalli C, Beguiristain T, Puigdomenech P, Colombo L, Hoge JH, Pereira A. Early and multiple Ac transpositions in rice suitable for efficient insertional mutagenesis. Plant Mol. Biol, 2001, 46(6): 215～227
56 Greene E A, Codomo C A, Taylor N E, Henikoff J G, Till B J, Reynolds S H, Enns L C, Burtner C, Johnson J E, Odden A R, Comai L, Henikoff S. Spectrum of chemically induced mutations from a large-scale reverse-genetic screen in Arabidopsis. Genetics, 2003, 164(2): 731～740
57 Halfter U, Morris P C, Willmitzer L. Gene targeting in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Gen Genet, 1992, 231(2): 186～193
58 Hamilton A J, Lycett G W, Grierson D. Antisense gene that inhibits synthesis of the hormone ethylene in transgenic plants. Nature, 1990, 346:284～287
59 Hanin M, Volrath S, Bogucki A, Briker M, Ward E, Paszkowski J. Gene targeting in Arabidopsis. Plant J, 2001, 28(6): 671～677
60 Henikoff J G, Greene EA, Pietrokovski S, Henikoff S. Increased coverage of protein families with the blocks database servers. Nucleic Acids Res, 2000, 28(1): 228～230
61 Henikoff S, Comai L. Single-nucleotide mutations for plant functional genomics. Annu Rev Plant Biol, 2003, 54:375～401
62 Henikoff S, Till B J, Comai L. TILLING-Traditional mutagenesis meets functional genomics. Plant Physiol, 2004, 135(2): 630～636
63 Hirochika H, Sugimoto K, Otsuki Y, Tsugawa H, Kanda M. Retrotransposons of rice involved in mutations induced by tissue culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1996, 93(15): 7783～7788
64 Hirochika H. Contribution of the Tos17 retrotransposon to rice functional genomics. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol, 2000, 4(2): 118～122
65 Hirockika H. Retrotransposons of rice: their regulation and use for genome analysis. Plant Mol Biol, 1997, 35(1-2): 231～240
66 Hong Z, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Shimizu-Sato S, Inukai Y, Fujioka S, Shimada Y, Takatsuto S, Agetsuma M, Yoshida S, Watanabe Y, Uozu S, Kitano H, Ashikari M, Matsuoka M. Loss-of-function of a rice brassinosteroid biosynthetic enzyme, C-6 oxidase, prevents the organized arrangement and polar elongation of cells in the leaves and stem. Plant J, 2002, 32(4):495～508
67 Hong Z, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Umemura K, Uozu S, Fujioka S, Takatsuto S, Yoshida S, Ashikari M, Kitano H, Matsuoka M. A rice brassinosteroid-deficient mutant, ebisu dwarf(d2), is caused by a loss of function of a new member of cytochrome P450. Plant Cell, 2003, 15(12): 2900～2910
68 Huang S, Cerny RE, Bhat DS, Brown SM. Cloning of a Arabidopsis patatin-like, STURDY, by activation T-DNA tagging. Plant Physiol, 2001, 125(2): 573～584
69 Ikeda A, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Sonoda Y, Kitano H, Koshioka M, Futsuhara Y, Matsuoka M, Yamaguchi J. slender rice, a constitutive gibberellin response mutant, is caused by a null mutation of the SLR1 gene, an ortholog of the height-regulating gene GAI/RGA/KHT/D8. Plant Cell, 2001, 13(5): 999～1010
70 Inukai Y, Miwa M, Nagato Y, Kitano H, Yamauchi A. Characterization of rice mutants deficient in the formation of crown roots. Breed Sci, 2001, 51(2): 123～129
71 Inukai Y, Miwa M, Nagato Y, Kitano H, Yamauchi A. RRL1, RRL2 and CRL2 loci regulating root elongation in rice. Breed Sci, 2001, 51(2): 231～239
72 Inukai Y, Sakamoto T, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Shibata Y, Gomi K, Umemura I, Hasegawa Y, Ashikari M, Kitano H, Matsuoka M. Crown rootlessl, which is essential for crown root formation in rice, is a target of an AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR in auxin signaling. Plant Cell, 2005, 17(5): 1387～1396
73 Ishiguro S, Nakamura K. Characterization of a cDNA encoding a novel DNA-binding protein, SPF1, that recognizes SP8 sequences in the 5'upstream regions of genes coding for sporamin and beta-amylase from sweet potato. Mol Gen Genet, 1994, 244(6): 563～571.
74 Ito Y, Eiguchi M, Kurata N. Establishment of an enhancer trap system with Ds and GUS for functional genomics in rice. Mol Genet Genomics, 2004, 271(6): 639～650
75 Itoh H, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Sentoku N, Kitano H, Matsuoka M, Kobayashi M. Cloning and functional analysis of two gibberellin 3 beta-hydroxylase genes that are differently expressed during the growth of rice. Proc Natl A cad Sci U S A, 2001, 98(15): 8909-8914
76 Itoh J I, Hasegawa A, Kitano H, Nagato Y. A recessive heterochronic mutation, plastochronl, shortens the plastochron and elongates the vegetative phase in rice. Plant Cell, 1998, 10(9): 1511～1522
77 Izant J G, Weintraub H. Constitutive and conditional suppression of exogenous and endogenous genes by anti-sense RNA. Science, 1985, 229(4711): 345～352
78 Jeon J S, Lee S, Jung K H, Jun S H, Jeong D H, Lee J, Kim C, Jang S, Yang K, Nam J, An K, Han M J, Sung R J, Choi H S, Yu J H, Choi J H, Cho S Y, Cha S S, Kim S I, An G. T-DNA insertional mutagenesis for functional genomics in rice. Plant J, 2000, 22(6): 561～570
79 Jeon JS, Gynheung A. Gene tagging in rice: a high throughput system for functional genomics. Plant Sci, 2001, 161(2): 211～219
80 Jeong D H, An S, Kang HG, Moon S, Han J J, Park S, Lee H S, An K, An G. T-DNA insertional mutagenesis for activation tagging in rice. Plant Physiology, 2002; 130(4): 1636～1644
81 Jiang H, Wang S, Dang L, Wang S, Chen H, Wu Y, Jiang X, Wu P. A Novel Short-Root Gene Encodes a Glucosamine-6-Phosphate Acetyitransferase Required for Maintaining Normal Root Cell Shape in Rice. Plant Physiol, 2005, 138(1): 232～242
82 Jin J, Zhu C, Zhang H X, Sun Z X. Preliminary study on a gravity-insensitive rice mutant. Journal of Zhejiang University, 2004, 5(2): 144～148
83 Jin W Z, Wang S M, Xu M, Duan R J, Wu P. Characterization of enhancer trap and gene trap harboring Ac/Ds transposon in transgenic rice. J Zhejiang Univ Sci, 2004, 5(4): 390～399
84 Johnson C S, Kolevski B, Smyth D R. TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA2, a trichome and seed coat development gene of Arabidopsis, encodes a WRKY transcription factor. Plant Cell, 2002, 14(6): 1359～1375.
85 Jung K H, Hur J, Ryu CH, Choi Y, Chung Y Y, Miyao A, Hirochika H, An G. Characterization of a Rice Chlorophyll-Deficient Mutant Using the T-DNA Gene-Trap System. Plant Cell Physiol, 2003, 44(5): 463～472
86 K. Shimamoto(Ed.). Molecular Biology of Rice. Tokyo: Springer Press, 1999
87 Kamath R S, Ahringer J. Genorne-wide RNAi screening in Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods, 2003, 30(4):313～321
88 Kardailsky I, Shukla V K, Ahn J H, Dagenais N, Christensen S K, Nguyen J T, Chory J, Harrison M J, Weigel D. Activation tagging of the floral inducer FT. Science, 1999, 286(5446): 1962～1965
89 Kato C, Mizutani T, Tamaki H, Kumagai H, Kamiya T, Hirobe A, Fujisawa Y, Kato H, Iwasaki Y. Characterization ofheterotrimeric G protein complexes in rice plasma membrane. Plant J, 2004, 38(2): 320～331
90 Kempin S A, Liljegren S J, Block L M, Rounsley S D, Yanofsky M F, Lam E. Targeted disruption in Arabidopsis. Nature, 1997, 389(6653): 802～803
91 Kerstetter R A, Vollbrecht E, Lowe B, Veit B, Yamaguchi J, Hake S. Sequence analysis and expression patterns divide the maize knottedl-like homeobox genes into two classes. Plant Cell, 1994, 6(12):1877～1887
92 Ketting R F, Fischer S E, Bernstein E, Sijen T, Hannon G J, Plasterk R H. Dicer functions in RNA interference and in synthesis of small RNA involved in developmental timing in C. elegans. Genes Dev, 2001, 15(20): 2654～2659
93 Kim C M, Piao H L, Park S J, Chon N S, Je B I, Sun B, Park S H, Park J Y, Lee E J, Kim M J, Chung W S, Lee K H, Lee Y S, Lee J J, Won Y J, Yi G, Nam M H, Cha Y S, Yun D W, Eun M Y, Han CD. Rapid, large-scale generation of Ds transposant lines and analysis of the Ds insertion sites in rice. Plant J, 2004, 39(2): 252～263
94 Kinoshita T. Linkage mapping using mutant genes in rice. Rice Genet Newsl, 1998, 15:13～75
95 Kishimoto, N, Shimosaka E, Matsuura S, Saito A. A current RFLP linkage map of rice Alignment of the molecular map with the classical map. Rice Genet Newsl, 1992, 9:118～124
96 Knutzon D S, Thompson G A, Radke S E, Johnson W B, Knauf V C, Kridl J C. Modification of Brassica seed oil by antisense expression of a stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1992, 89(7): 2624～2628
97 Kobayashi S, Fukuta Y, Morita S, Sato T, Osaki M, Khush G S. Quantitative trait loci affecting flag leaf development in rice(Oryza sativa L.). Breed Sci, 2003, 53:255～262
98 Kohli A, Xiong J, Greco R, Christou P, Pereira A. Tagged transcriptome display(TTD) in indica rice using Ac transposition. Mol. Genet. Genomics, 2001, 266(1): 1～11
99 Kolesnik T, Szeverenyi I, Bachmann D, Kumar CS, Jiang S, Ramamoorthy R, Cai M, Ma Z G, Sundaresan V, Ramachandran S. Establishing an efficient Ac/Ds tagging system in rice: large-scale analysis of Ds flanking sequences. Plant J, 2004, 37(2): 301～314
100 Komatsu M, Chujo A, Nagato Y, Shimamoto K, Kyozuka J. FRIZZY PANICLE is required to prevent the formation of axillary meristems and to establish floral meristem identity in rice spikelets. Development, 2003, 130(16): 3841～350
101 Komatsu M, Maekawa M, Shimamoto K, Kyozuka J. The LAX1 and FRIZZY PANICLE2 genes determine the inflorescence architecture of rice by controlling rachis-branch and spikelet development. Dev Biol, 2001, 231(2): 364～373
102 Kononov M E, Bassuner B, Gelvin S B. Integration of T-DNA binary vector "backbone' sequences into the tobacco genome: evidence for multiple complex patterns of integration. Plant J, 1997, 11(5): 945～957
103 Kurata N, Miyoshi K, Nonomura K, Yamazaki Y, Ito Y. Rice mutants and genes related to organ development, morphogenesis and physiological traits. Plant Cell Physiol, 2005, 46(1):48～62.
104 Laufs P, Autran D, Traas J. A chromosomal paracentric inversion associated with T-DNA integration in Arabidopsis. Plant J, 1999, 18(2): 131～139
105 Laux T, Mayer K F X, Berger J, Jurgens G. The WUSCHEL gene is required for shoot and floral meristem integrity in Arabidopsis. Development, 1996, 122(1), 87～96.
106 Lee H, Suh S S, Park E, Cho E, Ahn J H, Kim S G, Lee J S, Kwon Y M, Lee I. The AGAMOUS-like 20 MADS domain protein integrates floral inductive pathways in drabidopsis. Genes Dev, 2000, 14(18): 2366～2376
107 Lee K Y, Lurid P, Lowe K, Dunsmuir P. Homologous recombination in plant cells after Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Plant Cell, 1990, 2(5): 415～425
108 Lee N S, Dohjima T, Bauer G, Li H, Li M, Ehsani A, Salvaterra P, Rossi J. Expression of small interfering RNAs targeted against HIV-1 rev transcripts in human cells. Nature Biotech, 2002, 20(5): 500～505
109 Lee S, Jung K H, An G, Chung YY. Isolation and characterization of a rice cysteine protease gene, OsCP1, using T-DNA gene-trap system. Plant Mol Biol, 2004, 54(5): 755～765
110 Lee S, Kim J, Son J S, Nam J, Jeong D H, Lee K, Jang S, Yoo J, Lee J, Lee D Y, Kang H G, An G. Systematic reverse genetic screening of T-DNA tagged genes in rice for functional genomic analyses: MADS-box genes as a test case. Plant Cell Physiol, 2003, 44(12): 1403-1411
111 Li X, Qian Q, Fu Z, Wang Y, Xiong G, Zeng D, Wang X, Liu X, Teng S, Hiroshi F, Yuan M, Luo D, Han B, Li J. Control of tillering in rice. Nature, 2003a, 422(6932): 618～621
112 Li Y, Qian Q, Zhou Y, Yan M, Sun L, Zhang M, Fu Z, Wang Y, Han B, Pang X, Chen M, Li J. BRITTLE CULM1, which encodes a COBRA-like protein, affects the mechanical properties of rice plants. Plant Cell, 2003b, 15(9): 2020～2031
113 Li Z K, Paterson A H, Pinson S R M, Stansel J W. RFLP facilitated analysis of tiller and leaf angles in rice(Oryza sativa L). Euphytical, 1999b, 9(2): 79～84
114 Li Z, Paterson A H, Pinson S R M, Khush G S. A major gene, Tα1 and QTLs affecting tiller and leaf angles in rice. Rice Genet Newsl, 1999a, 15:154～156
115 Liu L, White M J, MacRae T H. Transcription factors and their genes in higher plants-functional domains, evolution and regulation. Eur d Biochem, 1999(2), 262, 247～257
116 Liu Y G, Mitsukawa N, Oosumi T, Whittier R F. Efficient isolation and mapping of Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA insert junctions by thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR. Plant J, 1995, 8(3): 457～463
117 Long J A, Moan E I, Medford J I, Barton M K. A member of the KNOTTED class of homeodomain proteins encoded by the S TMgene of Arabidopsis. Nature, 1996, 379(6560): 66～69
118 Maekawa M. A new allele at the lg locus conferring short ligules, Rice Genet Newsl, 1988, 5:87～89
119 Mahmoud S S, Croteau R B. Metabolic engineering of essential oil yield and composition in mint by altering expression of deoxyxylulose phosphate reductoisomerase and menthofuran synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2001, 98(15): 8915～8920
120 Mare C, Mazzucotelli E, Crosatti C, Francia E, Stanca AM, Cattivelli L. Hv-WRKY38: a new transcription factor involved in cold-and drought-response in barley. Plant Mol Biol, 2004, 55(3): 399～416.
121 Margis-Pinheiro M, Zhou X R, Zhu Q H, Dennis E S, Upadhyaya N M. Isolation and characterization of a Ds-tagged rice(Oryza sativa L.) GA-responsive dwarf mutant defective in an early step of the gibberellin biosynthesis pathway. Plant Cell Rep, 2005, 23(12): 819～833
122 Marx J. Interfering with gene expression. Science, 2000, 288(5470): 1370～1372
123 Matsumoto N, Okada K. A homeobox gene, PRESSED FLOWER, regulates lateral axis-dependent development of Arabidopsis flowers. Genes Dev, 2001, 15(24), 3355～3366.
124 Mayer K FX, Schoof H, Haecker A, Lenhard M, Jurgens G, Laux T. Role of WUSCHEL in regulating stem cell fate in the Arabidopsis shoot meristem. Cell, 1998, 95(6), 805～815.
125 McCallum C M, Comai L, Greene E A. Henikoff S. Targeted screening for induced mutations. Nat Biotechnol, 2000a, 18(4): 455～457
126 McCailum C M, Comai L, Greene E A. Henikoff S. Targeting induced local lesions IN genomes(TILLING) for plant functional genomics. Plant Physiol, 2000b, 123(2): 439～342
127 Meinke D W, Meinke L K, Showalter T C, Schissel A M, Mueller L A, Tzafrir I. A sequence-based map of Arabidopsis genes with mutant phenotypes. Plant Physiol, 2003, 131(2): 409～418
128 Mele G, Ori N, Sato Y, Hake S. The knottedl-like homeobox gene BREVIPEDICELLUS regulates cell differentitation by modulating metabolic pathways. Genes Dev, 2003, 17(17): 2088-2093
129 Meshi T, lwabuchi M. Plant transcription factors. Plant Cell Physiol, 1995, 36(8): 1405～1420
130 Miao Y, Laun T, Zimmermann P, Zentgraf U. Targets of the WRKY53 transcription factor and its role during leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. Plant Mol Biol, 2004, 55(6): 853～867.
131 Miao Z H, Lam E. Targeted disruption of the TGA3 locus in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J, 1995; 7(2): 359～365
132 Middendorf L R, Bruce J C, Bruce R C, Eckles R D, Grone D L, Roemer S C, Sloniker G D, Steffens D L, Sutter S L, Brumbaugh J A. Continuous, on-line DNA sequencing using a versatile infrared laser scanner/electrophoresis apparatus. Electrophoresis, 1992, 13(8): 487～494
133 Miura, K, Ashikari M, Matsuoka M, Hsing Y I C. Mapping of the lazy gene, la. Rice Genet Newsl. 2003, 20: 29～30.
134 Miyao A, Tanaka K, Murata K, Sawaki H, Takeda S, Abe K, Shinozuka Y, Onosato K, Hirochika H. Target site specificity of the Tos17 retrotransposon shows a preference for insertion within genes and against insertion in retrotransposon-rich regions of the genome. Plant Cell, 2003, 15(8): 1771～1780
135 Miyoshi K, Ahn BO, Kawakatsu T, Ito Y, Itoh J, Nagato Y, Kurata N. PLASTOCHRON1, a timekeeper of leaf initiation in rice, encodes cytochrome P450. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004, 101(3): 875～880
136 Mori M, Nomura T, Ooka H, Ishizaka M, Yokota T, Sugimoto K, Okabe K, Kajiwara H, Satoh K, Yamamoto K, Hirochika H, Kikuchi S. Isolation and characterization of a rice dwarf mutant with a defect in brassinosteroid biosynthesis. Plant Physiol, 2002, 130(3): 1152～1161
137 Muller K J, Romano N, Gerstner O, Garciamaroto F, Pozzi C, Salamini F, Rohde W. The barley Hooded mutation caused by a duplication in a homeobox gene intron. Nature, 1995, 374(6524): 727～730
138 Murai M and Izawa M. Effects of major genes controlling morphology on panicle in rice. Breed Sci, 1994, 44:247～255
139 Nacry P, Camilleri C, Courtial B, Caboche M, Bouchez D. Major chromosomal rearrangements induced by T-DNA transformation in Arabidopsis. Genetics, 1998, 149(2): 641～650
140 Nagasawa N, Miyoshi M, Sano Y, Satoh H, Hirano H, Sakai H, Nagato Y. SUPERWOMANI and DROOPING LEAF genes control floral organ identity in rice. Development, 2003, 130(4): 705～718
141 Nakano A, Suzuki G, Yamamoto M, Turnbull K, Rahman S, Mukai Y. Rearrangements of large-insert T-DNAs in transgenic rice. Mol Genet Genomics, 2005, 273(2): 123～129
142 Nardmann J, Ji J, Werr W, Scanlon M J. The maize duplicate genes narrow sheathl and narrow sheath2 encode a conserved homeobox gene function in a lateral domain of shoot apical meristems. Development, 2004, 131(12):2827～2839.
143 Nelson A, Roth D A, Johnson J D. Tobacco mosaic virus infection of transgenic Nicotiana plants is inhibited by antisense constructs directed at the 5'region of viral RNA. Gene, 1993, 127(2): 227～232
144 Ng P C, Henikoff S. SIFT: Predicting amino acid changes that affect protein function. Nucleic Acids Res, 2003, 31(13): 3812～3814
145 Nonomura K, Nakano M, Fukuda T, Eiguchi M, Miyao A, Hirochika H, Kurata N. An insertional mutation in the rice PAIR2 gene, the ortholog of Arabidopsis ASYI, results in a defect in homologous chromosome pairing during meiosis. Mol Genet Genomics, 2004, 271(2): 121～129
146 Oeller P W, Wong L M, Taylor L P, Pike D A, Theologis A. Reversible inhibition of tomato fruit senescence by antisense RNA. Science, 1991(5030), 254:437～439
147 Offringa R., de Groot M J A, Haagsman H J, Does M P, van den. Elzen P J M, Hooykaas P J J. Extrachromosomal homologous recombination and gene targeting in plant cells after Agrobacterium mediated transformation. EMBO J, 1990; 9(10): 3077～3084
148 Okamoto K, Freundlich M. Mechanism for the autogenous control of the crp operon: Transcriptional inhibition by a divergent RNA transcript. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1986, 83(14): 5000～5004
149 Oleykowski C A, Bronson Mullins C R, Godwin A K, Yeung A T. Mutation detection using a novel plant endonuclease. Nucleic Acids Res, 1998, 26(20): 4597～4602
150 Park J M, Cho J H, Kang S G, Jang H J, Pih K T, Piao H L, Cho M J, Hwang I. A dynamin-like protein in Arabidopsis thaliana is involved in biogenesis of thylakoid membranes. EMBO J, 1998, 17(4): 859～867
151 Park SO, Zheng Z, Oppenheimer DG, Hauser BA. The PRETTY FEW SEEDS2 gene encodes an Arabidopsis homeodomain protein that regulates ovule development. Development, 2005, 132(4):841～849
152 Pasquinelli A E. MicroRNAs: deviants no longer. Trends Genet, 2002, 18(4): 171～173
153 Paszkowski J, Baur M, Bogucki A, Potrykus, I. Gene targeting in plants. EMBO J, 1988, 7(13): 4021～4026
154 Perry J A, Wang T L, Welham T J, Gardner S, Pike J M, Yoshida S, Pamiske M. A TILLING reverse genetics tool and a web-accessible collection of mutants of the legume Lotus japonicus. Plant Physiol, 2003, 131(3): 866～871
155 Plesch G, Kamann, Mueller-roeber B. Cloning of regulatory sequences mediating guard-cell-specific gene expression. Gene, 2000, 249(1): 83～89
156 Puchta H. Gene replacement by homologous recombination in plants. Plant Mol Biol. 2002, 48(1-2): 173～182
157 Que Q, Jorgensen R A. Homology-based control of gene expression patterns in transgenic petunia flowers. Dev Genet. 1998, 22(1): 100～109
158 Ramachandran S, Hiratsuka K, Chua NH. Transcription factors in plant growth and development. Curr Opin Genet Dev, 1994, 4(5): 642～646
159 Raquel L, Gago GM, Palena CM, Gonzalez DH. Homeobox gene in plant development. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1998, 1442(1): 1～19
160 Ray A, Langer M. Homologous recombination: ends as the means. Trends in Plant Sci, 2002, 7(10): 435～440
161 Reiss B, Schubert I, Kopchen K, Wendeler E, Schell J, Puchta H. RecA stimulates sister chromatid exchange and the fidelity of double-strand break repair, but not gene targeting, in plants transformed by Agrobacterium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2000, 97(7): 3358～3363
162 Riechmann J L, Heard J, Martin G, Reuber L, Jiang C, Keddie J, Adam L, Pineda O, Ratcliffe O J, Samaha R R, Creelman R, Pilgrim M, Broun P, Zhang J Z, Ghandehari D, Sherman BK, Yu G. Arabidopsis transcription factors: genome-wide comparative analysis among eukaryotes. Science, 2000, 290(5499):2105～2110
163 Risseeuw E, Offringa R, Franke-van Dijk MEI, Hooykaas PJJ. Targeted recombination in plants using Agrobacterium coincides with additional rearrangements at the target locus. Plant J, 1995, 7(1): 109～119
164 Robatzek S, Somssich IE. A new member of the Arabidopsis WRKY transcription factor family, AtWRKY6, is associated with both senescence-and defence-related processes. Plant J, 2001, 28(2): 123～133.
165 Robatzek S, Somssich IE. Targets of AtWRKY6 regulation during plant senescence and pathogen defense. Genes Dev, 2002, 16(9): 1139～1149.
166 Rommens C M, Rudenko G N, Dijkwel P P, van Haaren M J, Ouwerkerk P B, Blok K M, Nijkamp H J, Hille J. Characterization of the Ac/Ds behaviour in transgenic tomato plants using plasmid rescue. Plant Mol. Biol. 1992, 20(1): 61～70
167 Ruf S, Kossel H, Bock R. Targeted inactivation of a tobacco intron-containing open reading frame reveals a novel chloroplast-encoded photosystem I-related gene. J Cell Biol, 1997, 139(1): 95～102
168 Rutherford R, Masson P H. Arabidopsis thaliana sku mutant seedlings show exaggerated surface-dependent alteration in root growth vector. Plant Physiol, 1996, 111(4): 987～998.
169 Sakata K, Nagamura Y, Numa H, Antonio B A, Nagasaki H, Idonuma A, Watanabe W, Shimizu Y, Horiuchi I, Matsumoto T, Sasaki T, Higo K. RiceGAAS: an automated annotation system and database for rice genome sequence. Nucl. Acids Res, 2002, 30(1): 98～102
170 Sallaud C, Gay C, Larmande P, Bes M, Piffanelli P, Piegu B, Droc G, Regad F, Bourgeois E, Meynard D, Perin C, Sabau X, Ghesquiere A, Glaszmann J C, Delseny M, Guiderdoni E. High throughput T-DNA insertion mutagenesis in rice: a first step towards in silico reverse genetics. Plant J. 2004, 39(3): 450～464
171 Sanchez A C, Khush G S. A gene for collarless phenotype in rice. Rice Genet Newsl, 1998, 15:99～100
172 Sasaki A, Ashikari M, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Itoh H, Nishimura A, Swapan D, Ishiyama K, Saito T, Kobayashi M, Khush G S, Kitano H, Matsuoka M. Green revolution: a mutant gibberellin-synthesis gene in rice. Nature, 2002, 416(6882): 701～702
173 Sasaki A, Itoh H, Gomi K, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Ishiyama K, Kobayashi M, Jeong D H, An G, Kitano H, Ashikari M, Matsuoka M. Accumulation of phosphorylated repressor for gibberellin signaling in an F-box mutant. Science, 2003, 299(5614): 1896～1898
174 Sasaki T, Matsumoto T, Yamamoto K, Sakata K, Baba T, Katayose Y, Wu J, Niimura Y, Cheng Z, Nagamura Y, Antonio BA, Kanamori H, Hosokawa S, Masukawa M, Arikawa K, Chiden Y, Hayashi M, Okamoto M, Ando T, Aoki H, Arita K, Hamada M, Harada C, Hijishita S, Honda M, Ichikawa Y, Idonuma A, Iijima M, Ikeda M, Ikeno M, Ito S, Ito T, Ito Y, Ito Y, Iwabuchi A, Kamiya K, Karasawa W, Katagiri S, Kikuta A, Kobayashi N, Kono I, Machita K, Maehara T, Mizuno H, Mizubayashi T, Mukai Y, Nagasaki H, Nakashima M, Nakama Y, Nakamichi Y, Nakamura M, Namiki N, Negishi M, Ohta I, Ono N, Saji S, Sakai K, Shibata M, Shimokawa T, Shomura A, Song J, Takazaki Y, Terasawa K, Tsuji K, Waki K, Yamagata H, Yamane H, Yoshiki S, Yoshihara R, Yukawa K, Zhong H, Iwama H, Endo T, Ito H, Hahn JH, Kim HI, Eun MY, Yano M, Jiang J, Gojobori T. The genome sequence and structure of rice chromosome 1. Nature, 2002, 420(6913): 312～316
175 Sato Y, Sentoku N, Miura Y, Hirochika H, Kitano H, Matsuoka M. Loss-of-function mutations in the rice homeobox gene OSH15 affect the architecture of internodes resulting in dwarf plants. EMBO J, 1999, 18(4): 992～1002
176 Savin K W, Baudinette S C, Graham M W, Michael M Z, Nugent G D, Lu CY, Chandler S F, Cornish E C. Antisense ACC oxidase RNA delays carnation petal senescence. HortScience, 1995, 30(5): 970～972
177 Schneeberger R, Tsiantis M, Freeling M, Langdale J A. The rough sheath2 gene negatively regulates homeobox gene expression during maize leaf development. Development, 1998, 125(15): 2857～2865
178 Sedbrook J C, Carroll K L, Hung K F, Masson P H, Somerville C R. The Arabidopsis SKU5 gene encodes an extracellular glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein involved in directional root growth. Plant Cell, 2002, 14(7): 1635-1648
179 Sha Y, Li S, Pei Z, Luo L, Tian Y, He C. Generation and flanking sequence analysis of a rice T-DNA tagged population. Theor Appl Genet, 2004, 108(2): 306～314.
180 Shimamoto K, Kyozuka J. Rice as a model for comparative genomics of plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol, 2002, 53:399～419
181 Slade A J, Fuerstenberg S I, Loeffler D, Steine M N, Facciotti D. A reverse genetic, nontransgenic approach to wheat crop improvement by TILLING. Nat Biotechnol, 2005, 23(1): 75～81
182 Smith H M S, Hake S. The interaction of two homeobox Genes, BREVIPEDICELLUS and PENNYWISE, regulates internode patterning in the Arabidopsis inflorescence. Plant Cell, 2003, 15(8): 1717～1727
183 Springer P S. Gene traps: tools for plant development and genomics. Plant Cell, 2000, 12(7): 1007～1020
184 Stemple D L. TILLING—a high-throughput harvest for functional genomics. Nat Rev Genet, 2004, 5(2): 145～150
185 Sun C, Palmqvist S, Olsson H, Boren M, Ahlandsberg S, Jansson C. A novel WRKY transcription factor, SUSIBA2, participates in sugar signaling in barley by binding to the sugar-responsive elements of the isol promoter. Plant Cell, 2003, 15(9): 2076～2092.
186 Svitashev S K, Pawlowski W P, Makarevitch I, Plank D W, Somers D A. Complex transgene locus structures implicate multiple mechanisms for plant transgene rearrangement. Plant Journal, 2002, 32(4): 433～445
187 Szabados L, Kovacs I, Oberschall A, Abraham E, Kerekes I, Zsigmond L, Nagy R, Alvarado M, Krasovskaja I, Gal M, Berente A, Redei G P, Haim A B, Koncz C. Distribution of 1000 sequenced T-DNA tags in the Arabidopsis genome. Plant J, 2002, 32(2): 233～242.
188 Tabara H, Sarkissian M, Kelly W G, Fleenor J, Grishok A, Timmons L, Fire A, Mello C C. The rde-1 gene, RNA interference, and transposon silencing in C. elegans. Cell 1999, 99(2): 123～132
189 Takahashi M, Nagasawa N, Kitano H, Nagato Y. panicle phytomerl mutations affect the panicle architecture of rice. Theor Appl Genet, 1998, 96:1050～1056
190 Takano M, Egawa H, Ikeda J E, Wakasa K. The structures of integration sites in transgenic rice. Plant J. 1997, 11(3): 353-361
191 Takano M, Kanegae, Shinomura T, Miyao A, Hirochika H, Furuya M. Isolation and characterization of rice phytochrome A mutant. Plant Cell, 2001, 13(3): 512～534
192 Tanabe S, Ashikari M, Fujioka S, Takatsuto S, Yoshida S, Yano M, Yoshimura A, Kitano H, Matsuoka M, Fujisawa Y, Kato H, Iwasaki Y. A novel cytochrome P450 is implicated in brassinosteroid biosynthesis via the characterization of a rice dwarf mutant, dwarfll, with reduced seed length. Plant Cell, 2005, 17(3): 776～790
193 Tavanez J P, Cunha C, Silva M C, David E, Monjardino J, Carmo-Fonseca M. Hepatitis delta virus ribonucleoproteins shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. RNA, 2002, 8(5): 637～646
194 Terada R, Urawa H, Inagaki Y, Tsugane K, Iida S. Efficient gene targeting by homologous recombination in rice. Nature biotech, 2002, 20(10): 1030～1034
195 Thitamadee S, Tuchihara K, Hashimoto T. Microtubule basis for left-handed helical growth in Arabidopsis. Nature, 2002, 417(6885): 193～196.
196 Thomas C M, Jones D A, English J J, Carroll B J, Bennetzen J L, Harrison K, Burbidge A, Bishop G J, Jones J D. Analysis of the chromosomal distribution of transposon-carrying T-DNAs in tomato using the inverse polymerase chain reaction. Mol. Gen. Genet, 1994, 242(5), 573-585
197 Thomas K R, Deng C, Capecchi M R. High-fidelity gene targeting in embryonic stem cells by using sequence replacement vectors. Mol Cell Biol, 1992, 12(7): 2919～2923
198 Till B J, Burtner C, Comai L, Henikoff S. Mismatch cleavage by single-strand specific nucleases. Nucleic Acids Res, 2004, 32(8): 2632～2641
199 Till B J, Reynolds S H, Greene E A, Codomo C A, Enns L C, Johnson J E, Burtner C, Odden A R, Young K, Taylor N E, Henikoff J G, Comai L, Henikoff S. Large-scale discovery of induced point mutations with high-throughput TILLING. Genorne Res, 2003, 13(3): 524～530
200 Till B J, Reynolds S H, Weil C, Springer N, Burtner C, Young K, Bowers E, Codomo C A, Enns L C, Odden A R, Greene E A, Comai L, Henikoff S. Discovery of induced point mutations in maize genes by TILLING. BMC Plant Biol, 2004, 4:12
201 Tillib S V, Mirzabekov A D. Advances in the analysis of DNA sequence variations using oligonucleotide microchip technology. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 2001, 12(1): 53～58
202 Torri K U, Mitsukawa N, Oosumi T, Matsuura Y, Yokoyama, Whittier R F, Komeda Y. The Arabidopsis ERECTA gene encodes a putative receptor protein kinase with extracellular leucine-rich repeats. Plant Cell, 1996, 8(4): 735-746
203 Ulker B, Somssich IE. WRKY transcription factors: from DNA binding towards biological function. Curr Opin Plant Biol, 2004, 7(5): 491～498.
204 van der Fits L, Hillion F, Memelink J. T-DNA activation tagging as a tool to isolate regulators of a metabolic pathway from a genetically non-tractable plant species. Transgenic research, 2001, 10(6): 513～521.
205 Van der Krol A R, Lenting P E, Veenstra J, Van der Meer I M, Koes R E, Gerats A G M, Mol J N M, Stuitje AR. An anti-sense chalcone synthase gene in transgenic plants inhibits flower pigmentation. Nature, 1988, 333(6176): 866～869
206 van der Meer I M, Stam M E, van Tunen A J, Mol J N, Stuitje A R. Antisense inhibition of flavonoid biosynthesis in petunia anthers results in male sterility. Plant Cell, 1992, 4(3):253～262
207 Venglat S P, Dumonceaux T, Rozwadowski K, Parnell L, Babic V, Keller W, Martienssen R, Selvaraj G, Datla R. The homeobox gene BREVIPEDICELLUS is a key regulator of inflorescence architecture in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2002, 99(7): 4730～4735
208 Vergunst A C, Hooykaas P J J. Recombination in the plant genome and its application in biotechnology. Crit Rev Plant Sci, 1999, 18(1): 1～31
209 Voelckel C, Krugel T, Gase K, Heidrich N, van Dam N M, Winz R, Baldwin I T. Anti-sense expression of putrescine N-methyltransferase confirms defensiverole of nicotine in Nicotiana sylvestris against Manduca sexta. Chemoecology, 2001, 11(3): 121～126
210 Vollbrecht E, Veit B, Sinha N, Hake S C. The developmental gene Knotted 1 is a member of a maize homeobox gene family. Nature, 1991, 350(6315): 241～243
211 Wang Y G, Xing Q H, Deng Q Y, Liang F S, Yuan L P, Weng M L, Wang B. Fine mapping of the rice thermo-sensitive genic male-sterile gene tms5. Theor Appl Genet, 2003, 107(5):917～921.
212 Waterhouse P M, Graham M W, Wang M B. Virus resistance and gene silencing in plants can be induced by simultaneous expression of sense and antisense RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1998, 95(23): 13959～13964
213 Weigel D, Ahn J H, Blazquez M A, Borevitz J O, Christensen S K, Fankhauser C, Ferrandiz C, Kardailsky I, Malancharuvil E J, Neff M M, Nguyen J T, Sato S, Wang Z Y, Xia Y, Dixon R A, Harrison M J, Lamb C J, Yanofsky M F, Chory J. Activation tagging in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol, 2000, 122(4): 1003～1013
214 Wi S J, Park K Y. Antisense expression of carnation cDNA encoding ACC synthase or ACC oxidase enhances polyamine content and abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco plants. Mol Cells, 2002, 13(2): 209～220
215 Wienholds E, van Eeden F, Kosters M, Mudde J, Plasterk R H, Cuppen E. Efficient target-selected mutagenesis in zebrafish. Genome Res, 2003, 13(12): 2700～2707
216 Xu Y H, Zhu Y Y, Zhou H C, Li Q, Sun Z x, Liu Y G, Lin H X, He Z H. Identification of a 98-kb DNA segment containing the rice Eui gene controlling uppermost internode elongation, and construction of a TAC transgene sublibrary. Mol Genet Genomics, 2004, 272(2): 149～155
217 Xu Y, McCouch S R, and Shen Z. Transgressive segregation of tiller angle in rice caused by complementary gene action. Crop Sci, 1998, 38(1): 12-19.
218 Yamaguchi T, Nagasawa N, Kawasaki S, Matsuoka M, Nagato Y, Hirano H Y. The YABBY gene DROOPING LEAF regulates carpel specification and midrib development in Oryza sativa. Plant Cell, 2004, 16(2): 500～509
219 Yamamori M, Nakamura T, Endo T R, Nagamine T. Waxy protein deficiency and chromosome location of coding genes in common wheat. Theor Appl Genet, 1994, 89: 179～184
220 Yamamuro C, Ihara Y, Wu X, Noguchi T, Fujioka S, Takatsuto S, Ashikari M, Kitano H, Matsuoka M. Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitivel homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. Plant Cell, 2000, 12(9): 1591～1606
221 Yamazaki M, Tsugawa H, Miyao A, Yano M, Wu J, Yamamoto S, Matsumoto T, Sasaki T, Hirochika H. The rice retrotransposon Tos17 prefers low-copy-number sequences as integration targets. Mol Genet Genomics, 2001, 265(2): 336～344
222 Yang P Z, Chen C H, Wang Z P, Fan B F, Chen Z X. A pathogen- and salicylic acid-induced WRKY DNA-binding activity recognizes the elicitor response element of the tobacco class Ⅰ chitinase gene promoter. Plant J, 1999, 18(2): 141～149.