正交异性板扁平钢箱梁若干问题研究
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摘要
正交异性板扁平钢箱梁最早的应用是英国1966年建成的Severn桥,当时采用扁平钢箱梁的主要目的是为了改善大跨度悬索桥的抗风性能。扁平钢箱梁代替桁架梁被认为如同飞机工业中双翼飞机改进为单翼飞机的革命性变革。同时,正交异性板扁平钢箱梁保留了正交异性桥面板具有自重轻、刚度大、维护方便等优点,所以,继Severn桥之后,法国、丹麦、土耳其、日本、中国等均将正交异性板扁平钢梁作为大跨缆索支承桥梁加劲梁的主要形式之一。事实上,正交异性板扁平钢箱梁适合于任何把自重和梁高作为重要指标的桥梁。
近些年来,国内外已建成的扁平钢箱梁桥在运营过程中发现一些与结构、构造和制造工艺相关的重要问题,并且随服役时间的增长越来越突出。扁平钢箱梁的正交异性桥面板既有桥面系的功能,直接承受交通荷载,又构成横梁和纵梁的上翼缘,结构受力复杂;因剪力滞后效应、畸变翘曲、构造细节和焊接工艺造成的应力集中等原因,应力变化梯度大;而桥面系局部刚度不足也导致铺装层过早破坏。如果正交异性桥面板因疲劳或其它原因损坏而需要修复或者更换时,将十分困难。所以,有些国家的桥梁工程师一直谨慎使用正交异性桥面板作为扁平箱梁翼缘的结构形式。在美国,桥梁界从上个世纪50年代就开始深入、系统地研究正交异性板梁,而直到2003年建成的卡圭尼兹第三大桥才首次使用正交异性板扁平钢箱梁作为较大跨度悬索桥的加劲梁。可以看到,人们对正交异性板扁平钢箱梁的结构性能认识还不是非常统一和成熟,对相关问题有必要进行更深入的研究。
本文以一座实桥的扁平钢箱梁为模型用有限元方法和ANSYS软件研究了正交异性板扁平钢箱梁的三个问题:
1.研究了节段正交异性板扁平钢箱梁受弯、受扭的力学性能。考察了钢箱梁顶板、底板和隔板等各个部分的应力分布特点和应力幅值,包括剪力滞效应、扭转翘曲正应力、斜底板以及箱形棱角处的应力水平,以期为确定主梁的钢材强度和其他力学性能提供依据,也为推测扁平钢箱梁的断裂危险部位提供依据,为分析整个桥梁建设的经济性提供参考;
2.研究了扁平钢箱梁U形肋与面板的焊接残余应力。在ANSYS程序中用热-结构顺序耦合的方法模拟已知焊缝熔合线的焊接产生的残余应力,以期为计算正交异性桥面板的极限承载能力提供重要的初始条件,同时为疲劳强度的分析提供有价值的应力幅,为使用寿命的预测提供参考;
3.研究了扁平钢箱梁正交异性桥面板的构造设计。主要研究了横隔板为使U形肋贯穿所开缺口的应力集中和U形肋内设置小隔板对改善桥面板受力的作用,以期为桥面板的抗疲劳设计提供依据,为精确计算桥面板的刚度和交通荷载作用下的位移提供依据,为桥面铺装相关研究和施工提供依据和参考。
通过对上述问题的理论研究和ANSYS计算分析,得到一些结论和数据,以期对扁平钢箱梁强度设计、疲劳设计、制造安装、桥面铺装、运营维护和寿命评估等提供有价值的参考。
The Severn Bridge is the first bridge in the world to be built with a orthotropic deck steel box girder of aerodynamic cross-section and inclined hangers. Using this section mostly idea to reduce aerodynamic instability. Simultaneity, orthotropic deck provide an excellent solution for any large-scale structures where weight is an issue. So, this type of construction was used later for a bridge over the Bosporus at Istanbul, the Littebelt bridge in Denmark, and the Humber bridge in Northern England. In fact, orthotropic deck steel box girders are suited any bridge where weight or hight of gieder is an important issue.
Box girders are susceptible to cross sectional distortion under eccentric loading condition.It is important to analysis the ratio of the distortional warping normal stress to the bending normal stress. Steel box girder is a welded, all-steel superstructure, weld residual stress strongly affect its fatigue life. Another most challenge to design for fatigue is the connection detail between the longitudinal ribs and the diaphragm plate.
Research of performance characteristics of this structure with finite element analysis is presented in this thesis. Three level finite element models of a real steel orthotropic deck flat box girder are presented in this thesis.
1. The 3D shell model of the steel orthotropic deck box girder block includes deck plate, bottom plate, ribs, diaphragm and web. This model can consider the girder bending and torsion action as well as warping, shear lag, and the interaction of structural element.
2. A second level model can be developed for considering weld residual stress of U rib to deck plate and made up of 3D block element, it’s a thermal-structure sequentially couple field analysis. The stress spectra obtained from this model can be used to study ultimate strength and fatigue strength of U rib orthotropic deck, and to predict the life of this box girder.
3. The third model be mainly made up for considering geometry detail of orthotropic deck. Stress concentration nearly cutout and stress of deck plate, U ribs and its diaphragm plate are simulated. All these studies aim to deeply understand structure characters of steel orthotropic deck box girder, the results can be used to aid design, fabrication, erection and health monitor of those girders.
近些年来,国内外已建成的扁平钢箱梁桥在运营过程中发现一些与结构、构造和制造工艺相关的重要问题,并且随服役时间的增长越来越突出。扁平钢箱梁的正交异性桥面板既有桥面系的功能,直接承受交通荷载,又构成横梁和纵梁的上翼缘,结构受力复杂;因剪力滞后效应、畸变翘曲、构造细节和焊接工艺造成的应力集中等原因,应力变化梯度大;而桥面系局部刚度不足也导致铺装层过早破坏。如果正交异性桥面板因疲劳或其它原因损坏而需要修复或者更换时,将十分困难。所以,有些国家的桥梁工程师一直谨慎使用正交异性桥面板作为扁平箱梁翼缘的结构形式。在美国,桥梁界从上个世纪50年代就开始深入、系统地研究正交异性板梁,而直到2003年建成的卡圭尼兹第三大桥才首次使用正交异性板扁平钢箱梁作为较大跨度悬索桥的加劲梁。可以看到,人们对正交异性板扁平钢箱梁的结构性能认识还不是非常统一和成熟,对相关问题有必要进行更深入的研究。
本文以一座实桥的扁平钢箱梁为模型用有限元方法和ANSYS软件研究了正交异性板扁平钢箱梁的三个问题:
1.研究了节段正交异性板扁平钢箱梁受弯、受扭的力学性能。考察了钢箱梁顶板、底板和隔板等各个部分的应力分布特点和应力幅值,包括剪力滞效应、扭转翘曲正应力、斜底板以及箱形棱角处的应力水平,以期为确定主梁的钢材强度和其他力学性能提供依据,也为推测扁平钢箱梁的断裂危险部位提供依据,为分析整个桥梁建设的经济性提供参考;
2.研究了扁平钢箱梁U形肋与面板的焊接残余应力。在ANSYS程序中用热-结构顺序耦合的方法模拟已知焊缝熔合线的焊接产生的残余应力,以期为计算正交异性桥面板的极限承载能力提供重要的初始条件,同时为疲劳强度的分析提供有价值的应力幅,为使用寿命的预测提供参考;
3.研究了扁平钢箱梁正交异性桥面板的构造设计。主要研究了横隔板为使U形肋贯穿所开缺口的应力集中和U形肋内设置小隔板对改善桥面板受力的作用,以期为桥面板的抗疲劳设计提供依据,为精确计算桥面板的刚度和交通荷载作用下的位移提供依据,为桥面铺装相关研究和施工提供依据和参考。
通过对上述问题的理论研究和ANSYS计算分析,得到一些结论和数据,以期对扁平钢箱梁强度设计、疲劳设计、制造安装、桥面铺装、运营维护和寿命评估等提供有价值的参考。
The Severn Bridge is the first bridge in the world to be built with a orthotropic deck steel box girder of aerodynamic cross-section and inclined hangers. Using this section mostly idea to reduce aerodynamic instability. Simultaneity, orthotropic deck provide an excellent solution for any large-scale structures where weight is an issue. So, this type of construction was used later for a bridge over the Bosporus at Istanbul, the Littebelt bridge in Denmark, and the Humber bridge in Northern England. In fact, orthotropic deck steel box girders are suited any bridge where weight or hight of gieder is an important issue.
Box girders are susceptible to cross sectional distortion under eccentric loading condition.It is important to analysis the ratio of the distortional warping normal stress to the bending normal stress. Steel box girder is a welded, all-steel superstructure, weld residual stress strongly affect its fatigue life. Another most challenge to design for fatigue is the connection detail between the longitudinal ribs and the diaphragm plate.
Research of performance characteristics of this structure with finite element analysis is presented in this thesis. Three level finite element models of a real steel orthotropic deck flat box girder are presented in this thesis.
1. The 3D shell model of the steel orthotropic deck box girder block includes deck plate, bottom plate, ribs, diaphragm and web. This model can consider the girder bending and torsion action as well as warping, shear lag, and the interaction of structural element.
2. A second level model can be developed for considering weld residual stress of U rib to deck plate and made up of 3D block element, it’s a thermal-structure sequentially couple field analysis. The stress spectra obtained from this model can be used to study ultimate strength and fatigue strength of U rib orthotropic deck, and to predict the life of this box girder.
3. The third model be mainly made up for considering geometry detail of orthotropic deck. Stress concentration nearly cutout and stress of deck plate, U ribs and its diaphragm plate are simulated. All these studies aim to deeply understand structure characters of steel orthotropic deck box girder, the results can be used to aid design, fabrication, erection and health monitor of those girders.
引文
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2. Jeom Kee Paik,Recent Advances and Future Trends in Ultimate Limit State Design of Steel-Plated Structures,International Workshop on Recent Advances and Future Trends in Thin-Walled Structures Technology, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK, 25th June 2004
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5. Sheng-Jin Chen, Kuo-Chen Yang, Inelastic behavior of orthotropic steel deck stiffened by U-shaped stiffeners, Thin-Walled Structures 40 (2002) 537–553
6. T.D.Huang,Residual stresses and distortion in lightweight ship panel structures Technology review journal . spring/summer2003
7. 汪建华等,预测焊接变形的残余塑变有限元方法,上海交通大学学报,1997,31(4):53-56,
8. 陈丙森,计算机辅助焊接技术,机械工业出版社,1999
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10. D. Gery, H. Longb, P. Maropoulos,Effects of welding speed, energy input and heat source distributionon temperature variations in butt joint welding[J],Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2005 (167),
11. S. Fricke, E. Keim, J. Schmidt, Numerical weld modeling -a method for calculating weld-induced residual stresses, [J], Nuclear Engineering and Design 2001(206) p139–150,
12. J.R. Choa, B.Y. Lee, Y.H. Moon, C.J. Van Tyne, Investigation of residual stress and post weld heat treatment of multi-pass welds by finite element method and experiments, [J], Journal of Materials Processing Technology 155–156 (2004) 1690–1695
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14. 黎江,三维焊接热应力和残余应力演化虚拟分析技术研究,[D]广西大学,2002
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19. D.皮茨,L.西索姆著,传热学,科学出版社,2002
20. British Standard,BS 5950-Part 8: Code of practice for fire resistant design,2003
21. European Committee for Standardization,Eurocode 3 Part 1.2 Design of steel structures: General rules Structural fire design,2001,10
1. J.W. Fisher. Fatigue and fracture in steel bridges: case study [M] , John Wiley Sons, 1984
2. Shunichi Nakamura, Design to Make Steel Bridge More Economical,[J],Constructure Steel Reserch,1998,46(1),
3. Peter J Massarelli, Fatigue Reliability of Highway Steel Bridge Detail,[D],University of Virginia,1997,January,
4. Kornel Kiss, Laszl Dunai, Fracture mechanics based fatigue analysis of steel bridge decks by two-level cracked models,Computers and Structures, 2002(80) p2321–2331,
5. John Fisher, et al, Full-Scale Fatigue Tests of Steel Orthotropic Decks for the Williamsburg Bridge, Journal of Bridge Engineering, Volume 8, September/October, 2003. 2.
6. Qi Ye etal, Analysis and Design of Steel Orthotropic Decks, IABSE Symposium, 2004, ShangHai,
7. 顾发祥,强士中译,钢桥设计论文选译,中国铁道出版社,1986
8. Dowling.P.J, The behaviour of stiffened plate bridge deck under wheel loading ,[D], University of London ,1968
9. AISC,Structural Details to Increase Ductility of Connections, Steel Tips, April 1995
10. Kwang-Min Lee,Hyo-NamCho, Young-Min Choi,Life-cycle cost-effective optimum design of steel bridges ,[J] Constructional Steel Research 2004 (60) p1585–1613,
11. BSI, BS5400, Part 10:Steel, concrete and composite bridges.[S] 1980,P.1~48
12. AASHTO, AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (2000 Interim Revisions),Washington, DC, pp.9-19 to 9-24.
13. AASHTO, AASHTO Standard Specifications For Highway Bridge, 16th edition, Washington, DC, pp24, 224-231, 1996.
14. Michèle S. Pfeila,Stress concentration in steel bridge orthotropic decks,[J],Constructional Steel Research 2005(61) p1172–1184,
15. Zhi-Gang Xiao, Kentaro Yamada, Jirou Inoue, Kouta Yamaguchic,Fatigue cracks in longitudinal ribs of steel orthotropic deck,[J],International Journal of Fatigue 2006(28) p409–416,
16. Robert.J Connor,A comparison of the in-service response of an orthotropic steel deck with laboratory studies and design assumptions,[D],Lehigh university,May 2002,
17. Paul A. Tsakopoulos, John W. Fisher, Full-Scale Fatigue Tests of Steel Orthotropic Decks for the Williamsburg Bridge,[J],Journal of Bridge Engineering,2003(323)
18. Mabsout ME, Tarhini KM, Frederick GR , Kesserwan A. Effect of continuity on wheel load distribution in steel girder bridges. Journal of Bridge Engineering 1998: 3(3): 103-110.
19. 中华人民共和国交通部,公路桥涵设计通用规范,JTG D60-2004,