Z-源变流器关键技术的研究
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摘要
传统的变流器主要分为电压源(VS)和电流源(CS)两类拓扑结构，它们可以应用于不同的应用场合，同时，它们在应用中都有些不尽如人意的缺点：1)电压源变流器(VS)容易受电磁干扰(EMI)等因素的影响而产生直通损坏，电流源型变流器(CS)容易受开路信号的影响而损坏；2)只能是单一的Buck(VSI或CSR)型或Boost(VSR或CSI)型变流电路。由于上述原因，传统变流器在实际应用中具有一定的局限性。而Z-源变流器能够克服传统变流器的局限性，在很多应用场合有一定的优势，本文着重针对Z-源变流器在实际应用中表现出来的优点以及遇到的问题进行研究和探讨。
Z-源变流器由于采用了独特的X型Z-源网络电路而获得了升／降压、安全性能高、效率高(单级电路)、直流滤波性能好(二阶滤波器)等优点。Z-源网络的加入对系统的动态性能有一定的影响，为了研究Z-源变流器的动态性能，以Z-源逆变器为例，建立了Z-源网络电路的小信号模型，根据各部分的传递函数分析了Z-源网络电路参数对系统的影响。虽然模型是建立在Z-源逆变器的基础之上的，但其同样适用于Z-源变流器的其它结构。设计了Z-源网络电容电压闭环控制器和直流链电压最大值闭环控制器，得到理想的效果，并适用于各种应用场合。
在变流器实际应用场合，体积、重量、动态响应和对负载的适应性是至关重要的因素。Z-源变流器直流链电感的加入增加了系统的体积、重量和成本，同时影响了系统的动态性能。减小电感是变流器在实际应用中所考虑的主要因素。但是，Z-源逆变器在负载较轻、小电感以及输出功率因数较小时，会出现非正常工作状态，二极管电流的断续(DCM)，直流链电压最大值发生畸变。本文提出了可完全消除上述非正常工作状态的双向流动Z-源逆变器。该逆变器能够实现在Z-源网络小电感和负载较轻时，消除直流链电压最大值畸变，得到理想的逆变器交流电压的功能。
交流调速系统(ASD)由于其简单、节能而广泛应用于工业生产中，但是电网电压跌落(Voltage sags)会造成调速系统故障，给生产带来不可估量的损失。而Z-源逆变器独特的升压功能能够承受系统电网电压跌落，避免由于电网电压跌落给系统带来的损失。针对Z-源逆变器具有的特殊的升／降压功能，本文提出了能够应用于Z-源逆变器交流调速和双向流动Z-源逆变器交流调速系统的“部分PAM／PWM控制”方法，能够实现比传统PWM控制更大的逆变器调制因子M，减小了感应电机的铁耗。设计了一种前馈控制器，大大减小了直流输入电压纹波对直流链电压最大值的影响，能够抑制包括6脉纹波在内的所有频率的输入电压扰动。
在微电网和分布式发电系统中，微源(光伏模块和燃料电池等)的输出直流电压变化很大，对系统的功率调整电路(Power Conditioning System)要求较高。尤以光伏发电系统为甚。光伏发电系统中光伏模块的“输出功率-输出电压曲线”以及“输出电流-输出电压”曲线受环境(光照强度和环境温度)的影响很大，为了充分利用输出功率，必须对其进行最大功率跟踪(MPPT)控制以减少能量损失。本文提出了两种控制方案来实现Z-源逆变器光伏模块输出功率MPPT控制和逆变器并网控制。一种是两级控制策略：通过调节逆变器调制因子来实现逆变器并网，得到恒定的直流链电压最大值，在光伏模块和交流电网之间树立了一个屏障，减小两者相互之间的影响，通过调节直通占空比实现了光伏模块输出功率MPPT控制；第二种控制策略是单级控制：为了得到相对较大的调制因子，提出了统一电压空间矢量的概念，把直通占空比和逆变器调制因子两个变量合成一个变量——统一电压空间矢量，通过控制统一电压空间矢量长度来实现光伏模块输出功率MPPT控制和逆变器并网控制。应用“扰动观测法”实现了基于Z-源逆变器的光伏并网系统最大功率跟踪(MPPT)，取得了预期的效果。
对目前常用的两种拓扑(传统PWM逆变器-简称单级变流器和级联Boost电路的PWM逆变器-简称两级变流器)与Z-源逆变器进行了定量比较。得出三种拓扑各自的应用优势：当升压比在1～2时，Z-源逆变器优势明显，而当升压比大于2后两级电路占有优势。一般的，电路升压范围在1～2之间，所以Z-源逆变器在分布式发电系统具有明显的优势。
PWM整流器实现了网侧电流正弦化，且能够运行于单位功率因数下，能量可双向传输，因而是“绿色电能变换器”。但是传统的电压型PWM整流器只能升压而不能降压，同时整流桥容易由于直通而损坏。在实际应用中具有一定的局限性。针对以上两个问题，提出了具有升／降压功能的Z-源PWM整流器，通过控制直通占空比能够实现直流电压的任意升／降。由其特殊的拓扑形式，通过适当的控制直通信号加入的时段就能够实现整流桥有源器件的零电压导通或零电流关断(视有源器件类型而定，MOSFET用ZVS，IGBT用ZCS)，改善了有源器件的工作环境，减少了损耗。
Z-源PWM交流调压电路具有升／降压功能，可以有效抑制电网电压波动(电压跌落或电压骤升)对系统造成的冲击。可以应用于感应加热、照明控制、感应电机的软启动以及风机和水泵的调速等应用场合。
The traditional power converter consists of two type topologies: Voltage source (VS) and Current source (CS). It is used in different occasions, and there exist some limitations and drawbacks in traditional power converter: 1) the voltage source converter can be destroyed by shoot-through states results from EMI, while current source converter has the same problem hurted by open-cuicuit; 2) the VSR and CSI is a boost converter, and CSR amd VSI has a buck characteristic, it does not achieve a buck/boost feature. The recently developed Z-source converter has some special characteristics due to the extra topology.
This dissertation focuses on the points (advantages and problems) which appeared in the practical applications. It concludes the advantages and presents the methods for exists problems.
The proposed Z-source converter achieved some merits, such as buck/boost voltage and improved reliability of the inverter without adding any other circuits concerning the X-type Z-source network. On the contrary, it affects the dynamic response. In order to reseach the dynamic response of the Z-source converter, a small-signal modeling of Z-source network, which based on Z-source inverter, has been presented, each transfer function has been analyzed in detail. The control-to-Z-source capacitor voltage transfer function has non-minimum phase characteristics, and has imfluenced by Z-source network component values heavyly. A linear PID controller for Z-source capacitor and A fuzzy PID controller for dc-link voltage has been designed, and gained good performance (fast dynamic response, small steady state errors).
In the practical applications, the weight, volume, dynamic response and adaptability to load plays important roles in evaluate the converter. The Z-source network inductor increases converter's weight, volume, and decreases its dynamic response and adaptability. Select small Z-source inductor can improve all fetures but it: 1) results in dc-link voltage aberrance, 2) increase current stress. The light-load and low power factor also can arouse dc-link voltage aberrance, compelled the dc-link voltage out of control, and deteriorate inverter output ac voltage. A bi-derectional Z-source inverter has been proposed. The presented bi-derectional Z-source inverter can eliminate the dc-link voltage aberrance with small Z-source network inductor at light-load condition, and obtain the high-performance output ac voltage. The system dynamic response is improved due to reduced small Z-source inductor, and the adaptability for load is ameliorated.
The application of adjustable-speed drives (ASD) in commercial and industrial facilities is increasing due to improved efficiency, energy saving, and process control. Voltage sags can interrupt an ASD system, thus shutting down critical loads and processes. The Z-source inverter ASD system can provide ride-through during the voltage sags without any additional circuits. Concerning the ASD's light-load condition, a bi-derectional Z-source inverter ASD system has been proposed, which avoid the abnormal operation mode shown in chapter 2. A "partly PAM/PWM" control method has been presented, which increases the modulation index M and reduces the iron loss of the induction motor. In order to decrease the dc-link voltage ripple, a feedforward controller has designed, the effects of the input voltage ripple (especially the 6-pulse voltage ripple caused by front-end diode rectifier) have been eliminated, and a good performance output ac voltage is obtained.
In the micro-grid and distributed generation system, the output dc voltage of the micro-source (fuel-cell, or photovoltaic) is wide-range changed, in order to decrease the KVA requirement of the inverter, a dc-dc boost converter or Z-source inverter can be used. The "output power-output voltage curve" and "output voltage-output current curve" of the photovoltaic array have affected strongly by environment values (irradiance level and panels' tempreture), it is necessary to track continuously the MPP in order to maximize the power output from a PV system, for a given set of operating conditions. This dissertation proposes two control methods for both MPPT and grid-connectted inverter. 1. two-stage control: using modulation index to achieve constant dc-link peak voltage, regulating shoot-through duty cycle to fulfill the PV MPPT control. 2. one-stage control: employing unified space vector for control both PV MPPT control and grid-connected controller. A guideline for designing both MPPT controller and grid-connected controller is depicted. With aforementioned analysis, a MPPT controller based on "perturb & observe" has been designed and employed in Z-source inverter PV system, the experimental results verified the theory analysis.
Three different inverter system topologies are to be investigated: the conventional PWM inverter, the dc/dc boosted cascaded PWM inverter, and Z-source inverter. Concerning the active switching devices and system reliability, the Z-source inverter has prominent superiority: a. removed a dc-link active switching device, its drive and protection circuits, minimized the cost and improved the system reliability; b. shoot-through can no longer destroy the inverter. From dc link passive components requirement and CPSR, the Z-source inverter and the dc/dc boosted PWM inverter have almost the same values.
The boost type PWM rectifier has been increasingly employed since it offers the possibility of a low distortion line current with unity power factor for any load condition. Another advantage is its capability for nearly instantaneous reversal of power flow. Unfortunately, it does not provide buck/boost feature, and can be destroyed by shoot-through. A novel ZVS (ZCS) Z-source rectifier has been presented, which has buck/boost feature and permit shoot-through. A ZVS (ZCS) of the rectifier switching devices has been achieved with selecting felicitous time to add the shoot-throgh interval. It improves the active switching devices working environment, and decreases power loss.
From the generalized Z-source converter, a new three-phase ac-ac Z-source converter is proposed. The proposed three-phase ac-ac Z-source converter can keep the output voltage steady by operating at buck or boost mode. Therefore, it has the capability to overcome the voltage sag or voltage surge which may damage the equipments.
Z-源变流器由于采用了独特的X型Z-源网络电路而获得了升／降压、安全性能高、效率高(单级电路)、直流滤波性能好(二阶滤波器)等优点。Z-源网络的加入对系统的动态性能有一定的影响，为了研究Z-源变流器的动态性能，以Z-源逆变器为例，建立了Z-源网络电路的小信号模型，根据各部分的传递函数分析了Z-源网络电路参数对系统的影响。虽然模型是建立在Z-源逆变器的基础之上的，但其同样适用于Z-源变流器的其它结构。设计了Z-源网络电容电压闭环控制器和直流链电压最大值闭环控制器，得到理想的效果，并适用于各种应用场合。
在变流器实际应用场合，体积、重量、动态响应和对负载的适应性是至关重要的因素。Z-源变流器直流链电感的加入增加了系统的体积、重量和成本，同时影响了系统的动态性能。减小电感是变流器在实际应用中所考虑的主要因素。但是，Z-源逆变器在负载较轻、小电感以及输出功率因数较小时，会出现非正常工作状态，二极管电流的断续(DCM)，直流链电压最大值发生畸变。本文提出了可完全消除上述非正常工作状态的双向流动Z-源逆变器。该逆变器能够实现在Z-源网络小电感和负载较轻时，消除直流链电压最大值畸变，得到理想的逆变器交流电压的功能。
交流调速系统(ASD)由于其简单、节能而广泛应用于工业生产中，但是电网电压跌落(Voltage sags)会造成调速系统故障，给生产带来不可估量的损失。而Z-源逆变器独特的升压功能能够承受系统电网电压跌落，避免由于电网电压跌落给系统带来的损失。针对Z-源逆变器具有的特殊的升／降压功能，本文提出了能够应用于Z-源逆变器交流调速和双向流动Z-源逆变器交流调速系统的“部分PAM／PWM控制”方法，能够实现比传统PWM控制更大的逆变器调制因子M，减小了感应电机的铁耗。设计了一种前馈控制器，大大减小了直流输入电压纹波对直流链电压最大值的影响，能够抑制包括6脉纹波在内的所有频率的输入电压扰动。
在微电网和分布式发电系统中，微源(光伏模块和燃料电池等)的输出直流电压变化很大，对系统的功率调整电路(Power Conditioning System)要求较高。尤以光伏发电系统为甚。光伏发电系统中光伏模块的“输出功率-输出电压曲线”以及“输出电流-输出电压”曲线受环境(光照强度和环境温度)的影响很大，为了充分利用输出功率，必须对其进行最大功率跟踪(MPPT)控制以减少能量损失。本文提出了两种控制方案来实现Z-源逆变器光伏模块输出功率MPPT控制和逆变器并网控制。一种是两级控制策略：通过调节逆变器调制因子来实现逆变器并网，得到恒定的直流链电压最大值，在光伏模块和交流电网之间树立了一个屏障，减小两者相互之间的影响，通过调节直通占空比实现了光伏模块输出功率MPPT控制；第二种控制策略是单级控制：为了得到相对较大的调制因子，提出了统一电压空间矢量的概念，把直通占空比和逆变器调制因子两个变量合成一个变量——统一电压空间矢量，通过控制统一电压空间矢量长度来实现光伏模块输出功率MPPT控制和逆变器并网控制。应用“扰动观测法”实现了基于Z-源逆变器的光伏并网系统最大功率跟踪(MPPT)，取得了预期的效果。
对目前常用的两种拓扑(传统PWM逆变器-简称单级变流器和级联Boost电路的PWM逆变器-简称两级变流器)与Z-源逆变器进行了定量比较。得出三种拓扑各自的应用优势：当升压比在1～2时，Z-源逆变器优势明显，而当升压比大于2后两级电路占有优势。一般的，电路升压范围在1～2之间，所以Z-源逆变器在分布式发电系统具有明显的优势。
PWM整流器实现了网侧电流正弦化，且能够运行于单位功率因数下，能量可双向传输，因而是“绿色电能变换器”。但是传统的电压型PWM整流器只能升压而不能降压，同时整流桥容易由于直通而损坏。在实际应用中具有一定的局限性。针对以上两个问题，提出了具有升／降压功能的Z-源PWM整流器，通过控制直通占空比能够实现直流电压的任意升／降。由其特殊的拓扑形式，通过适当的控制直通信号加入的时段就能够实现整流桥有源器件的零电压导通或零电流关断(视有源器件类型而定，MOSFET用ZVS，IGBT用ZCS)，改善了有源器件的工作环境，减少了损耗。
Z-源PWM交流调压电路具有升／降压功能，可以有效抑制电网电压波动(电压跌落或电压骤升)对系统造成的冲击。可以应用于感应加热、照明控制、感应电机的软启动以及风机和水泵的调速等应用场合。
The traditional power converter consists of two type topologies: Voltage source (VS) and Current source (CS). It is used in different occasions, and there exist some limitations and drawbacks in traditional power converter: 1) the voltage source converter can be destroyed by shoot-through states results from EMI, while current source converter has the same problem hurted by open-cuicuit; 2) the VSR and CSI is a boost converter, and CSR amd VSI has a buck characteristic, it does not achieve a buck/boost feature. The recently developed Z-source converter has some special characteristics due to the extra topology.
This dissertation focuses on the points (advantages and problems) which appeared in the practical applications. It concludes the advantages and presents the methods for exists problems.
The proposed Z-source converter achieved some merits, such as buck/boost voltage and improved reliability of the inverter without adding any other circuits concerning the X-type Z-source network. On the contrary, it affects the dynamic response. In order to reseach the dynamic response of the Z-source converter, a small-signal modeling of Z-source network, which based on Z-source inverter, has been presented, each transfer function has been analyzed in detail. The control-to-Z-source capacitor voltage transfer function has non-minimum phase characteristics, and has imfluenced by Z-source network component values heavyly. A linear PID controller for Z-source capacitor and A fuzzy PID controller for dc-link voltage has been designed, and gained good performance (fast dynamic response, small steady state errors).
In the practical applications, the weight, volume, dynamic response and adaptability to load plays important roles in evaluate the converter. The Z-source network inductor increases converter's weight, volume, and decreases its dynamic response and adaptability. Select small Z-source inductor can improve all fetures but it: 1) results in dc-link voltage aberrance, 2) increase current stress. The light-load and low power factor also can arouse dc-link voltage aberrance, compelled the dc-link voltage out of control, and deteriorate inverter output ac voltage. A bi-derectional Z-source inverter has been proposed. The presented bi-derectional Z-source inverter can eliminate the dc-link voltage aberrance with small Z-source network inductor at light-load condition, and obtain the high-performance output ac voltage. The system dynamic response is improved due to reduced small Z-source inductor, and the adaptability for load is ameliorated.
The application of adjustable-speed drives (ASD) in commercial and industrial facilities is increasing due to improved efficiency, energy saving, and process control. Voltage sags can interrupt an ASD system, thus shutting down critical loads and processes. The Z-source inverter ASD system can provide ride-through during the voltage sags without any additional circuits. Concerning the ASD's light-load condition, a bi-derectional Z-source inverter ASD system has been proposed, which avoid the abnormal operation mode shown in chapter 2. A "partly PAM/PWM" control method has been presented, which increases the modulation index M and reduces the iron loss of the induction motor. In order to decrease the dc-link voltage ripple, a feedforward controller has designed, the effects of the input voltage ripple (especially the 6-pulse voltage ripple caused by front-end diode rectifier) have been eliminated, and a good performance output ac voltage is obtained.
In the micro-grid and distributed generation system, the output dc voltage of the micro-source (fuel-cell, or photovoltaic) is wide-range changed, in order to decrease the KVA requirement of the inverter, a dc-dc boost converter or Z-source inverter can be used. The "output power-output voltage curve" and "output voltage-output current curve" of the photovoltaic array have affected strongly by environment values (irradiance level and panels' tempreture), it is necessary to track continuously the MPP in order to maximize the power output from a PV system, for a given set of operating conditions. This dissertation proposes two control methods for both MPPT and grid-connectted inverter. 1. two-stage control: using modulation index to achieve constant dc-link peak voltage, regulating shoot-through duty cycle to fulfill the PV MPPT control. 2. one-stage control: employing unified space vector for control both PV MPPT control and grid-connected controller. A guideline for designing both MPPT controller and grid-connected controller is depicted. With aforementioned analysis, a MPPT controller based on "perturb & observe" has been designed and employed in Z-source inverter PV system, the experimental results verified the theory analysis.
Three different inverter system topologies are to be investigated: the conventional PWM inverter, the dc/dc boosted cascaded PWM inverter, and Z-source inverter. Concerning the active switching devices and system reliability, the Z-source inverter has prominent superiority: a. removed a dc-link active switching device, its drive and protection circuits, minimized the cost and improved the system reliability; b. shoot-through can no longer destroy the inverter. From dc link passive components requirement and CPSR, the Z-source inverter and the dc/dc boosted PWM inverter have almost the same values.
The boost type PWM rectifier has been increasingly employed since it offers the possibility of a low distortion line current with unity power factor for any load condition. Another advantage is its capability for nearly instantaneous reversal of power flow. Unfortunately, it does not provide buck/boost feature, and can be destroyed by shoot-through. A novel ZVS (ZCS) Z-source rectifier has been presented, which has buck/boost feature and permit shoot-through. A ZVS (ZCS) of the rectifier switching devices has been achieved with selecting felicitous time to add the shoot-throgh interval. It improves the active switching devices working environment, and decreases power loss.
From the generalized Z-source converter, a new three-phase ac-ac Z-source converter is proposed. The proposed three-phase ac-ac Z-source converter can keep the output voltage steady by operating at buck or boost mode. Therefore, it has the capability to overcome the voltage sag or voltage surge which may damage the equipments.
引文
[1] B. A. Welchko, T. A. Lipo, T. M. Jahns, S. E. Schulz, "Fault tolerant three-phase AC motor drive topologies: a comparison of features, cost, and limitations," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 19, No.4, pp. 1108-1116, October 2004
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