1971年南亚危机与美巴关系
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摘要
1971年南亚危机是冷战转型时代一次具有重要国际影响的地区危机。此次危机不仅造就了次大陆的新政治格局,而且也对美、苏、中三大国的对外战略以及战略导向影响下的大国关系调整产生深远影响。在处理美巴关系、应对南亚危机的过程中,尼克松政府以现实主义为美国外交政策的至上政治哲学。但美国无法摆脱地缘政治利益与反对专制,鼓吹自由、民主、人权的道德主义观念的选择困境。对叶海亚政权的“偏袒”实质上体现了尼克松政府南亚战略安排的结构性紧张:全球战略理念与地区主义考量的矛盾;现实政治选择与冷战道义目标的矛盾。
本文以美、印、巴等国现有的南亚危机和美巴关系史专著和论文为研究起点,以美、印、巴、孟等国的解密外交文献和档案汇编为史料基础,运用历史唯物主义的研究方法,并适当借助西方国际关系理论,以冷战的“双重逻辑”——国际性与本土性作为立论基点,将1971年南亚危机为阐释冷战进程中地区危机与冲突内在特性的平台,把全球层面的美苏中三大国权势斗争、区域层面的印巴争斗、巴基斯坦国内层面的西巴军人政权与东巴激进民族主义集团的殊死对抗这三大变量的多维互动作为新的研究框架,展现大国的对外战略与地区角色政治行为的双向搏弈,进而分析巴基斯坦国内制度缺陷所引发的政治动荡是如何外溢到国际领域,又是如何引起包括美国在内的区外大国介入,激化冲突导致局部战争。
论文分为绪言、正文和结论三个部分。绪言部分系统梳理了1971年南亚危机时期美巴关系研究的学术史,并由此导出研究目的、选题意义和篇章结构。结论紧扣绪言提出的研究目的,对正文部分的史实分析进行提炼总结,深化论文主题。正文分为五个章节展开论述。
第一章通过对南亚危机的国际背景与地区根源进行分析,为后面的展开研究奠定基础。全球冷战的大气候和南亚地区内部印巴之间的矛盾相互影响产生了冷战时代南亚战略格局的基本雏形。从总体上看,外部力量的渗透与地区内部冲突交织纠结造就了苏印与美巴对峙的格局。面对涌动勃勃生机的世界新变化,尼克松和他的对外政策顾问基辛格着手调整美国的对外战略,在新的战略规划中,南亚、巴基斯坦在美国全球战略棋局中的定位都将发生变化。尽管1960年代末期的世界正在孕育着革新式的政治经济变动,南亚次大陆和巴基斯坦国内却在对峙和动荡中向暴力和战乱的深渊逐渐滑进。
第二章主要研究了危机爆发之前,巴基斯坦政治局势和美巴之间基于各自利益需要的彼此借重。对于再次实行军法管制的巴基斯坦,国家将往何处去是一个急待解决的政治问题。叶海亚·汗许诺举行大选,为迅速恢复巴基斯坦宪政创造条件。在经历政治纷争与天灾人祸之后,巴基斯坦建国以来的首次大选如期举行。但大选的顺利举行仅仅只是巴基斯坦宪政民主的起步,随后的政治纷争表明军人政权、西巴与东巴之间的利益纷争、观念分歧难以趋同。相较风雨飘摇的巴基斯坦,美国正积极开掘“解冻”中美关系的外交渠道,扭转相对于苏联的战略颓势。而尼克松和基辛格最为倚重,并最终取得突破性成果的是巴基斯坦渠道。如何在推进巴基斯坦渠道有效运作的同时,适时关注并切实应对巴基斯坦的内政危机是尼克松政府必须审慎思量的重要问题。
第三章主要考察了危机爆发之后对南亚局势造成的巨大震荡,尼克松政府在危机初期的政策考量,特别是对巴基斯坦政策背后的战略动因。叶海亚·汗在初步稳定东巴形势之后,着手他的政治重建计划,力图抹去人联在东巴政治图景中的印记。但东巴民众的抵触情绪却丝毫未有缓解。与此同时,难民问题出现并有不断增强之势,东巴内乱“外溢”成为印巴之间的跨国危机,印度采取公开外交与秘密行动相结合的方针,公开造势申明支持和同情东巴的反抗斗争,默许建立“孟加拉临时政府”,与叶海亚·汗军人政权对抗。危机爆发之后,尼克松政府的政策取向有一个从不介入、不卷入向有限介入的转变过程。在确定将支持巴基斯坦政府作为政策底线的情况下,如何在有效缓解东巴危机的同时,推进全球战略调整而不受关键国家—巴基斯坦内部动荡的影响,是危机初期白宫最高决策者政策制定的基本出发点。当然,考察这一时期的美国危机政策,我们还应当注意到政策最终的确立是各部门、各官僚机构相互权衡、斗争并进行政治妥协的结果,特别是尼克松——基辛格掌控下的国家安全委员会与国务院、中央情报局、甚至国会都存有巨大的分歧。
第四章是论文的重点章节。在巴基斯坦渠道圆满地完成了其历史使命的同时,中美秘密外交浮出水面转变为震惊世界的“冲击外交”。这一“冲击外交”是一场推动冷战转型的“外交革命”,它既开启了冷战的新时代,但它本身也是代价和风险都相当之大的外交举措,加速了苏印走向联盟的进程,并使南亚危机由于大国竞争的注入而斗争更趋激烈化。虽然在难民问题,东巴政治和解问题上,尼克松试图处心积虑地化解危机,但这些努力都归于失败,南亚“火药桶”一触即发。面对战争威胁的日益临近,处于内外压力之下,尼克松政府最终作出停止对巴军售之决定。虽然极力避免战争,加大对战争挑起者的惩罚力度,并作好针对战争爆发的分析评估是尼克松政府在危机升级阶段的政策表现,但上述政策表现是在“偏袒”巴基斯坦方针既定的前提下提出的,在次大陆恩仇难泯之际,美国的政策难以阻止战争脚步的临近。
第五章集中论述了第三次印巴战争和战争之后,南亚国际关系新格局的形成。第三次印巴战争是1971年南亚危机对抗竞争的顶峰。历时14天的战争呈现出战局发展、巴基斯坦国内政治变动与大国外交搏弈角逐综合互动的特点。因此,这场战争既是印度和巴基斯坦这两个夙敌的第三次较量,也是美、苏、中三大国围绕次大陆而展开的权势斗争和战略竞争。就1971年战争的国际影响来看,它促进了南亚国际关系新格局的出现。一方面,美、苏、中战略大三角是冷战转型时代国际格局中最重要的三角关系。它的形成发展对南亚的形势起着不可或缺的作用,直接地影响南亚的力量平衡,使南亚地区均势深入发展,巩固并强化了苏印与美巴的战略对立;另一方面,战争之后的南亚地区格局总体上呈现为印巴之间的不对称均势。印巴之间意识形态、国家理念、国家安全等领域的全方位直接对抗并未消除,但印巴愈发清楚地认识到通过战争手段既无法实现自身的对外战略目标,也无法解决克什米尔问题。两国不得不对战争进行反思,对诉诸战争的手段采取更加克制的态度,如何在核时代,通过战争之外的方式获取对对方的优势地位是印巴在1971年战争之后考量战略竞争的重要问题。
The crisis of South Asia happened in 1971 was a regional crisis in the era of Cold War Transformation which had vital international influence.Not only did the crisis mould a new political pattern in the sub-continent,but it also influenced profoundly the foreign strategies of America,China,and Soviet Union as well as the regulations of relations of great powers caused by strategic orientation.The Nixon government took priority of Realism as the political philosophy in its foreign policy when dealing with U.S.-Pakistan relation.But the United States could make itself out of the dilemma to make a choice between geographic politics and the idea of Moralism which was opposed to dictatorship and preached liberty,democracy and human rights,Tilt to the regime of Yahya Khan essentially reflected American structural tension in its strategic arrangement in South Asia,its contradiction in considering global strategic logos and Regionalism,the contradiction between the realistic political choice and the moral goals of the Cold War.
This dissertation starts with the available literatures in the U.S.,India,and Pakistan about the crisis in South Asia and the history of the U.S-Pakistan relation, and then bases its arguments on the declassified archives from U.S.,Pakistan,India and Bangladesh.especially the U.S.declassified archives including Foreign Relations of United States,CIA files,The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files 1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilm Reels and so on.This paper uses the“Double Logics”of the Cold War:International and Native,and then puts the global level of the U.S.-Soviet power struggle.This dissertation studies under the new framework of the dimensional interaction within three variables,namely,Regional dimensions of the struggle between India and Pakistan,the internal dimension of the desperate confrontation between the West Pakistan Junta and the radical nationalism group of East Pakistan.Through the analysis,we could find how the interaction of great power's foreign strategy and regional state's political behavior,and then we could also study the reason why Pakistan's domestic system deficiencies,which were caused by political turmoil spill over to the international arena,for which the great powers to intervene and local war was caused.
The dissertation is divided into three parts,namely,introduction,body and conclusion.The introduction makes a systematic review of the academic research history of U.S-Pakistan relation in the 1971 South Asia crisis,based on this,the research objectives;the meanings the topic selection and discourse patterns of the thesis are explained.Closed linked with research objectives proposed in the introduction,the conclusion part makes a concise summary on the analysis of historical facts presented in the body part,which strengthens the theme of the thesis. In addition,the body part is exposited in five chapters
The first chapter makes a foundation for the following chapters by analyzing the international background and regional causes for the south Asia Crisis.The rudiment of the strategic pattern in the south Asia in the period of Cold War was caused by the global cold war atmosphere and the conflict between India and Pakistan in the region of south Asia.Observed form a global perspective,the conflicting situation between the partners of Soviet Union and India and the partners of the United States and Pakistan was caused by intertwined permeation of outer force and regional conflicts in south Asia.Facing the globally surging political changes,Nixon and his foreign counselor Kissinger put South Asia and Pakistan in new positions in their new strategic plans when they undertook regulating American foreign strategies.The sub-Continent of south Asia and Pakistan slipped into the abyss of violence and war in the domestic state of conflicts and chaos despite the fact that globally a reformed political and economic alteration was gestated in the 1960s.
The second chapter studies the political situation in Pakistan and how the United States and Pakistan relied on each other from the consideration of their respective benefits before the outbreak of the crisis.In order to pave the way for the Constitutions in Pakistan,Yahya Khan promised to hold a general election,which was held as scheduled after long time suffering from series of political turmoil in addition to natural and man-make calamities since the foundation of the state of Pakistan.But the smooth general election could only be regarded as the initial steps towards the Constitution in Pakistan;the subsequent political disputes showed the difficulties to merge the beneficial and ideological discrepancy between the military regime and West Pakistan and East Pakistan.Compared with the turbulence in Pakistan,the United States was making every effort to excavate the diplomatic channels which thawed the Sino-U.S.relationship,reversing the disadvantaged situation to Soviet Union.What Nixon relied heavily on and eventually made breakthrough on was Pakistan Channel.An essential issue for the Nixon government to consider was how to deal with domestic political crisis in Partisan and maintain the valid function of the Pakistan Channel simultaneously.
The third chapter investigates the vibrating political situations after the crisis and Nixon government political considerations at the initial stage of the crisis,especially the underlying strategic motivation of American foreign policy to Pakistan.Yahya Khan began to undertake his political reconstruction plans after initially stabilizing the situations in East Pakistan,trying to remove the marks left in minds of Pasta tins by the East Pakistan political prospects,but unfortunately,the resistance from the civilians in East Pakistan was not eased at all.At the same time,the problem of refugees got more and more serious,and the domestic violence overflowed the boundary of the territory and escalated into transnational crisis.The India government adopted the guidelines of combining public diplomacy and secret actions, and confronted publicly with the military regime led by Yahya Khan by declaring its support and sympathy to the resistant fighting of East Pakistan and acquiescing the establishment of the Provisional Government of Bangladesh.After the outbreak of the crisis,the Nixon Administration's policy transform from nonintervention to a limited intervention.In determining the Government of Pakistan as the bottom line of crisis policy,how effective alleviating the crisis,also promoting the global strategy through the Key State-Pakistan was the basic policy starting point.Of course,as we study the crisis policy of the United States,we should also be noted that the establishment of policy,which was the result of political compromise among White House,National Security Council,which was controlled by Nixon-Kissinger,and the Department of State,the Department of Defense,CIA,and even the Congress.
The fourth Chapter highlights the dissertation.After Kissinger's secret visit to China,the Sino-U.S.secret diplomacy that shocked the world become the“Surprise Diplomacy”.It was the“Diplomatic Revolution”of the Cold War,and then opened a new era of the Cold War.But it was also the diplomatic initiatives which had considerable costs and risks,and then accelerated the process of the Alliance between the Soviet Union and India.At the refugee problem,the political reconciliation about East Pakistan,Nixon deliberately planned attempt to defuse the crisis,but these efforts failed,and South Asia“powder keg”hair-triggered.Faced with the growing threat of war draws near,the Nixon Administration made the ultimate decision to suspend arms sales to Pakistan.Nixon had every effort to avoid war,including the punishment to the state which provoked the war effort and the analytical assessment for the outbreak of the war at the escalation of the crisis phase,but the performance of the above-mentioned policies were difficult to stop the war approaching pace, especially the“Tilt”Policy had worked.
The fifth Chapter unfolds the Third Indo-Paki War and the new international structure of South Asia after war.Third India-Pakistan war was the peak of the crisis. The war lasted for 14 days,which showed game interactive features about the development of the war,Pakistan's domestic political changes,and great-power diplomacy.Therefore,this war is not only the third war between India and Pakistan, but also the power struggle and strategic competition around the subcontinent among the United States,the Soviet Union,and China.As we said the international impact of the war,it has promoted the emergence of a new balance of power in South Asia.On the one hand,Strategic triangle formed and became the most important international structure of the triangular relationship in the period of the Cold War.Its formation was the development of the situation in South Asia plays an indispensable role,directly affect the balance of power in South Asia,so that balance of power in-depth development of the South Asian region,strengthening the consolidation between the Soviet Union-India and the US-Pakistan strategic confrontation;On the other hand, after the war The overall pattern of the South Asian region formed the asymmetry balance of power between India and Pakistan.For the two states,although direct confrontation about ideology,philosophy,national security is not the elimination,but India and Pakistan also recognize more clearly through the means of war can not achieve its strategic objectives of external and can not solve the Kashmir issue. Between the two countries have to reflect on war,the means of resorting to war to take a more restrained attitude,how in the nuclear era,through the war,access to each other's dominant position are the India-Pakistan war in 1971,after the consideration of important strategic competition.
本文以美、印、巴等国现有的南亚危机和美巴关系史专著和论文为研究起点,以美、印、巴、孟等国的解密外交文献和档案汇编为史料基础,运用历史唯物主义的研究方法,并适当借助西方国际关系理论,以冷战的“双重逻辑”——国际性与本土性作为立论基点,将1971年南亚危机为阐释冷战进程中地区危机与冲突内在特性的平台,把全球层面的美苏中三大国权势斗争、区域层面的印巴争斗、巴基斯坦国内层面的西巴军人政权与东巴激进民族主义集团的殊死对抗这三大变量的多维互动作为新的研究框架,展现大国的对外战略与地区角色政治行为的双向搏弈,进而分析巴基斯坦国内制度缺陷所引发的政治动荡是如何外溢到国际领域,又是如何引起包括美国在内的区外大国介入,激化冲突导致局部战争。
论文分为绪言、正文和结论三个部分。绪言部分系统梳理了1971年南亚危机时期美巴关系研究的学术史,并由此导出研究目的、选题意义和篇章结构。结论紧扣绪言提出的研究目的,对正文部分的史实分析进行提炼总结,深化论文主题。正文分为五个章节展开论述。
第一章通过对南亚危机的国际背景与地区根源进行分析,为后面的展开研究奠定基础。全球冷战的大气候和南亚地区内部印巴之间的矛盾相互影响产生了冷战时代南亚战略格局的基本雏形。从总体上看,外部力量的渗透与地区内部冲突交织纠结造就了苏印与美巴对峙的格局。面对涌动勃勃生机的世界新变化,尼克松和他的对外政策顾问基辛格着手调整美国的对外战略,在新的战略规划中,南亚、巴基斯坦在美国全球战略棋局中的定位都将发生变化。尽管1960年代末期的世界正在孕育着革新式的政治经济变动,南亚次大陆和巴基斯坦国内却在对峙和动荡中向暴力和战乱的深渊逐渐滑进。
第二章主要研究了危机爆发之前,巴基斯坦政治局势和美巴之间基于各自利益需要的彼此借重。对于再次实行军法管制的巴基斯坦,国家将往何处去是一个急待解决的政治问题。叶海亚·汗许诺举行大选,为迅速恢复巴基斯坦宪政创造条件。在经历政治纷争与天灾人祸之后,巴基斯坦建国以来的首次大选如期举行。但大选的顺利举行仅仅只是巴基斯坦宪政民主的起步,随后的政治纷争表明军人政权、西巴与东巴之间的利益纷争、观念分歧难以趋同。相较风雨飘摇的巴基斯坦,美国正积极开掘“解冻”中美关系的外交渠道,扭转相对于苏联的战略颓势。而尼克松和基辛格最为倚重,并最终取得突破性成果的是巴基斯坦渠道。如何在推进巴基斯坦渠道有效运作的同时,适时关注并切实应对巴基斯坦的内政危机是尼克松政府必须审慎思量的重要问题。
第三章主要考察了危机爆发之后对南亚局势造成的巨大震荡,尼克松政府在危机初期的政策考量,特别是对巴基斯坦政策背后的战略动因。叶海亚·汗在初步稳定东巴形势之后,着手他的政治重建计划,力图抹去人联在东巴政治图景中的印记。但东巴民众的抵触情绪却丝毫未有缓解。与此同时,难民问题出现并有不断增强之势,东巴内乱“外溢”成为印巴之间的跨国危机,印度采取公开外交与秘密行动相结合的方针,公开造势申明支持和同情东巴的反抗斗争,默许建立“孟加拉临时政府”,与叶海亚·汗军人政权对抗。危机爆发之后,尼克松政府的政策取向有一个从不介入、不卷入向有限介入的转变过程。在确定将支持巴基斯坦政府作为政策底线的情况下,如何在有效缓解东巴危机的同时,推进全球战略调整而不受关键国家—巴基斯坦内部动荡的影响,是危机初期白宫最高决策者政策制定的基本出发点。当然,考察这一时期的美国危机政策,我们还应当注意到政策最终的确立是各部门、各官僚机构相互权衡、斗争并进行政治妥协的结果,特别是尼克松——基辛格掌控下的国家安全委员会与国务院、中央情报局、甚至国会都存有巨大的分歧。
第四章是论文的重点章节。在巴基斯坦渠道圆满地完成了其历史使命的同时,中美秘密外交浮出水面转变为震惊世界的“冲击外交”。这一“冲击外交”是一场推动冷战转型的“外交革命”,它既开启了冷战的新时代,但它本身也是代价和风险都相当之大的外交举措,加速了苏印走向联盟的进程,并使南亚危机由于大国竞争的注入而斗争更趋激烈化。虽然在难民问题,东巴政治和解问题上,尼克松试图处心积虑地化解危机,但这些努力都归于失败,南亚“火药桶”一触即发。面对战争威胁的日益临近,处于内外压力之下,尼克松政府最终作出停止对巴军售之决定。虽然极力避免战争,加大对战争挑起者的惩罚力度,并作好针对战争爆发的分析评估是尼克松政府在危机升级阶段的政策表现,但上述政策表现是在“偏袒”巴基斯坦方针既定的前提下提出的,在次大陆恩仇难泯之际,美国的政策难以阻止战争脚步的临近。
第五章集中论述了第三次印巴战争和战争之后,南亚国际关系新格局的形成。第三次印巴战争是1971年南亚危机对抗竞争的顶峰。历时14天的战争呈现出战局发展、巴基斯坦国内政治变动与大国外交搏弈角逐综合互动的特点。因此,这场战争既是印度和巴基斯坦这两个夙敌的第三次较量,也是美、苏、中三大国围绕次大陆而展开的权势斗争和战略竞争。就1971年战争的国际影响来看,它促进了南亚国际关系新格局的出现。一方面,美、苏、中战略大三角是冷战转型时代国际格局中最重要的三角关系。它的形成发展对南亚的形势起着不可或缺的作用,直接地影响南亚的力量平衡,使南亚地区均势深入发展,巩固并强化了苏印与美巴的战略对立;另一方面,战争之后的南亚地区格局总体上呈现为印巴之间的不对称均势。印巴之间意识形态、国家理念、国家安全等领域的全方位直接对抗并未消除,但印巴愈发清楚地认识到通过战争手段既无法实现自身的对外战略目标,也无法解决克什米尔问题。两国不得不对战争进行反思,对诉诸战争的手段采取更加克制的态度,如何在核时代,通过战争之外的方式获取对对方的优势地位是印巴在1971年战争之后考量战略竞争的重要问题。
The crisis of South Asia happened in 1971 was a regional crisis in the era of Cold War Transformation which had vital international influence.Not only did the crisis mould a new political pattern in the sub-continent,but it also influenced profoundly the foreign strategies of America,China,and Soviet Union as well as the regulations of relations of great powers caused by strategic orientation.The Nixon government took priority of Realism as the political philosophy in its foreign policy when dealing with U.S.-Pakistan relation.But the United States could make itself out of the dilemma to make a choice between geographic politics and the idea of Moralism which was opposed to dictatorship and preached liberty,democracy and human rights,Tilt to the regime of Yahya Khan essentially reflected American structural tension in its strategic arrangement in South Asia,its contradiction in considering global strategic logos and Regionalism,the contradiction between the realistic political choice and the moral goals of the Cold War.
This dissertation starts with the available literatures in the U.S.,India,and Pakistan about the crisis in South Asia and the history of the U.S-Pakistan relation, and then bases its arguments on the declassified archives from U.S.,Pakistan,India and Bangladesh.especially the U.S.declassified archives including Foreign Relations of United States,CIA files,The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files 1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilm Reels and so on.This paper uses the“Double Logics”of the Cold War:International and Native,and then puts the global level of the U.S.-Soviet power struggle.This dissertation studies under the new framework of the dimensional interaction within three variables,namely,Regional dimensions of the struggle between India and Pakistan,the internal dimension of the desperate confrontation between the West Pakistan Junta and the radical nationalism group of East Pakistan.Through the analysis,we could find how the interaction of great power's foreign strategy and regional state's political behavior,and then we could also study the reason why Pakistan's domestic system deficiencies,which were caused by political turmoil spill over to the international arena,for which the great powers to intervene and local war was caused.
The dissertation is divided into three parts,namely,introduction,body and conclusion.The introduction makes a systematic review of the academic research history of U.S-Pakistan relation in the 1971 South Asia crisis,based on this,the research objectives;the meanings the topic selection and discourse patterns of the thesis are explained.Closed linked with research objectives proposed in the introduction,the conclusion part makes a concise summary on the analysis of historical facts presented in the body part,which strengthens the theme of the thesis. In addition,the body part is exposited in five chapters
The first chapter makes a foundation for the following chapters by analyzing the international background and regional causes for the south Asia Crisis.The rudiment of the strategic pattern in the south Asia in the period of Cold War was caused by the global cold war atmosphere and the conflict between India and Pakistan in the region of south Asia.Observed form a global perspective,the conflicting situation between the partners of Soviet Union and India and the partners of the United States and Pakistan was caused by intertwined permeation of outer force and regional conflicts in south Asia.Facing the globally surging political changes,Nixon and his foreign counselor Kissinger put South Asia and Pakistan in new positions in their new strategic plans when they undertook regulating American foreign strategies.The sub-Continent of south Asia and Pakistan slipped into the abyss of violence and war in the domestic state of conflicts and chaos despite the fact that globally a reformed political and economic alteration was gestated in the 1960s.
The second chapter studies the political situation in Pakistan and how the United States and Pakistan relied on each other from the consideration of their respective benefits before the outbreak of the crisis.In order to pave the way for the Constitutions in Pakistan,Yahya Khan promised to hold a general election,which was held as scheduled after long time suffering from series of political turmoil in addition to natural and man-make calamities since the foundation of the state of Pakistan.But the smooth general election could only be regarded as the initial steps towards the Constitution in Pakistan;the subsequent political disputes showed the difficulties to merge the beneficial and ideological discrepancy between the military regime and West Pakistan and East Pakistan.Compared with the turbulence in Pakistan,the United States was making every effort to excavate the diplomatic channels which thawed the Sino-U.S.relationship,reversing the disadvantaged situation to Soviet Union.What Nixon relied heavily on and eventually made breakthrough on was Pakistan Channel.An essential issue for the Nixon government to consider was how to deal with domestic political crisis in Partisan and maintain the valid function of the Pakistan Channel simultaneously.
The third chapter investigates the vibrating political situations after the crisis and Nixon government political considerations at the initial stage of the crisis,especially the underlying strategic motivation of American foreign policy to Pakistan.Yahya Khan began to undertake his political reconstruction plans after initially stabilizing the situations in East Pakistan,trying to remove the marks left in minds of Pasta tins by the East Pakistan political prospects,but unfortunately,the resistance from the civilians in East Pakistan was not eased at all.At the same time,the problem of refugees got more and more serious,and the domestic violence overflowed the boundary of the territory and escalated into transnational crisis.The India government adopted the guidelines of combining public diplomacy and secret actions, and confronted publicly with the military regime led by Yahya Khan by declaring its support and sympathy to the resistant fighting of East Pakistan and acquiescing the establishment of the Provisional Government of Bangladesh.After the outbreak of the crisis,the Nixon Administration's policy transform from nonintervention to a limited intervention.In determining the Government of Pakistan as the bottom line of crisis policy,how effective alleviating the crisis,also promoting the global strategy through the Key State-Pakistan was the basic policy starting point.Of course,as we study the crisis policy of the United States,we should also be noted that the establishment of policy,which was the result of political compromise among White House,National Security Council,which was controlled by Nixon-Kissinger,and the Department of State,the Department of Defense,CIA,and even the Congress.
The fourth Chapter highlights the dissertation.After Kissinger's secret visit to China,the Sino-U.S.secret diplomacy that shocked the world become the“Surprise Diplomacy”.It was the“Diplomatic Revolution”of the Cold War,and then opened a new era of the Cold War.But it was also the diplomatic initiatives which had considerable costs and risks,and then accelerated the process of the Alliance between the Soviet Union and India.At the refugee problem,the political reconciliation about East Pakistan,Nixon deliberately planned attempt to defuse the crisis,but these efforts failed,and South Asia“powder keg”hair-triggered.Faced with the growing threat of war draws near,the Nixon Administration made the ultimate decision to suspend arms sales to Pakistan.Nixon had every effort to avoid war,including the punishment to the state which provoked the war effort and the analytical assessment for the outbreak of the war at the escalation of the crisis phase,but the performance of the above-mentioned policies were difficult to stop the war approaching pace, especially the“Tilt”Policy had worked.
The fifth Chapter unfolds the Third Indo-Paki War and the new international structure of South Asia after war.Third India-Pakistan war was the peak of the crisis. The war lasted for 14 days,which showed game interactive features about the development of the war,Pakistan's domestic political changes,and great-power diplomacy.Therefore,this war is not only the third war between India and Pakistan, but also the power struggle and strategic competition around the subcontinent among the United States,the Soviet Union,and China.As we said the international impact of the war,it has promoted the emergence of a new balance of power in South Asia.On the one hand,Strategic triangle formed and became the most important international structure of the triangular relationship in the period of the Cold War.Its formation was the development of the situation in South Asia plays an indispensable role,directly affect the balance of power in South Asia,so that balance of power in-depth development of the South Asian region,strengthening the consolidation between the Soviet Union-India and the US-Pakistan strategic confrontation;On the other hand, after the war The overall pattern of the South Asian region formed the asymmetry balance of power between India and Pakistan.For the two states,although direct confrontation about ideology,philosophy,national security is not the elimination,but India and Pakistan also recognize more clearly through the means of war can not achieve its strategic objectives of external and can not solve the Kashmir issue. Between the two countries have to reflect on war,the means of resorting to war to take a more restrained attitude,how in the nuclear era,through the war,access to each other's dominant position are the India-Pakistan war in 1971,after the consideration of important strategic competition.
引文
1 美国著名学者丹尼斯·库克斯将美巴关系的发展形象地比喻为“过山车”,此起彼伏。参见Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan 1947-2000:Disenchanted Allies,Washington,D.C.:National Defense University Press,2002,E361.
1 有关第三次印巴战争的战史著作可参见 Lachhman Singh,Indian Sword Strikes in East Paksitan,New Delhi:Vikas Publishers,1979.;Sukhwant Singh,The Liberation of Bangladesh,New Delhi:Vikas Publishers,1980.;H.S.Sodhi,“Operation Windfall”:Emergence of Bangladesh,New Delhi:Allied Publishers,1980;N.Krishman,No Way but Surrender:An Account of the Indo-Pakistan War in the Bay oBangladesh.,1971,New Delhi:Vikas Publishers,1980.;Jagdev Singh,Dismemberment of Paksitan:1971 Indo-Paki War,New Delhi:Lancer International,1988.
1 王琛:《美国的外交政策与南亚均势(1947—1963)》,南京:[朱瀛泉教授指导],南京大学博士学位论文,1999
1 余伟民:《国际性与本土性:冷战的双重逻辑——读《冷战与革命》》,《冷战国际史研究》(Ⅱ),北京:世界知识出版社,2006年版,第212-221页。
1 “Retreat but not GetAway”由美国约翰·霍普金斯大学对外政策华盛顿研究中心主任奥斯古德·罗伯特(Osgood Robert)教授提出,笔者在分析过程中借鉴了这一提法。参见:Osgood Robert,How new will the American Foreign Policy be?In Gilbert John,.ed.The New Era in American Foreign Policy,New York:St.Martin Press,1973,p.76.
1 Hans Morgenthau and Kenneth W.Thompson,Principles & Problems of International Politics(Selected Readings),New York:Alfred A.Knopf,Inc.1950.p.3.54.
1 Christian James and Daniel Lewis,The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilm Reels,LexisNexis,2007.华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。
2 该卷档案的网址为http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/
1 该数据库的网址为http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?loclD=ecnu
2 National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.79:The Tilt:The U.S.And the South Asian Crisis of 1971,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/
3 F.S.Aijazuddin,White House & Pakistan:Selected Declassified Documents,1969—1974,New York:Oxford University Press,2002.
4 Poeded Khan,The American Papers:Secret and Confidential India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1969—1973,New York:Oxford University Press,1999.
5 Pakistan Horizon—Documentary and Chronological Appendices,Karachi:Pakistan Institute of International Affairs,Vol.ⅩⅩⅣ.1971.
6 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,Ⅱ.New Delhi:The B.N.K.Limited Press,1972.
1 Rajendra Kumar Jain,U.S.—South Asian Relations 1947—1982,Vol.Ⅱ,Ⅲ,New Delhi:Radiant Publishers,1983.
2 Sukumar Biswas,Bangladesh Liberation War:Mujibnagar Government Documents,1971,Dhaka:Mowla Brothers,2005.
1 Barry Buzan and Gowher Rizvi,eds.,South Asian Insecurity and The Great Powers,London:The Macmillan Press Ltd.,1986,p.205.
1 Ross Babbage and SandyGordon,eds.,India's Strategic Future:Regional State or Global Power?New York:St.Martin's Press,1992,p.126.
2 张忠祥:《尼赫鲁外交研究》,北京:中国社会科学文献出版社,2002年版,第18页。
3 戴超武:《冷战、印度的外交政策,与大国关系》,http://daichaowu.coldwarchina.com/ztlw/000016.htm
1 Aslam Siddiqi,Pakistan Seeks Security,Lahore:Longnnans,Green & Co.Ltd.,1960,p.16.
2 Govt.of India,Press Information Bureau to India Office,12 July 1947,TP,Ⅻ,p.114.转引自 谌焕义:《英国工党与印巴分治》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2003年版,第337页。
3 Anita Inder Singh,The Superpower Global Complex and South Asia,in Barry Buzan and Gowher Rizvi,eds.,South Asian Insecurity and The Great Powers,London:The Macmillan Press Ltd.,1986,p.216.
1 谌焕义:《英国工党与印巴分治》,第327页。
2 Robert J.Mcmahon,The Cold War on the Periphery:The United States,India,and Pakistan,New York:Columbia University Press,1994,pp.14-15.
3 有关印巴两国领导人访美的详尽叙述可参见S.M Burke,Pakistan's Foreign Policy:An Historical Analysis,London:Oxford University Press,1973,pp.119-127.
4 Leela Yaday,U.S.Policy in South Asia—A Case Study of Pakistan,New Delhi:Harman Publishing House,1989,p.2.
1 美国学者肯尼沙哈·撒特斯旺(Kanishkan Sathasivam)对美巴关系的解读颇有新意。他认为冷战及后冷战时期的美巴关系呈现出一种波动型走向,“波峰”与“波谷”交替变更。“波峰”意指两国关系密切的时期,而“波谷”则指两国关系低糜的时期。据此,撒特斯旺认为1951—1965年;1980—1989年为美巴关系的“波峰”阶段;而1966—1979年;1990—2000年则为美巴关系的“波谷”阶段。参见Kanishkan Sathasivam,Uneasy neighbors:India,Pakistan and U.S.Foreign Policy,Burlington:Ashgate Publishing Company,2005,pp.95-139.
2 所谓“英联邦”政策是指在从二战之后到1940年代末期,美国仍将英国视为对次大陆最有影响力的大国,其对次大陆的政策规划往往受到英国政策的影响左右,而未形成美国自己的政策利益框架。参见Robert J.Mcmahon,The Cold War on the Periphery:The United States,India,and Pakistan,pp.17-18.
1 “Appraisal by the National Security Council on the position of the U.S.with respect to Asia,December,23,1949 ”,解密文件参考系统(Declassified Documents Reference System,以下简称DDRS),Document Number:CK3100454406,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
2 S.M Burke,Pakistan's Foreign Policy:An Historical Analysis,pp.128-129.
3 “The Position of the United States with respect to South Asia,National Security Meeting,Janaury 5,1951 ”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100394987,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
1 “The Position of the United States with respect to South Asia,National Security Meeting,Janaury 5,1951 ”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100394987,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
2 “ Summary of the NSC6/1/53 Meeting devoted to the situation in the Middle East and South Asia,June 2,1953 ”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100184217,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
3 “A Report to the NSC by the Executive Secretary on U.S.objectives and policies with respect to The Near East,July 14,1953”,DDRS,Document Number:CK310083997,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
1 S.M Burke,Pakistan's Foreign Policy:An Historical Analysis,p.162.
2 Mohammed Ayub Khan,Friends Not Masters,London:Oxford University Press,1976,p.130.
3 有关意识形态的“镜像化”的论述参见拙作:《意识形态的“镜像化”:以“一边倒“对外决策为个案考察》,《社会主义研究》,2008年第3期,第81-85页。
4 C.R.Mitchell,The Structure of International Conflict,London:Macmillan,1981,p.92.
1 有关美巴在军事援助问题上争执可参见王琛教授的博士论文:《美国外交政策与南亚均势(1947—1963)》,南京:[朱瀛泉教授指导],南京大学博士学位论文,1999,第72-79页。
2 从1954年4月到1958月10月,巴基斯坦六易总理。
1 “U.S.Polcy toward South Asia,NSC Meeting,January,10,1957 ”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100395068,available at http://galenet.galearoup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
2 “U.S.Polcy toward South Asia,NSC Meeting,January,10,1957”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100395068,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
1 Muhammad Afraisab,U.S.Relations with South Asia(Since Christopher Columbus)and Pakistan—India Interaction[1492—2002],Islamabad:WordMate.2002,p.524.
2 1960-1961年度,美国对印度的经援为6.678亿亿美元;1961-1962年度,这一数字上升为7.751亿美元。参见S.M Burke,Pakistan's Foreign Policy:An Historical Analysis,p.255.
3 “ President Ayub's Visit,Washington,July 11-13,1961,Constitutional Strategic Concept in South Asia(discussion of US policy toward India and South Asia in general and US-Pakistan relations as affected by this policy),Position Paper,July 11-13,1961 ”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100368647,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
4 “President Ayub's Visit,Washington,July 11-13,1961,U.S.Military Assistance(discussion of the past and present status of US military aid to Pakistan and the strength of the Pakistani armed forces)Position Paper,July 11-13,1961”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100368664,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
5 “Press reactions to U.S.visit of Pakistani President Ayub;Indian reactions to Ayub's visit,July 19.1961”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100316013,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?loclD=ecnu
6 “John Kenneth Galbraith summarizes conversation with Indian Prime Minister Nehru regarding arms to Pakistan,non-aggression,and Kashmir Situation,September 21,1961”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100326675,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servletYDDRS?locID=ecnu
1 王昊:《冷战时期美国对印度援助政策研究(1947-1971)》,上海:[余伟民教授指导],华东师范大学博士学位论文],2008,第114页。
2 “President Kennedy discusses with President Ayub of Pakistan the China Communist attack India”,DDRS,Document Number:CK310013473,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
3[巴]阿尔塔夫·高哈:《阿尤布·汗——巴基斯坦首位军人统治者》,第143页。
4 Shivaji Ganguly,U.S.Policy Toward South Asia,p.97.
1[巴]阿尔塔夫·高哈:《阿尤布·汗——巴基斯坦首位军人统治者》,第144页。
2 王琛:《美国外交政策与南亚均势(1947—1963)》,第105页。
1 Sajjad Hyder,Foreign Policy of Pakistan—Reflection of An Ambassador,Lahore:Progressive Publishers,1987,p.114.
2[巴]阿尔塔夫·高哈:《阿尤布·汗——巴基斯坦首位军人统治者》,第165-166页。
3 库奇兰恩现被称为“卡奇沼泽地”,是位于巴基斯坦信德省和印度拉贾斯坦邦之间的盐碱沼泽地区。面积约为3500英里。
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,New York:Oxford University Press,1999,p.226
2 “Communist China issues New Threat against India,Office of Current Intelligence Memorandum,September 15,1965 ”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100358964,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
3[美]塞利格·哈里逊:《扩大中的鸿沟:亚洲民族主义和美国政策》,第48页。
1 “U.S.Military Supply Policy for South Asia—Response to NSSM26,Annex:An Analysis of U.S.Military Supply Policy for India and Paksitan in Johnson Administration after 1965 War”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100556708 available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
2 “Instruction on information to be presented to India and Pakistan regarding the U.S.Military Supply Policy for each country,Cable,Department of State,April 5,1967”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100493576,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu.
3 “Allan Evans provides India and Pakistan's reactions to a new U.S.Policy toward arm aid and sales to that subcontinent,Memo,Department of State,April 13,1967”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100516091,available at http;//galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
4 所谓“双向主义”是指在大国之间保持平衡,同时审慎地与大国发展双边关系。其具体表现有以下三点:
一、积极同中国发展友好关系,不以反华谋求美国的军援;二、谨慎地发展与苏联的关系;三、同美国保
持“非盟即友”的关系。参见S.MBurke,Pakistan's Foreign Policy:An Historical Analysis,p.360.
1 Richard M..Nixon,U.S.Foreign Policy for the 1970's:A New Strategy for Peace,Washington D.C.:Government Printing Office,1970,p.2.
2 Richard M..Nixon,U.S.Foreign Policy for the 1970's:A New Strategy for Peace,p.62.
3 Richard A.Melanson,American Foreign Policy Since The Vietnam War,London:M.E.Sharpe,1996,pp.65-66.
1 左凤荣:《致命的错误——苏联对外战略的演变与影响》,北京:世界知识出版社2001年版,第230页。
2[英]理查德·克罗卡特著,王振西主译:《50年战争》,北京:新华出版社,2003年中文版,第309页。
1 有关美国政府对1969年中苏边界冲突的判断与应策选择可参见:王成至:《1969—1972年中美缓和进程研究》,上海:[陈兼教授指导],华东师范大学博士论文,2007,第一章。
2 NIE11/13/69“USSR and China”,National Intelligence Council,Tracking the Dragon:National Intelligence Estimate on China During the Era of Mao,1948-1976,Washington,D.C.:Government Printing Office,2004,pp.544-545.
3 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅦ:China,1969-1972,p.68.
4[美]亨利·基辛格著,杨静予等译:《白宫岁月》(三),北京:世界知识出版社,2003年中文版,第982页。
1[美]理查德·尼克松著,王观声译:《1999不战而胜》,北京:世界知识出版社,1989年中文版,第193页。
2[美]理查德·尼克松著,常铮译:《真正的战争》,北京:新华出版社,1980年中文版,第348页。
1 Richard M.Nixon,Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States,Richard Nixon,Containing the Public Messages,Speeches,Statements of the President 1969,Washington D.C.:Government Printing Press,1971,p.549.
1 Osgood Robert,How new will the American Foreign Policy be? In Gilbert John,.ed.The New Era in American Foreign Policy,New York:St.Martin Press,1973,p.76.
1 Mizanur Rahman,Emergence of A New Nation in A Multi-polar World:Bangladesh,Dacca:Dacca University Press,1979,p.52.
1 Sumit Ganguly,The Origins in South Asian:Indo—Pakistani Conflict Since 1947,New Delhi:Westview Press,1994.p.22.
2 张忠祥:《尼赫鲁外交研究》,第89页。
3 张忠祥:《尼赫鲁外交研究》,第90页。
1[印]贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁著,齐文译:《印度的发现》,北京:世界知识出版社,1956年中文版,第519页。
2 克什米尔全称为查谟·克什米尔(Azmed Kashmir),位于南亚次大陆最北端,地处印度、巴基斯坦、阿富汗和中国之间,总面积约为19万平方公里。
3 张忠祥博士认为印巴克什米尔之争表面上是领土之争,本质上是“两个民族问题”争论的继续。参见张忠祥:《尼赫鲁外交研究》,第92页。笔者借鉴了张忠祥博士的这一观点。
1 Sucheta Ghosh,The Role of India in The Emergence of Bangladesh,Calcutta:Minerva Associates Pvt.Ltd.,1983,p.6.
2 Rounaq Jahan,Pakistan:Failure in National Integration,New York:Columbia University Press,1972,p.11.
3 Gowher Rizvi,Pakistan:The Domestic Dimensions of Security,in Barry Buzan and Gowher Rizvi,eds.,South Asian Insecurity and The Great Powers,p.63.
1 Jyoti Sen Gupta,History of Freedom Movement in Bangladesh 1947-1973,Calcutta:Naya Prokash Press,1974,p.135.
2 Rounaq Jahan,Pakistan:Failure in National Integration,p.12.
3 Moudid Ahmad,Bangladesh:Constitutional Quest for Autonomy,1950-1971,Wiesbaden:Steiner,1978,pp.21-23.
4 Moudid Ahmad,Bangladesh:Constitutional Quest for Autonomy,1950-1971,p.25.
1 Jyoti Sen Gupta,History of Freedom Movement in Bangladesh 1947-1973,p.199.
2 “Possibility of separation between East and West Pakistan discussed,Central Intelligence Agency,Intelligence Memorandum,March 1,1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100330984,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
3 Muhammed A.Quddus,Pakistan:A Case Study of A Plural Society,Calcutta:Sage Publications,1980,p.111.
4 “Possibility of separation between East and West Pakistan discussed,Central Intelligence Agency,Intelligence Memorandum,March 1,1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100330984,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
5 “Possibility of separation between East and West Pakistan discussed,Central Intelligence Agency,Intelligence Memorandum,March 1,1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100330984,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
1 Muharnmed A.Quddus,Pakistan:A Case Study of A Plural Society,p.113.
2 Khalid B.Sayeed,The Political System of Pakistan,p.72.
3 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,Dhaka:Mowla Brothers,2005,p.173.
4 Sumit Ganguly,The Origins in South Asian:Indo—Pakistani Conflict Since 1947,p.87
5 4月7日,哈佛大学的三名经济学家爱德华S.马森(Edward S.Mason)、罗伯特·多弗曼(Robert Dorfman)和斯特普森·马格林(Stepthen Margolin)应众议员哈尔彭的邀请在众议院有关东巴冲突问题的听证会上对1947年以来的巴基斯坦经济发展状况、内部经济问题进行了具体评说,其中引证了很多经济数据凸现东西两翼在经济发展速度上的极端不平衡。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667459-463,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
1 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,p.163.
2 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,p.182.
3 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,p.205.
1 Veena kukreia,Military Intervention in Politics:A Case Study of Pakistan,New Delhi:Nbo Publisher's Distributors,1985,p.96.
2 Lawrence Ziring,“Militarism in Pakistan:The Yahya Khan Interregnum ”,Asian Affairs,Vol.1,No.6,1974,p.4A04.
3 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.38.;Khalid Bin Sayeed,Politics in Pakistan:The Nature and Direction of Change,New York:Praeger,1980,pp.75-76.
4 “Weekly Summary:Pakistan Government Acts to Win Popular Support,Central Intelligence Agency,April 18,1969”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100330939,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu.
1 “Pakistan after Six Months after Martial law,Central Intelligence Agency Intelligence Memorandum,October 7,1969”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100330948,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu;Herbert.Feldman,The End And The Beginning:Pakistan 1969-1971,London:Oxford University Press,1975,p.33.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.359.
2 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.,P.520.转引自 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2.Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971).p.223.
3 民族人民党(National Awami Party)是活跃于东巴的一个民族民主主义政党。于1957年7月成立于达卡。哈米德·汗·巴沙尼是该党的主要创始人。1967年12月由于在政治立场,特别是在对待中苏分歧和大论战问题上观点迥异,该党分裂为两派:民族人民党(巴沙尼派),又称亲华派;民族人民党(穆兹法尔派),又称亲苏派,该派别的在东巴的领导人为穆兹法尔·艾哈迈德(Muzaffar Ahmed),在西巴的领导人是瓦里·汗(Wali Khan)。
1 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ,.p.521转引自 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.223.
2 “ Weekly Summary:Military Regime of General Yahya Khan continues to Consolidate Power,Central Intelligence Agency,April 14,1969” DDRS,Document Number:CK3100330925,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
3 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp.327-328.
4 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp..359-362.
1 王成至:《1969—1972年中美缓和进程研究》,上海:[陈兼教授指导],华东师范大学博士论文,2007,第二章,第48-78页。
2 有关中美在1969-1972年间秘密接触,探索交流沟通渠道的最新研究可参见杨贤:《特殊机构——美国驻华联络处揭密》,重庆:重庆出版社,2008年版,第一章,第5-41页。
3 Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:Disenchanted Allies,Washington D.C.:Woodrow Wilson Center Press,2001,p.181.
1 “Memorandum of Conversation,Lahore,August 1,1969,2:30P.M.-3:30P.M.”,FRUS,1969-1976,E-7:Documents on South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47719.pdf.
2 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declasified Documents,1969-1974,pp.63-64.
3 F.S.Aiiazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents.1969-1974,p.67.
4 基辛格与阿里·汗的谈话记录可参见F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,p.73.
5 钱江根据已解密的巴基斯坦国家档案对中、美、巴三方在构筑巴基斯坦渠道上所发挥的作用有较详尽的史实叙述。参见钱江:《中美建交〈巴基斯坦渠道〉是怎样开掘的》,《党史文苑》,2003年第3期,第39页。
1 钱江:《中美建交〈巴基斯坦渠道〉是怎样开掘的》,第39页。
2 钱江:《中美建交〈巴基斯坦渠道〉是怎样开掘的》,第40页。
1 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &.Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,pp.77-78.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅦ,China:1969-1972,p.186.
3 钱江:《中美建交〈巴基斯坦渠道〉是怎样开掘的》,第40-41页。
4 1970年6月15日,基辛格通过他的助手亚历山大·黑格(Alexander M.Haig)准将致信给美国驻法国使馆武官弗农·沃尔特斯(VernonA.Walters)少将,要求他找到中国驻法使馆武官范文,向中国政府传递以下信息:如果中国政府表示愿意,尼克松总统准备建立一个由他本人创建的高层秘密渠道,就双方共同关心的问题交换意见。同时,黑格还要求沃尔特斯以口头宣读的方式向范文传递口信。其后,沃尔特斯多次在公开场合遇到范文,但范文只是表示会转达他的口信,但未有中国方面回馈的信息。参见F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,p.87.;沃尔特斯将军在其回忆录《秘密使命》中的记载与美国档案内容有所出入。沃尔特斯指出他将基辛格信件的内容告诉给范文的时间是1970年4月27日,而6月16日,他又接到基辛格发出的内容相同的另一封信件。信中指示他在6月19日将尼克松总统期望建立中美秘密沟通渠道的信息直接传递给中国驻巴黎大使黄镇。参见[美]弗农·沃尔特斯著,尤勰、朱州、胡晓译:《秘密使命》,北京:世界知识出版社,1980年中文版,第181页。
5 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,pp.106-107.
1 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,pp.117-118.
2 钱江:《中美建交〈巴基斯坦渠道〉是怎样开掘的》,第42页。
3 钱江:《中美建交〈巴基斯坦渠道〉是怎样开掘的》,第42页。
1 钱江:《中美建交〈巴基斯坦渠道〉是怎样开掘的》,第42页。
2 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declussified Documents,1969-1974,pp.116-117.
3 “外交革命”(Diplomatic Revolution)是国际关系史研究领域的专有名词,它源自17世纪奥地利继承战争时期,欧洲强国之间关系的分化组合,尤指国家关系从敌对纷争向友好合作的重要转化。此后,国际关系史研究中用“外交革命”指特定国际背景之下,原先对立的两国关系的变革性调整。
4 Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:Disenchanted Allies,p.182.
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅱ:Organization and Management of U.S.Foreign Policy,1969-1972,p.31.
2 有关尼克松时期美国国家安全和对外决策运作流程的精炼分析可参见Jean A.Garrison,Games Advisors Play:Foreign Policy in The Nixon and Carter Administrations,New York:Texas A & M University Press,1999.
3 北京太平洋国际战略研究所:《应对危机—美国国家安全决策机制》,北京:时事出版社,2001年版,第66页。
1 有关这一时期中国“联美制苏”战略形成的精彩论述可参见杨奎松:《中美和解过程中的中方变奏——“三个世界‘理论提出的背景探析》,《冷战国际史研究》(第4辑),北京:世界知识出版社,2007年版。
2 有关“巴基斯坦”渠道秘密运作的精致分析可参见郑华《中美关系解冻过程中的巴基斯坦渠道》,《史学集刊》,2008年第2期。
1 对“小国”的定义及在国际政治中行为特点的分析可参见Robert L.Rothstein,Alliances and Small States,New York:Columnbia University Press,1968,pp.28-30;Miriam Fendius Elman,“The Foreign Policies of Small States:Challenging Neorealism in its own backyard”,British Journal of Political Science,Vol.25,No.2,Apr.1995,pp175-176;Brock F.Tessman,Steve Chan,“Power Cycles,Risk Propensity amd Great-Power Deterrence”,The Journal of Conflict Resolution,Vol.48,No.2,Apr.2004,pp.146-147.
2 Stephen P.Cohen,“U.S.Weapons and South Asia:A Policy Analysis”,Pacific Affairs,Vol.49.No.1,Spring,1976,p.47.
1 Rajendra K.Jain,ed.,U.S.-South Asian Relations,1947-1982,Vol.Ⅱ,New Delhi:Radiant Publishers,1983,pp.623-624.
2 Rajendra K.Jain,ed.,U.S.-South Asian Relations,1947-1982,Vol.Ⅱ pp.625-626.
3 Rajendra K.Jain,ed.,U.S.-South Asian Relations,1947-1982,Vol.Ⅱ,p.627.
4 Bimal Prasad,lndo-Soviet Relations,1947-1982:A Documentary Study,Bombay:Allied Publishers,1973,pp.331-332.
1 G.S.Bhargava,“Crush India”—Gen.Yahya Khan or Pakistan's death wish,Delhi:Kamla Nagar,1972,Appendix IV:Arms Transfer to Pakistan,p.193.
2 “Memorandum of Conversation,Lahore,August 1,1969”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47725.pdf.
3 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &.Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,pp.77-78.
1 “Anaytical Summary prepared for the National Security Council Review Group,Washington,November 22,1969”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47750.pdf.
2 “Anaytical Summary prepared for the National Security Council Review Group,Washington,November 22,1969”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47750.pdf.
3 “Anaytical Summary prepared for the National Security Council Review Group,Washington,November 22,1969”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47750.pdf.
4 根据1969年1月20日发布了《第2号国家安全决策备忘录》,国家安全委员会考察组(National Security Council Review Group)成立。该小组由基辛格主持,其成员有副国务卿、国防部副部长、中央情报局局长、参谋长联席会议主席或视情况由他们的副手出席。它被赋予政策规划职权,所有涉及美国国家安全的问题,均经由该小组审议。FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅱ:Organization and Management of U.S.Foreign Policy,1969-1972,p.31.
1 “Minutes of meeting of the National Secuirty Council Review Group,Washington,November 25,1969”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents /organization/47745.pdf.
2 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.324.
3 1970年1月19日,叶海亚·汗置信尼克松期望美国就对巴军售政策尽快做出决定,尼克松在文件下方的空白处写下两条批语:1、美国会以进可能快的速度向巴方提供所需装备的零部件;2、除非国会的反对声音强烈,他将支持土耳其向巴基斯坦提供坦克。“我不会顾及印度的反应。”参见“Memorandum from the President Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger)to Presideng Nixon,Washington,January 31,1970”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47747.pdf.
4 “ Memorandum from the President Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger)to Presideng Nixon,Washington,December 21,1969”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47746.pdf.
1 “Memorandum from the President Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger)to Presideng Nixon,Washington,March 16,1970”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47761.pdf;“Memorandum from the President Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger)to Presideng Nixon,Washington,April 13,1970”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents /organization/47762.pdf
2 “ Memorandum from the President Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger)to Presideng Nixon,Washington,June 11,1970”FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47827.pdf
3 “Transcript of telephone conversation between the President Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger)and the Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs(Sisco),Washington,June 12,1970,11:30P.M.”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/ducuments/organization/47768.pdf
4 “Telegram 96236 from the Department of State to the Embassy in Pakistan,June 18,1970,2220Z”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documonts of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents /organization/47783.pdf
5 “Memorandum of conversation,Washington,June 17,1970”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47770.pdf
6 “Telegram 7805 from the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State,October 5 1970,1110Z”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents /organization/47829.pdf
1 Muhammed A.Quddus,Pakistan:A Case Study of A Plural Society,p.160;Herbert Feldman,The End And The Beginning:Pakistan 1969-1971,pp.76-77.
1 Herbert Feldman,The EndAnd The Beginning:Pakistan 1969-1971,P.80.;“Weekly Summary:Pre-election Politics in Pakistan,Central lntelligengce Agency,August 14,1970”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100330965,available at http://galenet.galelgroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu.
2 本表是笔者综合相关著述综合刊列的。参见G.W.Choudhury,Last Days of United Pakistan,Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1974,p.115.;Harbpert Feldman,The End And The Beginning:Pakistan 1969-1971,pp.78-79.
1 Raft Raza,Zuifkar Ali Bhutto and Pakistan(1967-1977),Karachi:Oxford University Press,1998,p.6.
2 Herbert Feldman,The End And The Beginning:Pakistan 1969-1971,p.82..
3 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.332.
1 Raft Raza,Zulfkar Ali Bhutto and Pakistan(1967-1977),,pp.27-28.
2 Herbert Feldman,The End And The Beginning:Pakistan 1969-1971,p.90.
3 Raft Raza,Zulkar Ali Bhutto and Pakistan(1967-1977),,P.26.;Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.432.
1 M.Rashiduzzaman,“The National Awami Party of Pakistan:Leftist Politics in Crisis”,Pacific Affairs,Vol.43,No.3(Autumn,1970),p.399.;Talukar Maniruzzaman,RadicalPolitics and The Emergence of Bangladesh,Dhaka:Bangladesh Books International Limited,1975,p.159.
2 Talukar Maniruzzaman,Radical Politics and The Emergence of Bangladesh,p.159.
3 M.Rashiduzzaman,“The National Awami Party of Pakistan:Leftist Politics in Crisis”,Pacific Affairs,Vol.43,No.3(Autumn,1970),p.405.
4 “支持派”,包括“德本·斯卡达—马丁·阿卜杜丁派(The Deben Sikdar—Matin Alauddin Factions)”和“扎法尔·莫龙(Zafar Menon)派”。“反对派”包括穆罕默德·托哈(时任民族人民党(巴沙尼派)总书记)领导的共产主义者集团和以塞尔吉·斯科特尔(Siraj Siker)为代表的暴力革命派。M.Rashiduzzaman,“The National Awami Party of Pakistan:Leftist Politics in Crisis”,p.406.
5 M.Rashiduzzaman,“The National Awami Party of Pakistan:Leftist Politics in Crisis”,p.406.
6 1967年印度共产党革命派全国协调委员会在西孟加拉邦北部的那萨尔巴里发动农民武装斗争,力图运用毛泽东的游击战理论在印度东北部地区燃起农民革命武装斗争的星星之火。1969年4月22日印度共产党(马克思列宁主义者)成立,其将农民武装斗争扩散到喀拉拉、安得拉、比哈尔等地区。
1 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.240.
2 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.241.;Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.388.
3 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.242.
4 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.244.;Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.407.
1 Muhammed A.Quddus,Pakistan:A Case Study of A Plural Society,p.74.
2 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),pp.227-230.;Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.384.
3 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.23 1.;Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)lndia—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp.407-408.
4 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.232.
1 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.254.
2 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.1,p.93.
3 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.1,p.94.
1 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.pp.553-556.转引自Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.256.
2 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.pp.557-561.转引自Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),pp.262-263.
3 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.265.
4 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.267.
1 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.pp.571-572.转引自Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.266.
2 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.p.576.转引自Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.267.
3 Herbert Feldman,The End And The Beginning:Pakistan 1969-1971,p.93.
4 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.p.580.转引自 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.269.
1 MuhammedA.Quddus,Pakistn:A Case Stuay of A Plural Society,P.66.上述表格中不包括由国民议会当选议员间接选举的妇女保留席位。国民议会中共有13个妇女保留席位,其中东巴省7席,旁遮普省3席,信得省1席,西北边境省1席,俾路支省1席。
1 Muhammed A.Quddus,Pakistan:A Case Study of A Plural Society,p.67.除上述表格席位分配情况之外,由各省当选议员间接选举的妇女席位为21席,具体分配情况如下:东巴省10席,旁遮普省6席,信得省2席,西北边境省2席,俾路支省1席。
1 “Weekly Summary:Preview of 12/7/70 Election for 300 seats in the National Assembly,Central Intelligence Agency,November 27,1970”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100330979,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu.
1 “Weekly Summary:Results of 12/7/70 Election Analysed,Central Intelligence Agency,December 11,1970”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100330982,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu.
2 “Intelligence Brief:INRB-217 from the Director of Intelligence and Research(Cline)to Secretary of State (Rogers),Washington,December 8,1970”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47873.pdf.
3 S.P.Varma and Virendra Narain eds.,Paksitan Political System in Crisis:Emergence of Bangladesh,Jaipur:Rajasthan University Press,1972,p.113.
4 G.W.Choudhury,Last Days of United Pakistan,p.145.
1 Ramendu Majumdar ed.,Sheikh Mujibur Rahman-Bangladesh,My Bangladesh:Selected Speeches and Statements,October 28,1970 to March 26,1971,pp.2 1-22.
2 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.p.589.转引自Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.271.
3 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.p.591.转引自Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),pp.271-272.
4 Ramendu Majumdar ed.,Sheikh Mujibur Rahman-Bangladesh,My Bangladesh:Selected Speeches and Statements,October 28,1970 to March 26,1971,pp.29-30.
5 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,Berkeley:University of California Press,1990,pp.63-65.
1 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan.India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.66.
2 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.67.
1 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,pp.70-71.
2 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.75.
3 有关此次劫机事件的叙述参见Herbert Feldman,The End And The Beginning:Pakistan 1969-1971。pp.158-160.
4 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.p.625.转引自Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh, Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.281.
1 G.W.Choudhury,Last Days of United Pakistan,p.149.
2 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.71.
3 人民联盟内部就政治倾向而言分为左、中、右三个派系。左派以激进的青年学生和产业工人为代表,其中,东巴学生联合会(East Paksitan Student League)是人民联盟的外围组织,也是激进左派的大本营。他们在东巴的政治地位问题上态度激进,甚至要求发动武装斗争谋求东巴独立;右派的主体是教师、科研人员、律师和中小企业主,政治观点较为温和,主张实行东巴区域自治。穆吉布·拉赫曼和人联高层则为中间派,调和左派与右派的分歧,在东巴的政治地位问题上他不能不顾及到青年学生的激进主张,强调以“六点纲领”为基本原则,谋求东巴最大限度的自治。参见Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp.457-465.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666708,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
2 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.80.
3 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.81.
1 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.84.
2 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.85.
3 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.pp.659-660.转引自Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.284.
4 Ramendu Majumdar ed.,Sheikh Mujibur Rahman-Bangladesh,My Bangladesh:Selected Speeches and Statements,October 28,1970 to March 26,1971,pp.76-78.;Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.497.
1 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.p.670.转引自Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),pp.288-289.
2 Pakistan Times,3March,1971,Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.94.
3 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis,1971,p.4.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.497.
2 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.98.
3 Dawn,6March,1971
1 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),pp.293-294.
2 Ramendu Majumdar ed.,Sheikh Mujibur Rahman-Bangladesh,My Bangladesh:Selected Speeches and Statements,October 28,1970 to March 26,1971,p.102.美国档案中记载穆吉布·拉赫曼提出的是“四项条件”。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666710,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
1 G.W.Choudhury,Last Days of United Pakistan,p.158.
2 东巴学生联盟(East Pakistan Students League)成立于1954年7月。其与人民联盟关系密切,是人民联盟的外围学生组织。
3 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.298.
4 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.pp.697-699.转引自Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh.Vol.2.Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971).p.305.
5 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.pp.712-713转引自.Badruddin Umar.The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2.Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),pp.306-307.
6 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.pp.718-719.转引自Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh.Vol.2。Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971).p.307.
1 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,pp.234-235.
2 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.243.
3 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,pp.247-249.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.522.
2 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.111.
3 G.W.Choudhury,Last Days of United Pakistan,p.166.
1 Herbert Feldman,The End And The Beginning:Pakistan 1969-1971,pp.123-125.;Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.118.
2 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.251.
3 G.W.Choudhury,Last Days of United Pakistan,p.169.
4 G.W.Choudhury,Last Days of United Pakistan,pp.169-170.
1 Raft Raza,Zulfkar Ali Bhutto and Pakistan(1967-1977),pp.76-77.
2 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.258.
3 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.p.776.转引自 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.312.
4 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,pp.259-260..
5 “ Chronology of the India-Pakistan Situation,12/70-12/71,the birth of Bangladesh,Central Intelligence Agency,Directorate of lntellignece,December 23,1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100331073,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
1 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.132.
2 FRUS 1969-1976.Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis.1971.p.7.
3 这六位巴军将领包括:三军总参谋长阿布杜勒·哈米德·汗(Abdul Hamid Khan)上将、总统办公厅主任穆罕默德·匹尔扎达(Mohammad Peerzada)中将、巴基斯坦国家安全会议主席古尔·哈桑(Gul Hasan)中将、东巴军法管制执行官蒂卡·汗(Tikka Khan)中将、三军副总参谋长阿克巴·汗(Akbar Khan)少将以及巴基斯坦国家安全会议执行秘书古兰·阿摩尔·汗(Ghulam Umer Khan)少将。
4 BadruddinUmar,The Emergence of Bangladesh.Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.319.很多 孟加拉国、印度甚至巴基斯坦的学者普遍认为3月15日叶海亚·汗赴达卡与穆吉布·拉赫曼协商的真实日的并非是要维系巴基斯坦脆弱的统一,谋求政治解决途径;而是为西巴向东巴增兵争取时间。代表著作可参见:Jyoti Sen Gupta,History of Freedom Movement in Bangladesh,1947-1973,Calcutta:Naya Prokash,1974;S.R.Sharma,Bangladesh Crisis and Indian Foreign Policy,New Delhi:Young Asia Publications,1978;Herbert Feldman,The End And The Beginning:Pakistan 1969-1971,London:Oxford University Press,1975.笔者认为上述观点失之偏颇。
1 Intelligence Brief:INRB-217 from the Director of Intelligence and Research(Cline)to Secretary of State (Rogers),Washington,December 8,1970”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47873.pdf.
2 “Telegram 944 from the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State,February 1,1971,1235Z”,FRUS 1969-1 976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents /organization/48014.pdf.
3 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.473.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh
Documents,1965-1973,p.477.
2 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.479.
3 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.489.
1 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,pp.231-232.
1 “Telegram 540 from the Consulate General in Dacca to the Department of State,February 28,1971,0824Z”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/48043.pdf.
2 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973.pp.498-499.
3 1970年9月14日高级考察组(Senior Review Group)在原有的国家安全委员会考察组会议(National Security Council Review Group)的基础上组建,参与人员与基本权限未变。参见FRUS,1969-1976,Vol.Ⅱ:Organization and Management of U.S.Foreign Policy 1969-1972,pp.264-265
4 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South AsiaCrisis,1971,pp.9-16.
1 东巴步枪队(East Pakistan Rifles)是于1948年组建的准军事部队,主要负责边境巡逻、社会治安及反走私任务。截止1971年3月,其总兵力为1万3千人,除中高级军官外,低级军官和士兵均由孟加拉族人组成。
2 有关“探路灯”行动的指令文本可参见:Siddiq Salik,Witness to Surrender,Karachi:Oxford University Press,1977,Appendix 3.
3 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis,1971,p.32.
4 Siddiq Salik,Witness to Surrender,pp.218-220.
5 G.W.Choudhury,Last Days of United Pakistan,p.184.
1 G.W.Choudhury,Last Days of United Pakistan,p.185.
2 Jyoti Sen Gupta,History of Freedom Movement in Bangladesh,1947-1973,Calcutta:Naya Prokash,1974.pp.282-283.
3 孟加拉国学者森·古普塔(Sen Gupta)根据有关当事人的采访后列出3月25日当晚被杀害、遭到逮捕的达卡大学教师的名录,包括:达卡大学心理学系主任G.G.德武(G.G.Dev)教授、统计系主任莫尼茹斯曼(Moniruzzaman)教授、英语系杰提莫尼·古哈塔库塔(Jyotirmoy Guhathakurta)教授、历史系穆林·阿里(Munim Ali)教授等在内的12人。参见Jyoti Sen Gupta,History of Freedom Movement in Bangladesh,1947-1973.p.286.
4 Jyoti Sen Gupta,History of Freedom Movement in Bangladesh,1947-1973,p.284.
1 G.W.Choudhury,Last Days of United Pakistan,p.185.
2 Siddiq Salik,Witness to Surrender,pp.226-231.Sukhwant Singh,The Liberation of Bangladesh,New Delhi:Vikas Publishing House,1980,pp.9-12.
3 持此种观点的代表性著作包括:G.W.Choudhury,Last Days of United Pakistan,Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1974;Mitra Das,From Nation to Nation:A Case Study of Bengali Independence,Calcutta:Minerva Associate,1981;Kaji Samasujjamana,History of The 1971 Bangladesh Freedom Struggle,Dhaka:Nargisa Jamava,1985.;Abdul Wadud Baujyan,Emergence of Bangladesh and Role of Awami League,New Delhi:Vikas,1982.
4 曾任《政治家报》(The Statesman)驻达卡的记者阿布杜勒·瓦哈比(Abdul Wahab)亲眼目睹了西巴军队对达卡大学以及达卡市印度教徒聚居区的突然袭击。1998年他将当年所亲历目睹的事件结集成书,参见Abdul Wahab,One Man's Agony,Dhaka:Dhaka University Press,1998.曾担任世界银行东巴经济发展考察团成员的亨德里克·范·黑登(Hendrick Van Heijden)在1971年5-6月对东巴进行考察,其后他将所见所闻登载在1971年7月14日的《泰晤士报》(The Times of London)。参见The Times of London,July 14.1971.
1 New York Times,March 28,March 29,April 1,1971.
2 http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/history/holocaust.html
3 持此种观点的代表性著作包括:Herbert Feldman,The End And The Beginning:Pakistan 1969-1971,London:Oxford University Press,1975;Matiur Rahman,ed.,Second Thoughts on Bangladesh,London:Oxford University Press,1979;Latif Ahmed Sherwani,Pakistan,China and America,Karachi:Arambagh Printers,1981.
4 Herbert Feldman,The End And The Beginning:Pakistan 1969-1971,p.133.
1 在军事镇压行动开始之后,被任命为东巴驻军司令的前巴陆军中将尼兹在他的回忆录中披露时任东巴军法管制执行官的蒂卡·汗中将并未认真执行有限定目标的军事行动计划,而是从一开始就采取了“焦士”政策,造成大量民众伤亡。正因为此,1971年4月2日,对蒂卡·汗不满的叶海亚·汗任命尼兹为东巴驻军司令,而此前蒂卡·汗身兼东巴军法管制执行官和东巴驻军司令二职。参见A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,New Delhi:Manohar Publishers,1998,p.46.
2 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),pp.336-340.
3 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.344.
1 Asoka Raina,Inside RAW:The Story of India's Secret Service,p.54.
2 根据人民联盟吉大港地区领导人M.R.斯德格尔(M.R.Siddigur)回忆,3月23日西巴满载武器弹药的货轮停靠在吉大港并准备卸货,但码头工人提出抗议并拒绝卸货。为此,斯德格尔曾电话联系穆吉布·拉赫曼告之此事,但此时的穆吉布·拉赫曼仍然心存幻想,并表示双方仍有达成和解之希望,只要叶海亚·汗还是总统,他就不会发动战争。参见Abdul Wadud Baujyan,Emergence of Bangladesh and Role of Awami League,New Delhi:Vikas,1982,p.157.
3 Pakistan Horizon—Documentary and Chronological Appendices,Karachi:Pakistan Institute of International Affairs,Vol.ⅩⅩⅣ.No.2,p.108.
1 “Telegram 540 from the Consulate General in Dacca to the Department of State,February 28,1971,0824Z”FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/48043.pdf.
2 “Telegram 697 from the Consulate General in Dacca to the Department of State,March 10.1971,1205Z”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/48047.pdf.
3 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp.525-526.
4 Asoka Raina,Inside RAW:The Story of India's Secret Service,p.54.
1 华盛顿特别行动小组(Washington Special Actions Group)是美国国家安全委员会处理危机的高级机构。1969年年初北朝鲜击落美国一架EC-121侦察机造成两国关系紧张之后,1969年5月正式成立该小组。参见FRUS,1969-1976,Vol.Ⅱ:Organization and Management of U.S.Foreign Policy,1969-1972,pp.102-103..
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis,1971,p.24.
3 Palcistan Horizon—Documentary and Chronological Appendices,,Vol.ⅩⅩⅣ.No.2,p.146.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Securily Files,1969-1974:India-Patcistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666241,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
5 4月8日,法兰德致电国务院,汇报了当前东巴局势的基本情况。法兰德指出自军事镇压行动开始的两周以来,西巴政府军已经控制东巴的大中城市,下一步行动的关键是能否在雨季来临之前控制抵抗力量活动频繁的广大农村地区,并行之有效地瓦解抵抗力量有组织的反抗行动。对于东巴局势的后续展望,法兰德并不报乐观态度。他认为3月25日叶海亚·汗下令采取强力行动清剿东巴反叛份子,其本意是维护国家统一。但镇压行动一经开始,国家分裂的裂痕就已经不可弥合。因此,“西巴政府军对东巴的强力控制难以长久。”参见FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis,1971,p.52
1 “Special National Intelligence Estimate 32-71,Washington,April 12,1971”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47878.pdf.
2 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp.528-529.
3 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.533.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.535.
2 Graham T.Allison,Essence of Decision,Boston:Little Brown,1971,p.162.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.542.
2 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.543.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp.547-548.
2 “U.S.Embassy(New Delhi)Cable,Solective Genocide,March 29,1971”,National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.79:“The Tilt:The U.S.and the South Asian Crisis of 1971”,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB3.pdf
3 “U.S.Consulate(Dacca)Cable,Dissent from U.S.Policy toward East Pakistan,April 6,1971”,National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.79:“The Tilt:The U.S.and the South Asian Crisis of 1971 ”,available at http://www.gwu.gdu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB8.pdf
4 “Telegram 58039 from the Department of State to the Consulate General in Dacca,Washington,April 7,1971,0014Z”,FR US 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/48053.pdf.
1 “Telegram 1249 from the Consulate General in Dacca to the Department of State,April 10,1971,1508Z”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents /organization/48054.pdf.
2 New York Times,April 7,1971.
3 Times of India,April 10,1971.
4 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,pp.520-521.;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247136166754,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 笔者在微缩胶卷中找到一则档案,其中记载了4月1日-8月27日期间,肯尼迪曾21次在正式场合对巴基斯坦政府各项政策提出强烈批评。参见The RichardM.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247136166750-53,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
6 Bangladesh Documents.Vol.Ⅰ,p.582.
1[美]亨利·基辛格著,杨静予等译:《白宫岁月》(三),第1092页。
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War ofl971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670646-647,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
1 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,pp.166-168.
2 3月9日,东巴共产党(马列)更名为孟加拉共产党(马列)。
3 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,pp.58-61.
4 “Weekly Summary:Military Action within Pakistan continues,Central Intelligence Agency,April 16,1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100331014,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu.
5 比哈尔人(Biharis)是在1947年印巴分治之时从印度比哈尔邦迁徙到东巴的穆斯林。绝大多数比哈尔人讲乌尔都语并与孟加拉族人关系紧张,时常发生种族仇杀事件。
1 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,pp.63-64.;Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,pp.163-164.
2 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,p.156.
3 “Weekly Summary:Pakistan:Bengali Resistance Crumbling,Central Intelligence Agency,April 23,1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100331017,available at http://Ralenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668615,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files.1969-1974:India-Pakistan War ofl971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668263,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.603.;Sucheta Ghosh,The Role of India in The Emergence of Bangladesh,,pp.140-141.
2 6月28日,叶海亚·汗广播演说文本参见Pakistan Horizon—Documentary and Chronological Appendices,Vol.ⅩⅩⅣ.No.3,pp.111-123.;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF10202004247177167181-86,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp.532-535.
2 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,p.243.
1 Sucheta Ghosh,The Role of India in The Emergence of Bangladesh,p.132.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF1020200424717716719.华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.573.
4 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973.p.592.
5 达卡总领事馆的东巴民意调查文本参见Roedad Khan ed.,The American Paper(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp.613-616.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:lndia-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247177167192,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.442.
2 Salam Azad,Contribution of India in The War of Liberation of Bangladesh,New Delhi:Bookwell,2006,p.172.
3 Indira Gandhi,India and Bangladesh:Selected Speeches and Statements,March to December,1971,New Delhi:Orient Lonman,1972,pp.11-12.
1 该提案表示“印度国会深信东巴人民会取得最终胜利,并且认为他们的英勇斗争和流血牺牲将会得到印度人民的真切同情和无私支持。”参见Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,P.672.
2 Indira Gandhi,India and Bangladesh:Selected Speeches and Statements,March to December,1971,pp.21-23.
3 印度学者阿索卡·拉伊纳在其著作中透露在1970年12月巴基斯坦全国大选之前.印度国外情报局研究分析处的间谍就已经渗透到东巴的各个政府机构,大批为研究分析处效力的双面间谍已掌管了东巴权力或接近权力中心。参见Asoka Raina,Inside RAW:The Story of India's Secret Service,p.52.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471441668583,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richord M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471441668532,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.675.
4 Salam Azad,Contribution of India in The War of Liberation of Bangladesh,p.181.
5 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis,197l,p.178.
6 尽管在1970年印度政府加大了对“那萨尔巴里(Naxalbari)”农民游击武装的打击力度,但在1971年初“那萨尔巴里”农民游击武装的主要活动范围转移到印度与东巴边境地区。
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247169167042—43,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms: MF102020042471441668389,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 4月9日,在高级考察组会议上,西斯科建议“在东巴救灾援助问题上,可以由联合国领衔,并会同美国政府、其他国家政府以及国际组织在国际联合行动框架之下向东巴提供人道主义援助。”这一建议得到尼克松、基辛格和各部门的肯定。4月29日,黑格在致基辛格的备忘录中提议,在对印度境内的难民救济问题上采取援助的国际化政策较为稳妥,在援助方式上,由联合国、国际机构和美国的志愿者组织联合展开国际人道主义救济行动。黑格的这一提议也得到尼克松、基辛格的认可并被采纳。FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis,1971,p.60;p.100.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471441668548,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666231,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471771671432-433,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 5月14日,尼克松致信叶海亚·汗。鼓励他采取“正确”而“果断”的政治和解措施,确保东巴平民的人身安全,创造有利于恢复经济正常运转的政治态势,便于难民尽快返回东巴。参见FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis,1971,pp.123-124
2 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.674.
3 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.674.
4 5月24日,叶海亚·汗致信尼克松,强烈谴责“印度政府的行为正在危害巴基斯坦的国家主权和领土完整。”“如果印度持续采取对我国内部事务的介入政策,我国的制宪进程将受到严重干扰,难以完成,而难民问题的解决亦将遥遥无期。”参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247177167150-51,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.591.
6 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471771671433,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:SouthAsia Crisis,1971,p.164..
2 有关这一问题的论述可参阅本论文的第四章第一节。
3 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis,1971,p.166.
4 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis,1971,p.167.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471281666232,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis,1971,pp.174-175.
3 4月20日,杰哈在与欧文的谈话中请求美国和国际社会给予援助。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666231,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
4 在危机初期,参与国际援助的美国志愿者组织包括:世界教会服务组织(Church World Service)、社会发展基金会(Community Development Foundation)、基督教路德会世界救济组织(Lutherdn World Relief)、姐妹医疗团(Medical Mission Sisters)等。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668499,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471441668351,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471441668402,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471441668307-308,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 Sucheta Ghosh.The Role of India in the Emergency of Bangladesh,p.104.
1 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.625.;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668372,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471441668284,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471441668580,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 6月25日,回国之后的斯瓦兰·辛格在印度国会人民院发表演讲,具体阐明了印度政府对南亚危机的基本政策和立场。其要点如下:1、当前次大陆的局势十分危险,严重影响次大陆的和平与稳定;2、叶海亚·汗必须立即停止在东巴的一切军事行动;3、创造有利于难民返回家园的和平政治环境;4、体现东巴人民政治意志的政治解决方式是使东巴恢复正常状态的唯一途径。斯瓦兰·辛格此番讲话的用意十分明显,要彻 底解决南亚危机,难民问题必须与东巴的政治前途“捆绑”在一起。参见Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.697.
1 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.629.
2 Sucheta Ghosh,The Role of India in the Emergency of Bangladesh,p.109.
3 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.639.
4 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.626.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471441668564-565,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 Department of State Bulletin,Vol.LXLV,No.1668,June 14,1971,Washington D.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1971,p.764.
3 Department of State Bulletin,Vol.LXLV,No.1672.July 12,1971,p.41.
4 4月12日和22日,副国务卿艾黎克斯·约翰逊(Alexis Jobnson)和西斯科在与希拉里的两次晤谈中均表示由于难民人数与日俱增,印巴发生冲突的可能性在不断加大。因此,美国政府“迫切希望巴基斯坦能够保持克制。”参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666241,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF10202004247151669263,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 4月22日,吴丹的信件全文参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:Indina-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667413-414,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.627.;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667415,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471441668293,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF1020200424717716719,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668390,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents.1965-1973,p.587.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668570,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:1ndia-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF10202004247177167158,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471441668326,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.650;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668263,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
6 吴丹倡议的文本参见Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ.pp.626-628.
7 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.594.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668296,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471441668294,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 “Weekly Summary:East Pakistan's Resistance Crumbles.Central Intelligence Agency,April 23,1971”DDRS,Document Number:CK3100331017,available at http://galenet.galegroup.corn/servlet/DDRS?IocID=ecnu
4 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471441668295-296,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471441668548,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.250.
3 1971年5月-6月,英迪拉·甘地总理和印度政府的高层官员多次在重要场合指责任何对西巴当权者的援助都是反对东巴人民之举。参见Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,pp.680-696..
1 The Observer,April 18,1971.
2 Sucheta Ghosh,The Role of India in the Emergency of Bangladesh,pp.98-99.
1 Hindustan Standard,April 8,1971.转引自Sucheta Ghosh,The Role of India in the Emergency of Bangladesh,p.71
2 Bengali Daily,May 21,1971.转引自Sucheta Ghosh,The Role of India in the Emergency of Bangladesh,p.73.
3 在1971年4月-7月,加尔各答大学声援孟加拉人民斗争联合会出资刊印的反映东巴独立斗争的英文出版物包括:Bangendu Ganguli and Mira Ganguli,Bangladesh:The Truth;Edward S.Manson and Robert Dorffman,Conflict in East Pakistan-Background and Prospect;Sipra Aditya,ed.,Bleeding Bangladesh:A Picture Album.等等。参见Sucheta Ghosh,The Role of India in the Emergency of Bangladesh,p.100.
4 Mizanur Rahman,Emergence of A New Nationa in A Multipolar.World:Bangladesh,p.60.
1 Mizanur Rahman,Emergence of A New Nationa in A Multipolar World:Bangladesh,p.60.
2 《联合国宪章》第二条第四款规定:“各会员国在其国际关系中不得使用威胁或武力,或以与联合国宗旨不符之任何其他方法,侵害任何会员国或国家之领土完整或政治独立”;第七款规定:“本宪章不得认为授权联合国干涉在本质上属于任何国家国内管辖之事件,并且不要求会员国将该项事件依本宪章提请解决。”参见联合国新闻处编,北京大学法律系编译组译:《联合国手册(1945-1965)》(下),北京:商务印书馆,1973年中文版,第727页。
3 Arum Kumar Singh,U.N.Security Council and Indo-Pak Conflicts,Delhi:Capital Publishing House,1992,p.86.
4 印度东北部地区包括阿萨姆邦(Assam)、那加兰邦(Nagaland)、梅加拉亚邦(Meghalaya)、曼尼普尔邦(Manipur)、特里普拉邦(Tripura)和米佐拉邦(Mizoram)。
5 Chandra Bhushan,Terrorism and Separation in North-East India,Delhi:Kalpaz Publications,2004,pp.124-125.
1 危机爆发后,联合国安理会的五个常任理事国:美、苏、中、英、法均表示对事态的密切关注,但未曾公开表示支持东巴独立斗争。而包括伊朗、埃及、土耳其、马来西亚在内的穆斯林国家则明确表示支持巴基斯坦政府。有关以上诸国官方立场的文本表述可参见Pakistan Horizon—Documentary and Chronological Appendices,Vol.ⅩⅩⅣ.No.2,pp.53-155.
2 人联的主要领导人塔菊丁·艾哈迈德、纳斯鲁尔·伊斯兰、穆斯塔克·艾哈迈德等人在3月30日在印度特工人员的帮助下越过边界,抵达西孟加拉邦的边境小城茹斯纳嘎。东巴民族人民党(巴沙尼派)领导人巴沙尼、东巴民族人民党(穆兹法尔派)领导人穆兹法尔、东巴民族大会党总书记莫洛拉贾·达哈(Monoranjan Dhar)以及东巴共产党的主要领导卡兹·加法尔·艾哈迈德(Kazi Jaffar Ahmed)、拉希德·汗·门农(Rashed Khan Menon)等人先后在4月初抵达印度境内。参见Asoka Raina,Inside RAW:The Story of India's Secret Service,p.54.;Jyoti SenGupta,History of Freedom Movement in Bangladesh,p.303.
1 Mizanur Rahman,Emergence of A New Nation in A Multi-polar World:Bangladesh,p.153.
2 穆吉布纳嘎(Mujibnagar)是“孟加拉临时政府”所在地,位于距加尔各答市中心西北18公里处的巴哈尔帕拉镇(Bhaberpara Village)。
3 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,p.522.
4 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.292.
5 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,pp.16-18.
1 截止1971年5月15日,向“孟加拉临时政府”捐款的海外孟加拉人社团和个人名录及捐助金额参见Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,pp.28-40.
2 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,p.176.
3 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,pp.177-179.
4 “Chronology of the India-Pakistan Situation,12/70-12/71,the birth of Bangladesh,Central Intelligence Agency,Directorate of Intellignece,December 23,1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100331073,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
5M.Rashiduzzaman,“Leadership,Organization,Strategies and Tactics of the Bengal Movement”,Asian Survey,Vol.Ⅻ,No.3.March,1972,p.197.
6 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,p.158.
1 Jagdev Singh,Dismemberment of Paksitan:1971 Indo-Paki War,New Delhi:Lancer International,1988,p.70.
2 以上关于印度对东巴抵抗力量进行秘密军事训练的内容由笔者综合相关战史资料汇集而成。参见A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,pp.69-71.;D.K.Palit,The Lightning Campaign,Salisbury:Compton Press,1972,PP.45-49;Jagdev Singh,Dismemberment of Pakistan:1971 Indo-Pak War,pp.66-78.
3 Mizanur Rahman,Emergence of A New Nation in A Multi-polar World:Bangladesh,p.62.
1 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,p.71.;Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.185.
2“Memorandum from Samuel Hoskinson of the National Council Staff to the President Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger),Washington,May 26,1971”FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47879.pdf
3 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.558.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF 102020042471021664249-250,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667583,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 对于“正在运输”过程中的装备,美国国务院和国防部有着不同的理解。国务院认为其是指“已经驶离美国领海的,经海轮运输的武器装备”,而国防部则认为“正在运输”过程中的装备应当是指“已对货品进行所有权移交的装备”。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667562,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Mierofilms:MF102020042471361667543,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.基辛格直到5月17日,才得知国务院实际上自4月初便已经停止向巴基斯坦颁发武器出口管理许可证.FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,PP.125.126.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667788,华东师范大学冷战国史研究中心藏.
6 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,pp.236-237.
1 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House & Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,PP.237-240.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fites,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667441,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 依据美国对外军售计划,在1971年3月25日之前的军火订单当中,若美方一时无法提供巴方所需的装备,美国国防部可将订单转给军火商,由军火商向巴方直接提供武器装备;在对外军售计划之外,巴基斯坦还可以直接从美国军火商那里购买一定种类的装备(限定种类,不涉及“杀伤性”武器装备),而国防部无权干涉。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664249,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
4 1970年10月批准的“一次例外”军售计划在南亚危机全面爆发之时尚未付诸实施。F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,P.251.
5 国务院“强烈要求”应当立即切断包括“杀伤性”武器的零部件和弹药在内的所有对巴军售项目。The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files.1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667562,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667563-564,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667567.华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richd M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471361667629.华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 隶属于对巴军售项目的装备价值1350万美元,经由商业订货的装备价值1,334,463美元。The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667546,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The New York Times,June 22,1971.;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667609。华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richa M.Nixon National Security Files.1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF10202004247136166773。华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667534,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471361667661,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471771671506-508,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
6 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,P.56.
7 Bangladesh Documents Vol.Ⅰ,P.696.;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471361667588,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 与国务院强烈要求完全切断对巴军售形成鲜明对比的是,国防部极力支持继续对巴军售,包括“杀伤性”武器的零配件。国防部认为继续军售既可使外界看到美国政府对巴基斯坦国家统一的坚决支持,也是维续对伊斯兰堡影响力的重要手段,可使其在与印度的争端保持克制。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667564,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp.609-610.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667970,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.202.
1 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,p.138.
2“Kissinger to Nixon,'Meeting with Ambassador Farland,May 7,1971'15 May 1971”,National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.66:The Beijing-Washington Back-Channel and Hernry Kissinger's Secret Trip to China,September 1970-July 1971,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB66/ch-22.pdf
3 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,P.143.
4 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅦ:China 1969-1972,PP.318-319.文件中最后一句话用斜体表示,笔者为突出这句话的重要性,用加粗黑色字体表示。
1 “幸运饼干”档案(The Fortune Cookies Book)是由基辛格设立的涉及中美秘密外交的档案卷宗。该卷宗由基辛格领导的国家安全委员会办公室特别管理,卷宗情况高度保密。
2 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,pp.140-141.
3 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,pp.143-144.
4 FRUS1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅦ:China 1969-1972,pp.319-320.
5 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,p.145.
6“Message from Zhou Enlai to Nixon,29 May 1971,with commentary,as transmitted and copied by Ambassador Hilaly for the White House”,National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.145:New Documentary Reveals Secret U.S.,Chinese Diplomacy Behind Nixon's Trip,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB145/08b.pdf
1 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,p.147.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅦ:China 1969-1972,pp.346-347.
3 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,pp.149-151.
4 FRUS 1969-1976 Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.222-223.
5“Memcon,Dr.Sarabhai,Dr.Haksar,Dr.Kissinger,Mr.Winston Lord,7 July,1971,(1:10-2:50 p.m.)”,National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.79:The Tilt:The U.S.and the South Asian Crisisof 1971,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB15.pdf
6 有关“波罗一号”行动的任务计划书是国家安全委员会为基辛格与中方会谈时所准备的会谈背景材料,其中罗列有可能涉及到的谈判议题、美方的基本政策观点以及中方可能所持有的观点立场。
1 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,pp.170-171.
2 FRUS 1969-1976 Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.237.
1 有关中方接待小组人员的回忆文章参见唐龙彬:《一次特别神秘的外交使命——接待基辛格秘密访华追记》(上)、(下) 《世界知识》1995年第13期、第14期。
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅦ:China 1969-1972,pp.407-408.
1 News Review on China,(April 1971),New Delhi:Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses,p.19.
2 News Review on China,(April 1971),p.20.
3 Peking Review,Vol.114,NO.16,April 1971,pp.7-8.
4 Pakistan Horizon—Documentary and Chronological Appendices,Vol.ⅩⅩⅣ.No.2,pp.153-154.;Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp.530-531.前中国外交部官员李达南在回忆文章中指出在接到4月1O日叶海亚·汗总统的信件后,周恩来总理指示外交部代他起草复信,复信由李达南与李钟英二人拟稿。考虑到东巴事件涉及巴内政,这封复信在国内没有公开发表。参见李达南:《周恩来与1971年印巴战争》,《党的文献》,2001年第2期,第7页。
5 “Chronology of the India-Pakistan Situation,12/70-12/71,the birth of Bangladesh,Central Intelligence Agency,Directorate of Intellignece,December 23,1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100331073,available at http://galanet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
1 The Daily Telegraph,August 8,1971.
2 J.P.Jain,China,Paksitan and Bangladesh,New Delhi:Radiant Publishers,1974,p.165.
3 Asian Recorder,Vol.ⅩⅦ,No.32,(6-12 August,1971),p.10300.;K.Subrahmanyam,Bangladesh and India's Security,Palit:Dehra Dun,1972,p.168.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664122,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 Washington Post,January 18,1972.;J.P.Jain,China,Paksitan and Bangladesh,pp.166-167.
6 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅦ:China 1969-1972,p.725.
1 R.K.Jain,ed.,China-South Asian Relations(1947-1980),Vol.Ⅱ,New Delhi:Radiant Publishers,1981,p.195.
2 Robert Jackson,South Asian Crisis:India,Pakistan and Bangladesh——A Political and Historical Analysis of the 1971 War,New York:Praeger Publisher,1975,p.41.
3 Robert Jackson,South Asian Crisis:India,Pakistan and Bangladesh——A Political and Historical Analysis of the 1971 War,p.42.
1 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,p.183.
2 日本学者岩岛久夫曾将基辛格秘密访问这一重大的历史事件形象地称之为当代外交中“突然袭击外交”或“冲击外交”的经典范例。笔者借鉴了岩岛久夫的这一说法。参见[日]岩岛久夫著,张健、贺小铭译:《突然袭击研究》,北京:国防大学出版社,1987年中文版,第102页。
1“Department of State,Cable,Indo-Pakistan Situation,15 July,1971”National Security Archire Electronic Briefing Book No.79:The Tilt:The U.S.and the South Asian Crisisof 1971,,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB16.pdf
1[美]西摩·赫什著,吴聿衡译:《权力的代价:尼克松执政时期的基辛格》,北京:中国国际文化出版公司,1991年中文版,第587页。
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671435,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664190,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.的精细分析可参见G.W.Choudhury,Brezhnev's Collective Secuirty Plan for Asia,Georgetown:Georgetown University Press,1976;J.P.Jain,Soviet Policy Towards Pakistan and Bagladesh,New Delhi:Radiant Publishers,1974;Harish Kaput,The Embattled Triangle:Moscow-Peking-New Delhi,New Delhi:Abhinav Publication,1973;Hemen Rain,Indo-Soviet Relations,1955-1971,Bombay:Jaico Publishing House,1973.
1 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.238.
2 1969年7月,时任副军法管制执行官的巴空军总司令努尔·汗中将率团访华。在与周恩来总理的会谈中,努尔·汗明确表示巴基斯坦不会加入苏联倡议的组织。参见R.K.Jain,ed.,China-South Asian Relations (1947-1980),Vol.Ⅱ.New Delhi:Radiant Publishers,1981,p.156.
1 有关印苏两国缔约谈判的细节内容可参见A.G.Noorani,Brezhnev Plan for Asian Security,Bombay:Jaico Publishing House,1975.Chapter 1-3.pp.112-198.
2 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ.PP.510-511.
1 Pakistan Horizon—Documentary and Chronological Appendices,Vol.ⅩⅩⅣ.No.2,PP.150-151.
2 Pakistan Times,April 24,1971.
3 在双方签署的联合声明中,关于南亚危机的主要内容为斯瓦兰·辛格对波德戈尔内4月2日致信叶海亚·汗表示感谢,以及对难民问题的关注。联合声明文本参见Rajcndra Kumar Jain,Soviet-South Asian Relations,1947-1978,Vol.1,Oxford:Martin Robertson,1979,PP.111-112.
4 6月9日,柯西金在苏联最高苏维埃会议上发表讲话,强调应通过“和平方式”解决东巴危机,同时他又警告说“在外部势力的操控和指使下,事态的发展将损害次大陆国家的利益,‘塔什干精神'将受到不可修复的破坏。”苏联认为,叶海亚·汗是在中美的支持下对东巴政治“重新洗牌”,此举意味着苏联在南亚利益范围受到中美的强力挑战和威胁。因此,中美对叶海亚·汗的支持政策是苏联极力抨击的对象。柯西金6月9日的演讲文本参见Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.512.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664195,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2[俄]阿·多勃雷宁著,肖敏,王为译:《信赖:多勃雷宁回忆录》,北京:世界知识出版社,1997年中文版,第261页。
1 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,pp.709-710.
2 “Chronology of the India-Pakistan Situation,12/70-12/71,the birth of Bangladesh,Central Intelligence Agency,Directorate of Intellignece,December 23,1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100331073,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
3 The Times,July 13,1971;K.苏巴拉哈曼亚执笔撰写的研究报告全文可见K.Subrahmanyam,Bangladesh and India's Security,Dehra Dun:Palit and Dutt,1972,pp.40-45.
1 有关《苏印和平友好互助条约》的中文文本,参见中国国际问题研究所编译:《国际条约集(1969-1971)》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年版,第538-541页:英文文本可参见Rajendra Kumsr Jain,Soviet-South Asian Relations,1947-1978.Vol.Ⅰ,pp.113-116.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247102166479-80,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 Sucheta Ghosh,The Role of India in The Emergence of Bangladesh,p.168.
3 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅱ,pp.156-157.;Robert Jackson,South Asian Crisis:India,Pakistan and Bangladesh—A Political and Historical Analysis of the 1971 War,.pp.192-193.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247102166479-80,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.363-364.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247102166431,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 有关9月29日苏印联合声明的具体内容可见Robert Jackson.South Asian Crisis:India,Pakistan and Bangladesh—A Political and Historical Analysis of the 1971 War,.pp.194-198.;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664335,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 S.R.Sharma,Bangladesh Crisis and India Foreign Policy,p.293.
1 统计时间从从1971年3月25日西巴政府军开始实施军事镇压行动到12月15日。参见Salam Azad,Contribution of India in The War of Liberation of Bangladesh,p.180.
2 Salam Azad,Contribution of India in The War of Liberation of Bangladesh,p.181.
3 Salam Azad,Contribution of India in The War of Liberation of Bangladesh,p.181.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670170,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670163,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670160,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671107-108,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668264,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,pp.255-256.
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.272-275.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.292-293.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664246,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2[美]亨利·基辛格著,杨静予等译:《白宫岁月》(三),第1105-1106页。
3 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,PP.219-220.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664246,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671149,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668762-768,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 9月3日,尼克松宣布组建以美国红十字会负责人乔治·艾里塞斯(George Eisey)领衔,由6名美国政学显要组成的“南亚援助特别咨询小组”(Special Advisory Panel on South Asian Relief Assistance).该小组的主要任务是同参与救援行动的美国各政府机构和联合国各下属国际组织加强沟通协调,提高对东巴救援的工作效率,加快救援速度。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:Initia-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668870-873,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 美国政府非常重视东巴境内的饥荒问题,在提供援助的同时,依据东巴各个地区的自然条件、交通情况和农作物的生产状况制定了详细的援助物资运送和发放细则,帮助叶海亚·汗度过难关。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670171-179,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1971:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668966,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668756-757,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668681,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668682,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471511669220,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670135,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。 11月1日,美国众议员弗里林海森在致众议院外交事务委员会的题为“出访印巴之后的特别研究报告”(Report of A Special Study Mission tO Pakistan and India)中指出,在10月上中旬对达卡访问期间,他曾多次听到已被证实的,有关巴军士兵枪杀平民、劫掠村庄的暴力事件,而肇事者却并未接受军法处置。当他就此问题询问巴军主官时,答案是这些村庄暗中支持反叛力量,理应受到惩罚。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247136166794.华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
6 9月10日,达卡总领事馆向国务院发送的电文中指出在巴瑞索(Barisal)和迈门辛格(Mymensingh)等地区,陆续从偏远山区返回家园的印度教徒由于遭受巴政府军士兵的劫掠和枪杀,不得不选择逃亡印度。参见The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247102166486,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
7 达卡总领事馆的东巴民意调查报告文本参见Rocdad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,PP.613-616.
8 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms: MF102020042471021664332,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247102166413,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential) India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.624.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664317,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668676,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fites,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665390,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
6 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668676-677,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
7 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential) India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.625.;“Weekly Summary:Lack of Effective Action by Provincial Government,and Guerrilla Activity contributes to Absence of Any Significant Progress in Solving East Pakistan'S Proplcms,Central Intelligence Agency,July 16,1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100331022,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu;“Weekly Summary:Bengali Rebels disrupt Key Sectors of East Paksitan's Economy Central Intelligence Agency,September 10,1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100331028,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
1 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668248,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667187,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668707,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.429.
5 Salam Azad,Contribution of India in The War of Liberation of Bangladesh,p.179.
The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668711,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfiims:MF102020042471441668977,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,P.189.
4 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,P.657.
5 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,P.663.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential) India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.636.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247102166479,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471511669113,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 在9月3日“南亚援助特别咨询小组”第一次全体会议通过的决议中重申了美国有关难民问题与东巴政治前途问题分两步走,分开解决的政策立场,强调对南亚难民的人道主义救助是当前工作的重心。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471511669268,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 Raft Raza,Zulfkar Ali Bhutto and Pakistan(1967-1977),p.103.
2 Government of Pakistan,Ministry of Information and National Affairs,White Paper on the Crisis in East Pakistan,Islamabad,August 5,1971.;有关美国对《白皮书》的阐述分析可参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247136166793,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666714,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 据当年曾参与秘密审讯穆吉布·拉赫曼的巴方官员回忆,1971年9月7日,对穆吉布·拉赫曼的秘密审讯正式开始。先后有30多位证人被问讯。但是对穆吉布·拉赫曼的审判持续时间很长,直到第三次印巴战争爆发依旧没有得出审讯结果。参见Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.172.
3 BangladeshDocuments,Vol.Ⅱ,pp.21-22.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664738,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 8月19日,叶海亚·汗约见法兰德,此次会谈的重点是对穆吉布·拉赫曼的秘密审判.法兰德指出大多数国家都对穆吉布·拉赫曼的秘密审判给予高度关注,特别是对审判的结果。“穆吉布·拉赫曼不应被处死,这一点符合巴基斯坦的利益。”对此,叶海亚·汗表示他已经让巴基斯坦最好的律师A.K.布鲁赫(A.K.Brohi)担任穆吉布·拉赫曼的辩护律师,而且特别军事法庭已作好开庭准备,将对穆吉布·拉赫曼进行“公正的”审判。“如果穆吉布·拉赫曼提出宽大处理的请求,我会考虑将对他的审判推后几个月,留待补缺选举后产生的新政府处理。当然,新政府组建后,穆吉布·拉赫曼被判除死刑的机率并不大。”针对叶海亚·汗所言,法兰德再三追问:“在新政府成立之前,会否对穆吉布·拉赫曼处以极刑?”叶海亚·汗不得不明确作答:“我想请你相信,即便他背叛自己的国家,军事法庭也不会判除极刑。”参见FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.357-358.
6 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664235,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
7 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664236,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
8 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅱ,p.41.
1 Bangladesh Documents,Vbl.Ⅱ,p.44.
2 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Fires,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471511669286-287,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 10月12日,叶海亚·汗广播演讲文本参见Robert Jackson,South Asian Crisis:India,Pakistan and Bangladesh-A Political and Historical Analysis of The 1971 War,Appendixes 11,pp.199-204.
4 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅱ,P.252.
1 S.R.Sharma,Bangladesh Crisis and India Foreign Policy,p.298.
2 Soviet Review:Official Documents and Articles from the Soviet Press,No.194.p.30;p.33.
3 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,p.76.
1 有关该人联成员所回忆的26名前东巴步枪队、东孟加拉团以及警察部队的军官和警官名录参见Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,PP.300-301.
2 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,PP.111-112.
3 “孟加拉临时政府”自1971年7月17日起,每周定期出版《每周政务及战事公报》。据公报透露,在叶海亚·汗宣布穆吉布·拉赫曼将以叛国罪的罪名接受秘密审判之后,孟加拉民族解放军加大了在东巴的暗杀、破坏以及游击战行动以示报复。参见Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,Part 2.pp.139-427.
1 “Study Prepared in Response to National Security Study Memorandum 133,Washington,July 10,1971”,FRUS,1969-1976,E-7:Documents on South Asia,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents /organization/48063.pdf.
2 “Memorandum for the Presidents File,President's Meeting with Ambassador Joseph Farland,28 July,1971”National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.79:The Tilt:The U.S.And the South Asian Crisis of 1971,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB18.pdf
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Mierofilms:MF102020042471771671114,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671115,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Mierofilms:MF102020042471771671146,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏,
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671146,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671148,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
6 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671148,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
7 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671149,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 FRUS1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.358.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664333,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:lndia-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471771671180-181,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Mierofilms:MF102020042471021664543-545,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.710.
2 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential) India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.711.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.710.
2 Rocdad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,P.712.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Filas,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247136166796,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 11月16日在与美国大使比姆的谈话中,苏联第一副外长库兹涅佐夫十分关注东巴的政治前途问题。当比姆讲到叶海亚·汗愿意与“未曾参与叛乱活动的”人联领导人,甚至由穆吉布·拉赫曼亲自指派的代表政治对话时,库兹涅佐夫一再追问这些人联领导人的确切姓名,并且以颇具反诘的口气问到“若叶海亚·汗真心实意地谋求政治和解,那么他为什么不直接释放穆吉布·拉赫曼,并与他面对面谈判呢?”莫斯科的观点很明确:叶海亚·汗与穆吉布·拉赫曼的直接对话是化解危机的最便捷途径(the shortest way),而其中的关键就是无罪释放穆吉布·拉赫曼,否则莫斯科将深刻质疑伊斯兰堡所谓“政治和解”的真实用意,按照库兹涅佐夫的话来说“叶海亚·汗是不会满足1970年大选中所体现东孟加拉的政治意愿的,他仍在玩弄政治游戏,而并未就解除危机采取切实可行的政治举措。这一点正是造成次大陆危局的根本原因。”参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664387-388,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247110166529-30,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247110166528,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664379,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
4 Roedad Khan ed.,The Americall Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp.726-727.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,P.730.
1 The Richard M.Nixon Narional Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664616,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664616,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664617-618,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670362-363,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670363-364,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670365,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670369,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richord M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670387,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670403,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670410-411,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670414-415,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pnkistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670429-433,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670425-426,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:lndia-Palastan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664338-339,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670438-440,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670444-445,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:india-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670449-450,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:india-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670458-460,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 10月16日之后,加乔姆与美方代表三次接触的时间分别为11月21日、24 日和27日参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670481-482;1691670484-485;1691670487,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:india-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665235,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 11月23日晚,在与叶海亚·汗的会谈中,努尔·伊斯兰姆表示在当前局势之下,他和其余未离开东巴的人联温和派领导人没有多少影响力。为使东、西两翼政治谈判能够发挥作用。努尔·伊斯兰建议可由他出面与尚在狱中的穆吉布·拉赫曼进行交流,探知穆吉布的政治态度。其后,他再设法与“孟加拉临时政府”领导人取得联系,希望能说服“临时政府”在独立问题上态度软化,推动东、西两翼政治谈判有所斩获。但是,叶海亚·汗并未赞同努尔·伊斯兰的上述建议。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664910,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。笔者认为即便叶海亚·汗同意与未曾参与叛乱活动的人联温和派领导人对话,但在开展对话的具体步骤上仍存在不同理解:以努尔·伊斯兰为代表了人联温和派认为在正式对话开始前,必须首先与穆吉布·拉赫曼进行接触;而叶海亚·汗反对努尔·伊斯兰与穆吉布·拉赫曼首先进行接触。
6 在东线冲突烽烟骤起之后的11月26日晚上,法兰德向叶海亚·汗传递了印度方面关于东巴政治谈判的新观点。法兰德指出印度驻伊斯兰堡办事处高级专员阿塔尔(Atal)曾亲自打电话给他,通报印度政府的明确立场:若叶海亚·汗希望危机局势以政治方式解决,那么就必须与“被迫流亡印度的盂加拉领导人”直接对话。叶海亚·汗听后勃然大怒,当即指责阿塔尔是“一个跳梁小丑”(playing an“amazingly mischevious”role),并重申:他只会与“未曾参与分裂国家的叛乱活动”的东巴政治代表对话,否则,一切免谈。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664768,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。 而相比之下,11月30日,印度代办纳斯格特拉在与西斯科的谈话中则坚持声称叶海亚·汗必须无条件立即释放穆吉布·拉赫曼,此为缓解紧张局势的惟一可行途径。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.681.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471 771671435,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 随新民:《中印关系研究:社会认知视角》,北京:世界知识出版社,2007年版,第236页。
4 1971年9月28日,法兰德在致国务院的电文中指出,美国在南亚危机期间对巴政策的核心是维持美国对巴基斯坦的充足影响力,以期让巴方保持克制态度,采取减少印巴之间战争威胁的措施,加大使难民回国的政策力度,促进东巴的秩序重建与社会稳定。而在评价美国对巴政策是否成功的界定标准上,法兰德认为在此项政策的推行过程中,叶海亚·汗政府在美国的策动下立场有所转变,并且后继的政策实施产生了美国所愿意看到的转变即可视为评价标准。而依此项标准,法兰德认为美国的对巴政策是成功的。参见Rocdad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp.681-682.笔者认为,法兰德的观点单从美巴关系来看是正确的,但就整个南亚危机的危机管理和防止战争爆发的角度来看,则是以偏概全。事实上,美国所做的诸多努力并没有换来南亚的和平,政治解决的理想图景并未转化为现实景观。
1 Sukhwant Singh,The Liberation of Bangladesh,PP.78-90.Jagdev Singh,Dismemberment of Pakistan:1971Indo-Pak War,pp.86-96.有关印军在1971年南亚危机和第3次印巴战争中的战略规划和战术运用的精彩论述可参见D.K.Palit,The Lighting Campaign:Indo-Pakistan War 1971,New Delhi:Thomson Press,1972;Mohammed Ayoob,The Liberation War,New Delhi:S.Chand Company,1972.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fites,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664122,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,P.664.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential) India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.674.
2 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential) India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.675.
3 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential) India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.676.
4 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential) India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.687.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp.687-688.
2 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.689.
3 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp.699-700.
4 有关印巴双方的军事实力对比和双方在东西两线的军事布防图可参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471511669545-567,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471511669540,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471511669701,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471511669707,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 Sukhwant Singh,The Liberation of Bangladesh,pp.91-92.;Jagdev Singh,Dismemberment of Pakistan:1971 Indo-Pak War,pp.86-96.;A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,pp.110-111.
4 Jyoti Sen Gupta,History of Freedom Movement in Bangladesh 1947-1973,pp.380-381.Kaji Samasujjamana,History of the 1971 Bangladesh Freedom Sstruggle,Dhaka:Nargisa Jamava,1985,pp.134-135.
1 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,pp.179-180.;http://www.liberationwarmuseum.org/liberationwar.html#02.
1 Sukhwant Singh,The Liberation of Bangladesh,P.36.;A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,P.71.
2 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,P.185.尼兹将军在其回忆录中认为到1971年11月,经印度军方培训后,具有一定战斗能力的孟加拉民族解放军作战人员达到7万人,另有3万人仍在接受作战训练。参见A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,p.72.
1 Sukhwant Singh,The Liberation of Bangladesh,pp.36-37.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665407,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,p.179.
4 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,p.192.;p.203.
5 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,p.191.;p.231.
6 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,p.191.;p.232.9月30日,艾黎亚特同基辛格递交的备忘录中指出8月20日,巴海军爆破专家在纳拉杨嘎港成功的清除了由抵抗力量铺设的6枚磁性水雷。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471021664210,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
7 The Richard M.Nixo National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664210,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
8 The Richard M.Nixon Nntional Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Mierofilms:MF102020042471021664332,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 “Study Prepared in Response to National Security Study Memorandum 133,10 July,1971”,FRUS,1969-1976,E-7:Documents on South Asia,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents /organization/48063.pdf.
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.334-337.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664299,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671437,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
4 “Weekly Summary:Dangers of Breakout of Major Hostilities between India and Paksitan,Central Intdligence Agency,Washington October 22 1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100331041,available at http://galenet.galcgroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665399,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
6 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665393,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fires,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664537,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664503,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
3 10月21日,国务院提议在“共同撤军”遭遇严重阻力的情况下,可考虑经与巴方沟通,让巴方首先采取单方面撤军行动。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fires,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664504,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。 在获悉国务院的新提议之后,10月22日,桑德斯在致黑格的备忘录中指出,若首先让巴方率先从边界撤军必须考虑与之直接相关的两个问题:其一、若巴方首先撤军是否会对巴军的兵力部署造成不利影响?其二、叶海亚·汗会否同意美国的新建议?针对上述两个问题,桑德斯认为:巴方首先撤军不会对其构成不利影响。巴军驻地距边界线的直线距离通常在10英里之内,若撤军过程中,印军进攻,巴军可在5个小时内展开反突击;在与叶海亚·汗交涉时,美方可强调率先撤军的政治意义,将使巴方在与印度的较量中处于国际舆论支持的地位,这样一来,叶海亚·汗极有可能会赞同美方的提议。基于上述考量,桑德斯认为由巴方率先单方面撤军的建议是可行的。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664500,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664485,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664642,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
6 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664406,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664776,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.385-387.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.388-390.
3 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.403.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471511669504-512,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
1 “Memorandum Prepared in the Office of National Estimates,Central Intelligence Agency,Washington,22September,1971”,FRUS,1969-1976,E-7:Documents on South Asia,1969-1972,available at http://WWW.State.gov/documents/organization/47956.pdf.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.434.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471511669471-472,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 “Memorandum from Saunders to Kissinger,Military Assistance to Pakistan and the Trip to Peking,19July,1971” National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.79:The Tilt:The U.S.And South Asian Crisis of 1971,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB17.pdf.
1 国会中强烈反对美国继续向巴基斯坦提供军事装备的代表包括:参议员肯尼迪(Kennedy)、马蒂亚斯(Mathias)、哈里斯(Haris)、马斯基(Muskie)以及众议员莫斯(Moss)、哈尔彭(Halpern)、加拉格尔(Gailagher)参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664185,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664185,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664178,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 “NSC Paper,South Asia:Cutting off Military and Economic Assistance,30 July,1971” National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.79:The Tilt:The U.S.And south Asian Crisis of 1971,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB19.pdf.;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664222,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 “NSC Paper,South Asia:Cutting off Military and Economic Assistance,30 July,1971” National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.79:The Tilt:The U.S.And South Asian Crisis of 1971,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/ NSAEBB79/BEBB19.pdf.;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664220-221,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 “NSC Paper,South Asia:Cutting off Military and Economic Assistance,30 July,1971”National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.79:The Tilt:The U.S.And South Asian Crisis of 1971,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB19.pdf
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667809,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667768,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fites,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667509,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668798-799,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
6 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms: MF102020042471361667809,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 9月1日,在基辛格的授意下,法兰德就中止对巴军售与叶海亚·汗会谈。在谈话中,叶海亚·汗虽然对美方的建议有所顾虑,认为在美国中止对巴军售之后,其他国家有可能会加大对巴军事制裁,但是他亦表示巴方十分清楚尼克松总统在对巴军售问题上面临的强大压力。最后,叶海亚·汗“非常无奈地”接受美方建议。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667841-842,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 在会谈中,伊姆·哈克曾不无忧虑地指出在西欧国家加强对巴军事管制的情形下,美国中止对巴军售不仅使得巴军在日常维护美制装备(特别是作战飞机)的困难进一步加大,而且将会使印巴军力对比的失衡进一步加剧。The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667761-763,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.此外,法国政府自1971年3月25日危机爆发之日起,停止对巴军事供应。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664563,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。依据已有的解密档案,笔者认为伊姆·哈克所指“西欧国家”应指法国,其与罗杰斯的会谈说明巴基斯坦政府在关闭军售渠道问题是面临重重困境之下,极不情愿地接受美方的建议。
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667810,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667832-833,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664330,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。根据美国宪法规定,参议院对外关系委员会相对于众议院外交事务委员会在对外政策的决策中有着更大的影响力,它拥有审议行政部门签署的条约和总统所提名的驻外官员的权力。在冷战时期,对外关系委员会处于美国对外政策的前沿,几乎对所有对外政策问题都有发言权。有关美国国会在对外政策制订过程中的作用与影响的研究阐述可参见 韩召颖编著:《美国政治与对外政策》,天津:天津人民出版社,2007年版,第225-227页。周琪主编:《国会与美国外交政策》,上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2006年版,第30-32页。笔者认为参议院对外关系委员会通过《加拉格尔修正案》是国会参众两院在对巴军售问题上达成政策一致的标志,也是向尼克松政府施压,敦促其关闭对巴军售渠道的政治信号。
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667764,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667738,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667779,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667800,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 Shivaji Ganguly,U.S.Policy toward South Asia,Bolder:West view Press,1990,p.199.
6 10月29日,西斯科在与印度代办纳斯格特拉的晤谈中表示美国将中止对巴军售,并希望这一决定对缓解危机对抗能够起到积极影响。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668918,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 对英迪拉·甘地此次西方国家之旅的详细叙述可参阅S.R.Sharma,Bangladesh Crisis and India Foreign Policy,pp.94.126.
2 Indira Gandhi,India and Bangladesh:Selected Speeches and Statements,March to December,1971,p.51.
3 Indira Gandhi,India and Bangladesh:Selected Speeches and Statements,March to December,1971,p.61.
1 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.,White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,PP.331-332.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664462,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664463,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664464,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol,Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.494-495.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.497.
3[美]亨利·基辛格著,杨静予等译:《白宫岁月》(三),第1126页。
4[美]亨利·基辛格著,杨静予等译:《白宫岁月》(三),第1124页。
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665388,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1[美]亨利·基辛格著,杨静予等译:《白宫岁月》(三),第1125页。
2 在10月28日罗杰斯致尼克松备忘录中,尼克松曾有一句批语:“现在若以穆吉布的被释放作为东巴、西巴政治谈判的起点几乎是不可能实现的。”参见F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.,White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,P.332.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fires,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665394,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fites,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665394,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 Viadimiv Kudryavtsev,“Causes and Roots of the conflict in the Indo sub-continent”,Moscow News,NO.51,18,December,1971,P.3转引自S.R.Sharma,Bangladesh Crisis and India Foreign Policy,PP.301-302.
1 S.R.Sharma,Bangladesh Crisis and India Foreign Policy,p.302.
2 据12月1日,美国驻香港总领事馆致国务院的电文中曾透露来自莫斯科的消息认为喜玛拉雅山一带恶劣凶险的自然条件将阻止中国越过崇山峻岭打击印度。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665180,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 S.R.Sharma,Bangladesh Crisis and India Foreign Policy,pp.302-303.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pnkistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671643-644,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.511.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664606,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅣ:Soviet Union,1971.10-1972.5,.p.52.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671271,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5[美]亨利·基辛格著,杨静予等译:《白宫岁月》(三),第1128页。
6 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664354,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.,White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,PP.364-365.:Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.213.;Sukhwant Singh,The Liberation of Bangladesh,PP.123-124.;A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,PP.120-124.
2 11月24日,加乔姆在与美国驻加尔各答总领事馆官员接触时表示孟加拉民族解放军已经在东巴境内激战中取得丰硕成果.占领了杰索尔的门户一阿卡哈瓦(Akhaura),同时在锡尔赫特和库尔拉周边地区站稳脚跟。加乔姆指出战斗的最终目标是将西巴政府军全部驱逐出东巴.在民族解放军下一轮行动开始之时,印度军队将大批出动,协助民族解放军“解放”国土。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664889,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,P.228.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664727,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 Indira Gandhi,India and Bangladesh:Selected Speeches and Statements,March to December,1971,pp.108-109.
3 有关美国驻印度大使馆对24日英迪拉·甘地讲话的分析评价可参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664915-916,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 早在1971年4月16日高级考察组会议上,避免印巴之间爆发战争即被确定为美国危机政策的目标之一。参见Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential) India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.547.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664354,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,PP.529-530.
3 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,P.552.24日会议决定美国暂不准备将印巴问题提交安理会。这一决定与国务院的意见是相同的。 11月22日,罗杰斯认为当前美国政府尚不宜单独将此问题提交联合国安理会。其原因有二:一、罗杰斯认为叶海亚·汗与穆吉布所指派的代表进行政治对话的可能性还存在,若贸然提交将阻断对话之可能;二、此前联合国调停危机的诸多努力均受到印度的抵制,在局势趋于白热化之时,印度仍有可能拒绝联合国的斡旋努力。为此,罗杰斯建议可由巴基斯坦、或由英国首先向安理会提交动议,也可由英美联合提议。参见Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,PP.717-718.24日当天,法兰德在致国务院的电文中指出当下,动议安理会讨论次大陆局势不会对危局缓解有任何好处,而且巴方是否会接受安理会的相关决议也很难预测。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471021664937,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。11月30日,意大利驻美国使馆官员瓦西(Vecchi)致电美国国务院官员罗森堡(Nocember)表示意大利政府准备将印巴冲突提交安理会审议,而国务院则明确指出在当前情势下,美国政府既不鼓励其他国家,也不准备独自向安理会递交有关商讨印巴局势的会议中请。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664752-753,华东师范大学冷战国际 史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664709-710,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 11月23日,罗杰斯在与纳斯格特拉的会谈提出了美国政府对局势发展的四点关切:第一、要求印度保持最大限度的克制:第二、冲突继续升级将产生难以料及的严重后果:第三、若新德里对伊斯兰堡单方面撤军的建议予以积极回应,冲突将有所降温;第四、美国政府很难理解为什么印度会对缓解危机敌对状态的诸多建议总是抱以抵制态度。但是对于罗杰斯的上述观点,纳斯格特拉未予以正面回应。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664896,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon Nntional Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471021664897,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms: MF102020042471021664687,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664683-684,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664691,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671674,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671684,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,PP.563-564.11月26 日当天,国务院出台一份文件。其中指出“鉴于次大陆局势的不断恶化和印巴军队交火激战的规模不断扩大,国务院认为可考虑自11月26日起,停止向印度颁发新的武器出口许可证,但在26日之前,仍然有效的许可证之下的军需品运输不在限制条款范围之内。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security,Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664692,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。笔者认为国务院对印度采取军事禁运的制裁措施只是停止颁发新的许可证,但并不冻结已有许可证范围之内的军需品运输。
6 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671321-322,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671702-704,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
Indira Gandhi,India and Bangladesh:Selected Speeches and Statements,March to December,1971,p.120.
3 12月1日,巴基斯坦主流媒体《黎明报》以头版头条的形式全文刊登了11月30日英迪拉·甘地在国会人民院的演讲辞。巴方时事评论员认为英迪拉·甘地所讲之辞是印度显露战争决心的“真正意义上的最后通牒(a veritable ultimatum)。”参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakista War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665173,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971.p.581.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665110,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
6 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pokistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665154,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665309,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
2 12月4日晚,考尔向基廷指出西巴首先挑起全面战争可能有两个目的:其一、对印度发动“闪电战”(Blitzkrieg);其二、反唇相讥,指责印度制造战争,并借机将联合国和国际社会牵扯近来,企图抑制印度对盂加拉的“解放”。在上述两种可能中,考尔认为第一种可能不攻自破,在印度防空军的有利还击下,巴空军损失6架战机,并未取得预期战果;而第二种可能将是西巴点燃战火的根本原因。尽管如此,考尔坚决表示“即便中国介入(虽然我们并不希望它卷入进来),印度也将继续军事行动,直到获得一个满意的结果为止。”参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247110166598-100,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。笔者认为考尔对巴基斯坦战争意图的把握与分析是准确的。
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471511669659,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 Mizanur Rahman,Emergence of A New Nation in A Multi-polar World:Bangladesh,p.102.
5 S.R.Sharma,Bangladesh Crisis and India Foreign Policy,p.383.
6 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential) India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.702.
1 Hsinhua Dispatch No.110716 datod.November 7;Robert Jackson,South Asian Crisis:India,Pakistan and Bangladesh——A Political and Historical Analysis of the 1971 War,pp.205-206.
2 美国驻香港总领事馆敏锐地捕捉到一关键的细节问题,并在11月29日致国务院的电文中汇报了上述情况。香港总领事馆认为北京的反应说明它“并不愿刻意放大东巴问题对中国国家安全的威胁。”参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665181-182,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 与中国官方表述“口径”形成鲜明对比的是11月30日,突尼斯总统布格古拉(Bourguira)在接见叶海亚·汗总统特使阿里·马哈穆德(Ali Mahmoud)时坚决表示“支持巴基斯坦政府和人民为捍卫国家统一与领土完整所作出的一切努力。”参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665188,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 前中国外交部官员李达南在回忆文章中指出周恩来总理在接见随同布托访问的巴基斯坦记者时特别提到,“中国过去给巴基斯坦的军事援助是供国防用的,而不是打内战用的。”参见李达南:《周恩来与1971年印巴战争》,《党的文献》,2001年第2期,第7页。
5 12月7日晚上,在与法兰德的谈话中,布托谈到他的11月北京之行给他的最大感受是中国愿意无私援助巴基斯坦,但却不愿明确说明会在印度进犯巴基斯坦时直接出兵。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665668,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。 笔者认为在11月初,中国政府并未向巴方给予防务承诺。
1 News Week,November 8,1971.;S.R.Sharma,Bangladesh Crisis and India Foreign Policy,p.383.
2 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.252.
3 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.250.
4 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,pp.85-86.
5 Jagdev Singh,Dismemberment of Paksitan:1971 Indo-Paki War,p.79.
1 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,p.87.
1 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,pp.86-87.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665624,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
2 Sukhwant Singh,The Liberation of Bangladesh,p.128.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247110166597,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
1 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅱ,p.210.;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247110166587,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,P.215.印度内阁会议的决定在4日当晚,考尔与基廷的会谈中有充分反映。考尔指出依据印度政府的决定,部署在西线的印度军队的首要任务是在克什米尔和旁遮普边境地区抵御西巴军队的猛烈攻势。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247110166597,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665128,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
1 “Intelligence Assessment of the Situation between India and Pakistan,Central Intelligence Agency Intellegence Memorandum,Washington,December 9,1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK310055276,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665411,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 12月8日,在与基廷大使的谈话中,印度国防秘书K.B.罗尔(K.B.Lall)表示西巴军队在东巴的抵抗已经没有军事意义。其唯一出路就是放下武器,停止抵抗。这样做不仅可以使达卡和其他城市免遭血光之灾,而且,印度政府会依据《日内瓦公约》,善待停止抵抗的西巴官兵,并保证他们与比哈人,乃至在东孟加拉生活的西巴人的人身安全。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fires,1969-1974:India.Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665631,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
4 据美国军方情报显示拉瓦尔品第曾计划在11月22日-12月10日,通过不间断空运的形式向东巴输送4.5万政府军及弹药补给。但由于印度对西巴、东巴的空中封锁和巴空军自身能力所限,这一计划最终不了了之。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665171,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 据印度军方称,至12月9日,印空军战机击沉了100余艘运载巴军士兵,意图冲破印军封锁线,回援达卡的巴方大小船只,巴军依托河运实施的救援行动未能成功。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fiies,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665530,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
6 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665529,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
7 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Mierofilms:MF102020042471101665424,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
8 The Institute for Strategic Studies,The Mifitary Balance,1970-1971,London:Institute for Strategic Studies,1970,p.62;p.68.
1 N.Krishman,No Way But Surrender:An Account of the Indo-Pakistan War in the Bay of Bengal,1971,p.44.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.650.
3 12月4日,印度空军在对吉大港进行轰炸时误伤了停靠此处的美国货轮“俄亥俄”号(Buckeye State).当日晚些时候,美国政府向印度政府发出一份措辞强烈的外交照会,指责印度的空袭行为是对国际法基本准则的粗暴违犯。美国照会的文本可参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665261,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。印军对东巴境内目标的空袭行动也造成了大量东巴平民的伤亡。据达卡总领事斯皮瓦克(Spivack)致国务院的电文中称。他亲眼目睹了12月7日-9日,印度战机未加区分地对达卡市实施轰炸,达卡城区火光冲天,人员伤亡人数超过2百人。斯皮瓦克指责印军的行为是“夜幕笼罩下中的罪行”(Villainy by Night)。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665883-884,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。12月9日,印军投掷的一枚航空炸弹击中达卡市的一所孤儿院,至少造成150名儿童的死亡。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665547,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665753,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 Sukhwant Singh,Defence of the Western Border,New Delhi:Vikas,1981,pp.106-108.
1 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665623,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665530,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Fites,|969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665549,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 “Intelligence Report on the Indian-Paksitan Conflict including information on India Air Strikes on Karachi,Paksitan,Annex:Assessment of Bomb Damages to Oil Facilities Near Karachi,Central Intelligence Agency Intelligence Memorandum,Washington,9 December,197l”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100536795,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.597.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.602.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files.1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671340-341,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.610.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247110166541,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.620.
2 10月16日,“孟加拉临时政府”组建了由前巴基斯坦最高法院大法官阿布·塞义德·乔杜里(Abu Sayeed Choudhury)为团长的“孟加拉临时政府”驻联合国代表团。10月27日,乔杜里向联合国秘书长吴丹致信,要求联合国允许“孟加拉临时政府”代表以“观察员”的身份出席联合国会议。参见Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,p.116.
3 Atum Kumar Singh,U.N.Security Council and Indo-Pak Conflicts,pp.89-94.
4The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247110166518,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.;Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅱ,p.433.
5 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅱ,p.441.
1 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅱ,p.424
2 对于美国的提案,中国、日本、意大利、比利时、尼加拉瓜等11国表示赞成;英、法2国投弃权票;苏联和波兰投反对票。4日晚些时候,基辛格向尼克松汇报了当日安理会提案讨论的情况。基辛格认为当天会议争锋的焦点是如何看待并妥善处理停火撤军与东巴政治前途的关系,巴方强调立即停火,并及印度撤出所有“武装人员”(既包括印度军队,也包括孟加拉游击队),但回避东巴问题的政治解决。而印度和苏联则着重强调先行解决东巴的政治前途,再谈停火撤军.参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247110166512,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。 英、法两国对美国提案均持保留态度。4日会议结束后,英国外交部负责南亚事务的官员萨瑟兰(Sutherland)曾告之美国大使佐姆(Sohm),英国政府认为印度在这场战争中必胜无疑,孟加拉必将独立建国。在现实面前,安理会通过的任何有关撤军的决议都形同一纸空文,英国对撤军提案都将投弃权票。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665276,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。12月6日,法国针对印巴战争发表声明,重申了其在安理会上的基本立场。法国政府的观点与英国十分接近。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665278,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665293,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 基辛格指出:“我们支持叶海亚·汗可能并不是一种明智的选择。但是,如果我们现在垮下来,苏联就会因此不再尊重我们,中国也将瞧不起我们,其他国家也将得出相似的结论。”“我们应该清醒地认识到如果中国轻视我们在这场战争中的作用,那么我们为打通中美关系所做的一切努力都可能付之东流。而且,在与莫斯科打交道时,我们将不再有任何优势。”参见FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crjsis 1971,p.638;p.642
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665295,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.;Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅱ,pp.459-462.
6 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665333,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665330-331,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665334,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 11月17日在与罗杰斯的会谈中,多勃雷宁表示他将于11月19日返回莫斯科,参加苏共中央全会。他估计返回华盛顿的时间将在12月底。其间外交事务的接洽将由代办沃龙佐夫负责。因此,印巴战争期间,美苏间的交涉和信息传递均由沃龙佐夫经手。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664596,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅣ:Soviet Union,1971.10-1972.5,.pp.60-61.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fires,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671713,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。有关英迪拉·甘地在国会人民院所作承认孟加拉建国的演讲全文参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665265-267,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
6 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.666-667.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665769-770,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏;.Arum Kumar Singh,U.N.Security Council and Indo-Pak Conflicts,p.109.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665767-768,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.672-673.
4 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Mierofilms:MF102020042471101665424,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665946,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665935,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667948-949,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667950,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671377,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
6 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.691.
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.696-698.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667937,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 战争期间,安卡拉坚决支持伊斯兰堡。12月7日,土耳其政府发表声明支持巴基斯坦抵抗印度的侵略,并表示将向伊斯兰堡提供“力所能及的援助”。声明文本参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665647,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏;12月7日,在美国驻德黑兰大使馆致国务院的电文中指出,印巴战争爆发之后,虽然巴列维国王申明支持巴基斯坦,但德黑兰对巴军事援助的态度远不及约旦、土尔其等国。考虑到地缘政治、处理与苏联的关系、以及伊朗空军的装备情况,巴列维国王并不打算向巴方提供战斗机。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665555-558,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
4 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.750.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666261,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
6 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665555-558,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
7 12月9日下午,在与美国驻沙特大使塔萨摩尔(Thacmer)的会晤中,沙特外交大臣萨卡夫(Saqqaf)明确阐述了沙特国王和政府对印巴战争的立场。萨卡夫指出作为穆斯林国家,沙特不会容忍同为穆斯林国家的巴基斯坦遭受外国侵略,沙特会“毫不犹豫地”提供军事援助。同时,他亦认为美国作为巴基斯坦的盟国,应该采取更加坚决的措施帮助巴基斯坦抵御外敌入侵。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:india-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665521-522,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
8 “Central Intelligence Agency,Intelligence Memorandum,India-Pakistan Situation Report,(As of 1200EST)16December,1971”,Natiohal Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.79:The Tilt:The U.S.and the South Asian Crisis of 1971,http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB42.pdf
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fites,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666261,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
2 “United States Embassy(Tehran),Cable,F-5 Aircraft to Pakistan,29 December,1971”,National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.79:The Tilt:The U.s.and the South Asian Crisis of 1971,http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB44.pdf
3 在这次谈话中,苏尔坦·汗以“米格-19”(Mig-19)指代中国,以“F-104”指代约旦。参见“United States Embassy(Islamabad)Cable,15 December 1971”,National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.79:The Tilt:The U.S.and the South Asian Crisis of 1971,http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB40.pdf
4 该条款原文如下:“在发生针对巴基斯坦的侵略时,美利坚合众国政府,在巴基斯坦政府的要求下,将按照美利坚合众国政府宪法、按照促进中东和平与稳定联合决议的规定,采取双方同意的、包括使用武装部队在内的适当行动给予援助。”参见Agreement of Cooperation Between The Govenment of Pakistan and The Government of The United States of America,in Muhammad Afraisab,U.S.Relations with South Asia(Since Christopher Columbus)and Pakistan—India Interaction[1492—2002],p.524.
5 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247110166524-25,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670572,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。正文中提及的,有关美国对巴基斯坦安全承诺的记录文本可参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670576-583,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670572,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670601,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fites,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670602,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670607,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1[美]亨利·基辛格著,杨静予等译:《白宫岁月》(三),第1141页。
2 在得知叶海亚·汗信件的主要内容后,12月2日当天,尼克松在与基辛格的电话通话中即表示美国政府应当履行1959年双边条约的条文规定。参见 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.606.
3 “Trannscript of Telephone Conversation Between The President Assistant for National Security Afffairs (Kissinger)and The Paksitan Ambassador(Raza),Washington,8 December,1971,2:47 P.M.“,FRUS,1969-1976,E-7:Documents on South Asia,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents /organization/48101.pdf
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.708.国家安全委员会官员哈姆特·索南费尔特(Helmut Sonnenfeldt)的观点与基辛格显著不同。12月9日,在至基辛格的一份备忘录中,索南费尔特认为勃列日涅夫的回信语气平和,力图避免美苏关系发生直接碰撞。但他同时指出在印度已经对“孟加拉临时政府”予以外交承认的情况下,西巴与东巴的和谈能否有美国所预期的成效将被打上一个大大的问号。“我认为当东巴全境将被印度占领之时,叶海亚·汗是不会与任何东巴代表谈判的;同样,在胜利在望之际,东巴也不会在乎与叶海亚·汗的谈判。”为此,索南费尔特认为美国政府的立场应当保持强硬,坚持停火与撤军同时被满足的解决方案;敦促莫斯科在舆论和行动上对新德里施加政治压力。参见FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅣ:soviet Union,1971.10-1972.5,pp.68-69.
2 华盛顿时间12月3日上午7时45分,当得知印巴开战的消息后,尼克松在电话中对基辛格说到:“苏联人对1939年苏芬战争爆发的说辞是他们遭受了芬兰人的进攻,这种说法实在荒谬可笑,现在,英迪拉·甘地又在不知羞耻地玩弄同样的把戏。”参见FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.594.
1 “Transcript of Telephone Conversation between Secretary of the Treasury Connally and the President Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger),Washington,5 December,1971”,FRUS,1969-1976,E-7:Documents on South Asia,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/48096.pdf
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakisatan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671722,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Palastan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671723,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666238,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.676.
1 Bimal Parsad,ed.,Indo-Soviet Relations,1947-1971:A Documentary Study,p.425.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665125,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF1020200424711016659,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665337,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665749,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
6 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665518,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
7 11月17日在与多勃雷宁的会谈过程中,罗杰斯直截了当地指出苏联向印度的武器运输对次大陆局势的缓解“毫无帮助”,并要求苏联政府立即关闭对印度的武器运输线。但多勃雷宁则辩解到武器输送的规模相当小,根本不会大幅提升印度军队的战斗力。美国获悉的消息受到新闻媒体的大肆渲染,夸大其辞。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fites,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664597,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
8 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.243.
1 S.R.Sharma,Bangladesh Crisis and India Foreign Policy,p.306.
2 “Intelligence Assessment of the Situation between India and Pakistan,Central Intelligence Agency Intellegence Memorandum,Washington,December 9,1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK310055276,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fites,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665523-524,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,P.264.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671726-728,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665651,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 在撰写论文的过程中,笔者在名为“印度战略与防务前线”(Frontier India Strategic and Defence)的网站上发现了一则标题为“印度内阁中的CIA间谍阻止了巴基斯坦的灭亡”(CIA spy in Indian Cabinet prevented Pakistan'annihilation)的书评(发表日期为2008年12月19日)。该书评的评论对象是印度学者阿努吉·达哈(Anuj Dhar)在2008年出版的新著《中央情报局对南亚的窥探》(CIA's Eye on South Aisa,New Delhi:Manas Publications,2008).该书中大量引用中情局的解密档案对美国在冷战时期印度和次大陆的隐秘行动进行了披露,但该书新近出版,笔者暂未得到该书。所以,引注这一书评中有关1971年印巴战争中的相关内容。书评指出“12月6日,英迪拉·甘地跟前的一个重要情报源向CIA泄露了印度的‘战争目标'。而当白宫获知这一情报后一片哗然。这位内线的情报直接促使了尼克松政府极力阻止印度可能对西巴实施的大规模攻击。出动‘企业'号航母特遣编队实际上是CIA获悉情报的一个副产品。”达哈认为来自美印双方的文献说明1971年时,CIA确实安插了“鼹鼠”在印度内阁高层。出于保护情报来源的目的,档案中这名“鼹鼠”的名字被删除。参见http://frontierindia.net/cia-spy-in-indian-cabinet-prevented-pakistans-annihilation#more-3124::victory笔者在查阅《美国对外关系文件集》时发现了一则与之相关的史料。 1972年10月5日,斯瓦兰·辛格在与罗杰斯会谈时所说的话“CIA通过一些隐秘渠道与印度内阁的一些高层人士接触,我们已经知道国会工作委员会的会议记录在会议过程中就泄露给了华盛顿。”参见“Telegram 3739 from Secretary of State Rogers to the Department of State,New York,October 6,1972,2300Z”,FRUS 1969·1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/48308.pdf笔者认为上述资料从一个侧面证实了中情局获悉情报的真实性。
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.686-687.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.694.
3 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.697.
1 “Memorandum prepared in the Central Intelligence Agency,Washinton,9 December,1971”,FRUS,1969-1976,E-7:Documents on South Asia,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents /organization/47989.pdf.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.716.
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.718-719.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.712.
3 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.722-723.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665974,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 Jack Anderson and George Clifford,Anderson Papers,New York:Ballantine Books,1973,P.264.
2 对此问题的分析可参见Jack Anderson and George Clifford,Anderson Papers,pp.259-267.;Sucheta Ghosh,The Role of India in The Emergence of Bangladesh,pp.226-227,;Robert Jackson,South Asian Crisis:India,Pakistan and Bangladesh-A Political and Historical Analysis of The 1971 War,pp.139-140.
3 Jack Anderson and George Clifford,Anderson Papers,pp.259-267.
4 有关对美国总统与国会在宣战权力上的分歧与争夺,以及国会战争权力演变的详尽阐述看参见周琪主编:《国会与美国对外政策》,上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2006年版,第110-115页。依据已有研究成果,笔者认为尼克松作出派遣第74号特遣编队开赴孟加拉湾是白宫规避宣战权的一种表现,首先采取军事行动,再迫使国会承认既成事实。这从一个侧面说明,在南亚危机问题上,白宫与国会山的巨大分歧。
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665509,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 有关东线战场第二周的战争进程的详尽叙述可参见Sukhwant Singh,The Liberation of Bangladesh,pp.130-202.;A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,pp.138-189.;Jagdev Singh,Dismemberment of Paksitan:1971 Indo-Paki War,pp.127-193.
2 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,pp.138-189.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247144166847-52,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2“Central Intelligence Agency Intelligence Information Cable TDCS14/1330801,Washington,December 13,1971”,FRUS,1969-1976,E-7:Documents on South Asia,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47958.pdf.
1 据尼兹回忆,事后他曾当面询问马立克此事,但马立克亲口对他说12月7日并未致信叶海亚·汗。参见A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,pp.175-176.
2 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,pp.175-176.
3 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,p.177.
4 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,p.177.
5 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,p.179.
6 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,pp.181-182.
1 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,P.182.;美国档案文献中的记载与尼兹的叙述有出入。在保罗·亨利随后与美方官员接触时,表示法曼·阿里亲口对他说这份停火协议是经过叶海亚·汗总统同意的。The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665894-895,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。联系事情的前因后果,笔者认为尼兹的叙述是可信的,而法曼·阿里对保罗·亨利所说的话实属先斩后奏之举。
2 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,p.184.对于尼兹与法曼·阿里的不同观点。斯皮瓦克有深刻地阐述。在12月14日,致国务院的电文中,斯皮瓦克指出。“法曼·阿里对局势已经不报幻想,通过采取自己认为有效的方式避免西巴军队的灭顶之灾;而尼兹更像一名颇具军事浪漫主义气息的果敢战士,不成功,变成仁。”参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666542,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665894,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅹ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.739.
5 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House & Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,pp.464-465.
1 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665904-905,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,pp.184-185.
3 在拉瓦尔品第当地时间12月7日晚与法兰德的谈话中,布托明确表示结束战争有两个要素:印巴双方停火和从对方领土撤军。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671365,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671363-364,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665832,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
6 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665836,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
7 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Fites,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665917,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
8 新方案的内容为:“首先提交一份要求在东西两线实现停火的提案;若该提案被安理会采纳,则华盛顿支持伊斯兰堡和穆吉布纳嘎重开政治谈判。”参见FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.767
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666177-178,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Fites,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247128166684,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247128166669,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247128166693,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。 12月12日,在与西斯科会晤时,杰哈表示印度政府“严正关切美国核动力航空母舰在印度洋的活动,并强烈质疑出动航母的日的是否确入华盛顿所言是疏散滞留东孟加拉的美国公民。”杰哈认为美国的强力行动是在向印度示威,并为对“今后印美关系的发展制造障碍。”参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666521,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fites,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665853,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
6 Sukhwant Singh,The Liberation of Bangladesh,pp.221-222.;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666576,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666547,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,p.187;根据美国档案记载,14日当天,在与法兰德的谈话中,苏尔坦·汗明确告之叶海亚·汗总统已经授权尼兹停止抵抗。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666251,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,p.189.
4 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,pp.189-190.;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666586-587,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,pp.190-191.;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666482-483,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,p.191.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666359-360,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666458-459,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666419,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,pp.306-307.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666856,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.;Herbert Feldman,The End And The Beginning:Pakistan 1969-1971,pp.187-189.
4 “Weekly Summary:Bhutto takes over as President of Pakistan,Central Intelligence Agency,December 23.1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100331069,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
1 12月10日上午11时59分,基辛格召见沃龙佐夫,将1962年11月5日美国大使向巴基斯坦政府递交的备忘录当场念给沃龙佐夫听,表明美国将会在巴基斯坦遭受侵略时,兑现对巴基斯坦的安全承诺。基辛格以冷峻的语气对沃龙佐夫说到:“希望你知道这个备忘录在现实条件下的份量有多重。”在基辛格强势态度之下,沃龙佐夫感到局势严峻,保证将立即向莫斯科汇报来自华盛顿的最新消息。参见FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅣ:Soviet Union,1971.10-1972.5,p.72.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,VolⅩⅦ:China,1969-1972,pp.608-620.;“Lord to Kissinger,December 15,1971,enclosing memcon of Kissinger-Huang hua Meeting,December 10,1971”,National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.70:Negotiating U.S.-Chinese Rappochement:New Amercian and Chmese Documention Leading up to Nixon's 1972 trip,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB70/doc23.pdf.
3 据美国驻香港总领事馆致国务院的分析报告中透露,11月24 日和29日,中国总理周恩来、副总理李先念分别发表讲话,谴责印度政府意图使用军事手段“颠覆”巴基斯坦政府,“破坏巴基斯坦国家统一”。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665181,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 《人民日报》,1971年12月4日
2 Arum Kumar Singh,U.N.Security Council and Indo-Pak Conflicts,p.105.;黄华:《亲历与见闻——黄华回忆录》,北京:世界知识出版社,2007年版,第189页。
3 《人民日报》,1971年12月6日
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India—Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665520,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 FRUS 1969-1976,VolⅩⅦ:China,1969-1972,P.616.
1 美国驻香港总领事馆敏锐地捕捉到中国政府在战争全面爆发之前和之后的政策表述辞令之不同,并在12月6日致国务院的电文中加以强调。同时,电文亦指出中国官方政策表述中只字未提印度对巴基斯坦的侵略对中国的国家安全造成威胁,这说明北京不太可能直接出兵干涉。参见The Richard M.Nixo National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665299,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 《人民日报》,1971年12月17日。
3 “Conversation between President Nixon and his Assistan for National Security Affairs(Kissinger),Washington,12 December,1971,10:27A.M.-10:37A.M.“,FRUS,1969-1976,E-7:Documents on South Asia,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/48545.pdf.
1[美]亨利·基辛格著,杨静予等译:《白宫岁月》(三),第1158页。
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.785.
3[美]亨利·基辛格著,杨静予等译:《白宫岁月》(三),第1157页。
1 笔者查阅中国军方资料之后认为中情局情报评估中所提到的部署在成都的轰炸机型号有误。根据中国官方军事资料记载,1971年间,中国空军轰炸机部队的主力机种是仿苏联“伊尔-28”轻型轰炸机的轰-5亚音速短程战术轰炸机。该机最大平飞速度为902公里,航程2080公里,战斗活动半径为530公里,正常载弹量1000公斤。而仿制苏联“图-16”中程轰炸机的轰-6高亚音速战略轰炸机于1969年开始装备部队。该机最大平飞速度为1014公里,航程5760公里,战斗活动半径为2190公里,正常载弹量9000公斤。轰-6的列装部队使人民解放军的空中打击力量延伸至内陆和领海的大部分区域。但是,“文化大革命”使轰-6的批量生产处于半瘫痪状态,年产量不到10架。到1972年,中国空军装备的轰-6不足所有轰炸机总数的10%。参见李可、郝生章:《文化大革命中的人民解放军》,北京:中共党史资料出版社,1989年版,第298-299页。依据以上军事资料,1971年中国空军各型轰炸机总架数约为150架,而已列装部队的轰-6不会超过15架。此外,美国中央情报局出台的题为“对共产党中国常规部队和防空部队的评估”的国家情报评估第13-3-70(NIE13-3-70)号文件中指出“我们认为苏联的图-16喷气式中型轰炸机可能在1968年开始在陕西省西安市近郊的阎良飞机制造厂进行生产。到现在可能已经生产了大约10架。并且生产率逐步提高,到1971年末达到了每月生产大约4到5架的水平。这种飞机初始作战部署已经开始。中国可能会把图-16作为运输核武器的主要工具。”参见National Intelligence Council,Tracking the Dragon:National Intelligence Estimate on China During the Era of Mao,1948-1976,Washington,D.C.:Government Printing Office,2004,p.348.因此,正文中所引用的情报评估中所称“30架”一说值得商榷,同时,笔者认为中国空军缺乏大纵深的空中打击手段也是制约中国对印度采取大规模军事行动的重要因素。
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665724,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665725-726,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fites,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471511669714,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471511669716,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 “Defense Intelligence Agency Intelligence Appraisal,Communist China'S Capability to support Pakistan,9December,1971”,National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.79:“The Tilt:The U.S.and the South Asian Crisis of 1971”,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB35.pdf
3 上午10时零5分,沃龙佐夫打来电话告之莫斯科的正式答复已在传输途中,并强调“经与新德里的正式协商和英迪拉·甘地总理的私下交谈,我们已经得到新德里的保证:对于西巴,印度没有军事占领的任何企图。”
4 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅣ:Soviet Union,1971.10-1972.5,p.75.
5 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.789.
6 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅣ:Soviet Union,1971.10-1972.5,p.75.
7 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅣ:Soviet Union,1971.10-1972.5,pp.75-76.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666112-113,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 “Central Intelligence Agency Information Cable,TDCS15/0761201,Washington,December 15,1971”,FRUS,1969-1976,E-7:Documgnts on South Asia,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents /organization/47959.pdf.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666254,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅣ:Soviet Union,1971.10-1972.5,p.76.
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅣ:Soviet Union,1971.10-1972.5,p.77.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅣ:Soviet Union,1971.10-1972.5,p.77.
3 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅣ:Soviet Union,1971.10-1972.5,pp.78-79.
4 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅣ:Soviet Union,1971.10-1972.5,p.82.
5 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.831.
1 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,p.227.;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666379,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666264,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。有关印度政府宣布在西线停火的文本参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666356,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666376,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 Arum Kumar Singh,U.N.Security Council and Indo-Pak Conflicts,p.134.
5[美]亨利·基辛格著,杨静予等译:《白宫岁月》(三),第1163页。
1[美]罗伯特·阿特著,郭树勇译:《美国大战略》,北京:北京大学出版杜,2005年中文版,第29页。
2[美]洛厄尔·迪特默:《战略三角:竞赛理论分析》,时事出版社选编:《中美苏战略三角》,北京:时事出版社,1988年版,第105页。
3 夏立平:《当代国际关系中的三角关系:超越均势理念》,《世界经济与政治》,2002年第1期,第17页。
4 学界对于美、苏、中战略大三角的争议包括:是否存在大三角关系;大三角的内涵界定以及大三角的形成时间、存在时限。参见孙德刚,张守柱:《美苏中三角关系述评:1972-1989》,《江西教育学院学报》,2003年第1期。
1 李丹慧:《打开中美关系进程中的周恩来——来自尼克松外交档案的新证据》,《冷战国际史研究》(Ⅵ),北京:世界知识出版社,2008年版,第169页。
2 1971年南亚危机之后,苏联一方面开展强大的舆论攻势,攻击中国;另一方面,加强了在中苏边境的军事力量,形成对中国巨大的军事压力。参见《苏联共产党第二十五次代表大会主要文件汇编》,北京:三联书店,1977年中文版;[美]罗德里克·麦克法考尔、费正清主编,金光耀等译:《剑桥中华人民共和国史(1966-1982)》,上海:上海人民出版社,1992年中文版,第325-340页。
3 《人民日报》,1972年2月22日。
1 FRUS 1969-1976 Vol.ⅩⅦ:China 1969-1972,p.702.
2 FRUS 1969-1976 Vol.ⅩⅦ:China 1969-1972,p.736.
3 “Memorandum of Conversation,23 February 1972,9:35 a.m.”,Natiohal Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.145:New Documentary Reveals Secret U.S.-Chinese Diplomacy Behind Nixon'Trip,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarehiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB145/10.pdf
4 冬梅选编:《中美关系资料选编(1971.7-1981.7)》,北京:时事出版社,1982年版,第7页。
5 FRUS 1969-1976 Vol.ⅩⅦ:China 1969-1972,p.767.
6 FRUS 1969-1976 Vol.ⅩⅦ:China 1969-1972,p.768.
1 FRUS 1969-1976 Vol.ⅩⅦ:China 1969-1972,p.823.
2 对于中国在大三角中究竟处于何种地位,扮演怎样一个角色,学界有两种观点。刘金质教授认为在大三角关系中,中国的力量是很有限的,不能对美苏的外交以及他们之间的关系发展产生重大影响。夸大中国在三角关系中的地位与作用是不切实际,并且有害的。参见刘金质:《冷战史》(中),北京:世界知识出版社,2003年版,第839页。而夏立平教授则认为中国在大三角中处于主动和有利的地位,能够发挥“四两拨千斤”的作用。参见夏立平:《当代国际关系中的三角关系:超越均势理念》,《世界经济与政治》,2002年第1期,第19页。笔者认为由于国力、国际地位等诸多方面的因素,中国在大三角中的外交折冲和回旋空间是较为有限的,主要扮演的是一个弱的平衡者角色,但在特定时期,针对特定议题,中国的作用会有所展现。
1[印]拉詹·梅农:《苏印的军事关系和安全关系》,[美]罗伯特·唐纳森主编,任泉、刘芝田译:《苏联在第三世界的得失》,北京:世界知识出版社,1985年中文版,第233-235页。
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.839.
2 Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:Disenchanted Allies,p.209.
3 Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan.1947-2000:Disenchanted Allies,p.218.
4[美]詹姆斯·多尔蒂,小罗伯特·普法尔茨格拉夫著,阎学通,陈寒溪译:《争论中的国际关系理论》(第五版),北京:世界知识出版社,2003年中文版。第47页。
1 Ranjana Arora,eds.,50 Years of Indo-Pakistan Relations,Vol.Ⅲ,New Delhi:Deep & Deep Publications,1998,pp.512-513.
1 R.C.Gupta,U.S.Policy Towards India and Pakistan,New Delhi:D.K.Publishers,1977,Appendix R,pp.173-175.
2 A.K.Nazmul.Karim,The Dynamics of Bangladesh Society,New Delhi:Vikas,1980,p.236.
3 北京大学亚非研究所编辑:《亚非问题参考资料》,第33期,1977年3月,第104页。
1 “Central Intelligence Agency,‘India[Redacted],'Central Intelligence Bulletin,May 20,1974”,National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.187:U.S.Intelligence and the Indian Bomb:Documents show U.S.Intelligence failed to warn of India's Nuclear Tests despite Tracking Nuclear Weapons Potential since 1950s,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB187/IN17.pdf
2 Savita Pande,Pakistan's Nuclear Policy,New Delhi:B.R.Publisher Crop.,1991,p.32.
3 Rajesh M.Basrur,South Asia's Cold War—Nuclear Weapons and Conflict in Comparative Perspective,New York:Routledge,2008,p.57.
1 Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:Disenchanted Allies,p.245.
2 Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:Disenchanted Allies,p.248.
3 Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:Disenchanted Allies,p.253.
4 Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:Disenchanted Allies,p.263.
5 Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:Disenchanted Allies,p.259.
1 “Secretary of State Cyrus Vance to National Security Assistant Zbigniew Brzezinski,‘Nuclear Safeguards-Pakistan,South Africa,China,'14 July 1977”,National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.114:China,Pakistan,and the Bomb:The Declassified File on U.S.Policy,1977-1997,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB114/chinapak-4.pdf
2 Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:Disenchanted Allies,p.241.
3 “U.S.State Department,‘The Pakistani Nuclear Program',22 Jul1983”,National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.114:China,Pakistan.and the Bomb:The Declassified File on U.S.Poticy,1977-1997,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarehiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB114/chinapak-11.pdf
4 Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:Disenchanted Allies,p.283.
5 有关美国对印度发展核武器的基本态度、采取的对策措施可参见 美国国家安全档案馆辑选的解密档案汇编“美国情报界与印度的核武器发展”(U.S.Intelligence and the Indian Bomb).参见National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.187:U.S.Intelligence and the Indian Bomb:Documents show U.S.Intelligence failed to warn of India's Nuclear Tests despite Tracking Nuclear Weapons Potential since 1950s,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB187
1 有关危机研究的代表性著作包括:Charles F.Hermann ed.,International Crises:Insights from Behavioral Research,New York:Fress Press,1972;Coral Bell,The Conventions of Crisis:A Study in Diplomatic Management,London:Oxford University Press,1971;Graham Allison,The essence of decision:Explaining the Cuban Missile Ciris,Boston:Little Brown,1971;Glen H.Synder and Paul Diesing,Conflict among Nations:Bargaining,Decision-Making,and System Structure in International Crises,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1977;Richard Ned Leblow,Between Peace and War:The Nature of International Crises,Baltimore,M.D.:John Hopkins University Press,1981;James L.Richardson,Crisis Diplomacy:The Great Powers since the Mid-Nineteenth Century,Cambridge:Cambridge Unviersity Press,1994.
2 Charles F.Hermann,ed,International Crises:Insights from Behavioral Research,New York:Fress Press,1972,p.13.
3 Michael Brecher,“State Behavior in International Cirsis”,Journal of Conflict Resolution,Vol.23.,1979,p.447.
1 以上三个特点即为赫尔曼所举证的“对决策单位认定的高度优先目标的威胁”(threatens high-priority goals of the decision-making unit);“作出正式决定的反应时间有限”(restricts the amount of time available for response before the decision is transformed):“危机的突然发生使决策者感到惊异”(surprises the members of the decision-making unit by its occurrence)。参见Charles F.Hermann,ed.,International Crises:Insights from Behavioral Research,p.13.
2 本杰明·米尔教授认为“国家-民族平衡”(The States-to-Nation-Balance)关系是关系到一个特定地域战争与和平,危机与冲突发生频率的决定性动态变量关系。其中既包括领土疆域划分、国家构成与国家建设、国家实力等与地区冲突、战争爆发密切相关的物质因素,也包括狂热的民族主义情绪、修正主义式的领土要求、竞争性的国家意识形态等促成地区冲突、战争爆发的政治心理因素。在《国家、民族与大国:地区战争与和平的根源》一书中,米尔教授运用这一分析模式对中东、巴尔干、南美以及1945年之后西欧的安全态势进行分析。参见Benjamin Miller,States,Nations,and the Great Powers:The Sources ofRegional War and Peace,Cambridge:Canbridge University Press,2007.笔者认为这一分析模式同样适用于南亚地区。
3 Benjamin Miller,States,Nations,and the Great Powers:The Sources ofRegional War and Peace,pp.18-19.
1[美]阿尔蒙德、小鲍威尔著,曹沛霖译:《比较政治学:体系过程与政策》。上海:上海译文出版社,1987年中文版,第27页。
1 国际学界有关亚非拉国家军人涉政与军人政权研究的代表著作可参见Bengt Abrahamsson,Military Professionalism and Policitcal Power,Beverly Hills:Sage Poblications,1972;Morris Janowitz,The Military in the Political Development of New Nations,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1964;Fidel Kenneth,ed.,Militarism in Developing Countries,New Brunswick:Transaction Books Inc.,1975;Miles D.Wolpin,Militarism and Social Revolution in the Third World,Allanheld:Osmun Books Inc.,1981.
2[美]亨廷顿著,张岱云译:《变动社会的政治秩序》,上海:上海译文出版社,1989年中文版,第219页。
3 Veena Kukreja,Military Intervention in Politics:A Case Study of Pakistan,New Delhi:NBO Publishers,1985,p..98.
1 国际政治研究中的“干涉”(Intervention)有多种界定。国际关系研究“英国学派”的领军人物马丁·怀特指出“干涉可以界定为一个或不止一个国家对另一个国家事务强行进行的暴力干预。”严格来讲,干涉是指尚未导致战争的胁迫行为。“干涉国并未打算立即诉诸战争,它可能实际上旨在避免战争,但却随时准备应战。如果干涉对象选择抵抗,或其他国家采取反干涉行动,那么结果可能是战争。因此,干涉始终是专断蛮横的,它涉及武力胁迫,即便没有实际使用武力。它与外交抗议、调解或主动给予友好援助有着明显区别。”参见[英]马丁·怀特著,[英]赫德利·布尔、卡斯滕·霍尔布莱德编,宋爱群译:《权力政治》,北京:世界知识出版社,2004年中文版,第51;第37;第132页。美国著名学者小约瑟夫·奈认为,干涉最为宽泛的定义是指影响另一个主权国家内部事务的外部行为,而较而狭窄的定义是指对另一个国家的内部事务进行强迫性的干预,他根据强弱程度的变化将干涉分为发表讲话、进行广播、提供经济援助、派遣军事顾问、支持反对派、封锁、有限军事行动和军事入侵等层次。对于“军事干涉”,小约瑟夫·奈则指出,“我们一般(种族灭绝的情况除外)应当避免使用武力,除非我们的人道主义利益还因为有国家利益而更加突出,否则我们大概不会有必要的持久力。”参见[美]小约瑟夫·奈著,张小明译:《理解国际冲突——理论与历史》,上海:上海世纪出版集团,2002年中文版,第225-227页。相比之下,国际冷战研究的著名学者文安立(Odd Arne Westrad)对“干涉”的界定则显得有些简单化,他认为“干涉”是“由一个国家的领导人具体地决定另一个国家的政治方向。”参见Odd Arne Westad,The Global Cold War:Third World Intervention and the Making of Our Times,Cambridge:Cambrigde University Press,2005.p3. 刘鸣:《国际体系;历史演进与理论的解读》,北京:中共中央党校出版社,2006年版,第297页。
2 “间接路线”战略是由英国最富盛名的战略思想家利德尔·哈特最先提出。他认为从谋求获胜的基本策略方法看,如果主要依靠军事力量,采取与对手进行直接的正面交锋和军事对抗来夺取胜利,这就是“直接战略”;如果是避其锋芒,动员国家的综合实力并强调非军事对抗的重要性,以迂回之方式夺取对敌胜利,这种战略思维模式即为“间接路线”战略或“间接战略”。随着时代的发展,“间接路线”战略的适用范围在不断扩大,已经由一种纯粹的军事战略思维上升为一种重要的国家大战略思维模式。有关“间接路线”战略的精彩论述可参见[英]利德尔·哈特著,中国人民解放军军事科学院译:《战略论:间接路线战略》,北京:战士出版社,1981年中文版。
1 准联盟(Quasi-Alliance)是国际关系中广泛存在的一种特殊安全合作关系。孙德刚博士指出准联盟具有同正式联盟不同的鲜明特征,包括:第一、准联盟的成员不仅包括主权国家,还包括其他政治实体;第二、准联盟关系不以正式的盟约为基础,其构建首先是双方或多方领导人内心相互期望(Mutural Expectation)和心照不宣(Tacit Agreement)关系的形成;第三、准联盟成员之间没有履行盟约的义务:第四、准联盟行为体之间往往存在重大矛盾,安全威胁或发展利益多是交叉或互补的;第五、准联盟的载体是非正式的协定、联合公报等,甚至是《联合国宪章》规定的精神,准盟友对于彼此究竟应当承担多少义务并不清楚,对于彼此形成的默契能否持久常常表现出猜疑。尼克松时期,中美两国在安全领域的共同关切和利益层面的共同追求是建构准联盟关系的基础。参见孙德刚:《多元平衡与“准联盟”理论研究》,北京:时事出版社,2007年版,第72-74页;第244页。
2 “Minutes of the Washinton Speical Action Group Meeting of 4 December,1971”,cited in Robert Jackson,South Asian Crisis:India,Pakistan and Bangladesh-A Political and Historical Analysis of The 1971 War,p.217.;Marta Nicholas,complied,Bangladesh:The Brith of A Nation:A Hangbook of Background Information and Documentanry Sources,Madras:M.Seshachlam and Compancy,1972,p.119.《美国外交文件》南亚危机卷中隐去了基辛格的这句话。参见FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis,1971,pp.620-627. 印度对巴基斯坦的军事侵犯。”因此,美国政府将继续坚持他本人在北京与周恩来总理会谈时所表明的支持巴基斯坦,反对印度侵略的立场。基辛格向黄华表示若安理会召开会议讨论次大陆战争问题,美国政府希望与中国沟通协调,反对印度的侵略行径和苏联的幕后操纵。参见FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅦ:China 1969-1972,pp.596-597.;“Lord to Kissinger,‘Your Nivember 23 Night Meeting',29 November,1971,enclosing memcon of Kissinger-Huang hua Meeting”,National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.70:Negotiating U.S.-Chinese Rappochement:New Amercian and Chinese Documention Leading up to Nixon's 1972trip,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB70/doc22.pdf.
1 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,p.497.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅣ:Soviet Union,1971.10-1972.5,p.98.
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅣ:Soviet Union,1971.10-1972.5,p.99.
2 尼克松对“连环套”的解释如下:“既然世界上两个竞争的核超级大国美国和苏联的利益是如此广泛和重叠交叉,所以把有关的领域分割对待的方针是不现实的。因此,我决定把苏联所关心的诸如限制战略武器和增进贸易等领域的进展与对我们极为重要的越南、中东和柏林等领域的进展联系起来,这个概念后来成为众所周知的‘连环套'。”参见[美]理查德·尼克松著,伍任译:《尼克松回忆录》(上),北京:世界知识出版社,2001年中文版,第447页。对于“连环套”政策,学界也经常冠之以“联系”战略或“联系”政策。基辛格深信“(如果)在甲地有危机或对峙冲突,(而)在乙地却又真实合作,不能长久并存。”超级大国的关系若要真正取得进展的话,就必须在广泛的问题上达成共识。而政治家的主要职责就是要找到各种问题之间的内在联系,并把这种联系转化为一种权力,即“利用一个对象作为影响另一个(对象)的平衡手段。”有关基辛格对“联系”政策的阐述可参见[美]亨利·基辛格著,顾淑罄,林添贵译:《大外交》,海口:海南出版社,1988年中文版,第660-663页。
1 美国政府在战争结束后,并未要求印度政府向巴基斯坦政府归还在战争期间获取的巴控克什米尔地区领土。
1[美]约翰·加迪斯著,时殷弘、李庆四、樊吉社译:《遏制战略:战后美国国家安全政策评析》,北京:世界知识出版社,2005,第348页。
1 Odd Arne Westad,The Global Cold War:Third World Intervention and the Making of Our Times,p.396.
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1、[巴]阿尔塔夫·高哈著,邓俊秉译:《阿尤布·汗——巴基斯坦首位军人统治者》,北京:世界知识出版社,2002年中文版
2、[美]阿尔蒙德、小鲍威尔著,曹沛霖译:《比较政治学:体系过程与政策》。上海:上海译文出版社,1987年中文版
3、[法]安德烈·博福尔著,中国人民解放军军事科学院外国军事研究部译:《战略入门》,北京:军事科学出版社,1989年中文版
4、北京太平洋国际战略研究所:《应对危机—美国国家安全决策机制》,北京:时事出版社,2001年版
5、蔡佳禾:《双重遏制—艾森豪威尔政府的东亚政策》,南京:南京大学出版社,2000年版
6、谌焕义:《英国工党与印巴分治》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2003年版
7、[日]衫田一次著,军事科学院外国军事研究部译:《从兵要地志看中苏战争》,北京:战士出版社,1983中文版
8、[美]德瑞克·李波厄特著,郭学堂,潘忠岐,孙小林译:《五十年伤痕:美国的冷战历史观与世界》(上、下),上海:三联书店,2008年中文版
9、[美]弗农·沃尔特斯著,尤勰、朱州、胡晓译:《秘密使命》,北京:世界知识出版社,1980年中文版
10、高鲲、张敏秋主编:《南亚政治经济发展研究》,北京:北京大学出版社,1995年版
11、韩召颖编著:《美国政治与对外政策》,天津:天津人民出版社,2007年版
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14、[美]亨利·基辛格著,顾淑罄,林添贵译:《大外交》,海口:海南出版社,1988年中文版
15、[美]亨利·基辛格著,杨静予等译:《白宫岁月》(三),北京:世界知识出版社,2003年中文版
16、黄华:《回忆与亲历—黄华回忆录》,北京:世界知识出版社,2007年版
17、黄正柏:《美苏冷战争霸史》,武汉:华中师范大学出版社,1997年版
18、[美]加尔布雷思著,祁阿红、王喜六等译:《我们时代的生活:加尔布雷思回忆录》,南京:江苏人民出版社,1990年中文版
19、[英]理查德·克罗卡特著,王振西主译:《50年战争》,北京:新华出版社,2003年中文版
20、[美]理查德·尼克松著,常铮译:《真正的战争》,北京:新华出版社,1980年中文版
21、[美]理查德·尼克松著,王观声译:《1999不战而胜》,北京:世界知识出版社,1989年中文版
22、[美]理查德·尼克松著,伍任译:《尼克松回忆录》(上),北京:世界知识出版社,2000年中文版
23、[英]利德尔·哈特著,中国人民解放军军事科学院译:《战略论:间接路线战略》,北京:战士出版社,1981年中文版
24、李景治、罗天虹等著:《国际战略学》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2003年版
25、刘金质:《冷战史》(3卷本),北京:世界知识出版社,2003年版
26、[美]罗德里克·麦克法考尔、费正清主编,金光耀等译:《剑桥中华人民共和国史(1966-1982)》,上海:上海人民出版社1992年中文版
27、[美]罗伯特·唐纳森主编,任泉、刘芝田译:《苏联在第三世界的得失》,北京:世界知识出版社,1985年中文版
28、[美]罗伯特·阿特著,郭树勇译:《美国大战略》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年中文版
29、[英]米勒、波格丹诺著,邓正来等译:《布莱克维尔政治学百科全书》,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1992年中文版
30、钮先钟:《战略研究》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2003年版
31、[美]塞利格·哈里逊著,金婉如,王宝玉等译:《扩大中的鸿沟:亚洲民族主义和美国政策》,北京:中国社会科学文献出版社,1984年中文版
32、[美]斯蒂芬·科亨著,刘满贵、宋金品译:《孔雀与大象——解读印度大战略》,北京:新华出版社,2002年中文版
33、时事出版社选编:《中美苏战略三角》,北京:时事出版社,1988年版
34、孙德刚:《多元平衡与“准联盟”理论研究》,北京:时事出版社,2007年版
35、孙一先:《在大漠那边——一个前驻蒙外交官的回忆》,北京:中国青年出版社,2001年版
36、孙士海主编:《南亚的政治、国际关系及安全》北京:中国社会科学出版社,1998年版
37、吴永年、赵干城、马璎:《21世纪印度外交新论》,上海:上海译文出版社,2004年版
38、[挪威]文安立著,陈之宏,陈兼译:《冷战与革命——苏美冲突与中国内战的起源》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2002年中文版
39、[美]西摩·赫什著,吴聿衡译:《权力的代价:尼克松执政时期的基辛格》,北京:中国国际文化出版公司,1991年中文版
40、[美]小约瑟夫·奈著,张小明译:《理解国际冲突——理论与历史》,上海:上海世纪出版集团,2002年中文版
41、[日]岩岛久夫著,张健、贺小铭译:《突然袭击研究》,北京:国防大学出版社,1987年中文版
42、杨公素:《沧桑九十年——一个外交特使的回忆》,海口:海南出版社,1999年版
43、杨坚:《特殊机构:美国驻华联络处揭密》,重庆:重庆出版社,2008年版
44、[英]约翰·柯林斯著,钮先钟译:《大战略》,台北:黎明文化事业公司,1975年中文版
45、[美]约翰·加迪斯著,时殷弘、李庆四、樊吉社译:《遏制战略:战后美国国家安全政策评析》,北京:世界知识出版社,2005年中文版
46、赵蔚文:《中印关系风云录》,北京:时事出版社,2000年版
47、赵伯乐:《当代南亚国际关系》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2003年版
48、张敏秋:《中印关系研究(1947——2003)》北京:世界知识出版社,2004年版
49、张小明:《冷战及其遗产》,上海:上海人民出版社,1998年版
50、中国国际问题研究所编译:《国际条约集(1969—1971)》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年版
51、《中华人民共和国外交大事记》(第三卷),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年版
52、周琪主编:《国会与美国外交政策》,上海:上海科学院出版社,2006年版
53、左凤荣:《致命的错误——苏联对外战略的演变与影响》,北京:世界知识出版社2001年版
1、陈兼:《对“冷战”在战略层面的再界定——1960年代末、1970年代初美国对华及东亚政策的转变及其涵义》,《国际政治研究》,2008年第3期
2、常县宾:《试论尼克松政府在1971年印巴危机中的外交政策》,武汉:[黄正柏教授指导],华中师范大学硕士学位论文,2005
3、戴超武:《1965年印巴战争与美国的反应和政策》,《世界历史》2008年第2期
4、戴超武:《冷战、印度的外交政策和大国关系》,http://daichaowu.coldwarchina.com/ztlw/000016.htm
5、兰江、毛德金:《1954—1965年美国对巴基斯坦的军事援助及其影响》,《南亚研究季刊》,2004年第2期
6、李达南:《周恩来与1971年印巴战争》,《党的文献》,2001年第2期
7、李丹慧:《打开中美关系进程中的周恩来——来自尼克松外交档案的新证据》,《冷战国际史研究》(第6辑),北京:世界知识出版社,2008
8、郑华:《中美关系解冻过程中的巴基斯坦渠道》,《史学集刊》,2008年第2期
9、刘妍妍:《尼克松政府对1971年南亚危机的政策》,长春:[于群教授指导], 东北师范大学硕士学位论文,2005
10、钱江:《中美建交〈巴基斯坦渠道〉是怎样开掘的》,《党史文苑》,2003年第3期
11、斯文:《浅析冷战时期的印苏关系》,《南亚研究季刊》,1999年第2期
12、夏立平:《当代国际关系中的三角关系:超越均势理念》,《世界经济与政治》,2002年第1期
13、孙德刚,张守柱:《美苏中三角关系述评:1972-1989》,《江西教育学院学报》,2003年第1期
14、宋德星:《论巴基斯坦联盟外交及其困境》,《南亚研究》,2001年第1期
15、宋德星:《印巴安全两难与中国的南亚政策》,《南亚研究》,2002年第1期
16、宋德星:《南亚地缘政治构造与印度的安全战略》,《南亚研究》,2004年第1期
17、唐龙彬:《一次特别神秘的外交使命——接待基辛格秘密访华追记》(上)《世界知识》1995年第13期
18、唐龙彬:《一次特别神秘的外交使命——接待基辛格秘密访华追记》(下)《世界知识》1995年第14期
19、王昊:《冷战时期美国对印度援助政策研究(1947-1971)》,上海:[余伟民教授指导],华东师范大学博士学位论文],2008
20、王琛:《美国外交政策与南亚均势(1947—1963)》,南京:[朱瀛泉教授指导],南京大学博士学位论文,1999
21、王成至:《1969—1972年中美缓和进程研究》,上海:[陈兼教授指导],华东师范大学博士论文,2007
22、王苏礼:《美国与1971年南亚危机》,郑州:[王琛教授指导],郑州大学硕士学位论文,2007
23、杨奎松:《中美和解过程中的中方变奏——“三个世界‘理论提出的背景探析》,《冷战国际史研究》(第4辑),北京:世界知识出版社,2007年
24、余伟民:《国际性与本土性:冷战的双重逻辑——读《冷战与革命》》,《冷战国际史研究》(第2辑),北京:世界知识出版社,2006
25、张贵洪;《超越均势:论后冷战时期的美国南亚安全战略》,上海:[沈丁立教授指导],复旦大学博士论文,2004
1、《人民日报》
2、《纽约时报》(New York Times)
3、《华盛顿时报》(Washington Daily News)
1 有关第三次印巴战争的战史著作可参见 Lachhman Singh,Indian Sword Strikes in East Paksitan,New Delhi:Vikas Publishers,1979.;Sukhwant Singh,The Liberation of Bangladesh,New Delhi:Vikas Publishers,1980.;H.S.Sodhi,“Operation Windfall”:Emergence of Bangladesh,New Delhi:Allied Publishers,1980;N.Krishman,No Way but Surrender:An Account of the Indo-Pakistan War in the Bay oBangladesh.,1971,New Delhi:Vikas Publishers,1980.;Jagdev Singh,Dismemberment of Paksitan:1971 Indo-Paki War,New Delhi:Lancer International,1988.
1 王琛:《美国的外交政策与南亚均势(1947—1963)》,南京:[朱瀛泉教授指导],南京大学博士学位论文,1999
1 余伟民:《国际性与本土性:冷战的双重逻辑——读《冷战与革命》》,《冷战国际史研究》(Ⅱ),北京:世界知识出版社,2006年版,第212-221页。
1 “Retreat but not GetAway”由美国约翰·霍普金斯大学对外政策华盛顿研究中心主任奥斯古德·罗伯特(Osgood Robert)教授提出,笔者在分析过程中借鉴了这一提法。参见:Osgood Robert,How new will the American Foreign Policy be?In Gilbert John,.ed.The New Era in American Foreign Policy,New York:St.Martin Press,1973,p.76.
1 Hans Morgenthau and Kenneth W.Thompson,Principles & Problems of International Politics(Selected Readings),New York:Alfred A.Knopf,Inc.1950.p.3.54.
1 Christian James and Daniel Lewis,The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilm Reels,LexisNexis,2007.华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。
2 该卷档案的网址为http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/
1 该数据库的网址为http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?loclD=ecnu
2 National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.79:The Tilt:The U.S.And the South Asian Crisis of 1971,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/
3 F.S.Aijazuddin,White House & Pakistan:Selected Declassified Documents,1969—1974,New York:Oxford University Press,2002.
4 Poeded Khan,The American Papers:Secret and Confidential India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1969—1973,New York:Oxford University Press,1999.
5 Pakistan Horizon—Documentary and Chronological Appendices,Karachi:Pakistan Institute of International Affairs,Vol.ⅩⅩⅣ.1971.
6 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,Ⅱ.New Delhi:The B.N.K.Limited Press,1972.
1 Rajendra Kumar Jain,U.S.—South Asian Relations 1947—1982,Vol.Ⅱ,Ⅲ,New Delhi:Radiant Publishers,1983.
2 Sukumar Biswas,Bangladesh Liberation War:Mujibnagar Government Documents,1971,Dhaka:Mowla Brothers,2005.
1 Barry Buzan and Gowher Rizvi,eds.,South Asian Insecurity and The Great Powers,London:The Macmillan Press Ltd.,1986,p.205.
1 Ross Babbage and SandyGordon,eds.,India's Strategic Future:Regional State or Global Power?New York:St.Martin's Press,1992,p.126.
2 张忠祥:《尼赫鲁外交研究》,北京:中国社会科学文献出版社,2002年版,第18页。
3 戴超武:《冷战、印度的外交政策,与大国关系》,http://daichaowu.coldwarchina.com/ztlw/000016.htm
1 Aslam Siddiqi,Pakistan Seeks Security,Lahore:Longnnans,Green & Co.Ltd.,1960,p.16.
2 Govt.of India,Press Information Bureau to India Office,12 July 1947,TP,Ⅻ,p.114.转引自 谌焕义:《英国工党与印巴分治》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2003年版,第337页。
3 Anita Inder Singh,The Superpower Global Complex and South Asia,in Barry Buzan and Gowher Rizvi,eds.,South Asian Insecurity and The Great Powers,London:The Macmillan Press Ltd.,1986,p.216.
1 谌焕义:《英国工党与印巴分治》,第327页。
2 Robert J.Mcmahon,The Cold War on the Periphery:The United States,India,and Pakistan,New York:Columbia University Press,1994,pp.14-15.
3 有关印巴两国领导人访美的详尽叙述可参见S.M Burke,Pakistan's Foreign Policy:An Historical Analysis,London:Oxford University Press,1973,pp.119-127.
4 Leela Yaday,U.S.Policy in South Asia—A Case Study of Pakistan,New Delhi:Harman Publishing House,1989,p.2.
1 美国学者肯尼沙哈·撒特斯旺(Kanishkan Sathasivam)对美巴关系的解读颇有新意。他认为冷战及后冷战时期的美巴关系呈现出一种波动型走向,“波峰”与“波谷”交替变更。“波峰”意指两国关系密切的时期,而“波谷”则指两国关系低糜的时期。据此,撒特斯旺认为1951—1965年;1980—1989年为美巴关系的“波峰”阶段;而1966—1979年;1990—2000年则为美巴关系的“波谷”阶段。参见Kanishkan Sathasivam,Uneasy neighbors:India,Pakistan and U.S.Foreign Policy,Burlington:Ashgate Publishing Company,2005,pp.95-139.
2 所谓“英联邦”政策是指在从二战之后到1940年代末期,美国仍将英国视为对次大陆最有影响力的大国,其对次大陆的政策规划往往受到英国政策的影响左右,而未形成美国自己的政策利益框架。参见Robert J.Mcmahon,The Cold War on the Periphery:The United States,India,and Pakistan,pp.17-18.
1 “Appraisal by the National Security Council on the position of the U.S.with respect to Asia,December,23,1949 ”,解密文件参考系统(Declassified Documents Reference System,以下简称DDRS),Document Number:CK3100454406,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
2 S.M Burke,Pakistan's Foreign Policy:An Historical Analysis,pp.128-129.
3 “The Position of the United States with respect to South Asia,National Security Meeting,Janaury 5,1951 ”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100394987,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
1 “The Position of the United States with respect to South Asia,National Security Meeting,Janaury 5,1951 ”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100394987,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
2 “ Summary of the NSC6/1/53 Meeting devoted to the situation in the Middle East and South Asia,June 2,1953 ”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100184217,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
3 “A Report to the NSC by the Executive Secretary on U.S.objectives and policies with respect to The Near East,July 14,1953”,DDRS,Document Number:CK310083997,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
1 S.M Burke,Pakistan's Foreign Policy:An Historical Analysis,p.162.
2 Mohammed Ayub Khan,Friends Not Masters,London:Oxford University Press,1976,p.130.
3 有关意识形态的“镜像化”的论述参见拙作:《意识形态的“镜像化”:以“一边倒“对外决策为个案考察》,《社会主义研究》,2008年第3期,第81-85页。
4 C.R.Mitchell,The Structure of International Conflict,London:Macmillan,1981,p.92.
1 有关美巴在军事援助问题上争执可参见王琛教授的博士论文:《美国外交政策与南亚均势(1947—1963)》,南京:[朱瀛泉教授指导],南京大学博士学位论文,1999,第72-79页。
2 从1954年4月到1958月10月,巴基斯坦六易总理。
1 “U.S.Polcy toward South Asia,NSC Meeting,January,10,1957 ”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100395068,available at http://galenet.galearoup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
2 “U.S.Polcy toward South Asia,NSC Meeting,January,10,1957”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100395068,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
1 Muhammad Afraisab,U.S.Relations with South Asia(Since Christopher Columbus)and Pakistan—India Interaction[1492—2002],Islamabad:WordMate.2002,p.524.
2 1960-1961年度,美国对印度的经援为6.678亿亿美元;1961-1962年度,这一数字上升为7.751亿美元。参见S.M Burke,Pakistan's Foreign Policy:An Historical Analysis,p.255.
3 “ President Ayub's Visit,Washington,July 11-13,1961,Constitutional Strategic Concept in South Asia(discussion of US policy toward India and South Asia in general and US-Pakistan relations as affected by this policy),Position Paper,July 11-13,1961 ”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100368647,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
4 “President Ayub's Visit,Washington,July 11-13,1961,U.S.Military Assistance(discussion of the past and present status of US military aid to Pakistan and the strength of the Pakistani armed forces)Position Paper,July 11-13,1961”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100368664,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
5 “Press reactions to U.S.visit of Pakistani President Ayub;Indian reactions to Ayub's visit,July 19.1961”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100316013,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?loclD=ecnu
6 “John Kenneth Galbraith summarizes conversation with Indian Prime Minister Nehru regarding arms to Pakistan,non-aggression,and Kashmir Situation,September 21,1961”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100326675,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servletYDDRS?locID=ecnu
1 王昊:《冷战时期美国对印度援助政策研究(1947-1971)》,上海:[余伟民教授指导],华东师范大学博士学位论文],2008,第114页。
2 “President Kennedy discusses with President Ayub of Pakistan the China Communist attack India”,DDRS,Document Number:CK310013473,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
3[巴]阿尔塔夫·高哈:《阿尤布·汗——巴基斯坦首位军人统治者》,第143页。
4 Shivaji Ganguly,U.S.Policy Toward South Asia,p.97.
1[巴]阿尔塔夫·高哈:《阿尤布·汗——巴基斯坦首位军人统治者》,第144页。
2 王琛:《美国外交政策与南亚均势(1947—1963)》,第105页。
1 Sajjad Hyder,Foreign Policy of Pakistan—Reflection of An Ambassador,Lahore:Progressive Publishers,1987,p.114.
2[巴]阿尔塔夫·高哈:《阿尤布·汗——巴基斯坦首位军人统治者》,第165-166页。
3 库奇兰恩现被称为“卡奇沼泽地”,是位于巴基斯坦信德省和印度拉贾斯坦邦之间的盐碱沼泽地区。面积约为3500英里。
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,New York:Oxford University Press,1999,p.226
2 “Communist China issues New Threat against India,Office of Current Intelligence Memorandum,September 15,1965 ”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100358964,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
3[美]塞利格·哈里逊:《扩大中的鸿沟:亚洲民族主义和美国政策》,第48页。
1 “U.S.Military Supply Policy for South Asia—Response to NSSM26,Annex:An Analysis of U.S.Military Supply Policy for India and Paksitan in Johnson Administration after 1965 War”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100556708 available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
2 “Instruction on information to be presented to India and Pakistan regarding the U.S.Military Supply Policy for each country,Cable,Department of State,April 5,1967”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100493576,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu.
3 “Allan Evans provides India and Pakistan's reactions to a new U.S.Policy toward arm aid and sales to that subcontinent,Memo,Department of State,April 13,1967”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100516091,available at http;//galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
4 所谓“双向主义”是指在大国之间保持平衡,同时审慎地与大国发展双边关系。其具体表现有以下三点:
一、积极同中国发展友好关系,不以反华谋求美国的军援;二、谨慎地发展与苏联的关系;三、同美国保
持“非盟即友”的关系。参见S.MBurke,Pakistan's Foreign Policy:An Historical Analysis,p.360.
1 Richard M..Nixon,U.S.Foreign Policy for the 1970's:A New Strategy for Peace,Washington D.C.:Government Printing Office,1970,p.2.
2 Richard M..Nixon,U.S.Foreign Policy for the 1970's:A New Strategy for Peace,p.62.
3 Richard A.Melanson,American Foreign Policy Since The Vietnam War,London:M.E.Sharpe,1996,pp.65-66.
1 左凤荣:《致命的错误——苏联对外战略的演变与影响》,北京:世界知识出版社2001年版,第230页。
2[英]理查德·克罗卡特著,王振西主译:《50年战争》,北京:新华出版社,2003年中文版,第309页。
1 有关美国政府对1969年中苏边界冲突的判断与应策选择可参见:王成至:《1969—1972年中美缓和进程研究》,上海:[陈兼教授指导],华东师范大学博士论文,2007,第一章。
2 NIE11/13/69“USSR and China”,National Intelligence Council,Tracking the Dragon:National Intelligence Estimate on China During the Era of Mao,1948-1976,Washington,D.C.:Government Printing Office,2004,pp.544-545.
3 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅦ:China,1969-1972,p.68.
4[美]亨利·基辛格著,杨静予等译:《白宫岁月》(三),北京:世界知识出版社,2003年中文版,第982页。
1[美]理查德·尼克松著,王观声译:《1999不战而胜》,北京:世界知识出版社,1989年中文版,第193页。
2[美]理查德·尼克松著,常铮译:《真正的战争》,北京:新华出版社,1980年中文版,第348页。
1 Richard M.Nixon,Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States,Richard Nixon,Containing the Public Messages,Speeches,Statements of the President 1969,Washington D.C.:Government Printing Press,1971,p.549.
1 Osgood Robert,How new will the American Foreign Policy be? In Gilbert John,.ed.The New Era in American Foreign Policy,New York:St.Martin Press,1973,p.76.
1 Mizanur Rahman,Emergence of A New Nation in A Multi-polar World:Bangladesh,Dacca:Dacca University Press,1979,p.52.
1 Sumit Ganguly,The Origins in South Asian:Indo—Pakistani Conflict Since 1947,New Delhi:Westview Press,1994.p.22.
2 张忠祥:《尼赫鲁外交研究》,第89页。
3 张忠祥:《尼赫鲁外交研究》,第90页。
1[印]贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁著,齐文译:《印度的发现》,北京:世界知识出版社,1956年中文版,第519页。
2 克什米尔全称为查谟·克什米尔(Azmed Kashmir),位于南亚次大陆最北端,地处印度、巴基斯坦、阿富汗和中国之间,总面积约为19万平方公里。
3 张忠祥博士认为印巴克什米尔之争表面上是领土之争,本质上是“两个民族问题”争论的继续。参见张忠祥:《尼赫鲁外交研究》,第92页。笔者借鉴了张忠祥博士的这一观点。
1 Sucheta Ghosh,The Role of India in The Emergence of Bangladesh,Calcutta:Minerva Associates Pvt.Ltd.,1983,p.6.
2 Rounaq Jahan,Pakistan:Failure in National Integration,New York:Columbia University Press,1972,p.11.
3 Gowher Rizvi,Pakistan:The Domestic Dimensions of Security,in Barry Buzan and Gowher Rizvi,eds.,South Asian Insecurity and The Great Powers,p.63.
1 Jyoti Sen Gupta,History of Freedom Movement in Bangladesh 1947-1973,Calcutta:Naya Prokash Press,1974,p.135.
2 Rounaq Jahan,Pakistan:Failure in National Integration,p.12.
3 Moudid Ahmad,Bangladesh:Constitutional Quest for Autonomy,1950-1971,Wiesbaden:Steiner,1978,pp.21-23.
4 Moudid Ahmad,Bangladesh:Constitutional Quest for Autonomy,1950-1971,p.25.
1 Jyoti Sen Gupta,History of Freedom Movement in Bangladesh 1947-1973,p.199.
2 “Possibility of separation between East and West Pakistan discussed,Central Intelligence Agency,Intelligence Memorandum,March 1,1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100330984,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
3 Muhammed A.Quddus,Pakistan:A Case Study of A Plural Society,Calcutta:Sage Publications,1980,p.111.
4 “Possibility of separation between East and West Pakistan discussed,Central Intelligence Agency,Intelligence Memorandum,March 1,1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100330984,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
5 “Possibility of separation between East and West Pakistan discussed,Central Intelligence Agency,Intelligence Memorandum,March 1,1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100330984,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
1 Muharnmed A.Quddus,Pakistan:A Case Study of A Plural Society,p.113.
2 Khalid B.Sayeed,The Political System of Pakistan,p.72.
3 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,Dhaka:Mowla Brothers,2005,p.173.
4 Sumit Ganguly,The Origins in South Asian:Indo—Pakistani Conflict Since 1947,p.87
5 4月7日,哈佛大学的三名经济学家爱德华S.马森(Edward S.Mason)、罗伯特·多弗曼(Robert Dorfman)和斯特普森·马格林(Stepthen Margolin)应众议员哈尔彭的邀请在众议院有关东巴冲突问题的听证会上对1947年以来的巴基斯坦经济发展状况、内部经济问题进行了具体评说,其中引证了很多经济数据凸现东西两翼在经济发展速度上的极端不平衡。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667459-463,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
1 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,p.163.
2 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,p.182.
3 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,p.205.
1 Veena kukreia,Military Intervention in Politics:A Case Study of Pakistan,New Delhi:Nbo Publisher's Distributors,1985,p.96.
2 Lawrence Ziring,“Militarism in Pakistan:The Yahya Khan Interregnum ”,Asian Affairs,Vol.1,No.6,1974,p.4A04.
3 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.38.;Khalid Bin Sayeed,Politics in Pakistan:The Nature and Direction of Change,New York:Praeger,1980,pp.75-76.
4 “Weekly Summary:Pakistan Government Acts to Win Popular Support,Central Intelligence Agency,April 18,1969”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100330939,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu.
1 “Pakistan after Six Months after Martial law,Central Intelligence Agency Intelligence Memorandum,October 7,1969”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100330948,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu;Herbert.Feldman,The End And The Beginning:Pakistan 1969-1971,London:Oxford University Press,1975,p.33.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.359.
2 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.,P.520.转引自 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2.Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971).p.223.
3 民族人民党(National Awami Party)是活跃于东巴的一个民族民主主义政党。于1957年7月成立于达卡。哈米德·汗·巴沙尼是该党的主要创始人。1967年12月由于在政治立场,特别是在对待中苏分歧和大论战问题上观点迥异,该党分裂为两派:民族人民党(巴沙尼派),又称亲华派;民族人民党(穆兹法尔派),又称亲苏派,该派别的在东巴的领导人为穆兹法尔·艾哈迈德(Muzaffar Ahmed),在西巴的领导人是瓦里·汗(Wali Khan)。
1 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ,.p.521转引自 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.223.
2 “ Weekly Summary:Military Regime of General Yahya Khan continues to Consolidate Power,Central Intelligence Agency,April 14,1969” DDRS,Document Number:CK3100330925,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
3 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp.327-328.
4 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp..359-362.
1 王成至:《1969—1972年中美缓和进程研究》,上海:[陈兼教授指导],华东师范大学博士论文,2007,第二章,第48-78页。
2 有关中美在1969-1972年间秘密接触,探索交流沟通渠道的最新研究可参见杨贤:《特殊机构——美国驻华联络处揭密》,重庆:重庆出版社,2008年版,第一章,第5-41页。
3 Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:Disenchanted Allies,Washington D.C.:Woodrow Wilson Center Press,2001,p.181.
1 “Memorandum of Conversation,Lahore,August 1,1969,2:30P.M.-3:30P.M.”,FRUS,1969-1976,E-7:Documents on South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47719.pdf.
2 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declasified Documents,1969-1974,pp.63-64.
3 F.S.Aiiazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents.1969-1974,p.67.
4 基辛格与阿里·汗的谈话记录可参见F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,p.73.
5 钱江根据已解密的巴基斯坦国家档案对中、美、巴三方在构筑巴基斯坦渠道上所发挥的作用有较详尽的史实叙述。参见钱江:《中美建交〈巴基斯坦渠道〉是怎样开掘的》,《党史文苑》,2003年第3期,第39页。
1 钱江:《中美建交〈巴基斯坦渠道〉是怎样开掘的》,第39页。
2 钱江:《中美建交〈巴基斯坦渠道〉是怎样开掘的》,第40页。
1 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &.Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,pp.77-78.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅦ,China:1969-1972,p.186.
3 钱江:《中美建交〈巴基斯坦渠道〉是怎样开掘的》,第40-41页。
4 1970年6月15日,基辛格通过他的助手亚历山大·黑格(Alexander M.Haig)准将致信给美国驻法国使馆武官弗农·沃尔特斯(VernonA.Walters)少将,要求他找到中国驻法使馆武官范文,向中国政府传递以下信息:如果中国政府表示愿意,尼克松总统准备建立一个由他本人创建的高层秘密渠道,就双方共同关心的问题交换意见。同时,黑格还要求沃尔特斯以口头宣读的方式向范文传递口信。其后,沃尔特斯多次在公开场合遇到范文,但范文只是表示会转达他的口信,但未有中国方面回馈的信息。参见F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,p.87.;沃尔特斯将军在其回忆录《秘密使命》中的记载与美国档案内容有所出入。沃尔特斯指出他将基辛格信件的内容告诉给范文的时间是1970年4月27日,而6月16日,他又接到基辛格发出的内容相同的另一封信件。信中指示他在6月19日将尼克松总统期望建立中美秘密沟通渠道的信息直接传递给中国驻巴黎大使黄镇。参见[美]弗农·沃尔特斯著,尤勰、朱州、胡晓译:《秘密使命》,北京:世界知识出版社,1980年中文版,第181页。
5 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,pp.106-107.
1 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,pp.117-118.
2 钱江:《中美建交〈巴基斯坦渠道〉是怎样开掘的》,第42页。
3 钱江:《中美建交〈巴基斯坦渠道〉是怎样开掘的》,第42页。
1 钱江:《中美建交〈巴基斯坦渠道〉是怎样开掘的》,第42页。
2 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declussified Documents,1969-1974,pp.116-117.
3 “外交革命”(Diplomatic Revolution)是国际关系史研究领域的专有名词,它源自17世纪奥地利继承战争时期,欧洲强国之间关系的分化组合,尤指国家关系从敌对纷争向友好合作的重要转化。此后,国际关系史研究中用“外交革命”指特定国际背景之下,原先对立的两国关系的变革性调整。
4 Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:Disenchanted Allies,p.182.
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅱ:Organization and Management of U.S.Foreign Policy,1969-1972,p.31.
2 有关尼克松时期美国国家安全和对外决策运作流程的精炼分析可参见Jean A.Garrison,Games Advisors Play:Foreign Policy in The Nixon and Carter Administrations,New York:Texas A & M University Press,1999.
3 北京太平洋国际战略研究所:《应对危机—美国国家安全决策机制》,北京:时事出版社,2001年版,第66页。
1 有关这一时期中国“联美制苏”战略形成的精彩论述可参见杨奎松:《中美和解过程中的中方变奏——“三个世界‘理论提出的背景探析》,《冷战国际史研究》(第4辑),北京:世界知识出版社,2007年版。
2 有关“巴基斯坦”渠道秘密运作的精致分析可参见郑华《中美关系解冻过程中的巴基斯坦渠道》,《史学集刊》,2008年第2期。
1 对“小国”的定义及在国际政治中行为特点的分析可参见Robert L.Rothstein,Alliances and Small States,New York:Columnbia University Press,1968,pp.28-30;Miriam Fendius Elman,“The Foreign Policies of Small States:Challenging Neorealism in its own backyard”,British Journal of Political Science,Vol.25,No.2,Apr.1995,pp175-176;Brock F.Tessman,Steve Chan,“Power Cycles,Risk Propensity amd Great-Power Deterrence”,The Journal of Conflict Resolution,Vol.48,No.2,Apr.2004,pp.146-147.
2 Stephen P.Cohen,“U.S.Weapons and South Asia:A Policy Analysis”,Pacific Affairs,Vol.49.No.1,Spring,1976,p.47.
1 Rajendra K.Jain,ed.,U.S.-South Asian Relations,1947-1982,Vol.Ⅱ,New Delhi:Radiant Publishers,1983,pp.623-624.
2 Rajendra K.Jain,ed.,U.S.-South Asian Relations,1947-1982,Vol.Ⅱ pp.625-626.
3 Rajendra K.Jain,ed.,U.S.-South Asian Relations,1947-1982,Vol.Ⅱ,p.627.
4 Bimal Prasad,lndo-Soviet Relations,1947-1982:A Documentary Study,Bombay:Allied Publishers,1973,pp.331-332.
1 G.S.Bhargava,“Crush India”—Gen.Yahya Khan or Pakistan's death wish,Delhi:Kamla Nagar,1972,Appendix IV:Arms Transfer to Pakistan,p.193.
2 “Memorandum of Conversation,Lahore,August 1,1969”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47725.pdf.
3 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &.Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,pp.77-78.
1 “Anaytical Summary prepared for the National Security Council Review Group,Washington,November 22,1969”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47750.pdf.
2 “Anaytical Summary prepared for the National Security Council Review Group,Washington,November 22,1969”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47750.pdf.
3 “Anaytical Summary prepared for the National Security Council Review Group,Washington,November 22,1969”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47750.pdf.
4 根据1969年1月20日发布了《第2号国家安全决策备忘录》,国家安全委员会考察组(National Security Council Review Group)成立。该小组由基辛格主持,其成员有副国务卿、国防部副部长、中央情报局局长、参谋长联席会议主席或视情况由他们的副手出席。它被赋予政策规划职权,所有涉及美国国家安全的问题,均经由该小组审议。FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅱ:Organization and Management of U.S.Foreign Policy,1969-1972,p.31.
1 “Minutes of meeting of the National Secuirty Council Review Group,Washington,November 25,1969”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents /organization/47745.pdf.
2 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.324.
3 1970年1月19日,叶海亚·汗置信尼克松期望美国就对巴军售政策尽快做出决定,尼克松在文件下方的空白处写下两条批语:1、美国会以进可能快的速度向巴方提供所需装备的零部件;2、除非国会的反对声音强烈,他将支持土耳其向巴基斯坦提供坦克。“我不会顾及印度的反应。”参见“Memorandum from the President Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger)to Presideng Nixon,Washington,January 31,1970”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47747.pdf.
4 “ Memorandum from the President Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger)to Presideng Nixon,Washington,December 21,1969”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47746.pdf.
1 “Memorandum from the President Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger)to Presideng Nixon,Washington,March 16,1970”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47761.pdf;“Memorandum from the President Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger)to Presideng Nixon,Washington,April 13,1970”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents /organization/47762.pdf
2 “ Memorandum from the President Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger)to Presideng Nixon,Washington,June 11,1970”FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47827.pdf
3 “Transcript of telephone conversation between the President Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger)and the Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs(Sisco),Washington,June 12,1970,11:30P.M.”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/ducuments/organization/47768.pdf
4 “Telegram 96236 from the Department of State to the Embassy in Pakistan,June 18,1970,2220Z”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documonts of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents /organization/47783.pdf
5 “Memorandum of conversation,Washington,June 17,1970”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47770.pdf
6 “Telegram 7805 from the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State,October 5 1970,1110Z”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents /organization/47829.pdf
1 Muhammed A.Quddus,Pakistan:A Case Study of A Plural Society,p.160;Herbert Feldman,The End And The Beginning:Pakistan 1969-1971,pp.76-77.
1 Herbert Feldman,The EndAnd The Beginning:Pakistan 1969-1971,P.80.;“Weekly Summary:Pre-election Politics in Pakistan,Central lntelligengce Agency,August 14,1970”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100330965,available at http://galenet.galelgroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu.
2 本表是笔者综合相关著述综合刊列的。参见G.W.Choudhury,Last Days of United Pakistan,Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1974,p.115.;Harbpert Feldman,The End And The Beginning:Pakistan 1969-1971,pp.78-79.
1 Raft Raza,Zuifkar Ali Bhutto and Pakistan(1967-1977),Karachi:Oxford University Press,1998,p.6.
2 Herbert Feldman,The End And The Beginning:Pakistan 1969-1971,p.82..
3 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.332.
1 Raft Raza,Zulfkar Ali Bhutto and Pakistan(1967-1977),,pp.27-28.
2 Herbert Feldman,The End And The Beginning:Pakistan 1969-1971,p.90.
3 Raft Raza,Zulkar Ali Bhutto and Pakistan(1967-1977),,P.26.;Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.432.
1 M.Rashiduzzaman,“The National Awami Party of Pakistan:Leftist Politics in Crisis”,Pacific Affairs,Vol.43,No.3(Autumn,1970),p.399.;Talukar Maniruzzaman,RadicalPolitics and The Emergence of Bangladesh,Dhaka:Bangladesh Books International Limited,1975,p.159.
2 Talukar Maniruzzaman,Radical Politics and The Emergence of Bangladesh,p.159.
3 M.Rashiduzzaman,“The National Awami Party of Pakistan:Leftist Politics in Crisis”,Pacific Affairs,Vol.43,No.3(Autumn,1970),p.405.
4 “支持派”,包括“德本·斯卡达—马丁·阿卜杜丁派(The Deben Sikdar—Matin Alauddin Factions)”和“扎法尔·莫龙(Zafar Menon)派”。“反对派”包括穆罕默德·托哈(时任民族人民党(巴沙尼派)总书记)领导的共产主义者集团和以塞尔吉·斯科特尔(Siraj Siker)为代表的暴力革命派。M.Rashiduzzaman,“The National Awami Party of Pakistan:Leftist Politics in Crisis”,p.406.
5 M.Rashiduzzaman,“The National Awami Party of Pakistan:Leftist Politics in Crisis”,p.406.
6 1967年印度共产党革命派全国协调委员会在西孟加拉邦北部的那萨尔巴里发动农民武装斗争,力图运用毛泽东的游击战理论在印度东北部地区燃起农民革命武装斗争的星星之火。1969年4月22日印度共产党(马克思列宁主义者)成立,其将农民武装斗争扩散到喀拉拉、安得拉、比哈尔等地区。
1 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.240.
2 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.241.;Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.388.
3 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.242.
4 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.244.;Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.407.
1 Muhammed A.Quddus,Pakistan:A Case Study of A Plural Society,p.74.
2 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),pp.227-230.;Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.384.
3 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.23 1.;Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)lndia—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp.407-408.
4 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.232.
1 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.254.
2 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.1,p.93.
3 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.1,p.94.
1 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.pp.553-556.转引自Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.256.
2 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.pp.557-561.转引自Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),pp.262-263.
3 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.265.
4 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.267.
1 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.pp.571-572.转引自Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.266.
2 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.p.576.转引自Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.267.
3 Herbert Feldman,The End And The Beginning:Pakistan 1969-1971,p.93.
4 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.p.580.转引自 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.269.
1 MuhammedA.Quddus,Pakistn:A Case Stuay of A Plural Society,P.66.上述表格中不包括由国民议会当选议员间接选举的妇女保留席位。国民议会中共有13个妇女保留席位,其中东巴省7席,旁遮普省3席,信得省1席,西北边境省1席,俾路支省1席。
1 Muhammed A.Quddus,Pakistan:A Case Study of A Plural Society,p.67.除上述表格席位分配情况之外,由各省当选议员间接选举的妇女席位为21席,具体分配情况如下:东巴省10席,旁遮普省6席,信得省2席,西北边境省2席,俾路支省1席。
1 “Weekly Summary:Preview of 12/7/70 Election for 300 seats in the National Assembly,Central Intelligence Agency,November 27,1970”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100330979,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu.
1 “Weekly Summary:Results of 12/7/70 Election Analysed,Central Intelligence Agency,December 11,1970”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100330982,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu.
2 “Intelligence Brief:INRB-217 from the Director of Intelligence and Research(Cline)to Secretary of State (Rogers),Washington,December 8,1970”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47873.pdf.
3 S.P.Varma and Virendra Narain eds.,Paksitan Political System in Crisis:Emergence of Bangladesh,Jaipur:Rajasthan University Press,1972,p.113.
4 G.W.Choudhury,Last Days of United Pakistan,p.145.
1 Ramendu Majumdar ed.,Sheikh Mujibur Rahman-Bangladesh,My Bangladesh:Selected Speeches and Statements,October 28,1970 to March 26,1971,pp.2 1-22.
2 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.p.589.转引自Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.271.
3 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.p.591.转引自Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),pp.271-272.
4 Ramendu Majumdar ed.,Sheikh Mujibur Rahman-Bangladesh,My Bangladesh:Selected Speeches and Statements,October 28,1970 to March 26,1971,pp.29-30.
5 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,Berkeley:University of California Press,1990,pp.63-65.
1 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan.India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.66.
2 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.67.
1 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,pp.70-71.
2 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.75.
3 有关此次劫机事件的叙述参见Herbert Feldman,The End And The Beginning:Pakistan 1969-1971。pp.158-160.
4 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.p.625.转引自Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh, Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.281.
1 G.W.Choudhury,Last Days of United Pakistan,p.149.
2 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.71.
3 人民联盟内部就政治倾向而言分为左、中、右三个派系。左派以激进的青年学生和产业工人为代表,其中,东巴学生联合会(East Paksitan Student League)是人民联盟的外围组织,也是激进左派的大本营。他们在东巴的政治地位问题上态度激进,甚至要求发动武装斗争谋求东巴独立;右派的主体是教师、科研人员、律师和中小企业主,政治观点较为温和,主张实行东巴区域自治。穆吉布·拉赫曼和人联高层则为中间派,调和左派与右派的分歧,在东巴的政治地位问题上他不能不顾及到青年学生的激进主张,强调以“六点纲领”为基本原则,谋求东巴最大限度的自治。参见Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp.457-465.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666708,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
2 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.80.
3 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.81.
1 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.84.
2 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.85.
3 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.pp.659-660.转引自Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.284.
4 Ramendu Majumdar ed.,Sheikh Mujibur Rahman-Bangladesh,My Bangladesh:Selected Speeches and Statements,October 28,1970 to March 26,1971,pp.76-78.;Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.497.
1 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.p.670.转引自Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),pp.288-289.
2 Pakistan Times,3March,1971,Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.94.
3 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis,1971,p.4.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.497.
2 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.98.
3 Dawn,6March,1971
1 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),pp.293-294.
2 Ramendu Majumdar ed.,Sheikh Mujibur Rahman-Bangladesh,My Bangladesh:Selected Speeches and Statements,October 28,1970 to March 26,1971,p.102.美国档案中记载穆吉布·拉赫曼提出的是“四项条件”。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666710,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
1 G.W.Choudhury,Last Days of United Pakistan,p.158.
2 东巴学生联盟(East Pakistan Students League)成立于1954年7月。其与人民联盟关系密切,是人民联盟的外围学生组织。
3 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.298.
4 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.pp.697-699.转引自Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh.Vol.2.Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971).p.305.
5 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.pp.712-713转引自.Badruddin Umar.The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2.Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),pp.306-307.
6 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.pp.718-719.转引自Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh.Vol.2。Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971).p.307.
1 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,pp.234-235.
2 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.243.
3 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,pp.247-249.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.522.
2 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.111.
3 G.W.Choudhury,Last Days of United Pakistan,p.166.
1 Herbert Feldman,The End And The Beginning:Pakistan 1969-1971,pp.123-125.;Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.118.
2 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.251.
3 G.W.Choudhury,Last Days of United Pakistan,p.169.
4 G.W.Choudhury,Last Days of United Pakistan,pp.169-170.
1 Raft Raza,Zulfkar Ali Bhutto and Pakistan(1967-1977),pp.76-77.
2 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.258.
3 Bangladesh Freedom War Documents,Vol.Ⅱ.p.776.转引自 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.312.
4 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,pp.259-260..
5 “ Chronology of the India-Pakistan Situation,12/70-12/71,the birth of Bangladesh,Central Intelligence Agency,Directorate of lntellignece,December 23,1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100331073,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
1 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.132.
2 FRUS 1969-1976.Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis.1971.p.7.
3 这六位巴军将领包括:三军总参谋长阿布杜勒·哈米德·汗(Abdul Hamid Khan)上将、总统办公厅主任穆罕默德·匹尔扎达(Mohammad Peerzada)中将、巴基斯坦国家安全会议主席古尔·哈桑(Gul Hasan)中将、东巴军法管制执行官蒂卡·汗(Tikka Khan)中将、三军副总参谋长阿克巴·汗(Akbar Khan)少将以及巴基斯坦国家安全会议执行秘书古兰·阿摩尔·汗(Ghulam Umer Khan)少将。
4 BadruddinUmar,The Emergence of Bangladesh.Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.319.很多 孟加拉国、印度甚至巴基斯坦的学者普遍认为3月15日叶海亚·汗赴达卡与穆吉布·拉赫曼协商的真实日的并非是要维系巴基斯坦脆弱的统一,谋求政治解决途径;而是为西巴向东巴增兵争取时间。代表著作可参见:Jyoti Sen Gupta,History of Freedom Movement in Bangladesh,1947-1973,Calcutta:Naya Prokash,1974;S.R.Sharma,Bangladesh Crisis and Indian Foreign Policy,New Delhi:Young Asia Publications,1978;Herbert Feldman,The End And The Beginning:Pakistan 1969-1971,London:Oxford University Press,1975.笔者认为上述观点失之偏颇。
1 Intelligence Brief:INRB-217 from the Director of Intelligence and Research(Cline)to Secretary of State (Rogers),Washington,December 8,1970”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47873.pdf.
2 “Telegram 944 from the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State,February 1,1971,1235Z”,FRUS 1969-1 976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents /organization/48014.pdf.
3 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.473.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh
Documents,1965-1973,p.477.
2 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.479.
3 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.489.
1 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,pp.231-232.
1 “Telegram 540 from the Consulate General in Dacca to the Department of State,February 28,1971,0824Z”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/48043.pdf.
2 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973.pp.498-499.
3 1970年9月14日高级考察组(Senior Review Group)在原有的国家安全委员会考察组会议(National Security Council Review Group)的基础上组建,参与人员与基本权限未变。参见FRUS,1969-1976,Vol.Ⅱ:Organization and Management of U.S.Foreign Policy 1969-1972,pp.264-265
4 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South AsiaCrisis,1971,pp.9-16.
1 东巴步枪队(East Pakistan Rifles)是于1948年组建的准军事部队,主要负责边境巡逻、社会治安及反走私任务。截止1971年3月,其总兵力为1万3千人,除中高级军官外,低级军官和士兵均由孟加拉族人组成。
2 有关“探路灯”行动的指令文本可参见:Siddiq Salik,Witness to Surrender,Karachi:Oxford University Press,1977,Appendix 3.
3 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis,1971,p.32.
4 Siddiq Salik,Witness to Surrender,pp.218-220.
5 G.W.Choudhury,Last Days of United Pakistan,p.184.
1 G.W.Choudhury,Last Days of United Pakistan,p.185.
2 Jyoti Sen Gupta,History of Freedom Movement in Bangladesh,1947-1973,Calcutta:Naya Prokash,1974.pp.282-283.
3 孟加拉国学者森·古普塔(Sen Gupta)根据有关当事人的采访后列出3月25日当晚被杀害、遭到逮捕的达卡大学教师的名录,包括:达卡大学心理学系主任G.G.德武(G.G.Dev)教授、统计系主任莫尼茹斯曼(Moniruzzaman)教授、英语系杰提莫尼·古哈塔库塔(Jyotirmoy Guhathakurta)教授、历史系穆林·阿里(Munim Ali)教授等在内的12人。参见Jyoti Sen Gupta,History of Freedom Movement in Bangladesh,1947-1973.p.286.
4 Jyoti Sen Gupta,History of Freedom Movement in Bangladesh,1947-1973,p.284.
1 G.W.Choudhury,Last Days of United Pakistan,p.185.
2 Siddiq Salik,Witness to Surrender,pp.226-231.Sukhwant Singh,The Liberation of Bangladesh,New Delhi:Vikas Publishing House,1980,pp.9-12.
3 持此种观点的代表性著作包括:G.W.Choudhury,Last Days of United Pakistan,Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1974;Mitra Das,From Nation to Nation:A Case Study of Bengali Independence,Calcutta:Minerva Associate,1981;Kaji Samasujjamana,History of The 1971 Bangladesh Freedom Struggle,Dhaka:Nargisa Jamava,1985.;Abdul Wadud Baujyan,Emergence of Bangladesh and Role of Awami League,New Delhi:Vikas,1982.
4 曾任《政治家报》(The Statesman)驻达卡的记者阿布杜勒·瓦哈比(Abdul Wahab)亲眼目睹了西巴军队对达卡大学以及达卡市印度教徒聚居区的突然袭击。1998年他将当年所亲历目睹的事件结集成书,参见Abdul Wahab,One Man's Agony,Dhaka:Dhaka University Press,1998.曾担任世界银行东巴经济发展考察团成员的亨德里克·范·黑登(Hendrick Van Heijden)在1971年5-6月对东巴进行考察,其后他将所见所闻登载在1971年7月14日的《泰晤士报》(The Times of London)。参见The Times of London,July 14.1971.
1 New York Times,March 28,March 29,April 1,1971.
2 http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/history/holocaust.html
3 持此种观点的代表性著作包括:Herbert Feldman,The End And The Beginning:Pakistan 1969-1971,London:Oxford University Press,1975;Matiur Rahman,ed.,Second Thoughts on Bangladesh,London:Oxford University Press,1979;Latif Ahmed Sherwani,Pakistan,China and America,Karachi:Arambagh Printers,1981.
4 Herbert Feldman,The End And The Beginning:Pakistan 1969-1971,p.133.
1 在军事镇压行动开始之后,被任命为东巴驻军司令的前巴陆军中将尼兹在他的回忆录中披露时任东巴军法管制执行官的蒂卡·汗中将并未认真执行有限定目标的军事行动计划,而是从一开始就采取了“焦士”政策,造成大量民众伤亡。正因为此,1971年4月2日,对蒂卡·汗不满的叶海亚·汗任命尼兹为东巴驻军司令,而此前蒂卡·汗身兼东巴军法管制执行官和东巴驻军司令二职。参见A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,New Delhi:Manohar Publishers,1998,p.46.
2 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),pp.336-340.
3 Badruddin Umar,The Emergence of Bangladesh,Vol.2,Rise of Bengal Nationalism(1958-1971),p.344.
1 Asoka Raina,Inside RAW:The Story of India's Secret Service,p.54.
2 根据人民联盟吉大港地区领导人M.R.斯德格尔(M.R.Siddigur)回忆,3月23日西巴满载武器弹药的货轮停靠在吉大港并准备卸货,但码头工人提出抗议并拒绝卸货。为此,斯德格尔曾电话联系穆吉布·拉赫曼告之此事,但此时的穆吉布·拉赫曼仍然心存幻想,并表示双方仍有达成和解之希望,只要叶海亚·汗还是总统,他就不会发动战争。参见Abdul Wadud Baujyan,Emergence of Bangladesh and Role of Awami League,New Delhi:Vikas,1982,p.157.
3 Pakistan Horizon—Documentary and Chronological Appendices,Karachi:Pakistan Institute of International Affairs,Vol.ⅩⅩⅣ.No.2,p.108.
1 “Telegram 540 from the Consulate General in Dacca to the Department of State,February 28,1971,0824Z”FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/48043.pdf.
2 “Telegram 697 from the Consulate General in Dacca to the Department of State,March 10.1971,1205Z”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/48047.pdf.
3 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp.525-526.
4 Asoka Raina,Inside RAW:The Story of India's Secret Service,p.54.
1 华盛顿特别行动小组(Washington Special Actions Group)是美国国家安全委员会处理危机的高级机构。1969年年初北朝鲜击落美国一架EC-121侦察机造成两国关系紧张之后,1969年5月正式成立该小组。参见FRUS,1969-1976,Vol.Ⅱ:Organization and Management of U.S.Foreign Policy,1969-1972,pp.102-103..
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis,1971,p.24.
3 Palcistan Horizon—Documentary and Chronological Appendices,,Vol.ⅩⅩⅣ.No.2,p.146.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Securily Files,1969-1974:India-Patcistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666241,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
5 4月8日,法兰德致电国务院,汇报了当前东巴局势的基本情况。法兰德指出自军事镇压行动开始的两周以来,西巴政府军已经控制东巴的大中城市,下一步行动的关键是能否在雨季来临之前控制抵抗力量活动频繁的广大农村地区,并行之有效地瓦解抵抗力量有组织的反抗行动。对于东巴局势的后续展望,法兰德并不报乐观态度。他认为3月25日叶海亚·汗下令采取强力行动清剿东巴反叛份子,其本意是维护国家统一。但镇压行动一经开始,国家分裂的裂痕就已经不可弥合。因此,“西巴政府军对东巴的强力控制难以长久。”参见FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis,1971,p.52
1 “Special National Intelligence Estimate 32-71,Washington,April 12,1971”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47878.pdf.
2 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp.528-529.
3 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.533.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.535.
2 Graham T.Allison,Essence of Decision,Boston:Little Brown,1971,p.162.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.542.
2 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.543.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp.547-548.
2 “U.S.Embassy(New Delhi)Cable,Solective Genocide,March 29,1971”,National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.79:“The Tilt:The U.S.and the South Asian Crisis of 1971”,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB3.pdf
3 “U.S.Consulate(Dacca)Cable,Dissent from U.S.Policy toward East Pakistan,April 6,1971”,National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.79:“The Tilt:The U.S.and the South Asian Crisis of 1971 ”,available at http://www.gwu.gdu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB8.pdf
4 “Telegram 58039 from the Department of State to the Consulate General in Dacca,Washington,April 7,1971,0014Z”,FR US 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/48053.pdf.
1 “Telegram 1249 from the Consulate General in Dacca to the Department of State,April 10,1971,1508Z”,FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents /organization/48054.pdf.
2 New York Times,April 7,1971.
3 Times of India,April 10,1971.
4 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,pp.520-521.;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247136166754,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 笔者在微缩胶卷中找到一则档案,其中记载了4月1日-8月27日期间,肯尼迪曾21次在正式场合对巴基斯坦政府各项政策提出强烈批评。参见The RichardM.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247136166750-53,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
6 Bangladesh Documents.Vol.Ⅰ,p.582.
1[美]亨利·基辛格著,杨静予等译:《白宫岁月》(三),第1092页。
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War ofl971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670646-647,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
1 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,pp.166-168.
2 3月9日,东巴共产党(马列)更名为孟加拉共产党(马列)。
3 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,pp.58-61.
4 “Weekly Summary:Military Action within Pakistan continues,Central Intelligence Agency,April 16,1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100331014,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu.
5 比哈尔人(Biharis)是在1947年印巴分治之时从印度比哈尔邦迁徙到东巴的穆斯林。绝大多数比哈尔人讲乌尔都语并与孟加拉族人关系紧张,时常发生种族仇杀事件。
1 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,pp.63-64.;Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,pp.163-164.
2 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,p.156.
3 “Weekly Summary:Pakistan:Bengali Resistance Crumbling,Central Intelligence Agency,April 23,1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100331017,available at http://Ralenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668615,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files.1969-1974:India-Pakistan War ofl971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668263,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.603.;Sucheta Ghosh,The Role of India in The Emergence of Bangladesh,,pp.140-141.
2 6月28日,叶海亚·汗广播演说文本参见Pakistan Horizon—Documentary and Chronological Appendices,Vol.ⅩⅩⅣ.No.3,pp.111-123.;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF10202004247177167181-86,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp.532-535.
2 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,p.243.
1 Sucheta Ghosh,The Role of India in The Emergence of Bangladesh,p.132.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF1020200424717716719.华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.573.
4 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973.p.592.
5 达卡总领事馆的东巴民意调查文本参见Roedad Khan ed.,The American Paper(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp.613-616.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:lndia-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247177167192,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.442.
2 Salam Azad,Contribution of India in The War of Liberation of Bangladesh,New Delhi:Bookwell,2006,p.172.
3 Indira Gandhi,India and Bangladesh:Selected Speeches and Statements,March to December,1971,New Delhi:Orient Lonman,1972,pp.11-12.
1 该提案表示“印度国会深信东巴人民会取得最终胜利,并且认为他们的英勇斗争和流血牺牲将会得到印度人民的真切同情和无私支持。”参见Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,P.672.
2 Indira Gandhi,India and Bangladesh:Selected Speeches and Statements,March to December,1971,pp.21-23.
3 印度学者阿索卡·拉伊纳在其著作中透露在1970年12月巴基斯坦全国大选之前.印度国外情报局研究分析处的间谍就已经渗透到东巴的各个政府机构,大批为研究分析处效力的双面间谍已掌管了东巴权力或接近权力中心。参见Asoka Raina,Inside RAW:The Story of India's Secret Service,p.52.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471441668583,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richord M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471441668532,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.675.
4 Salam Azad,Contribution of India in The War of Liberation of Bangladesh,p.181.
5 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis,197l,p.178.
6 尽管在1970年印度政府加大了对“那萨尔巴里(Naxalbari)”农民游击武装的打击力度,但在1971年初“那萨尔巴里”农民游击武装的主要活动范围转移到印度与东巴边境地区。
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247169167042—43,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms: MF102020042471441668389,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 4月9日,在高级考察组会议上,西斯科建议“在东巴救灾援助问题上,可以由联合国领衔,并会同美国政府、其他国家政府以及国际组织在国际联合行动框架之下向东巴提供人道主义援助。”这一建议得到尼克松、基辛格和各部门的肯定。4月29日,黑格在致基辛格的备忘录中提议,在对印度境内的难民救济问题上采取援助的国际化政策较为稳妥,在援助方式上,由联合国、国际机构和美国的志愿者组织联合展开国际人道主义救济行动。黑格的这一提议也得到尼克松、基辛格的认可并被采纳。FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis,1971,p.60;p.100.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471441668548,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666231,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471771671432-433,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 5月14日,尼克松致信叶海亚·汗。鼓励他采取“正确”而“果断”的政治和解措施,确保东巴平民的人身安全,创造有利于恢复经济正常运转的政治态势,便于难民尽快返回东巴。参见FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis,1971,pp.123-124
2 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.674.
3 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.674.
4 5月24日,叶海亚·汗致信尼克松,强烈谴责“印度政府的行为正在危害巴基斯坦的国家主权和领土完整。”“如果印度持续采取对我国内部事务的介入政策,我国的制宪进程将受到严重干扰,难以完成,而难民问题的解决亦将遥遥无期。”参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247177167150-51,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.591.
6 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471771671433,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:SouthAsia Crisis,1971,p.164..
2 有关这一问题的论述可参阅本论文的第四章第一节。
3 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis,1971,p.166.
4 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis,1971,p.167.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471281666232,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis,1971,pp.174-175.
3 4月20日,杰哈在与欧文的谈话中请求美国和国际社会给予援助。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666231,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
4 在危机初期,参与国际援助的美国志愿者组织包括:世界教会服务组织(Church World Service)、社会发展基金会(Community Development Foundation)、基督教路德会世界救济组织(Lutherdn World Relief)、姐妹医疗团(Medical Mission Sisters)等。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668499,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471441668351,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471441668402,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471441668307-308,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 Sucheta Ghosh.The Role of India in the Emergency of Bangladesh,p.104.
1 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.625.;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668372,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471441668284,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471441668580,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 6月25日,回国之后的斯瓦兰·辛格在印度国会人民院发表演讲,具体阐明了印度政府对南亚危机的基本政策和立场。其要点如下:1、当前次大陆的局势十分危险,严重影响次大陆的和平与稳定;2、叶海亚·汗必须立即停止在东巴的一切军事行动;3、创造有利于难民返回家园的和平政治环境;4、体现东巴人民政治意志的政治解决方式是使东巴恢复正常状态的唯一途径。斯瓦兰·辛格此番讲话的用意十分明显,要彻 底解决南亚危机,难民问题必须与东巴的政治前途“捆绑”在一起。参见Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.697.
1 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.629.
2 Sucheta Ghosh,The Role of India in the Emergency of Bangladesh,p.109.
3 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.639.
4 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.626.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471441668564-565,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 Department of State Bulletin,Vol.LXLV,No.1668,June 14,1971,Washington D.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1971,p.764.
3 Department of State Bulletin,Vol.LXLV,No.1672.July 12,1971,p.41.
4 4月12日和22日,副国务卿艾黎克斯·约翰逊(Alexis Jobnson)和西斯科在与希拉里的两次晤谈中均表示由于难民人数与日俱增,印巴发生冲突的可能性在不断加大。因此,美国政府“迫切希望巴基斯坦能够保持克制。”参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666241,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF10202004247151669263,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 4月22日,吴丹的信件全文参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:Indina-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667413-414,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.627.;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667415,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471441668293,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF1020200424717716719,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668390,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents.1965-1973,p.587.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668570,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:1ndia-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF10202004247177167158,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471441668326,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.650;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668263,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
6 吴丹倡议的文本参见Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ.pp.626-628.
7 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.594.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668296,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471441668294,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 “Weekly Summary:East Pakistan's Resistance Crumbles.Central Intelligence Agency,April 23,1971”DDRS,Document Number:CK3100331017,available at http://galenet.galegroup.corn/servlet/DDRS?IocID=ecnu
4 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471441668295-296,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471441668548,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.250.
3 1971年5月-6月,英迪拉·甘地总理和印度政府的高层官员多次在重要场合指责任何对西巴当权者的援助都是反对东巴人民之举。参见Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,pp.680-696..
1 The Observer,April 18,1971.
2 Sucheta Ghosh,The Role of India in the Emergency of Bangladesh,pp.98-99.
1 Hindustan Standard,April 8,1971.转引自Sucheta Ghosh,The Role of India in the Emergency of Bangladesh,p.71
2 Bengali Daily,May 21,1971.转引自Sucheta Ghosh,The Role of India in the Emergency of Bangladesh,p.73.
3 在1971年4月-7月,加尔各答大学声援孟加拉人民斗争联合会出资刊印的反映东巴独立斗争的英文出版物包括:Bangendu Ganguli and Mira Ganguli,Bangladesh:The Truth;Edward S.Manson and Robert Dorffman,Conflict in East Pakistan-Background and Prospect;Sipra Aditya,ed.,Bleeding Bangladesh:A Picture Album.等等。参见Sucheta Ghosh,The Role of India in the Emergency of Bangladesh,p.100.
4 Mizanur Rahman,Emergence of A New Nationa in A Multipolar.World:Bangladesh,p.60.
1 Mizanur Rahman,Emergence of A New Nationa in A Multipolar World:Bangladesh,p.60.
2 《联合国宪章》第二条第四款规定:“各会员国在其国际关系中不得使用威胁或武力,或以与联合国宗旨不符之任何其他方法,侵害任何会员国或国家之领土完整或政治独立”;第七款规定:“本宪章不得认为授权联合国干涉在本质上属于任何国家国内管辖之事件,并且不要求会员国将该项事件依本宪章提请解决。”参见联合国新闻处编,北京大学法律系编译组译:《联合国手册(1945-1965)》(下),北京:商务印书馆,1973年中文版,第727页。
3 Arum Kumar Singh,U.N.Security Council and Indo-Pak Conflicts,Delhi:Capital Publishing House,1992,p.86.
4 印度东北部地区包括阿萨姆邦(Assam)、那加兰邦(Nagaland)、梅加拉亚邦(Meghalaya)、曼尼普尔邦(Manipur)、特里普拉邦(Tripura)和米佐拉邦(Mizoram)。
5 Chandra Bhushan,Terrorism and Separation in North-East India,Delhi:Kalpaz Publications,2004,pp.124-125.
1 危机爆发后,联合国安理会的五个常任理事国:美、苏、中、英、法均表示对事态的密切关注,但未曾公开表示支持东巴独立斗争。而包括伊朗、埃及、土耳其、马来西亚在内的穆斯林国家则明确表示支持巴基斯坦政府。有关以上诸国官方立场的文本表述可参见Pakistan Horizon—Documentary and Chronological Appendices,Vol.ⅩⅩⅣ.No.2,pp.53-155.
2 人联的主要领导人塔菊丁·艾哈迈德、纳斯鲁尔·伊斯兰、穆斯塔克·艾哈迈德等人在3月30日在印度特工人员的帮助下越过边界,抵达西孟加拉邦的边境小城茹斯纳嘎。东巴民族人民党(巴沙尼派)领导人巴沙尼、东巴民族人民党(穆兹法尔派)领导人穆兹法尔、东巴民族大会党总书记莫洛拉贾·达哈(Monoranjan Dhar)以及东巴共产党的主要领导卡兹·加法尔·艾哈迈德(Kazi Jaffar Ahmed)、拉希德·汗·门农(Rashed Khan Menon)等人先后在4月初抵达印度境内。参见Asoka Raina,Inside RAW:The Story of India's Secret Service,p.54.;Jyoti SenGupta,History of Freedom Movement in Bangladesh,p.303.
1 Mizanur Rahman,Emergence of A New Nation in A Multi-polar World:Bangladesh,p.153.
2 穆吉布纳嘎(Mujibnagar)是“孟加拉临时政府”所在地,位于距加尔各答市中心西北18公里处的巴哈尔帕拉镇(Bhaberpara Village)。
3 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,p.522.
4 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.292.
5 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,pp.16-18.
1 截止1971年5月15日,向“孟加拉临时政府”捐款的海外孟加拉人社团和个人名录及捐助金额参见Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,pp.28-40.
2 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,p.176.
3 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,pp.177-179.
4 “Chronology of the India-Pakistan Situation,12/70-12/71,the birth of Bangladesh,Central Intelligence Agency,Directorate of Intellignece,December 23,1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100331073,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
5M.Rashiduzzaman,“Leadership,Organization,Strategies and Tactics of the Bengal Movement”,Asian Survey,Vol.Ⅻ,No.3.March,1972,p.197.
6 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,p.158.
1 Jagdev Singh,Dismemberment of Paksitan:1971 Indo-Paki War,New Delhi:Lancer International,1988,p.70.
2 以上关于印度对东巴抵抗力量进行秘密军事训练的内容由笔者综合相关战史资料汇集而成。参见A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,pp.69-71.;D.K.Palit,The Lightning Campaign,Salisbury:Compton Press,1972,PP.45-49;Jagdev Singh,Dismemberment of Pakistan:1971 Indo-Pak War,pp.66-78.
3 Mizanur Rahman,Emergence of A New Nation in A Multi-polar World:Bangladesh,p.62.
1 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,p.71.;Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.185.
2“Memorandum from Samuel Hoskinson of the National Council Staff to the President Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger),Washington,May 26,1971”FRUS 1969-1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47879.pdf
3 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.558.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF 102020042471021664249-250,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667583,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 对于“正在运输”过程中的装备,美国国务院和国防部有着不同的理解。国务院认为其是指“已经驶离美国领海的,经海轮运输的武器装备”,而国防部则认为“正在运输”过程中的装备应当是指“已对货品进行所有权移交的装备”。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667562,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Mierofilms:MF102020042471361667543,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.基辛格直到5月17日,才得知国务院实际上自4月初便已经停止向巴基斯坦颁发武器出口管理许可证.FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,PP.125.126.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667788,华东师范大学冷战国史研究中心藏.
6 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,pp.236-237.
1 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House & Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,PP.237-240.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fites,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667441,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 依据美国对外军售计划,在1971年3月25日之前的军火订单当中,若美方一时无法提供巴方所需的装备,美国国防部可将订单转给军火商,由军火商向巴方直接提供武器装备;在对外军售计划之外,巴基斯坦还可以直接从美国军火商那里购买一定种类的装备(限定种类,不涉及“杀伤性”武器装备),而国防部无权干涉。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664249,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
4 1970年10月批准的“一次例外”军售计划在南亚危机全面爆发之时尚未付诸实施。F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,P.251.
5 国务院“强烈要求”应当立即切断包括“杀伤性”武器的零部件和弹药在内的所有对巴军售项目。The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files.1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667562,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667563-564,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667567.华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richd M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471361667629.华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 隶属于对巴军售项目的装备价值1350万美元,经由商业订货的装备价值1,334,463美元。The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667546,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The New York Times,June 22,1971.;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667609。华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richa M.Nixon National Security Files.1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF10202004247136166773。华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667534,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471361667661,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471771671506-508,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
6 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,P.56.
7 Bangladesh Documents Vol.Ⅰ,P.696.;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471361667588,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 与国务院强烈要求完全切断对巴军售形成鲜明对比的是,国防部极力支持继续对巴军售,包括“杀伤性”武器的零配件。国防部认为继续军售既可使外界看到美国政府对巴基斯坦国家统一的坚决支持,也是维续对伊斯兰堡影响力的重要手段,可使其在与印度的争端保持克制。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667564,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp.609-610.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667970,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.202.
1 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,p.138.
2“Kissinger to Nixon,'Meeting with Ambassador Farland,May 7,1971'15 May 1971”,National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.66:The Beijing-Washington Back-Channel and Hernry Kissinger's Secret Trip to China,September 1970-July 1971,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB66/ch-22.pdf
3 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,P.143.
4 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅦ:China 1969-1972,PP.318-319.文件中最后一句话用斜体表示,笔者为突出这句话的重要性,用加粗黑色字体表示。
1 “幸运饼干”档案(The Fortune Cookies Book)是由基辛格设立的涉及中美秘密外交的档案卷宗。该卷宗由基辛格领导的国家安全委员会办公室特别管理,卷宗情况高度保密。
2 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,pp.140-141.
3 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,pp.143-144.
4 FRUS1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅦ:China 1969-1972,pp.319-320.
5 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,p.145.
6“Message from Zhou Enlai to Nixon,29 May 1971,with commentary,as transmitted and copied by Ambassador Hilaly for the White House”,National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.145:New Documentary Reveals Secret U.S.,Chinese Diplomacy Behind Nixon's Trip,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB145/08b.pdf
1 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,p.147.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅦ:China 1969-1972,pp.346-347.
3 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,pp.149-151.
4 FRUS 1969-1976 Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.222-223.
5“Memcon,Dr.Sarabhai,Dr.Haksar,Dr.Kissinger,Mr.Winston Lord,7 July,1971,(1:10-2:50 p.m.)”,National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.79:The Tilt:The U.S.and the South Asian Crisisof 1971,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB15.pdf
6 有关“波罗一号”行动的任务计划书是国家安全委员会为基辛格与中方会谈时所准备的会谈背景材料,其中罗列有可能涉及到的谈判议题、美方的基本政策观点以及中方可能所持有的观点立场。
1 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,pp.170-171.
2 FRUS 1969-1976 Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.237.
1 有关中方接待小组人员的回忆文章参见唐龙彬:《一次特别神秘的外交使命——接待基辛格秘密访华追记》(上)、(下) 《世界知识》1995年第13期、第14期。
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅦ:China 1969-1972,pp.407-408.
1 News Review on China,(April 1971),New Delhi:Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses,p.19.
2 News Review on China,(April 1971),p.20.
3 Peking Review,Vol.114,NO.16,April 1971,pp.7-8.
4 Pakistan Horizon—Documentary and Chronological Appendices,Vol.ⅩⅩⅣ.No.2,pp.153-154.;Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp.530-531.前中国外交部官员李达南在回忆文章中指出在接到4月1O日叶海亚·汗总统的信件后,周恩来总理指示外交部代他起草复信,复信由李达南与李钟英二人拟稿。考虑到东巴事件涉及巴内政,这封复信在国内没有公开发表。参见李达南:《周恩来与1971年印巴战争》,《党的文献》,2001年第2期,第7页。
5 “Chronology of the India-Pakistan Situation,12/70-12/71,the birth of Bangladesh,Central Intelligence Agency,Directorate of Intellignece,December 23,1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100331073,available at http://galanet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
1 The Daily Telegraph,August 8,1971.
2 J.P.Jain,China,Paksitan and Bangladesh,New Delhi:Radiant Publishers,1974,p.165.
3 Asian Recorder,Vol.ⅩⅦ,No.32,(6-12 August,1971),p.10300.;K.Subrahmanyam,Bangladesh and India's Security,Palit:Dehra Dun,1972,p.168.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664122,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 Washington Post,January 18,1972.;J.P.Jain,China,Paksitan and Bangladesh,pp.166-167.
6 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅦ:China 1969-1972,p.725.
1 R.K.Jain,ed.,China-South Asian Relations(1947-1980),Vol.Ⅱ,New Delhi:Radiant Publishers,1981,p.195.
2 Robert Jackson,South Asian Crisis:India,Pakistan and Bangladesh——A Political and Historical Analysis of the 1971 War,New York:Praeger Publisher,1975,p.41.
3 Robert Jackson,South Asian Crisis:India,Pakistan and Bangladesh——A Political and Historical Analysis of the 1971 War,p.42.
1 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,p.183.
2 日本学者岩岛久夫曾将基辛格秘密访问这一重大的历史事件形象地称之为当代外交中“突然袭击外交”或“冲击外交”的经典范例。笔者借鉴了岩岛久夫的这一说法。参见[日]岩岛久夫著,张健、贺小铭译:《突然袭击研究》,北京:国防大学出版社,1987年中文版,第102页。
1“Department of State,Cable,Indo-Pakistan Situation,15 July,1971”National Security Archire Electronic Briefing Book No.79:The Tilt:The U.S.and the South Asian Crisisof 1971,,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB16.pdf
1[美]西摩·赫什著,吴聿衡译:《权力的代价:尼克松执政时期的基辛格》,北京:中国国际文化出版公司,1991年中文版,第587页。
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671435,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664190,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.的精细分析可参见G.W.Choudhury,Brezhnev's Collective Secuirty Plan for Asia,Georgetown:Georgetown University Press,1976;J.P.Jain,Soviet Policy Towards Pakistan and Bagladesh,New Delhi:Radiant Publishers,1974;Harish Kaput,The Embattled Triangle:Moscow-Peking-New Delhi,New Delhi:Abhinav Publication,1973;Hemen Rain,Indo-Soviet Relations,1955-1971,Bombay:Jaico Publishing House,1973.
1 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.238.
2 1969年7月,时任副军法管制执行官的巴空军总司令努尔·汗中将率团访华。在与周恩来总理的会谈中,努尔·汗明确表示巴基斯坦不会加入苏联倡议的组织。参见R.K.Jain,ed.,China-South Asian Relations (1947-1980),Vol.Ⅱ.New Delhi:Radiant Publishers,1981,p.156.
1 有关印苏两国缔约谈判的细节内容可参见A.G.Noorani,Brezhnev Plan for Asian Security,Bombay:Jaico Publishing House,1975.Chapter 1-3.pp.112-198.
2 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ.PP.510-511.
1 Pakistan Horizon—Documentary and Chronological Appendices,Vol.ⅩⅩⅣ.No.2,PP.150-151.
2 Pakistan Times,April 24,1971.
3 在双方签署的联合声明中,关于南亚危机的主要内容为斯瓦兰·辛格对波德戈尔内4月2日致信叶海亚·汗表示感谢,以及对难民问题的关注。联合声明文本参见Rajcndra Kumar Jain,Soviet-South Asian Relations,1947-1978,Vol.1,Oxford:Martin Robertson,1979,PP.111-112.
4 6月9日,柯西金在苏联最高苏维埃会议上发表讲话,强调应通过“和平方式”解决东巴危机,同时他又警告说“在外部势力的操控和指使下,事态的发展将损害次大陆国家的利益,‘塔什干精神'将受到不可修复的破坏。”苏联认为,叶海亚·汗是在中美的支持下对东巴政治“重新洗牌”,此举意味着苏联在南亚利益范围受到中美的强力挑战和威胁。因此,中美对叶海亚·汗的支持政策是苏联极力抨击的对象。柯西金6月9日的演讲文本参见Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,p.512.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664195,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2[俄]阿·多勃雷宁著,肖敏,王为译:《信赖:多勃雷宁回忆录》,北京:世界知识出版社,1997年中文版,第261页。
1 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,pp.709-710.
2 “Chronology of the India-Pakistan Situation,12/70-12/71,the birth of Bangladesh,Central Intelligence Agency,Directorate of Intellignece,December 23,1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100331073,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
3 The Times,July 13,1971;K.苏巴拉哈曼亚执笔撰写的研究报告全文可见K.Subrahmanyam,Bangladesh and India's Security,Dehra Dun:Palit and Dutt,1972,pp.40-45.
1 有关《苏印和平友好互助条约》的中文文本,参见中国国际问题研究所编译:《国际条约集(1969-1971)》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年版,第538-541页:英文文本可参见Rajendra Kumsr Jain,Soviet-South Asian Relations,1947-1978.Vol.Ⅰ,pp.113-116.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247102166479-80,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 Sucheta Ghosh,The Role of India in The Emergence of Bangladesh,p.168.
3 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅱ,pp.156-157.;Robert Jackson,South Asian Crisis:India,Pakistan and Bangladesh—A Political and Historical Analysis of the 1971 War,.pp.192-193.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247102166479-80,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.363-364.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247102166431,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 有关9月29日苏印联合声明的具体内容可见Robert Jackson.South Asian Crisis:India,Pakistan and Bangladesh—A Political and Historical Analysis of the 1971 War,.pp.194-198.;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664335,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 S.R.Sharma,Bangladesh Crisis and India Foreign Policy,p.293.
1 统计时间从从1971年3月25日西巴政府军开始实施军事镇压行动到12月15日。参见Salam Azad,Contribution of India in The War of Liberation of Bangladesh,p.180.
2 Salam Azad,Contribution of India in The War of Liberation of Bangladesh,p.181.
3 Salam Azad,Contribution of India in The War of Liberation of Bangladesh,p.181.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670170,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670163,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670160,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671107-108,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668264,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,pp.255-256.
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.272-275.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.292-293.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664246,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2[美]亨利·基辛格著,杨静予等译:《白宫岁月》(三),第1105-1106页。
3 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,PP.219-220.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664246,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671149,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668762-768,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 9月3日,尼克松宣布组建以美国红十字会负责人乔治·艾里塞斯(George Eisey)领衔,由6名美国政学显要组成的“南亚援助特别咨询小组”(Special Advisory Panel on South Asian Relief Assistance).该小组的主要任务是同参与救援行动的美国各政府机构和联合国各下属国际组织加强沟通协调,提高对东巴救援的工作效率,加快救援速度。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:Initia-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668870-873,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 美国政府非常重视东巴境内的饥荒问题,在提供援助的同时,依据东巴各个地区的自然条件、交通情况和农作物的生产状况制定了详细的援助物资运送和发放细则,帮助叶海亚·汗度过难关。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670171-179,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1971:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668966,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668756-757,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668681,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668682,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471511669220,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670135,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。 11月1日,美国众议员弗里林海森在致众议院外交事务委员会的题为“出访印巴之后的特别研究报告”(Report of A Special Study Mission tO Pakistan and India)中指出,在10月上中旬对达卡访问期间,他曾多次听到已被证实的,有关巴军士兵枪杀平民、劫掠村庄的暴力事件,而肇事者却并未接受军法处置。当他就此问题询问巴军主官时,答案是这些村庄暗中支持反叛力量,理应受到惩罚。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247136166794.华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
6 9月10日,达卡总领事馆向国务院发送的电文中指出在巴瑞索(Barisal)和迈门辛格(Mymensingh)等地区,陆续从偏远山区返回家园的印度教徒由于遭受巴政府军士兵的劫掠和枪杀,不得不选择逃亡印度。参见The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247102166486,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
7 达卡总领事馆的东巴民意调查报告文本参见Rocdad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,PP.613-616.
8 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms: MF102020042471021664332,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247102166413,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential) India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.624.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664317,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668676,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fites,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665390,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
6 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668676-677,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
7 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential) India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.625.;“Weekly Summary:Lack of Effective Action by Provincial Government,and Guerrilla Activity contributes to Absence of Any Significant Progress in Solving East Pakistan'S Proplcms,Central Intelligence Agency,July 16,1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100331022,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu;“Weekly Summary:Bengali Rebels disrupt Key Sectors of East Paksitan's Economy Central Intelligence Agency,September 10,1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100331028,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
1 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668248,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667187,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668707,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.429.
5 Salam Azad,Contribution of India in The War of Liberation of Bangladesh,p.179.
The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668711,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfiims:MF102020042471441668977,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,P.189.
4 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,P.657.
5 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅰ,P.663.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential) India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.636.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247102166479,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471511669113,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 在9月3日“南亚援助特别咨询小组”第一次全体会议通过的决议中重申了美国有关难民问题与东巴政治前途问题分两步走,分开解决的政策立场,强调对南亚难民的人道主义救助是当前工作的重心。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471511669268,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 Raft Raza,Zulfkar Ali Bhutto and Pakistan(1967-1977),p.103.
2 Government of Pakistan,Ministry of Information and National Affairs,White Paper on the Crisis in East Pakistan,Islamabad,August 5,1971.;有关美国对《白皮书》的阐述分析可参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247136166793,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666714,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 据当年曾参与秘密审讯穆吉布·拉赫曼的巴方官员回忆,1971年9月7日,对穆吉布·拉赫曼的秘密审讯正式开始。先后有30多位证人被问讯。但是对穆吉布·拉赫曼的审判持续时间很长,直到第三次印巴战争爆发依旧没有得出审讯结果。参见Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.172.
3 BangladeshDocuments,Vol.Ⅱ,pp.21-22.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664738,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 8月19日,叶海亚·汗约见法兰德,此次会谈的重点是对穆吉布·拉赫曼的秘密审判.法兰德指出大多数国家都对穆吉布·拉赫曼的秘密审判给予高度关注,特别是对审判的结果。“穆吉布·拉赫曼不应被处死,这一点符合巴基斯坦的利益。”对此,叶海亚·汗表示他已经让巴基斯坦最好的律师A.K.布鲁赫(A.K.Brohi)担任穆吉布·拉赫曼的辩护律师,而且特别军事法庭已作好开庭准备,将对穆吉布·拉赫曼进行“公正的”审判。“如果穆吉布·拉赫曼提出宽大处理的请求,我会考虑将对他的审判推后几个月,留待补缺选举后产生的新政府处理。当然,新政府组建后,穆吉布·拉赫曼被判除死刑的机率并不大。”针对叶海亚·汗所言,法兰德再三追问:“在新政府成立之前,会否对穆吉布·拉赫曼处以极刑?”叶海亚·汗不得不明确作答:“我想请你相信,即便他背叛自己的国家,军事法庭也不会判除极刑。”参见FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.357-358.
6 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664235,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
7 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664236,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
8 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅱ,p.41.
1 Bangladesh Documents,Vbl.Ⅱ,p.44.
2 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Fires,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471511669286-287,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 10月12日,叶海亚·汗广播演讲文本参见Robert Jackson,South Asian Crisis:India,Pakistan and Bangladesh-A Political and Historical Analysis of The 1971 War,Appendixes 11,pp.199-204.
4 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅱ,P.252.
1 S.R.Sharma,Bangladesh Crisis and India Foreign Policy,p.298.
2 Soviet Review:Official Documents and Articles from the Soviet Press,No.194.p.30;p.33.
3 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,p.76.
1 有关该人联成员所回忆的26名前东巴步枪队、东孟加拉团以及警察部队的军官和警官名录参见Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,PP.300-301.
2 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,PP.111-112.
3 “孟加拉临时政府”自1971年7月17日起,每周定期出版《每周政务及战事公报》。据公报透露,在叶海亚·汗宣布穆吉布·拉赫曼将以叛国罪的罪名接受秘密审判之后,孟加拉民族解放军加大了在东巴的暗杀、破坏以及游击战行动以示报复。参见Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,Part 2.pp.139-427.
1 “Study Prepared in Response to National Security Study Memorandum 133,Washington,July 10,1971”,FRUS,1969-1976,E-7:Documents on South Asia,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents /organization/48063.pdf.
2 “Memorandum for the Presidents File,President's Meeting with Ambassador Joseph Farland,28 July,1971”National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.79:The Tilt:The U.S.And the South Asian Crisis of 1971,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB18.pdf
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Mierofilms:MF102020042471771671114,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671115,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Mierofilms:MF102020042471771671146,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏,
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671146,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671148,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
6 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671148,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
7 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671149,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 FRUS1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.358.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664333,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:lndia-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471771671180-181,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Mierofilms:MF102020042471021664543-545,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.710.
2 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential) India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.711.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.710.
2 Rocdad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,P.712.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Filas,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247136166796,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 11月16日在与美国大使比姆的谈话中,苏联第一副外长库兹涅佐夫十分关注东巴的政治前途问题。当比姆讲到叶海亚·汗愿意与“未曾参与叛乱活动的”人联领导人,甚至由穆吉布·拉赫曼亲自指派的代表政治对话时,库兹涅佐夫一再追问这些人联领导人的确切姓名,并且以颇具反诘的口气问到“若叶海亚·汗真心实意地谋求政治和解,那么他为什么不直接释放穆吉布·拉赫曼,并与他面对面谈判呢?”莫斯科的观点很明确:叶海亚·汗与穆吉布·拉赫曼的直接对话是化解危机的最便捷途径(the shortest way),而其中的关键就是无罪释放穆吉布·拉赫曼,否则莫斯科将深刻质疑伊斯兰堡所谓“政治和解”的真实用意,按照库兹涅佐夫的话来说“叶海亚·汗是不会满足1970年大选中所体现东孟加拉的政治意愿的,他仍在玩弄政治游戏,而并未就解除危机采取切实可行的政治举措。这一点正是造成次大陆危局的根本原因。”参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664387-388,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247110166529-30,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247110166528,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664379,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
4 Roedad Khan ed.,The Americall Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp.726-727.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,P.730.
1 The Richard M.Nixon Narional Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664616,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664616,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664617-618,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670362-363,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670363-364,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670365,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670369,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richord M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670387,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670403,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670410-411,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670414-415,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pnkistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670429-433,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670425-426,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:lndia-Palastan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664338-339,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670438-440,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670444-445,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:india-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670449-450,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:india-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670458-460,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 10月16日之后,加乔姆与美方代表三次接触的时间分别为11月21日、24 日和27日参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670481-482;1691670484-485;1691670487,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:india-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665235,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 11月23日晚,在与叶海亚·汗的会谈中,努尔·伊斯兰姆表示在当前局势之下,他和其余未离开东巴的人联温和派领导人没有多少影响力。为使东、西两翼政治谈判能够发挥作用。努尔·伊斯兰建议可由他出面与尚在狱中的穆吉布·拉赫曼进行交流,探知穆吉布的政治态度。其后,他再设法与“孟加拉临时政府”领导人取得联系,希望能说服“临时政府”在独立问题上态度软化,推动东、西两翼政治谈判有所斩获。但是,叶海亚·汗并未赞同努尔·伊斯兰的上述建议。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664910,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。笔者认为即便叶海亚·汗同意与未曾参与叛乱活动的人联温和派领导人对话,但在开展对话的具体步骤上仍存在不同理解:以努尔·伊斯兰为代表了人联温和派认为在正式对话开始前,必须首先与穆吉布·拉赫曼进行接触;而叶海亚·汗反对努尔·伊斯兰与穆吉布·拉赫曼首先进行接触。
6 在东线冲突烽烟骤起之后的11月26日晚上,法兰德向叶海亚·汗传递了印度方面关于东巴政治谈判的新观点。法兰德指出印度驻伊斯兰堡办事处高级专员阿塔尔(Atal)曾亲自打电话给他,通报印度政府的明确立场:若叶海亚·汗希望危机局势以政治方式解决,那么就必须与“被迫流亡印度的盂加拉领导人”直接对话。叶海亚·汗听后勃然大怒,当即指责阿塔尔是“一个跳梁小丑”(playing an“amazingly mischevious”role),并重申:他只会与“未曾参与分裂国家的叛乱活动”的东巴政治代表对话,否则,一切免谈。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664768,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。 而相比之下,11月30日,印度代办纳斯格特拉在与西斯科的谈话中则坚持声称叶海亚·汗必须无条件立即释放穆吉布·拉赫曼,此为缓解紧张局势的惟一可行途径。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.681.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471 771671435,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 随新民:《中印关系研究:社会认知视角》,北京:世界知识出版社,2007年版,第236页。
4 1971年9月28日,法兰德在致国务院的电文中指出,美国在南亚危机期间对巴政策的核心是维持美国对巴基斯坦的充足影响力,以期让巴方保持克制态度,采取减少印巴之间战争威胁的措施,加大使难民回国的政策力度,促进东巴的秩序重建与社会稳定。而在评价美国对巴政策是否成功的界定标准上,法兰德认为在此项政策的推行过程中,叶海亚·汗政府在美国的策动下立场有所转变,并且后继的政策实施产生了美国所愿意看到的转变即可视为评价标准。而依此项标准,法兰德认为美国的对巴政策是成功的。参见Rocdad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp.681-682.笔者认为,法兰德的观点单从美巴关系来看是正确的,但就整个南亚危机的危机管理和防止战争爆发的角度来看,则是以偏概全。事实上,美国所做的诸多努力并没有换来南亚的和平,政治解决的理想图景并未转化为现实景观。
1 Sukhwant Singh,The Liberation of Bangladesh,PP.78-90.Jagdev Singh,Dismemberment of Pakistan:1971Indo-Pak War,pp.86-96.有关印军在1971年南亚危机和第3次印巴战争中的战略规划和战术运用的精彩论述可参见D.K.Palit,The Lighting Campaign:Indo-Pakistan War 1971,New Delhi:Thomson Press,1972;Mohammed Ayoob,The Liberation War,New Delhi:S.Chand Company,1972.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fites,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664122,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,P.664.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential) India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.674.
2 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential) India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.675.
3 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential) India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.676.
4 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential) India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.687.
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp.687-688.
2 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.689.
3 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,pp.699-700.
4 有关印巴双方的军事实力对比和双方在东西两线的军事布防图可参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471511669545-567,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471511669540,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471511669701,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471511669707,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 Sukhwant Singh,The Liberation of Bangladesh,pp.91-92.;Jagdev Singh,Dismemberment of Pakistan:1971 Indo-Pak War,pp.86-96.;A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,pp.110-111.
4 Jyoti Sen Gupta,History of Freedom Movement in Bangladesh 1947-1973,pp.380-381.Kaji Samasujjamana,History of the 1971 Bangladesh Freedom Sstruggle,Dhaka:Nargisa Jamava,1985,pp.134-135.
1 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,pp.179-180.;http://www.liberationwarmuseum.org/liberationwar.html#02.
1 Sukhwant Singh,The Liberation of Bangladesh,P.36.;A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,P.71.
2 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,P.185.尼兹将军在其回忆录中认为到1971年11月,经印度军方培训后,具有一定战斗能力的孟加拉民族解放军作战人员达到7万人,另有3万人仍在接受作战训练。参见A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,p.72.
1 Sukhwant Singh,The Liberation of Bangladesh,pp.36-37.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665407,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,p.179.
4 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,p.192.;p.203.
5 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,p.191.;p.231.
6 Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,p.191.;p.232.9月30日,艾黎亚特同基辛格递交的备忘录中指出8月20日,巴海军爆破专家在纳拉杨嘎港成功的清除了由抵抗力量铺设的6枚磁性水雷。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471021664210,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
7 The Richard M.Nixo National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664210,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
8 The Richard M.Nixon Nntional Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Mierofilms:MF102020042471021664332,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 “Study Prepared in Response to National Security Study Memorandum 133,10 July,1971”,FRUS,1969-1976,E-7:Documents on South Asia,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents /organization/48063.pdf.
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.334-337.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664299,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671437,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
4 “Weekly Summary:Dangers of Breakout of Major Hostilities between India and Paksitan,Central Intdligence Agency,Washington October 22 1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100331041,available at http://galenet.galcgroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665399,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
6 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665393,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fires,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664537,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664503,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
3 10月21日,国务院提议在“共同撤军”遭遇严重阻力的情况下,可考虑经与巴方沟通,让巴方首先采取单方面撤军行动。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fires,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664504,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。 在获悉国务院的新提议之后,10月22日,桑德斯在致黑格的备忘录中指出,若首先让巴方率先从边界撤军必须考虑与之直接相关的两个问题:其一、若巴方首先撤军是否会对巴军的兵力部署造成不利影响?其二、叶海亚·汗会否同意美国的新建议?针对上述两个问题,桑德斯认为:巴方首先撤军不会对其构成不利影响。巴军驻地距边界线的直线距离通常在10英里之内,若撤军过程中,印军进攻,巴军可在5个小时内展开反突击;在与叶海亚·汗交涉时,美方可强调率先撤军的政治意义,将使巴方在与印度的较量中处于国际舆论支持的地位,这样一来,叶海亚·汗极有可能会赞同美方的提议。基于上述考量,桑德斯认为由巴方率先单方面撤军的建议是可行的。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664500,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664485,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664642,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
6 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664406,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664776,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.385-387.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.388-390.
3 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.403.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471511669504-512,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
1 “Memorandum Prepared in the Office of National Estimates,Central Intelligence Agency,Washington,22September,1971”,FRUS,1969-1976,E-7:Documents on South Asia,1969-1972,available at http://WWW.State.gov/documents/organization/47956.pdf.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.434.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471511669471-472,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 “Memorandum from Saunders to Kissinger,Military Assistance to Pakistan and the Trip to Peking,19July,1971” National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.79:The Tilt:The U.S.And South Asian Crisis of 1971,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB17.pdf.
1 国会中强烈反对美国继续向巴基斯坦提供军事装备的代表包括:参议员肯尼迪(Kennedy)、马蒂亚斯(Mathias)、哈里斯(Haris)、马斯基(Muskie)以及众议员莫斯(Moss)、哈尔彭(Halpern)、加拉格尔(Gailagher)参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664185,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664185,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664178,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 “NSC Paper,South Asia:Cutting off Military and Economic Assistance,30 July,1971” National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.79:The Tilt:The U.S.And south Asian Crisis of 1971,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB19.pdf.;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664222,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 “NSC Paper,South Asia:Cutting off Military and Economic Assistance,30 July,1971” National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.79:The Tilt:The U.S.And South Asian Crisis of 1971,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/ NSAEBB79/BEBB19.pdf.;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664220-221,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 “NSC Paper,South Asia:Cutting off Military and Economic Assistance,30 July,1971”National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.79:The Tilt:The U.S.And South Asian Crisis of 1971,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB19.pdf
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667809,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667768,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fites,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667509,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668798-799,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
6 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms: MF102020042471361667809,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 9月1日,在基辛格的授意下,法兰德就中止对巴军售与叶海亚·汗会谈。在谈话中,叶海亚·汗虽然对美方的建议有所顾虑,认为在美国中止对巴军售之后,其他国家有可能会加大对巴军事制裁,但是他亦表示巴方十分清楚尼克松总统在对巴军售问题上面临的强大压力。最后,叶海亚·汗“非常无奈地”接受美方建议。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667841-842,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 在会谈中,伊姆·哈克曾不无忧虑地指出在西欧国家加强对巴军事管制的情形下,美国中止对巴军售不仅使得巴军在日常维护美制装备(特别是作战飞机)的困难进一步加大,而且将会使印巴军力对比的失衡进一步加剧。The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667761-763,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.此外,法国政府自1971年3月25日危机爆发之日起,停止对巴军事供应。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664563,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。依据已有的解密档案,笔者认为伊姆·哈克所指“西欧国家”应指法国,其与罗杰斯的会谈说明巴基斯坦政府在关闭军售渠道问题是面临重重困境之下,极不情愿地接受美方的建议。
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667810,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667832-833,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664330,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。根据美国宪法规定,参议院对外关系委员会相对于众议院外交事务委员会在对外政策的决策中有着更大的影响力,它拥有审议行政部门签署的条约和总统所提名的驻外官员的权力。在冷战时期,对外关系委员会处于美国对外政策的前沿,几乎对所有对外政策问题都有发言权。有关美国国会在对外政策制订过程中的作用与影响的研究阐述可参见 韩召颖编著:《美国政治与对外政策》,天津:天津人民出版社,2007年版,第225-227页。周琪主编:《国会与美国外交政策》,上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2006年版,第30-32页。笔者认为参议院对外关系委员会通过《加拉格尔修正案》是国会参众两院在对巴军售问题上达成政策一致的标志,也是向尼克松政府施压,敦促其关闭对巴军售渠道的政治信号。
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667764,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667738,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667779,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667800,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 Shivaji Ganguly,U.S.Policy toward South Asia,Bolder:West view Press,1990,p.199.
6 10月29日,西斯科在与印度代办纳斯格特拉的晤谈中表示美国将中止对巴军售,并希望这一决定对缓解危机对抗能够起到积极影响。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471441668918,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 对英迪拉·甘地此次西方国家之旅的详细叙述可参阅S.R.Sharma,Bangladesh Crisis and India Foreign Policy,pp.94.126.
2 Indira Gandhi,India and Bangladesh:Selected Speeches and Statements,March to December,1971,p.51.
3 Indira Gandhi,India and Bangladesh:Selected Speeches and Statements,March to December,1971,p.61.
1 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.,White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,PP.331-332.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664462,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664463,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664464,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol,Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.494-495.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.497.
3[美]亨利·基辛格著,杨静予等译:《白宫岁月》(三),第1126页。
4[美]亨利·基辛格著,杨静予等译:《白宫岁月》(三),第1124页。
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665388,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1[美]亨利·基辛格著,杨静予等译:《白宫岁月》(三),第1125页。
2 在10月28日罗杰斯致尼克松备忘录中,尼克松曾有一句批语:“现在若以穆吉布的被释放作为东巴、西巴政治谈判的起点几乎是不可能实现的。”参见F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.,White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,P.332.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fires,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665394,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fites,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665394,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 Viadimiv Kudryavtsev,“Causes and Roots of the conflict in the Indo sub-continent”,Moscow News,NO.51,18,December,1971,P.3转引自S.R.Sharma,Bangladesh Crisis and India Foreign Policy,PP.301-302.
1 S.R.Sharma,Bangladesh Crisis and India Foreign Policy,p.302.
2 据12月1日,美国驻香港总领事馆致国务院的电文中曾透露来自莫斯科的消息认为喜玛拉雅山一带恶劣凶险的自然条件将阻止中国越过崇山峻岭打击印度。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665180,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 S.R.Sharma,Bangladesh Crisis and India Foreign Policy,pp.302-303.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pnkistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671643-644,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.511.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664606,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅣ:Soviet Union,1971.10-1972.5,.p.52.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671271,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5[美]亨利·基辛格著,杨静予等译:《白宫岁月》(三),第1128页。
6 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664354,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.,White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,PP.364-365.:Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.213.;Sukhwant Singh,The Liberation of Bangladesh,PP.123-124.;A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,PP.120-124.
2 11月24日,加乔姆在与美国驻加尔各答总领事馆官员接触时表示孟加拉民族解放军已经在东巴境内激战中取得丰硕成果.占领了杰索尔的门户一阿卡哈瓦(Akhaura),同时在锡尔赫特和库尔拉周边地区站稳脚跟。加乔姆指出战斗的最终目标是将西巴政府军全部驱逐出东巴.在民族解放军下一轮行动开始之时,印度军队将大批出动,协助民族解放军“解放”国土。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664889,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,P.228.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664727,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 Indira Gandhi,India and Bangladesh:Selected Speeches and Statements,March to December,1971,pp.108-109.
3 有关美国驻印度大使馆对24日英迪拉·甘地讲话的分析评价可参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664915-916,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 早在1971年4月16日高级考察组会议上,避免印巴之间爆发战争即被确定为美国危机政策的目标之一。参见Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential) India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.547.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664354,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,PP.529-530.
3 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,P.552.24日会议决定美国暂不准备将印巴问题提交安理会。这一决定与国务院的意见是相同的。 11月22日,罗杰斯认为当前美国政府尚不宜单独将此问题提交联合国安理会。其原因有二:一、罗杰斯认为叶海亚·汗与穆吉布所指派的代表进行政治对话的可能性还存在,若贸然提交将阻断对话之可能;二、此前联合国调停危机的诸多努力均受到印度的抵制,在局势趋于白热化之时,印度仍有可能拒绝联合国的斡旋努力。为此,罗杰斯建议可由巴基斯坦、或由英国首先向安理会提交动议,也可由英美联合提议。参见Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,PP.717-718.24日当天,法兰德在致国务院的电文中指出当下,动议安理会讨论次大陆局势不会对危局缓解有任何好处,而且巴方是否会接受安理会的相关决议也很难预测。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471021664937,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。11月30日,意大利驻美国使馆官员瓦西(Vecchi)致电美国国务院官员罗森堡(Nocember)表示意大利政府准备将印巴冲突提交安理会审议,而国务院则明确指出在当前情势下,美国政府既不鼓励其他国家,也不准备独自向安理会递交有关商讨印巴局势的会议中请。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664752-753,华东师范大学冷战国际 史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664709-710,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 11月23日,罗杰斯在与纳斯格特拉的会谈提出了美国政府对局势发展的四点关切:第一、要求印度保持最大限度的克制:第二、冲突继续升级将产生难以料及的严重后果:第三、若新德里对伊斯兰堡单方面撤军的建议予以积极回应,冲突将有所降温;第四、美国政府很难理解为什么印度会对缓解危机敌对状态的诸多建议总是抱以抵制态度。但是对于罗杰斯的上述观点,纳斯格特拉未予以正面回应。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664896,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon Nntional Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971.Microfilms:MF102020042471021664897,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms: MF102020042471021664687,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664683-684,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664691,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671674,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671684,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,PP.563-564.11月26 日当天,国务院出台一份文件。其中指出“鉴于次大陆局势的不断恶化和印巴军队交火激战的规模不断扩大,国务院认为可考虑自11月26日起,停止向印度颁发新的武器出口许可证,但在26日之前,仍然有效的许可证之下的军需品运输不在限制条款范围之内。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security,Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664692,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。笔者认为国务院对印度采取军事禁运的制裁措施只是停止颁发新的许可证,但并不冻结已有许可证范围之内的军需品运输。
6 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671321-322,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671702-704,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
Indira Gandhi,India and Bangladesh:Selected Speeches and Statements,March to December,1971,p.120.
3 12月1日,巴基斯坦主流媒体《黎明报》以头版头条的形式全文刊登了11月30日英迪拉·甘地在国会人民院的演讲辞。巴方时事评论员认为英迪拉·甘地所讲之辞是印度显露战争决心的“真正意义上的最后通牒(a veritable ultimatum)。”参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakista War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665173,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971.p.581.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665110,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
6 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pokistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665154,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665309,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
2 12月4日晚,考尔向基廷指出西巴首先挑起全面战争可能有两个目的:其一、对印度发动“闪电战”(Blitzkrieg);其二、反唇相讥,指责印度制造战争,并借机将联合国和国际社会牵扯近来,企图抑制印度对盂加拉的“解放”。在上述两种可能中,考尔认为第一种可能不攻自破,在印度防空军的有利还击下,巴空军损失6架战机,并未取得预期战果;而第二种可能将是西巴点燃战火的根本原因。尽管如此,考尔坚决表示“即便中国介入(虽然我们并不希望它卷入进来),印度也将继续军事行动,直到获得一个满意的结果为止。”参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247110166598-100,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。笔者认为考尔对巴基斯坦战争意图的把握与分析是准确的。
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471511669659,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 Mizanur Rahman,Emergence of A New Nation in A Multi-polar World:Bangladesh,p.102.
5 S.R.Sharma,Bangladesh Crisis and India Foreign Policy,p.383.
6 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential) India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.702.
1 Hsinhua Dispatch No.110716 datod.November 7;Robert Jackson,South Asian Crisis:India,Pakistan and Bangladesh——A Political and Historical Analysis of the 1971 War,pp.205-206.
2 美国驻香港总领事馆敏锐地捕捉到一关键的细节问题,并在11月29日致国务院的电文中汇报了上述情况。香港总领事馆认为北京的反应说明它“并不愿刻意放大东巴问题对中国国家安全的威胁。”参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665181-182,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 与中国官方表述“口径”形成鲜明对比的是11月30日,突尼斯总统布格古拉(Bourguira)在接见叶海亚·汗总统特使阿里·马哈穆德(Ali Mahmoud)时坚决表示“支持巴基斯坦政府和人民为捍卫国家统一与领土完整所作出的一切努力。”参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665188,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 前中国外交部官员李达南在回忆文章中指出周恩来总理在接见随同布托访问的巴基斯坦记者时特别提到,“中国过去给巴基斯坦的军事援助是供国防用的,而不是打内战用的。”参见李达南:《周恩来与1971年印巴战争》,《党的文献》,2001年第2期,第7页。
5 12月7日晚上,在与法兰德的谈话中,布托谈到他的11月北京之行给他的最大感受是中国愿意无私援助巴基斯坦,但却不愿明确说明会在印度进犯巴基斯坦时直接出兵。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665668,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。 笔者认为在11月初,中国政府并未向巴方给予防务承诺。
1 News Week,November 8,1971.;S.R.Sharma,Bangladesh Crisis and India Foreign Policy,p.383.
2 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.252.
3 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.250.
4 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,pp.85-86.
5 Jagdev Singh,Dismemberment of Paksitan:1971 Indo-Paki War,p.79.
1 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,p.87.
1 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,pp.86-87.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665624,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
2 Sukhwant Singh,The Liberation of Bangladesh,p.128.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247110166597,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
1 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅱ,p.210.;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247110166587,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,P.215.印度内阁会议的决定在4日当晚,考尔与基廷的会谈中有充分反映。考尔指出依据印度政府的决定,部署在西线的印度军队的首要任务是在克什米尔和旁遮普边境地区抵御西巴军队的猛烈攻势。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247110166597,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665128,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
1 “Intelligence Assessment of the Situation between India and Pakistan,Central Intelligence Agency Intellegence Memorandum,Washington,December 9,1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK310055276,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665411,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 12月8日,在与基廷大使的谈话中,印度国防秘书K.B.罗尔(K.B.Lall)表示西巴军队在东巴的抵抗已经没有军事意义。其唯一出路就是放下武器,停止抵抗。这样做不仅可以使达卡和其他城市免遭血光之灾,而且,印度政府会依据《日内瓦公约》,善待停止抵抗的西巴官兵,并保证他们与比哈人,乃至在东孟加拉生活的西巴人的人身安全。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fires,1969-1974:India.Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665631,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
4 据美国军方情报显示拉瓦尔品第曾计划在11月22日-12月10日,通过不间断空运的形式向东巴输送4.5万政府军及弹药补给。但由于印度对西巴、东巴的空中封锁和巴空军自身能力所限,这一计划最终不了了之。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665171,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 据印度军方称,至12月9日,印空军战机击沉了100余艘运载巴军士兵,意图冲破印军封锁线,回援达卡的巴方大小船只,巴军依托河运实施的救援行动未能成功。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fiies,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665530,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
6 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665529,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
7 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Mierofilms:MF102020042471101665424,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
8 The Institute for Strategic Studies,The Mifitary Balance,1970-1971,London:Institute for Strategic Studies,1970,p.62;p.68.
1 N.Krishman,No Way But Surrender:An Account of the Indo-Pakistan War in the Bay of Bengal,1971,p.44.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.650.
3 12月4日,印度空军在对吉大港进行轰炸时误伤了停靠此处的美国货轮“俄亥俄”号(Buckeye State).当日晚些时候,美国政府向印度政府发出一份措辞强烈的外交照会,指责印度的空袭行为是对国际法基本准则的粗暴违犯。美国照会的文本可参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665261,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。印军对东巴境内目标的空袭行动也造成了大量东巴平民的伤亡。据达卡总领事斯皮瓦克(Spivack)致国务院的电文中称。他亲眼目睹了12月7日-9日,印度战机未加区分地对达卡市实施轰炸,达卡城区火光冲天,人员伤亡人数超过2百人。斯皮瓦克指责印军的行为是“夜幕笼罩下中的罪行”(Villainy by Night)。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665883-884,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。12月9日,印军投掷的一枚航空炸弹击中达卡市的一所孤儿院,至少造成150名儿童的死亡。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665547,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665753,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 Sukhwant Singh,Defence of the Western Border,New Delhi:Vikas,1981,pp.106-108.
1 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665623,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665530,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Fites,|969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665549,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 “Intelligence Report on the Indian-Paksitan Conflict including information on India Air Strikes on Karachi,Paksitan,Annex:Assessment of Bomb Damages to Oil Facilities Near Karachi,Central Intelligence Agency Intelligence Memorandum,Washington,9 December,197l”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100536795,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.597.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.602.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files.1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671340-341,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.610.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247110166541,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.620.
2 10月16日,“孟加拉临时政府”组建了由前巴基斯坦最高法院大法官阿布·塞义德·乔杜里(Abu Sayeed Choudhury)为团长的“孟加拉临时政府”驻联合国代表团。10月27日,乔杜里向联合国秘书长吴丹致信,要求联合国允许“孟加拉临时政府”代表以“观察员”的身份出席联合国会议。参见Sukumar Biswas,ed.,Bangladesh Liberation War-Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971,p.116.
3 Atum Kumar Singh,U.N.Security Council and Indo-Pak Conflicts,pp.89-94.
4The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247110166518,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.;Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅱ,p.433.
5 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅱ,p.441.
1 Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅱ,p.424
2 对于美国的提案,中国、日本、意大利、比利时、尼加拉瓜等11国表示赞成;英、法2国投弃权票;苏联和波兰投反对票。4日晚些时候,基辛格向尼克松汇报了当日安理会提案讨论的情况。基辛格认为当天会议争锋的焦点是如何看待并妥善处理停火撤军与东巴政治前途的关系,巴方强调立即停火,并及印度撤出所有“武装人员”(既包括印度军队,也包括孟加拉游击队),但回避东巴问题的政治解决。而印度和苏联则着重强调先行解决东巴的政治前途,再谈停火撤军.参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247110166512,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。 英、法两国对美国提案均持保留态度。4日会议结束后,英国外交部负责南亚事务的官员萨瑟兰(Sutherland)曾告之美国大使佐姆(Sohm),英国政府认为印度在这场战争中必胜无疑,孟加拉必将独立建国。在现实面前,安理会通过的任何有关撤军的决议都形同一纸空文,英国对撤军提案都将投弃权票。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665276,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。12月6日,法国针对印巴战争发表声明,重申了其在安理会上的基本立场。法国政府的观点与英国十分接近。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665278,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665293,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 基辛格指出:“我们支持叶海亚·汗可能并不是一种明智的选择。但是,如果我们现在垮下来,苏联就会因此不再尊重我们,中国也将瞧不起我们,其他国家也将得出相似的结论。”“我们应该清醒地认识到如果中国轻视我们在这场战争中的作用,那么我们为打通中美关系所做的一切努力都可能付之东流。而且,在与莫斯科打交道时,我们将不再有任何优势。”参见FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crjsis 1971,p.638;p.642
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665295,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.;Bangladesh Documents,Vol.Ⅱ,pp.459-462.
6 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665333,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665330-331,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665334,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 11月17日在与罗杰斯的会谈中,多勃雷宁表示他将于11月19日返回莫斯科,参加苏共中央全会。他估计返回华盛顿的时间将在12月底。其间外交事务的接洽将由代办沃龙佐夫负责。因此,印巴战争期间,美苏间的交涉和信息传递均由沃龙佐夫经手。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664596,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅣ:Soviet Union,1971.10-1972.5,.pp.60-61.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fires,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671713,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。有关英迪拉·甘地在国会人民院所作承认孟加拉建国的演讲全文参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665265-267,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
6 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.666-667.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665769-770,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏;.Arum Kumar Singh,U.N.Security Council and Indo-Pak Conflicts,p.109.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665767-768,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.672-673.
4 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Mierofilms:MF102020042471101665424,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665946,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665935,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667948-949,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667950,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671377,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
6 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.691.
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.696-698.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471361667937,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 战争期间,安卡拉坚决支持伊斯兰堡。12月7日,土耳其政府发表声明支持巴基斯坦抵抗印度的侵略,并表示将向伊斯兰堡提供“力所能及的援助”。声明文本参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665647,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏;12月7日,在美国驻德黑兰大使馆致国务院的电文中指出,印巴战争爆发之后,虽然巴列维国王申明支持巴基斯坦,但德黑兰对巴军事援助的态度远不及约旦、土尔其等国。考虑到地缘政治、处理与苏联的关系、以及伊朗空军的装备情况,巴列维国王并不打算向巴方提供战斗机。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665555-558,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
4 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.750.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666261,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
6 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665555-558,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
7 12月9日下午,在与美国驻沙特大使塔萨摩尔(Thacmer)的会晤中,沙特外交大臣萨卡夫(Saqqaf)明确阐述了沙特国王和政府对印巴战争的立场。萨卡夫指出作为穆斯林国家,沙特不会容忍同为穆斯林国家的巴基斯坦遭受外国侵略,沙特会“毫不犹豫地”提供军事援助。同时,他亦认为美国作为巴基斯坦的盟国,应该采取更加坚决的措施帮助巴基斯坦抵御外敌入侵。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:india-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665521-522,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
8 “Central Intelligence Agency,Intelligence Memorandum,India-Pakistan Situation Report,(As of 1200EST)16December,1971”,Natiohal Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.79:The Tilt:The U.S.and the South Asian Crisis of 1971,http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB42.pdf
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fites,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666261,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
2 “United States Embassy(Tehran),Cable,F-5 Aircraft to Pakistan,29 December,1971”,National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.79:The Tilt:The U.s.and the South Asian Crisis of 1971,http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB44.pdf
3 在这次谈话中,苏尔坦·汗以“米格-19”(Mig-19)指代中国,以“F-104”指代约旦。参见“United States Embassy(Islamabad)Cable,15 December 1971”,National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.79:The Tilt:The U.S.and the South Asian Crisis of 1971,http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB40.pdf
4 该条款原文如下:“在发生针对巴基斯坦的侵略时,美利坚合众国政府,在巴基斯坦政府的要求下,将按照美利坚合众国政府宪法、按照促进中东和平与稳定联合决议的规定,采取双方同意的、包括使用武装部队在内的适当行动给予援助。”参见Agreement of Cooperation Between The Govenment of Pakistan and The Government of The United States of America,in Muhammad Afraisab,U.S.Relations with South Asia(Since Christopher Columbus)and Pakistan—India Interaction[1492—2002],p.524.
5 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247110166524-25,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670572,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。正文中提及的,有关美国对巴基斯坦安全承诺的记录文本可参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670576-583,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670572,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670601,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fites,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670602,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471691670607,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1[美]亨利·基辛格著,杨静予等译:《白宫岁月》(三),第1141页。
2 在得知叶海亚·汗信件的主要内容后,12月2日当天,尼克松在与基辛格的电话通话中即表示美国政府应当履行1959年双边条约的条文规定。参见 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.606.
3 “Trannscript of Telephone Conversation Between The President Assistant for National Security Afffairs (Kissinger)and The Paksitan Ambassador(Raza),Washington,8 December,1971,2:47 P.M.“,FRUS,1969-1976,E-7:Documents on South Asia,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents /organization/48101.pdf
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.708.国家安全委员会官员哈姆特·索南费尔特(Helmut Sonnenfeldt)的观点与基辛格显著不同。12月9日,在至基辛格的一份备忘录中,索南费尔特认为勃列日涅夫的回信语气平和,力图避免美苏关系发生直接碰撞。但他同时指出在印度已经对“孟加拉临时政府”予以外交承认的情况下,西巴与东巴的和谈能否有美国所预期的成效将被打上一个大大的问号。“我认为当东巴全境将被印度占领之时,叶海亚·汗是不会与任何东巴代表谈判的;同样,在胜利在望之际,东巴也不会在乎与叶海亚·汗的谈判。”为此,索南费尔特认为美国政府的立场应当保持强硬,坚持停火与撤军同时被满足的解决方案;敦促莫斯科在舆论和行动上对新德里施加政治压力。参见FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅣ:soviet Union,1971.10-1972.5,pp.68-69.
2 华盛顿时间12月3日上午7时45分,当得知印巴开战的消息后,尼克松在电话中对基辛格说到:“苏联人对1939年苏芬战争爆发的说辞是他们遭受了芬兰人的进攻,这种说法实在荒谬可笑,现在,英迪拉·甘地又在不知羞耻地玩弄同样的把戏。”参见FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.594.
1 “Transcript of Telephone Conversation between Secretary of the Treasury Connally and the President Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger),Washington,5 December,1971”,FRUS,1969-1976,E-7:Documents on South Asia,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/48096.pdf
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakisatan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671722,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Palastan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671723,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666238,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.676.
1 Bimal Parsad,ed.,Indo-Soviet Relations,1947-1971:A Documentary Study,p.425.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665125,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF1020200424711016659,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665337,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665749,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
6 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665518,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
7 11月17日在与多勃雷宁的会谈过程中,罗杰斯直截了当地指出苏联向印度的武器运输对次大陆局势的缓解“毫无帮助”,并要求苏联政府立即关闭对印度的武器运输线。但多勃雷宁则辩解到武器输送的规模相当小,根本不会大幅提升印度军队的战斗力。美国获悉的消息受到新闻媒体的大肆渲染,夸大其辞。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fites,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471021664597,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
8 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,p.243.
1 S.R.Sharma,Bangladesh Crisis and India Foreign Policy,p.306.
2 “Intelligence Assessment of the Situation between India and Pakistan,Central Intelligence Agency Intellegence Memorandum,Washington,December 9,1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK310055276,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fites,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665523-524,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,P.264.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671726-728,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665651,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 在撰写论文的过程中,笔者在名为“印度战略与防务前线”(Frontier India Strategic and Defence)的网站上发现了一则标题为“印度内阁中的CIA间谍阻止了巴基斯坦的灭亡”(CIA spy in Indian Cabinet prevented Pakistan'annihilation)的书评(发表日期为2008年12月19日)。该书评的评论对象是印度学者阿努吉·达哈(Anuj Dhar)在2008年出版的新著《中央情报局对南亚的窥探》(CIA's Eye on South Aisa,New Delhi:Manas Publications,2008).该书中大量引用中情局的解密档案对美国在冷战时期印度和次大陆的隐秘行动进行了披露,但该书新近出版,笔者暂未得到该书。所以,引注这一书评中有关1971年印巴战争中的相关内容。书评指出“12月6日,英迪拉·甘地跟前的一个重要情报源向CIA泄露了印度的‘战争目标'。而当白宫获知这一情报后一片哗然。这位内线的情报直接促使了尼克松政府极力阻止印度可能对西巴实施的大规模攻击。出动‘企业'号航母特遣编队实际上是CIA获悉情报的一个副产品。”达哈认为来自美印双方的文献说明1971年时,CIA确实安插了“鼹鼠”在印度内阁高层。出于保护情报来源的目的,档案中这名“鼹鼠”的名字被删除。参见http://frontierindia.net/cia-spy-in-indian-cabinet-prevented-pakistans-annihilation#more-3124::victory笔者在查阅《美国对外关系文件集》时发现了一则与之相关的史料。 1972年10月5日,斯瓦兰·辛格在与罗杰斯会谈时所说的话“CIA通过一些隐秘渠道与印度内阁的一些高层人士接触,我们已经知道国会工作委员会的会议记录在会议过程中就泄露给了华盛顿。”参见“Telegram 3739 from Secretary of State Rogers to the Department of State,New York,October 6,1972,2300Z”,FRUS 1969·1976,E-7:Documents of the South Asia Crisis,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/48308.pdf笔者认为上述资料从一个侧面证实了中情局获悉情报的真实性。
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.686-687.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.694.
3 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.697.
1 “Memorandum prepared in the Central Intelligence Agency,Washinton,9 December,1971”,FRUS,1969-1976,E-7:Documents on South Asia,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents /organization/47989.pdf.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.716.
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.718-719.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.712.
3 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,pp.722-723.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665974,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 Jack Anderson and George Clifford,Anderson Papers,New York:Ballantine Books,1973,P.264.
2 对此问题的分析可参见Jack Anderson and George Clifford,Anderson Papers,pp.259-267.;Sucheta Ghosh,The Role of India in The Emergence of Bangladesh,pp.226-227,;Robert Jackson,South Asian Crisis:India,Pakistan and Bangladesh-A Political and Historical Analysis of The 1971 War,pp.139-140.
3 Jack Anderson and George Clifford,Anderson Papers,pp.259-267.
4 有关对美国总统与国会在宣战权力上的分歧与争夺,以及国会战争权力演变的详尽阐述看参见周琪主编:《国会与美国对外政策》,上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2006年版,第110-115页。依据已有研究成果,笔者认为尼克松作出派遣第74号特遣编队开赴孟加拉湾是白宫规避宣战权的一种表现,首先采取军事行动,再迫使国会承认既成事实。这从一个侧面说明,在南亚危机问题上,白宫与国会山的巨大分歧。
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665509,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 有关东线战场第二周的战争进程的详尽叙述可参见Sukhwant Singh,The Liberation of Bangladesh,pp.130-202.;A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,pp.138-189.;Jagdev Singh,Dismemberment of Paksitan:1971 Indo-Paki War,pp.127-193.
2 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,pp.138-189.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247144166847-52,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2“Central Intelligence Agency Intelligence Information Cable TDCS14/1330801,Washington,December 13,1971”,FRUS,1969-1976,E-7:Documents on South Asia,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47958.pdf.
1 据尼兹回忆,事后他曾当面询问马立克此事,但马立克亲口对他说12月7日并未致信叶海亚·汗。参见A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,pp.175-176.
2 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,pp.175-176.
3 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,p.177.
4 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,p.177.
5 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,p.179.
6 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,pp.181-182.
1 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,P.182.;美国档案文献中的记载与尼兹的叙述有出入。在保罗·亨利随后与美方官员接触时,表示法曼·阿里亲口对他说这份停火协议是经过叶海亚·汗总统同意的。The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665894-895,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。联系事情的前因后果,笔者认为尼兹的叙述是可信的,而法曼·阿里对保罗·亨利所说的话实属先斩后奏之举。
2 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,p.184.对于尼兹与法曼·阿里的不同观点。斯皮瓦克有深刻地阐述。在12月14日,致国务院的电文中,斯皮瓦克指出。“法曼·阿里对局势已经不报幻想,通过采取自己认为有效的方式避免西巴军队的灭顶之灾;而尼兹更像一名颇具军事浪漫主义气息的果敢战士,不成功,变成仁。”参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666542,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665894,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅹ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.739.
5 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House & Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,pp.464-465.
1 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665904-905,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,pp.184-185.
3 在拉瓦尔品第当地时间12月7日晚与法兰德的谈话中,布托明确表示结束战争有两个要素:印巴双方停火和从对方领土撤军。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671365,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471771671363-364,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665832,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
6 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665836,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
7 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Fites,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665917,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
8 新方案的内容为:“首先提交一份要求在东西两线实现停火的提案;若该提案被安理会采纳,则华盛顿支持伊斯兰堡和穆吉布纳嘎重开政治谈判。”参见FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.767
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666177-178,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon Natiohal Security Fites,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247128166684,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247128166669,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF10202004247128166693,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。 12月12日,在与西斯科会晤时,杰哈表示印度政府“严正关切美国核动力航空母舰在印度洋的活动,并强烈质疑出动航母的日的是否确入华盛顿所言是疏散滞留东孟加拉的美国公民。”杰哈认为美国的强力行动是在向印度示威,并为对“今后印美关系的发展制造障碍。”参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666521,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fites,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665853,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
6 Sukhwant Singh,The Liberation of Bangladesh,pp.221-222.;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666576,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666547,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,p.187;根据美国档案记载,14日当天,在与法兰德的谈话中,苏尔坦·汗明确告之叶海亚·汗总统已经授权尼兹停止抵抗。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666251,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,p.189.
4 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,pp.189-190.;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666586-587,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,pp.190-191.;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666482-483,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,p.191.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666359-360,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666458-459,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666419,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 Richard Sisson and Leo E.Rose,War and Secession-Pakistan,India,and The Creation of Bangladesh,pp.306-307.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666856,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.;Herbert Feldman,The End And The Beginning:Pakistan 1969-1971,pp.187-189.
4 “Weekly Summary:Bhutto takes over as President of Pakistan,Central Intelligence Agency,December 23.1971”,DDRS,Document Number:CK3100331069,available at http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
1 12月10日上午11时59分,基辛格召见沃龙佐夫,将1962年11月5日美国大使向巴基斯坦政府递交的备忘录当场念给沃龙佐夫听,表明美国将会在巴基斯坦遭受侵略时,兑现对巴基斯坦的安全承诺。基辛格以冷峻的语气对沃龙佐夫说到:“希望你知道这个备忘录在现实条件下的份量有多重。”在基辛格强势态度之下,沃龙佐夫感到局势严峻,保证将立即向莫斯科汇报来自华盛顿的最新消息。参见FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅣ:Soviet Union,1971.10-1972.5,p.72.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,VolⅩⅦ:China,1969-1972,pp.608-620.;“Lord to Kissinger,December 15,1971,enclosing memcon of Kissinger-Huang hua Meeting,December 10,1971”,National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.70:Negotiating U.S.-Chinese Rappochement:New Amercian and Chmese Documention Leading up to Nixon's 1972 trip,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB70/doc23.pdf.
3 据美国驻香港总领事馆致国务院的分析报告中透露,11月24 日和29日,中国总理周恩来、副总理李先念分别发表讲话,谴责印度政府意图使用军事手段“颠覆”巴基斯坦政府,“破坏巴基斯坦国家统一”。参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665181,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 《人民日报》,1971年12月4日
2 Arum Kumar Singh,U.N.Security Council and Indo-Pak Conflicts,p.105.;黄华:《亲历与见闻——黄华回忆录》,北京:世界知识出版社,2007年版,第189页。
3 《人民日报》,1971年12月6日
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India—Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665520,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
5 FRUS 1969-1976,VolⅩⅦ:China,1969-1972,P.616.
1 美国驻香港总领事馆敏锐地捕捉到中国政府在战争全面爆发之前和之后的政策表述辞令之不同,并在12月6日致国务院的电文中加以强调。同时,电文亦指出中国官方政策表述中只字未提印度对巴基斯坦的侵略对中国的国家安全造成威胁,这说明北京不太可能直接出兵干涉。参见The Richard M.Nixo National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665299,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 《人民日报》,1971年12月17日。
3 “Conversation between President Nixon and his Assistan for National Security Affairs(Kissinger),Washington,12 December,1971,10:27A.M.-10:37A.M.“,FRUS,1969-1976,E-7:Documents on South Asia,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/48545.pdf.
1[美]亨利·基辛格著,杨静予等译:《白宫岁月》(三),第1158页。
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.785.
3[美]亨利·基辛格著,杨静予等译:《白宫岁月》(三),第1157页。
1 笔者查阅中国军方资料之后认为中情局情报评估中所提到的部署在成都的轰炸机型号有误。根据中国官方军事资料记载,1971年间,中国空军轰炸机部队的主力机种是仿苏联“伊尔-28”轻型轰炸机的轰-5亚音速短程战术轰炸机。该机最大平飞速度为902公里,航程2080公里,战斗活动半径为530公里,正常载弹量1000公斤。而仿制苏联“图-16”中程轰炸机的轰-6高亚音速战略轰炸机于1969年开始装备部队。该机最大平飞速度为1014公里,航程5760公里,战斗活动半径为2190公里,正常载弹量9000公斤。轰-6的列装部队使人民解放军的空中打击力量延伸至内陆和领海的大部分区域。但是,“文化大革命”使轰-6的批量生产处于半瘫痪状态,年产量不到10架。到1972年,中国空军装备的轰-6不足所有轰炸机总数的10%。参见李可、郝生章:《文化大革命中的人民解放军》,北京:中共党史资料出版社,1989年版,第298-299页。依据以上军事资料,1971年中国空军各型轰炸机总架数约为150架,而已列装部队的轰-6不会超过15架。此外,美国中央情报局出台的题为“对共产党中国常规部队和防空部队的评估”的国家情报评估第13-3-70(NIE13-3-70)号文件中指出“我们认为苏联的图-16喷气式中型轰炸机可能在1968年开始在陕西省西安市近郊的阎良飞机制造厂进行生产。到现在可能已经生产了大约10架。并且生产率逐步提高,到1971年末达到了每月生产大约4到5架的水平。这种飞机初始作战部署已经开始。中国可能会把图-16作为运输核武器的主要工具。”参见National Intelligence Council,Tracking the Dragon:National Intelligence Estimate on China During the Era of Mao,1948-1976,Washington,D.C.:Government Printing Office,2004,p.348.因此,正文中所引用的情报评估中所称“30架”一说值得商榷,同时,笔者认为中国空军缺乏大纵深的空中打击手段也是制约中国对印度采取大规模军事行动的重要因素。
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665724,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471101665725-726,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Fites,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471511669714,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471511669716,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 “Defense Intelligence Agency Intelligence Appraisal,Communist China'S Capability to support Pakistan,9December,1971”,National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.79:“The Tilt:The U.S.and the South Asian Crisis of 1971”,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB35.pdf
3 上午10时零5分,沃龙佐夫打来电话告之莫斯科的正式答复已在传输途中,并强调“经与新德里的正式协商和英迪拉·甘地总理的私下交谈,我们已经得到新德里的保证:对于西巴,印度没有军事占领的任何企图。”
4 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅣ:Soviet Union,1971.10-1972.5,p.75.
5 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.789.
6 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅣ:Soviet Union,1971.10-1972.5,p.75.
7 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅣ:Soviet Union,1971.10-1972.5,pp.75-76.
1 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666112-113,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 “Central Intelligence Agency Information Cable,TDCS15/0761201,Washington,December 15,1971”,FRUS,1969-1976,E-7:Documgnts on South Asia,1969-1972,available at http://www.state.gov/documents /organization/47959.pdf.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666254,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅣ:Soviet Union,1971.10-1972.5,p.76.
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅣ:Soviet Union,1971.10-1972.5,p.77.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅣ:Soviet Union,1971.10-1972.5,p.77.
3 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅣ:Soviet Union,1971.10-1972.5,pp.78-79.
4 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅣ:Soviet Union,1971.10-1972.5,p.82.
5 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis 1971,p.831.
1 A.A.K.Niazi,The Betray of East Pakistan,p.227.;The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666379,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
2 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666264,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏。有关印度政府宣布在西线停火的文本参见The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666356,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
3 The Richard M.Nixon National Security Files,1969-1974:India-Pakistan War of 1971,Microfilms:MF102020042471281666376,华东师范大学冷战国际史研究中心藏.
4 Arum Kumar Singh,U.N.Security Council and Indo-Pak Conflicts,p.134.
5[美]亨利·基辛格著,杨静予等译:《白宫岁月》(三),第1163页。
1[美]罗伯特·阿特著,郭树勇译:《美国大战略》,北京:北京大学出版杜,2005年中文版,第29页。
2[美]洛厄尔·迪特默:《战略三角:竞赛理论分析》,时事出版社选编:《中美苏战略三角》,北京:时事出版社,1988年版,第105页。
3 夏立平:《当代国际关系中的三角关系:超越均势理念》,《世界经济与政治》,2002年第1期,第17页。
4 学界对于美、苏、中战略大三角的争议包括:是否存在大三角关系;大三角的内涵界定以及大三角的形成时间、存在时限。参见孙德刚,张守柱:《美苏中三角关系述评:1972-1989》,《江西教育学院学报》,2003年第1期。
1 李丹慧:《打开中美关系进程中的周恩来——来自尼克松外交档案的新证据》,《冷战国际史研究》(Ⅵ),北京:世界知识出版社,2008年版,第169页。
2 1971年南亚危机之后,苏联一方面开展强大的舆论攻势,攻击中国;另一方面,加强了在中苏边境的军事力量,形成对中国巨大的军事压力。参见《苏联共产党第二十五次代表大会主要文件汇编》,北京:三联书店,1977年中文版;[美]罗德里克·麦克法考尔、费正清主编,金光耀等译:《剑桥中华人民共和国史(1966-1982)》,上海:上海人民出版社,1992年中文版,第325-340页。
3 《人民日报》,1972年2月22日。
1 FRUS 1969-1976 Vol.ⅩⅦ:China 1969-1972,p.702.
2 FRUS 1969-1976 Vol.ⅩⅦ:China 1969-1972,p.736.
3 “Memorandum of Conversation,23 February 1972,9:35 a.m.”,Natiohal Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.145:New Documentary Reveals Secret U.S.-Chinese Diplomacy Behind Nixon'Trip,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarehiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB145/10.pdf
4 冬梅选编:《中美关系资料选编(1971.7-1981.7)》,北京:时事出版社,1982年版,第7页。
5 FRUS 1969-1976 Vol.ⅩⅦ:China 1969-1972,p.767.
6 FRUS 1969-1976 Vol.ⅩⅦ:China 1969-1972,p.768.
1 FRUS 1969-1976 Vol.ⅩⅦ:China 1969-1972,p.823.
2 对于中国在大三角中究竟处于何种地位,扮演怎样一个角色,学界有两种观点。刘金质教授认为在大三角关系中,中国的力量是很有限的,不能对美苏的外交以及他们之间的关系发展产生重大影响。夸大中国在三角关系中的地位与作用是不切实际,并且有害的。参见刘金质:《冷战史》(中),北京:世界知识出版社,2003年版,第839页。而夏立平教授则认为中国在大三角中处于主动和有利的地位,能够发挥“四两拨千斤”的作用。参见夏立平:《当代国际关系中的三角关系:超越均势理念》,《世界经济与政治》,2002年第1期,第19页。笔者认为由于国力、国际地位等诸多方面的因素,中国在大三角中的外交折冲和回旋空间是较为有限的,主要扮演的是一个弱的平衡者角色,但在特定时期,针对特定议题,中国的作用会有所展现。
1[印]拉詹·梅农:《苏印的军事关系和安全关系》,[美]罗伯特·唐纳森主编,任泉、刘芝田译:《苏联在第三世界的得失》,北京:世界知识出版社,1985年中文版,第233-235页。
1 Roedad Khan ed.,The American Papers(Secret and Confidential)India—Pakistan—Bangladesh Documents,1965-1973,p.839.
2 Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:Disenchanted Allies,p.209.
3 Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan.1947-2000:Disenchanted Allies,p.218.
4[美]詹姆斯·多尔蒂,小罗伯特·普法尔茨格拉夫著,阎学通,陈寒溪译:《争论中的国际关系理论》(第五版),北京:世界知识出版社,2003年中文版。第47页。
1 Ranjana Arora,eds.,50 Years of Indo-Pakistan Relations,Vol.Ⅲ,New Delhi:Deep & Deep Publications,1998,pp.512-513.
1 R.C.Gupta,U.S.Policy Towards India and Pakistan,New Delhi:D.K.Publishers,1977,Appendix R,pp.173-175.
2 A.K.Nazmul.Karim,The Dynamics of Bangladesh Society,New Delhi:Vikas,1980,p.236.
3 北京大学亚非研究所编辑:《亚非问题参考资料》,第33期,1977年3月,第104页。
1 “Central Intelligence Agency,‘India[Redacted],'Central Intelligence Bulletin,May 20,1974”,National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.187:U.S.Intelligence and the Indian Bomb:Documents show U.S.Intelligence failed to warn of India's Nuclear Tests despite Tracking Nuclear Weapons Potential since 1950s,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB187/IN17.pdf
2 Savita Pande,Pakistan's Nuclear Policy,New Delhi:B.R.Publisher Crop.,1991,p.32.
3 Rajesh M.Basrur,South Asia's Cold War—Nuclear Weapons and Conflict in Comparative Perspective,New York:Routledge,2008,p.57.
1 Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:Disenchanted Allies,p.245.
2 Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:Disenchanted Allies,p.248.
3 Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:Disenchanted Allies,p.253.
4 Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:Disenchanted Allies,p.263.
5 Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:Disenchanted Allies,p.259.
1 “Secretary of State Cyrus Vance to National Security Assistant Zbigniew Brzezinski,‘Nuclear Safeguards-Pakistan,South Africa,China,'14 July 1977”,National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.114:China,Pakistan,and the Bomb:The Declassified File on U.S.Policy,1977-1997,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB114/chinapak-4.pdf
2 Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:Disenchanted Allies,p.241.
3 “U.S.State Department,‘The Pakistani Nuclear Program',22 Jul1983”,National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.114:China,Pakistan.and the Bomb:The Declassified File on U.S.Poticy,1977-1997,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarehiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB114/chinapak-11.pdf
4 Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:Disenchanted Allies,p.283.
5 有关美国对印度发展核武器的基本态度、采取的对策措施可参见 美国国家安全档案馆辑选的解密档案汇编“美国情报界与印度的核武器发展”(U.S.Intelligence and the Indian Bomb).参见National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.187:U.S.Intelligence and the Indian Bomb:Documents show U.S.Intelligence failed to warn of India's Nuclear Tests despite Tracking Nuclear Weapons Potential since 1950s,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB187
1 有关危机研究的代表性著作包括:Charles F.Hermann ed.,International Crises:Insights from Behavioral Research,New York:Fress Press,1972;Coral Bell,The Conventions of Crisis:A Study in Diplomatic Management,London:Oxford University Press,1971;Graham Allison,The essence of decision:Explaining the Cuban Missile Ciris,Boston:Little Brown,1971;Glen H.Synder and Paul Diesing,Conflict among Nations:Bargaining,Decision-Making,and System Structure in International Crises,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1977;Richard Ned Leblow,Between Peace and War:The Nature of International Crises,Baltimore,M.D.:John Hopkins University Press,1981;James L.Richardson,Crisis Diplomacy:The Great Powers since the Mid-Nineteenth Century,Cambridge:Cambridge Unviersity Press,1994.
2 Charles F.Hermann,ed,International Crises:Insights from Behavioral Research,New York:Fress Press,1972,p.13.
3 Michael Brecher,“State Behavior in International Cirsis”,Journal of Conflict Resolution,Vol.23.,1979,p.447.
1 以上三个特点即为赫尔曼所举证的“对决策单位认定的高度优先目标的威胁”(threatens high-priority goals of the decision-making unit);“作出正式决定的反应时间有限”(restricts the amount of time available for response before the decision is transformed):“危机的突然发生使决策者感到惊异”(surprises the members of the decision-making unit by its occurrence)。参见Charles F.Hermann,ed.,International Crises:Insights from Behavioral Research,p.13.
2 本杰明·米尔教授认为“国家-民族平衡”(The States-to-Nation-Balance)关系是关系到一个特定地域战争与和平,危机与冲突发生频率的决定性动态变量关系。其中既包括领土疆域划分、国家构成与国家建设、国家实力等与地区冲突、战争爆发密切相关的物质因素,也包括狂热的民族主义情绪、修正主义式的领土要求、竞争性的国家意识形态等促成地区冲突、战争爆发的政治心理因素。在《国家、民族与大国:地区战争与和平的根源》一书中,米尔教授运用这一分析模式对中东、巴尔干、南美以及1945年之后西欧的安全态势进行分析。参见Benjamin Miller,States,Nations,and the Great Powers:The Sources ofRegional War and Peace,Cambridge:Canbridge University Press,2007.笔者认为这一分析模式同样适用于南亚地区。
3 Benjamin Miller,States,Nations,and the Great Powers:The Sources ofRegional War and Peace,pp.18-19.
1[美]阿尔蒙德、小鲍威尔著,曹沛霖译:《比较政治学:体系过程与政策》。上海:上海译文出版社,1987年中文版,第27页。
1 国际学界有关亚非拉国家军人涉政与军人政权研究的代表著作可参见Bengt Abrahamsson,Military Professionalism and Policitcal Power,Beverly Hills:Sage Poblications,1972;Morris Janowitz,The Military in the Political Development of New Nations,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1964;Fidel Kenneth,ed.,Militarism in Developing Countries,New Brunswick:Transaction Books Inc.,1975;Miles D.Wolpin,Militarism and Social Revolution in the Third World,Allanheld:Osmun Books Inc.,1981.
2[美]亨廷顿著,张岱云译:《变动社会的政治秩序》,上海:上海译文出版社,1989年中文版,第219页。
3 Veena Kukreja,Military Intervention in Politics:A Case Study of Pakistan,New Delhi:NBO Publishers,1985,p..98.
1 国际政治研究中的“干涉”(Intervention)有多种界定。国际关系研究“英国学派”的领军人物马丁·怀特指出“干涉可以界定为一个或不止一个国家对另一个国家事务强行进行的暴力干预。”严格来讲,干涉是指尚未导致战争的胁迫行为。“干涉国并未打算立即诉诸战争,它可能实际上旨在避免战争,但却随时准备应战。如果干涉对象选择抵抗,或其他国家采取反干涉行动,那么结果可能是战争。因此,干涉始终是专断蛮横的,它涉及武力胁迫,即便没有实际使用武力。它与外交抗议、调解或主动给予友好援助有着明显区别。”参见[英]马丁·怀特著,[英]赫德利·布尔、卡斯滕·霍尔布莱德编,宋爱群译:《权力政治》,北京:世界知识出版社,2004年中文版,第51;第37;第132页。美国著名学者小约瑟夫·奈认为,干涉最为宽泛的定义是指影响另一个主权国家内部事务的外部行为,而较而狭窄的定义是指对另一个国家的内部事务进行强迫性的干预,他根据强弱程度的变化将干涉分为发表讲话、进行广播、提供经济援助、派遣军事顾问、支持反对派、封锁、有限军事行动和军事入侵等层次。对于“军事干涉”,小约瑟夫·奈则指出,“我们一般(种族灭绝的情况除外)应当避免使用武力,除非我们的人道主义利益还因为有国家利益而更加突出,否则我们大概不会有必要的持久力。”参见[美]小约瑟夫·奈著,张小明译:《理解国际冲突——理论与历史》,上海:上海世纪出版集团,2002年中文版,第225-227页。相比之下,国际冷战研究的著名学者文安立(Odd Arne Westrad)对“干涉”的界定则显得有些简单化,他认为“干涉”是“由一个国家的领导人具体地决定另一个国家的政治方向。”参见Odd Arne Westad,The Global Cold War:Third World Intervention and the Making of Our Times,Cambridge:Cambrigde University Press,2005.p3. 刘鸣:《国际体系;历史演进与理论的解读》,北京:中共中央党校出版社,2006年版,第297页。
2 “间接路线”战略是由英国最富盛名的战略思想家利德尔·哈特最先提出。他认为从谋求获胜的基本策略方法看,如果主要依靠军事力量,采取与对手进行直接的正面交锋和军事对抗来夺取胜利,这就是“直接战略”;如果是避其锋芒,动员国家的综合实力并强调非军事对抗的重要性,以迂回之方式夺取对敌胜利,这种战略思维模式即为“间接路线”战略或“间接战略”。随着时代的发展,“间接路线”战略的适用范围在不断扩大,已经由一种纯粹的军事战略思维上升为一种重要的国家大战略思维模式。有关“间接路线”战略的精彩论述可参见[英]利德尔·哈特著,中国人民解放军军事科学院译:《战略论:间接路线战略》,北京:战士出版社,1981年中文版。
1 准联盟(Quasi-Alliance)是国际关系中广泛存在的一种特殊安全合作关系。孙德刚博士指出准联盟具有同正式联盟不同的鲜明特征,包括:第一、准联盟的成员不仅包括主权国家,还包括其他政治实体;第二、准联盟关系不以正式的盟约为基础,其构建首先是双方或多方领导人内心相互期望(Mutural Expectation)和心照不宣(Tacit Agreement)关系的形成;第三、准联盟成员之间没有履行盟约的义务:第四、准联盟行为体之间往往存在重大矛盾,安全威胁或发展利益多是交叉或互补的;第五、准联盟的载体是非正式的协定、联合公报等,甚至是《联合国宪章》规定的精神,准盟友对于彼此究竟应当承担多少义务并不清楚,对于彼此形成的默契能否持久常常表现出猜疑。尼克松时期,中美两国在安全领域的共同关切和利益层面的共同追求是建构准联盟关系的基础。参见孙德刚:《多元平衡与“准联盟”理论研究》,北京:时事出版社,2007年版,第72-74页;第244页。
2 “Minutes of the Washinton Speical Action Group Meeting of 4 December,1971”,cited in Robert Jackson,South Asian Crisis:India,Pakistan and Bangladesh-A Political and Historical Analysis of The 1971 War,p.217.;Marta Nicholas,complied,Bangladesh:The Brith of A Nation:A Hangbook of Background Information and Documentanry Sources,Madras:M.Seshachlam and Compancy,1972,p.119.《美国外交文件》南亚危机卷中隐去了基辛格的这句话。参见FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.Ⅺ:South Asia Crisis,1971,pp.620-627. 印度对巴基斯坦的军事侵犯。”因此,美国政府将继续坚持他本人在北京与周恩来总理会谈时所表明的支持巴基斯坦,反对印度侵略的立场。基辛格向黄华表示若安理会召开会议讨论次大陆战争问题,美国政府希望与中国沟通协调,反对印度的侵略行径和苏联的幕后操纵。参见FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅦ:China 1969-1972,pp.596-597.;“Lord to Kissinger,‘Your Nivember 23 Night Meeting',29 November,1971,enclosing memcon of Kissinger-Huang hua Meeting”,National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.70:Negotiating U.S.-Chinese Rappochement:New Amercian and Chinese Documention Leading up to Nixon's 1972trip,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB70/doc22.pdf.
1 F.S.Aijazuddin,ed.White House &Pakistan:Secret Declassified Documents,1969-1974,p.497.
2 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅣ:Soviet Union,1971.10-1972.5,p.98.
1 FRUS 1969-1976,Vol.ⅩⅣ:Soviet Union,1971.10-1972.5,p.99.
2 尼克松对“连环套”的解释如下:“既然世界上两个竞争的核超级大国美国和苏联的利益是如此广泛和重叠交叉,所以把有关的领域分割对待的方针是不现实的。因此,我决定把苏联所关心的诸如限制战略武器和增进贸易等领域的进展与对我们极为重要的越南、中东和柏林等领域的进展联系起来,这个概念后来成为众所周知的‘连环套'。”参见[美]理查德·尼克松著,伍任译:《尼克松回忆录》(上),北京:世界知识出版社,2001年中文版,第447页。对于“连环套”政策,学界也经常冠之以“联系”战略或“联系”政策。基辛格深信“(如果)在甲地有危机或对峙冲突,(而)在乙地却又真实合作,不能长久并存。”超级大国的关系若要真正取得进展的话,就必须在广泛的问题上达成共识。而政治家的主要职责就是要找到各种问题之间的内在联系,并把这种联系转化为一种权力,即“利用一个对象作为影响另一个(对象)的平衡手段。”有关基辛格对“联系”政策的阐述可参见[美]亨利·基辛格著,顾淑罄,林添贵译:《大外交》,海口:海南出版社,1988年中文版,第660-663页。
1 美国政府在战争结束后,并未要求印度政府向巴基斯坦政府归还在战争期间获取的巴控克什米尔地区领土。
1[美]约翰·加迪斯著,时殷弘、李庆四、樊吉社译:《遏制战略:战后美国国家安全政策评析》,北京:世界知识出版社,2005,第348页。
1 Odd Arne Westad,The Global Cold War:Third World Intervention and the Making of Our Times,p.396.
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2、“解密文件参考系统”(Deelassified Documents Reference System,简称DDRS),http:galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS?locID=ecnu
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4、National Seeurity Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.66:The Beijing-Washington Back-Channel and Hernry Kissinger's Secret Trip to China,September 1970-July 1971,available at http://www.gwu.edu/～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB66/
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1、[巴]阿尔塔夫·高哈著,邓俊秉译:《阿尤布·汗——巴基斯坦首位军人统治者》,北京:世界知识出版社,2002年中文版
2、[美]阿尔蒙德、小鲍威尔著,曹沛霖译:《比较政治学:体系过程与政策》。上海:上海译文出版社,1987年中文版
3、[法]安德烈·博福尔著,中国人民解放军军事科学院外国军事研究部译:《战略入门》,北京:军事科学出版社,1989年中文版
4、北京太平洋国际战略研究所:《应对危机—美国国家安全决策机制》,北京:时事出版社,2001年版
5、蔡佳禾:《双重遏制—艾森豪威尔政府的东亚政策》,南京:南京大学出版社,2000年版
6、谌焕义:《英国工党与印巴分治》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2003年版
7、[日]衫田一次著,军事科学院外国军事研究部译:《从兵要地志看中苏战争》,北京:战士出版社,1983中文版
8、[美]德瑞克·李波厄特著,郭学堂,潘忠岐,孙小林译:《五十年伤痕:美国的冷战历史观与世界》(上、下),上海:三联书店,2008年中文版
9、[美]弗农·沃尔特斯著,尤勰、朱州、胡晓译:《秘密使命》,北京:世界知识出版社,1980年中文版
10、高鲲、张敏秋主编:《南亚政治经济发展研究》,北京:北京大学出版社,1995年版
11、韩召颖编著:《美国政治与对外政策》,天津:天津人民出版社,2007年版
12、[英]赫德利·布尔著,张小明译:《无政府社会:世界政治秩序研究》(第2版),北京:世界知识出版社,2003年中文版
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14、[美]亨利·基辛格著,顾淑罄,林添贵译:《大外交》,海口:海南出版社,1988年中文版
15、[美]亨利·基辛格著,杨静予等译:《白宫岁月》(三),北京:世界知识出版社,2003年中文版
16、黄华:《回忆与亲历—黄华回忆录》,北京:世界知识出版社,2007年版
17、黄正柏:《美苏冷战争霸史》,武汉:华中师范大学出版社,1997年版
18、[美]加尔布雷思著,祁阿红、王喜六等译:《我们时代的生活:加尔布雷思回忆录》,南京:江苏人民出版社,1990年中文版
19、[英]理查德·克罗卡特著,王振西主译:《50年战争》,北京:新华出版社,2003年中文版
20、[美]理查德·尼克松著,常铮译:《真正的战争》,北京:新华出版社,1980年中文版
21、[美]理查德·尼克松著,王观声译:《1999不战而胜》,北京:世界知识出版社,1989年中文版
22、[美]理查德·尼克松著,伍任译:《尼克松回忆录》(上),北京:世界知识出版社,2000年中文版
23、[英]利德尔·哈特著,中国人民解放军军事科学院译:《战略论:间接路线战略》,北京:战士出版社,1981年中文版
24、李景治、罗天虹等著:《国际战略学》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2003年版
25、刘金质:《冷战史》(3卷本),北京:世界知识出版社,2003年版
26、[美]罗德里克·麦克法考尔、费正清主编,金光耀等译:《剑桥中华人民共和国史(1966-1982)》,上海:上海人民出版社1992年中文版
27、[美]罗伯特·唐纳森主编,任泉、刘芝田译:《苏联在第三世界的得失》,北京:世界知识出版社,1985年中文版
28、[美]罗伯特·阿特著,郭树勇译:《美国大战略》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年中文版
29、[英]米勒、波格丹诺著,邓正来等译:《布莱克维尔政治学百科全书》,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1992年中文版
30、钮先钟:《战略研究》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2003年版
31、[美]塞利格·哈里逊著,金婉如,王宝玉等译:《扩大中的鸿沟:亚洲民族主义和美国政策》,北京:中国社会科学文献出版社,1984年中文版
32、[美]斯蒂芬·科亨著,刘满贵、宋金品译:《孔雀与大象——解读印度大战略》,北京:新华出版社,2002年中文版
33、时事出版社选编:《中美苏战略三角》,北京:时事出版社,1988年版
34、孙德刚:《多元平衡与“准联盟”理论研究》,北京:时事出版社,2007年版
35、孙一先:《在大漠那边——一个前驻蒙外交官的回忆》,北京:中国青年出版社,2001年版
36、孙士海主编:《南亚的政治、国际关系及安全》北京:中国社会科学出版社,1998年版
37、吴永年、赵干城、马璎:《21世纪印度外交新论》,上海:上海译文出版社,2004年版
38、[挪威]文安立著,陈之宏,陈兼译:《冷战与革命——苏美冲突与中国内战的起源》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2002年中文版
39、[美]西摩·赫什著,吴聿衡译:《权力的代价:尼克松执政时期的基辛格》,北京:中国国际文化出版公司,1991年中文版
40、[美]小约瑟夫·奈著,张小明译:《理解国际冲突——理论与历史》,上海:上海世纪出版集团,2002年中文版
41、[日]岩岛久夫著,张健、贺小铭译:《突然袭击研究》,北京:国防大学出版社,1987年中文版
42、杨公素:《沧桑九十年——一个外交特使的回忆》,海口:海南出版社,1999年版
43、杨坚:《特殊机构:美国驻华联络处揭密》,重庆:重庆出版社,2008年版
44、[英]约翰·柯林斯著,钮先钟译:《大战略》,台北:黎明文化事业公司,1975年中文版
45、[美]约翰·加迪斯著,时殷弘、李庆四、樊吉社译:《遏制战略:战后美国国家安全政策评析》,北京:世界知识出版社,2005年中文版
46、赵蔚文:《中印关系风云录》,北京:时事出版社,2000年版
47、赵伯乐:《当代南亚国际关系》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2003年版
48、张敏秋:《中印关系研究(1947——2003)》北京:世界知识出版社,2004年版
49、张小明:《冷战及其遗产》,上海:上海人民出版社,1998年版
50、中国国际问题研究所编译:《国际条约集(1969—1971)》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年版
51、《中华人民共和国外交大事记》(第三卷),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年版
52、周琪主编:《国会与美国外交政策》,上海:上海科学院出版社,2006年版
53、左凤荣:《致命的错误——苏联对外战略的演变与影响》,北京:世界知识出版社2001年版
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2、常县宾:《试论尼克松政府在1971年印巴危机中的外交政策》,武汉:[黄正柏教授指导],华中师范大学硕士学位论文,2005
3、戴超武:《1965年印巴战争与美国的反应和政策》,《世界历史》2008年第2期
4、戴超武:《冷战、印度的外交政策和大国关系》,http://daichaowu.coldwarchina.com/ztlw/000016.htm
5、兰江、毛德金:《1954—1965年美国对巴基斯坦的军事援助及其影响》,《南亚研究季刊》,2004年第2期
6、李达南:《周恩来与1971年印巴战争》,《党的文献》,2001年第2期
7、李丹慧:《打开中美关系进程中的周恩来——来自尼克松外交档案的新证据》,《冷战国际史研究》(第6辑),北京:世界知识出版社,2008
8、郑华:《中美关系解冻过程中的巴基斯坦渠道》,《史学集刊》,2008年第2期
9、刘妍妍:《尼克松政府对1971年南亚危机的政策》,长春:[于群教授指导], 东北师范大学硕士学位论文,2005
10、钱江:《中美建交〈巴基斯坦渠道〉是怎样开掘的》,《党史文苑》,2003年第3期
11、斯文:《浅析冷战时期的印苏关系》,《南亚研究季刊》,1999年第2期
12、夏立平:《当代国际关系中的三角关系:超越均势理念》,《世界经济与政治》,2002年第1期
13、孙德刚,张守柱:《美苏中三角关系述评:1972-1989》,《江西教育学院学报》,2003年第1期
14、宋德星:《论巴基斯坦联盟外交及其困境》,《南亚研究》,2001年第1期
15、宋德星:《印巴安全两难与中国的南亚政策》,《南亚研究》,2002年第1期
16、宋德星:《南亚地缘政治构造与印度的安全战略》,《南亚研究》,2004年第1期
17、唐龙彬:《一次特别神秘的外交使命——接待基辛格秘密访华追记》(上)《世界知识》1995年第13期
18、唐龙彬:《一次特别神秘的外交使命——接待基辛格秘密访华追记》(下)《世界知识》1995年第14期
19、王昊:《冷战时期美国对印度援助政策研究(1947-1971)》,上海:[余伟民教授指导],华东师范大学博士学位论文],2008
20、王琛:《美国外交政策与南亚均势(1947—1963)》,南京:[朱瀛泉教授指导],南京大学博士学位论文,1999
21、王成至:《1969—1972年中美缓和进程研究》,上海:[陈兼教授指导],华东师范大学博士论文,2007
22、王苏礼:《美国与1971年南亚危机》,郑州:[王琛教授指导],郑州大学硕士学位论文,2007
23、杨奎松:《中美和解过程中的中方变奏——“三个世界‘理论提出的背景探析》,《冷战国际史研究》(第4辑),北京:世界知识出版社,2007年
24、余伟民:《国际性与本土性:冷战的双重逻辑——读《冷战与革命》》,《冷战国际史研究》(第2辑),北京:世界知识出版社,2006
25、张贵洪;《超越均势:论后冷战时期的美国南亚安全战略》,上海:[沈丁立教授指导],复旦大学博士论文,2004
1、《人民日报》
2、《纽约时报》(New York Times)
3、《华盛顿时报》(Washington Daily News)