榆神府矿区煤炭开采对生态环境损害的定量化评价
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摘要
榆神府矿区地处毛乌素沙地与黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的过渡地带,该区地表为厚松散层所覆盖,常年干旱少雨、植被稀疏。该矿区煤层埋藏浅、开采厚度大、基岩厚度薄。在这种条件下开采往往会导致一系列生态环境损害问题。这严重地危害国家和人民生命财产,是矿区可持续发展急需研究解决的难题之一。本文首先在对环境、地质、安全、采矿等相关领域理论与经验综合借鉴基础上,建立了煤矿区生态环境损害定量化评级指标体系,然后运用模糊数学综合评判法对榆神府矿区进行了生态环境损害的定量化评价,最后依据评价结果提出了生态环境损害控制与治理的对策。主要结论如下:
(1)在深入探讨榆神府矿区开采沉陷、地下水损害、生态环境损害形成机理的基础上,认为开采沉陷是榆神府矿区最重要、最根本的损害问题。地下水损害和生态环境损害是开采沉陷的连锁反应和衍生损害。
(2)矿区生态环境损害定量化评价的指标体系包括开采沉陷、地下水损害、生态环境状况三个子系统。开采沉陷子系统用扰动系数、宽深比、覆岩综合普氏强度、下沉系数、深厚比五个指标表征;地下水损害子系统用两带高度之和与关键含(隔)水层的空间关系、含水系数两个指标表征;生态环境状况子系统用综合性指标EI值进行表征。各指标权重用层次分析法(AHP)确定。
(3)本文在榆神府矿区中选取了12个煤矿作为评价样点,并运用模糊数学综合评判法对其定量化评价。评价结果显示:①榆神府矿区开采沉陷损害整体上为Ⅲ级,即严重。具体而言,榆家梁、孙家岔龙华、杨伙盘、哈拉沟、大海则、孙家岔王洛沟、石窑店、石圪台、榆树湾煤矿的开采沉陷损害等级为Ⅲ级,即严重;十八墩、二墩、三台界煤矿的开采沉陷损害等级为Ⅱ,即中等。②榆神府矿区地下水损害等级大体上位于Ⅰ—Ⅱ级(轻微—中等)之间。具体而言,榆树湾、孙家岔龙华、大海则、石窑店、石圪台煤矿地下水损害等级为Ⅰ级,即轻微;十八墩、榆家梁、哈拉沟、三台界、孙家岔王洛沟煤矿地下水损害等级为Ⅱ级,即中等;杨伙盘、二墩的地下水损害等级为Ⅲ级,即严重。③榆神府矿区生态环境状况等级整体上处于Ⅰ——Ⅱ级(良好—一般)之间。具体而言,榆树湾、哈拉沟、石圪台煤矿的生态环境状况等级为Ⅰ级,即良好,榆家梁、大海则、石窑店煤矿的生态环境状况等级为Ⅱ级,即一般;孙家岔龙华煤矿的生态环境状况等级为Ⅲ级,即较差。④榆神府矿区生态环境损害等级为Ⅲ级,即严重。具体而言,榆家梁、孙家岔龙华、哈拉沟、大海则、石窑店、石圪台、榆树湾煤矿的开采沉陷损害等级为Ⅲ级,即严重。
(4)依据损害机理和定量评价结果,从政策,法律,经济,管理,科学技术研究等角度分别提出了损害程度控制和治理的对策。
The Yushenfu mining area locates in the transition zone of Maowusu desert and hill ravine of loess plateau in China. There are thick loose beds, droughty, short of the rain and little vegetation, more aeolian sands on the ground surface in the mining area. The seam of the mining area that has the characteristics of shallow imbedding, thick mining, thin bedrock and thick loose beds is a typical shallow seam. In this condition, mining will result in a series of eco-environment damage. The problems, which badly harm the property of nation and people, are researched and solved to the sustainable development of the mining area. First, the paper establish the evaluation index system of eco-environment damage in coal mining area on the basis of studying synthetically the theory and practices of related fields such as environment science, geology, security, and mining science. Second, this essay evaluates Yushenfu mining area quantificationally by fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Finally, the passage presents some prevention countermeasures according as the results. The major conclusions are as follows:
Firstly, on the basis of researching deeply on the generant mechanism of the mining subsidence damage, the groundwater damage and the eco-environment damage in Yushenfu mining area, the mining subsidence is the most important and essential issue, and the groundwater damage and the eco-environment damage are the chain reaction derivative damage of the mining subsidence damage.
Secondly, the quantitative evaluation index system of the eco-environment damage in mining area includes three subsystems which are the mining subsidence damage, the groundwater damage and the eco-environment status. The subsystem of mining subsidence damage involves five indexes which are perturbation coefficient, width-depth ratio, synthetical protodyakonov coefficient of overburden rocks, subsidence factor, the ratio of mining depth and height. The subsystem of the groundwater damage involves two indexes which are the spatial relationship between caving & fracture zone height and key aquifers (aquiclude), aquiferous coefficient. The subsystem of the eco-environment status is expressed by ecological index (EI) which is a synthetical factor. The index weightiness is confirmed by AHP.
Thirdly, this research chooses 12 coal mines of Yushenfu mining area as sample point and evaluates them by fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The results show that:①The mining subsidence damage grade of Yushenfu mining area is third grade (serious) on the whole. Speaking in detail, the mining subsidence damage grade is third grade in Yujialiang, Sunjiachalonghua, Yanghuopan, Halagou, Dahaize, Sunjiachawangluogou, Shiyaodian, Shigetai, Yushuwan; the mining subsidence damage grade is second grade (moderate) in Shibadun, Erdun, Santaijie.②The groundwater damage grade of Yushenfu mining area locates between first and second grade(low-moderate)on the whole. Speaking in detail, the groundwater damage grade is first grade (low) in Yushuwan, Sunjiachalonghua, Dahaize, Shiyaodian, Shigetai; the groundwater damage grade is second grade (moderate) in Shibadun, Yujialiang, Halagou, Santaijie, Sunjiachawangluogou; the groundwater damage grade is third grade (serious) in Yanghuopan, Erdun.③The eco-environment status grade of Yushenfu mining area locates between first and second grade(better-moderate)on the whole. Speaking in detail, the eco-environment status grade is first grade (better) in Yushuwan, Halagou, Shigetai; the groundwater damage grade is second grade (moderate) in Yujialiang, Dahaize , Shiyaodian,; the groundwater damage grade is third grade (bad) in Sunjiachalonghua.④The eco-environment damage grade of Yushenfu mining area is third grade(serious). Speaking in detail, the eco-environment status grade is third grade (serious) in Yujialiang, Sunjiachalonghua , Halagou , Dahaize ,Shiyaodian, Shigetai, Yushuwan.
Finally, this passage presents some prevention countermeasures from different points of view such as policy, law, economy, management, research of science and technology.
(1)在深入探讨榆神府矿区开采沉陷、地下水损害、生态环境损害形成机理的基础上,认为开采沉陷是榆神府矿区最重要、最根本的损害问题。地下水损害和生态环境损害是开采沉陷的连锁反应和衍生损害。
(2)矿区生态环境损害定量化评价的指标体系包括开采沉陷、地下水损害、生态环境状况三个子系统。开采沉陷子系统用扰动系数、宽深比、覆岩综合普氏强度、下沉系数、深厚比五个指标表征;地下水损害子系统用两带高度之和与关键含(隔)水层的空间关系、含水系数两个指标表征;生态环境状况子系统用综合性指标EI值进行表征。各指标权重用层次分析法(AHP)确定。
(3)本文在榆神府矿区中选取了12个煤矿作为评价样点,并运用模糊数学综合评判法对其定量化评价。评价结果显示:①榆神府矿区开采沉陷损害整体上为Ⅲ级,即严重。具体而言,榆家梁、孙家岔龙华、杨伙盘、哈拉沟、大海则、孙家岔王洛沟、石窑店、石圪台、榆树湾煤矿的开采沉陷损害等级为Ⅲ级,即严重;十八墩、二墩、三台界煤矿的开采沉陷损害等级为Ⅱ,即中等。②榆神府矿区地下水损害等级大体上位于Ⅰ—Ⅱ级(轻微—中等)之间。具体而言,榆树湾、孙家岔龙华、大海则、石窑店、石圪台煤矿地下水损害等级为Ⅰ级,即轻微;十八墩、榆家梁、哈拉沟、三台界、孙家岔王洛沟煤矿地下水损害等级为Ⅱ级,即中等;杨伙盘、二墩的地下水损害等级为Ⅲ级,即严重。③榆神府矿区生态环境状况等级整体上处于Ⅰ——Ⅱ级(良好—一般)之间。具体而言,榆树湾、哈拉沟、石圪台煤矿的生态环境状况等级为Ⅰ级,即良好,榆家梁、大海则、石窑店煤矿的生态环境状况等级为Ⅱ级,即一般;孙家岔龙华煤矿的生态环境状况等级为Ⅲ级,即较差。④榆神府矿区生态环境损害等级为Ⅲ级,即严重。具体而言,榆家梁、孙家岔龙华、哈拉沟、大海则、石窑店、石圪台、榆树湾煤矿的开采沉陷损害等级为Ⅲ级,即严重。
(4)依据损害机理和定量评价结果,从政策,法律,经济,管理,科学技术研究等角度分别提出了损害程度控制和治理的对策。
The Yushenfu mining area locates in the transition zone of Maowusu desert and hill ravine of loess plateau in China. There are thick loose beds, droughty, short of the rain and little vegetation, more aeolian sands on the ground surface in the mining area. The seam of the mining area that has the characteristics of shallow imbedding, thick mining, thin bedrock and thick loose beds is a typical shallow seam. In this condition, mining will result in a series of eco-environment damage. The problems, which badly harm the property of nation and people, are researched and solved to the sustainable development of the mining area. First, the paper establish the evaluation index system of eco-environment damage in coal mining area on the basis of studying synthetically the theory and practices of related fields such as environment science, geology, security, and mining science. Second, this essay evaluates Yushenfu mining area quantificationally by fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Finally, the passage presents some prevention countermeasures according as the results. The major conclusions are as follows:
Firstly, on the basis of researching deeply on the generant mechanism of the mining subsidence damage, the groundwater damage and the eco-environment damage in Yushenfu mining area, the mining subsidence is the most important and essential issue, and the groundwater damage and the eco-environment damage are the chain reaction derivative damage of the mining subsidence damage.
Secondly, the quantitative evaluation index system of the eco-environment damage in mining area includes three subsystems which are the mining subsidence damage, the groundwater damage and the eco-environment status. The subsystem of mining subsidence damage involves five indexes which are perturbation coefficient, width-depth ratio, synthetical protodyakonov coefficient of overburden rocks, subsidence factor, the ratio of mining depth and height. The subsystem of the groundwater damage involves two indexes which are the spatial relationship between caving & fracture zone height and key aquifers (aquiclude), aquiferous coefficient. The subsystem of the eco-environment status is expressed by ecological index (EI) which is a synthetical factor. The index weightiness is confirmed by AHP.
Thirdly, this research chooses 12 coal mines of Yushenfu mining area as sample point and evaluates them by fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The results show that:①The mining subsidence damage grade of Yushenfu mining area is third grade (serious) on the whole. Speaking in detail, the mining subsidence damage grade is third grade in Yujialiang, Sunjiachalonghua, Yanghuopan, Halagou, Dahaize, Sunjiachawangluogou, Shiyaodian, Shigetai, Yushuwan; the mining subsidence damage grade is second grade (moderate) in Shibadun, Erdun, Santaijie.②The groundwater damage grade of Yushenfu mining area locates between first and second grade(low-moderate)on the whole. Speaking in detail, the groundwater damage grade is first grade (low) in Yushuwan, Sunjiachalonghua, Dahaize, Shiyaodian, Shigetai; the groundwater damage grade is second grade (moderate) in Shibadun, Yujialiang, Halagou, Santaijie, Sunjiachawangluogou; the groundwater damage grade is third grade (serious) in Yanghuopan, Erdun.③The eco-environment status grade of Yushenfu mining area locates between first and second grade(better-moderate)on the whole. Speaking in detail, the eco-environment status grade is first grade (better) in Yushuwan, Halagou, Shigetai; the groundwater damage grade is second grade (moderate) in Yujialiang, Dahaize , Shiyaodian,; the groundwater damage grade is third grade (bad) in Sunjiachalonghua.④The eco-environment damage grade of Yushenfu mining area is third grade(serious). Speaking in detail, the eco-environment status grade is third grade (serious) in Yujialiang, Sunjiachalonghua , Halagou , Dahaize ,Shiyaodian, Shigetai, Yushuwan.
Finally, this passage presents some prevention countermeasures from different points of view such as policy, law, economy, management, research of science and technology.
引文
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