不同月龄大鼠睾丸微血管构筑、eNOS表达及血睾屏障变化的研究
|
摘要
雄性哺乳动物的睾丸具有生精和分泌雄性激素等重要的功能。睾丸微循环担负着氧、激素、营养物质及代谢产物的供给和运输任务，以维睾丸正常生理机能。微循环指由微动脉到微静脉间的细微血管的血循环，微血管是微循环的结构基础。血睾屏障是睾丸内毛细血管与精小管之间存在的屏障结构。血睾屏障对精子的正常发生及雄性生殖功能的维持具有重要的作用。目前对睾丸的研究多限于病理和临床，且多集中于人或动物的成年阶段，对于其发育与衰老变化的系统研究，国内外报道很少。本文采用血管铸型、扫描电镜、透射电镜、免疫组化及体视学分析等方法对不同年龄大鼠睾丸微血管构筑、eNOS分布及血睾屏障的变化进行了系统的研究，以期为睾丸生理、病理学、老年生物学和临床应用提供理论、形态学及动物实验方面的依据。
本研究以SD大鼠为实验材料，按照其生长发育的特点分为：初生组(生后1天)、3周龄组(离乳期)、3月龄组(成年期)、12月龄组(开始衰老)、18月龄组(衰老期)和24月龄(衰老期)六组，每组30只大鼠，实验结果进行统计分析。结果如下：
1．微血管分布：大鼠睾丸的微血管分布于睾丸间质内。从初生组到12月龄组微血管分布很规则；到18月龄组排列变得疏松；24月龄组生精小管周围的微血管排列不规则。随着增龄，单位面积内微血管数目逐渐增多；管壁也明显增厚；微血管数与生精小管数的比值从初生后到3月龄逐渐增大，从3月龄到24月龄呈减小的趋势。
2．成年期微血管构筑：睾丸动脉由腹主动脉发出后，沿精索下行绕至睾丸腹侧形成3-4个螺旋状蟠曲后，进入睾丸实质内。睾丸动脉发出睾丸微动脉进入睾丸小隔，分支进入睾丸小叶内，在生精小管周围形成绳梯状毛细血管网，然后汇合成毛细血管后微静脉和睾丸微静脉，一部分微静脉汇合成蔓状静脉丛，一部分直接进入精索。
3．微血管构筑的增龄变化：3周龄组睾丸动脉在实质内已形成了管周微动脉和管间微静脉，但绳梯状的毛细血管网尚未形成；3月龄组与12月龄组微血管构筑呈
中文摘要
现定的构烈特点，在生精小管周围形成绳梯状的毛细血管网:18月与24月龄组
苹丸萎缩，微而管构筑变得不很规则。随着增龄，微血管管径旱增人趋势，微动脉
管径小J“微静脉。
4.eNOS表达与微血管通透性:初生组人鼠翠丸内eNOS阳性表达极少;3周龄
flll阳宝勺).J皮细，泡、l’llJ质细!饱及枯J代细胞均出现了阳性表达:3月龄组生精小管靠近
若腔的精r细胞出现eNOS阳性，阳性血管内皮细胞数目增多显著:12月到24月龄
阳性l阳乍今内皮细胞数I]‘.‘增多的趋势。本文首次发现精母细胞只在24月龄出现了
。\(巧1;1{性农i返_微1111扮通透性从3周龄至3月龄’l’增人趋势，12月龄到24月龄纤
微l阳粉通透性:，减小趋仑
5.血梁屏障:随着增龄，毛细血怜内皮细胞的基膜由薄、断续、电子密度不均
逐渐发展为基脱垮、完招、.毯子密度较高而均匀，厚度逐渐增加。从初生到成熟期
内皮细饱质膜小泡逐渐增多，衰老期则逐渐减少;随着增龄，生精小管基膜逐渐加
泞一:初’t和3周龄纠人鼠支持细胞间未见紧密连接.3月龄组可见典型的紧密连接，
!2)l’少}抖1」龄fl1可见支持细胞间不典型的紧密连接，24月龄纸未见到紧密连接。
结论:
1.微血管分布的变化:辜丸微血管分布于翠丸间质内。本文发现随着翠丸的发
育，微而竹数日增多，间质内增多的微血管能够提供其发育精子产生所需的营养。
随石架丸的老化，单位面积内翠九内的微血管持续增多，管壁增厚，血液运输及物
质交换功能卜降二:J一能会影响‘攀丸的生精功能。单位面积内的微血管数与生精小管
数的比俏在3月龄处于峰值，表明此时微血管的分布及血液供应处于最佳状态，衰
老期比值卜降农l归微血管的血_液供应效率卜降，可能是造成翠丸老化的重要原因。
2.成年期微血管构筑:成年人鼠翠丸的微血管人多数彼此吻合成网状，为生精
小管提供了丰富的营养和必要的激素水平:呆丸实质内绳梯状的毛细血管网，使甸
个’1二精小竹都能得到充分的营养和激素供应:翠丸内的动脉迂曲走行共同维持翠丸
低于体内3一5℃的适宜温度，使精子止常产生。
3.微血管构筑的增龄变化:随着月龄的增加，翠丸微血_管构筑变化显著，微血
管管径.产增加的趋势。3周龄己经形成了简单的微血.管构筑，jJ’人鼠性成熟提供了
微循环良好的结构从础。成年期策丸实质内形成的绳梯状毛细血管网为翠丸旺盛生
枯功能提供了保阶。衰老期微血管走行紊乱，微血管出现很多迂曲，可能是造成辜
丸衰老的重要原因之一。随着增龄，微血_管密度和微血管管径旱增人趋势，微动脉
竹径小】几微静脉，有利于而液与架丸组织的物质交换。
气
中文摘要
4.N0对微血管通透性的影响:本文发现从初生到3周龄eNOS阳性内皮细胞数
!}‘l‘增加的趋协，表明人鼠发育时期eNOS催化合成生理水平的NO。NO可能会促进
‘粉俐的分泌，加快枯J’的产’!几，有利J一人鼠的性成熟。成年期翠丸内N0浓度基本
稳定。仔[得注意的是衰老期架丸eNOS催化合成的NO持续增加，NO通过调l丁血流与
血jt一会使微lh1管内皮细胞的通?
The mammiferous testis perform important functions of producing sperm and secreting male hormone. The capillary vessel of testis which is a part of Blood-Testis Barrier transports oxygen, hormone and nutriment in order to maintain normal function. Microcirculation is the blood circle from arterile to venule. Blood-Testis Barrier is the harrier between capillary vessel and seminiferous tubule which is important to produce sperm and maintain male procreation function. At present, The research limit in pathology and clinic of adult human or animal and need more study on developing and aging animal. In our experiments, the morphological alterations of testis microvascular architecture, eNOS distribution and Blood-Testis Barrier at different ages had been observed by microvascular corrosion casting technique, SEM, TEM, immunohistochemical method and morphometry. These results were not only theoretically important but also practically valuable in physiology, pathology, aging biology, morphology and so on.
The experiment materials were SD rats. According to their developmental characteristics, we selected six groups of rats: postnatal 1 day, postnatal 3 weeks, postnatal 3 months, postnatal 12 months, postnatal 18 months and postnatal 24 months.Each group included 30 rats.The results of the experiments were analyzed with the software of STAT on computer.
The results were as follows:
l.The microvascular distribution : The capillary vessel of rat testis were distributed among seminiferous tubules. The capillary vessel were distributed regularly in testis from postnatal I day to postnatal 12 months, and loosely in postnatal 18 months rat, and irregularly in postnatal 24 months rat. The capillary vessel number in every unit area increased and the microvascular wall incrassated gradually with aging.The number ratio between capillary vessels and seminiferous tubules were on the trend of increase from 3 weeks to 3 months and decrease from 3 months to 12 months.
2. Testicular microvascular architecture of adult rat: Testicular arteries emited
parrelling branchs which became arterile and formed twist bends into testis parenchyma. Then the arterile eminted intertubular capillaries and peritubular capillaries forming rope-ladder-like pattems.Then the venule were collected and became testis veins, then mass into rete venosum, finally some venule formed pampiniform plexus and others entered into varicosity.
3.Changes or Testicular microvascular architecture: Testicular capillary vessel formed intertubular capillaries and peritubular capillaries.but donot formed rope-ladder-like patterns capillary net in postnatal 3 weeks. There were rope- ladder-like patterns capillary nets around seminiferous tubules in postnatal 3 and 12 months. Testicular microvascular architecture became irregularly in postnatal 18 and 24 months with testis atrophing.The diameter of capillary vessel increased with aging. The diameter of arterile was less than that of venule.
4.Influence of NO on microvascular permeability: Specimens from postnatal 1 day showed little immunoreactivity for eNOS. In contrast, blood vessel endothelium and Leydig cells and spermatids in postnatal 3 weeks testes were strongly expressed eNOS.The number of positive blood vessel endothelium, Leydig cells and spermatids in postnatal 3 months was conspicuously increased. In postnatal 12 and ISmonths testes, the number of postive cells persistently increased.In 24 months testes, some spermatocytes also displayed strong eNOS immunoreactivity. From 3 weeks to 3 months, the permeability of microvascular was on the trend of increase while it was on the trend of decrease from 12 months to 24 months.
S.BIood-Testis Barrier: The basal lamina of endothelium cells developed from thin, broken and unequal electronic density to thick, full and high electronic density with aging. The number of plasmalemmal vesicle increased from young to adult and decreased gradually in old age. The basal lamina of seminiferous tubules thickened gradually with aginy. . There uas not tight junction betwee
本研究以SD大鼠为实验材料，按照其生长发育的特点分为：初生组(生后1天)、3周龄组(离乳期)、3月龄组(成年期)、12月龄组(开始衰老)、18月龄组(衰老期)和24月龄(衰老期)六组，每组30只大鼠，实验结果进行统计分析。结果如下：
1．微血管分布：大鼠睾丸的微血管分布于睾丸间质内。从初生组到12月龄组微血管分布很规则；到18月龄组排列变得疏松；24月龄组生精小管周围的微血管排列不规则。随着增龄，单位面积内微血管数目逐渐增多；管壁也明显增厚；微血管数与生精小管数的比值从初生后到3月龄逐渐增大，从3月龄到24月龄呈减小的趋势。
2．成年期微血管构筑：睾丸动脉由腹主动脉发出后，沿精索下行绕至睾丸腹侧形成3-4个螺旋状蟠曲后，进入睾丸实质内。睾丸动脉发出睾丸微动脉进入睾丸小隔，分支进入睾丸小叶内，在生精小管周围形成绳梯状毛细血管网，然后汇合成毛细血管后微静脉和睾丸微静脉，一部分微静脉汇合成蔓状静脉丛，一部分直接进入精索。
3．微血管构筑的增龄变化：3周龄组睾丸动脉在实质内已形成了管周微动脉和管间微静脉，但绳梯状的毛细血管网尚未形成；3月龄组与12月龄组微血管构筑呈
中文摘要
现定的构烈特点，在生精小管周围形成绳梯状的毛细血管网:18月与24月龄组
苹丸萎缩，微而管构筑变得不很规则。随着增龄，微血管管径旱增人趋势，微动脉
管径小J“微静脉。
4.eNOS表达与微血管通透性:初生组人鼠翠丸内eNOS阳性表达极少;3周龄
flll阳宝勺).J皮细，泡、l’llJ质细!饱及枯J代细胞均出现了阳性表达:3月龄组生精小管靠近
若腔的精r细胞出现eNOS阳性，阳性血管内皮细胞数目增多显著:12月到24月龄
阳性l阳乍今内皮细胞数I]‘.‘增多的趋势。本文首次发现精母细胞只在24月龄出现了
。\(巧1;1{性农i返_微1111扮通透性从3周龄至3月龄’l’增人趋势，12月龄到24月龄纤
微l阳粉通透性:，减小趋仑
5.血梁屏障:随着增龄，毛细血怜内皮细胞的基膜由薄、断续、电子密度不均
逐渐发展为基脱垮、完招、.毯子密度较高而均匀，厚度逐渐增加。从初生到成熟期
内皮细饱质膜小泡逐渐增多，衰老期则逐渐减少;随着增龄，生精小管基膜逐渐加
泞一:初’t和3周龄纠人鼠支持细胞间未见紧密连接.3月龄组可见典型的紧密连接，
!2)l’少}抖1」龄fl1可见支持细胞间不典型的紧密连接，24月龄纸未见到紧密连接。
结论:
1.微血管分布的变化:辜丸微血管分布于翠丸间质内。本文发现随着翠丸的发
育，微而竹数日增多，间质内增多的微血管能够提供其发育精子产生所需的营养。
随石架丸的老化，单位面积内翠九内的微血管持续增多，管壁增厚，血液运输及物
质交换功能卜降二:J一能会影响‘攀丸的生精功能。单位面积内的微血管数与生精小管
数的比俏在3月龄处于峰值，表明此时微血管的分布及血液供应处于最佳状态，衰
老期比值卜降农l归微血管的血_液供应效率卜降，可能是造成翠丸老化的重要原因。
2.成年期微血管构筑:成年人鼠翠丸的微血管人多数彼此吻合成网状，为生精
小管提供了丰富的营养和必要的激素水平:呆丸实质内绳梯状的毛细血管网，使甸
个’1二精小竹都能得到充分的营养和激素供应:翠丸内的动脉迂曲走行共同维持翠丸
低于体内3一5℃的适宜温度，使精子止常产生。
3.微血管构筑的增龄变化:随着月龄的增加，翠丸微血_管构筑变化显著，微血
管管径.产增加的趋势。3周龄己经形成了简单的微血.管构筑，jJ’人鼠性成熟提供了
微循环良好的结构从础。成年期策丸实质内形成的绳梯状毛细血管网为翠丸旺盛生
枯功能提供了保阶。衰老期微血管走行紊乱，微血管出现很多迂曲，可能是造成辜
丸衰老的重要原因之一。随着增龄，微血_管密度和微血管管径旱增人趋势，微动脉
竹径小】几微静脉，有利于而液与架丸组织的物质交换。
气
中文摘要
4.N0对微血管通透性的影响:本文发现从初生到3周龄eNOS阳性内皮细胞数
!}‘l‘增加的趋协，表明人鼠发育时期eNOS催化合成生理水平的NO。NO可能会促进
‘粉俐的分泌，加快枯J’的产’!几，有利J一人鼠的性成熟。成年期翠丸内N0浓度基本
稳定。仔[得注意的是衰老期架丸eNOS催化合成的NO持续增加，NO通过调l丁血流与
血jt一会使微lh1管内皮细胞的通?
The mammiferous testis perform important functions of producing sperm and secreting male hormone. The capillary vessel of testis which is a part of Blood-Testis Barrier transports oxygen, hormone and nutriment in order to maintain normal function. Microcirculation is the blood circle from arterile to venule. Blood-Testis Barrier is the harrier between capillary vessel and seminiferous tubule which is important to produce sperm and maintain male procreation function. At present, The research limit in pathology and clinic of adult human or animal and need more study on developing and aging animal. In our experiments, the morphological alterations of testis microvascular architecture, eNOS distribution and Blood-Testis Barrier at different ages had been observed by microvascular corrosion casting technique, SEM, TEM, immunohistochemical method and morphometry. These results were not only theoretically important but also practically valuable in physiology, pathology, aging biology, morphology and so on.
The experiment materials were SD rats. According to their developmental characteristics, we selected six groups of rats: postnatal 1 day, postnatal 3 weeks, postnatal 3 months, postnatal 12 months, postnatal 18 months and postnatal 24 months.Each group included 30 rats.The results of the experiments were analyzed with the software of STAT on computer.
The results were as follows:
l.The microvascular distribution : The capillary vessel of rat testis were distributed among seminiferous tubules. The capillary vessel were distributed regularly in testis from postnatal I day to postnatal 12 months, and loosely in postnatal 18 months rat, and irregularly in postnatal 24 months rat. The capillary vessel number in every unit area increased and the microvascular wall incrassated gradually with aging.The number ratio between capillary vessels and seminiferous tubules were on the trend of increase from 3 weeks to 3 months and decrease from 3 months to 12 months.
2. Testicular microvascular architecture of adult rat: Testicular arteries emited
parrelling branchs which became arterile and formed twist bends into testis parenchyma. Then the arterile eminted intertubular capillaries and peritubular capillaries forming rope-ladder-like pattems.Then the venule were collected and became testis veins, then mass into rete venosum, finally some venule formed pampiniform plexus and others entered into varicosity.
3.Changes or Testicular microvascular architecture: Testicular capillary vessel formed intertubular capillaries and peritubular capillaries.but donot formed rope-ladder-like patterns capillary net in postnatal 3 weeks. There were rope- ladder-like patterns capillary nets around seminiferous tubules in postnatal 3 and 12 months. Testicular microvascular architecture became irregularly in postnatal 18 and 24 months with testis atrophing.The diameter of capillary vessel increased with aging. The diameter of arterile was less than that of venule.
4.Influence of NO on microvascular permeability: Specimens from postnatal 1 day showed little immunoreactivity for eNOS. In contrast, blood vessel endothelium and Leydig cells and spermatids in postnatal 3 weeks testes were strongly expressed eNOS.The number of positive blood vessel endothelium, Leydig cells and spermatids in postnatal 3 months was conspicuously increased. In postnatal 12 and ISmonths testes, the number of postive cells persistently increased.In 24 months testes, some spermatocytes also displayed strong eNOS immunoreactivity. From 3 weeks to 3 months, the permeability of microvascular was on the trend of increase while it was on the trend of decrease from 12 months to 24 months.
S.BIood-Testis Barrier: The basal lamina of endothelium cells developed from thin, broken and unequal electronic density to thick, full and high electronic density with aging. The number of plasmalemmal vesicle increased from young to adult and decreased gradually in old age. The basal lamina of seminiferous tubules thickened gradually with aginy. . There uas not tight junction betwee
引文
1．吴莜芳．闰晋平．大鼠睾丸微循环的观察．山西临床医约．1996，5(1)：50-51
2．张朝佑主编．人体解剖学．北京．人民卫生出版社．1998年，第二版548—54
3．张朝佑主编．睾丸及输精管道的微循环．北京，科学出版社，1988年，第一版，88—98
4．张朝佑主编．微循环研究概况．北京，科学出版社，1988年，第一版．19—22
5. Harrison RG: The comparative anatomy of the blood supply of the mammalian testis Proc Zool Soc Lond.1949, 119:325
6. Mller I: Kanalchenund capillararchitektonik des Rattenhodens. Zellforsch. 1957, 45: 522-528
7. Kormano M: An angiographic study of the testicular vasculature in the postnatal rat. Z Anta Entwickl Gesch.1967,126:135-143
8. Murakami T : Application of the scanning electron microscope to the study of the fine distribution of the blood vessels. Arch Histol Jpn.1971,32: 445-449
9. Suzuki F: Microvasculature of the mouse testis and excuttent duct system . Am J Anat. 1982, 163: 309-316
10. Hees H, Leiser R,Kohler T, et al. Vascular morphology of the bovine spermatic cord and testis I .Light and scanning electron microscopic studies on the testicular artery and pampiniform plexus. Cell tissue Research,. 1984, 237(1): 31-37
11. Ohsuka A: Microvascular architecture of the pampiniform-testicular artery system in the rat. A scanning electron microscope study of corrosion casts.Am Anat.1984,169:285-291
12．韩云明．雷琦，张朝佑等：人睾丸的微血管构筑．解剖学报．1984，7(3)：280-283
13．韩云明，雷琦，张朝佑等：大鼠睾丸微血管构筑的观察．解剖学报．1987，18(1)：65-68
14. Ergün S, Davidoff M, Holstein A.F. Capillaries in the lamina propria of human seminiferous tubules are partly fenestrated. Cell and Tissue Research.1996,286: 93-99
15. Erguen, S.,Kilic,N.,Harneit,S.,et al. Microcirculation and the vascular control of the testis. Advance in Experimental Medicine and Biology.1997, 424: 163-168
16. Pradidarcheep W ,Kongstaponkit S,Warakiang P, et al.Testicular microvascularization in the common tree shrew as revealed by vascular corrosion cast SEM and by TEM. Microscopy Research and Technique.1998, 429 (3): 226-233
17. Waites GMH and Setchell BP, Changes in blood flow and vascular permeability of the testis,epididymis and accessory reproductive organs of the rat after the administration of cadmium chloride. J Endocrinol. 1996, 34:329-335
18. Inagami T, Naruse M, Hoover R. Endothelium as an endocrine organ,Annu Rev Physiol. 1995,57:171-177
19．叶林书．血管内皮细胞功能障碍与心血管疾病治疗学关系．医学信息．1999，12(11)：44-45
20．李澈主编．老年生物学 ，北京．中国人口出版社，1995年，第一版，78—88
21．张燕．微血管的周细胞．国外医学生理、病理科学与临床分册．1999，19(3)：229-232
22．宫晓洁．NO在男性生殖系统中的作用．华夏医学．1999．13(2)：234-236
23. Hirschi,KK and D' Amore PA. Pericytes in the microvasculature. Catdiovasc Research. 1996, 32(4): 687
24．修瑞娟．微循环——微妙的生命源泉 ．微循环学杂志．1997，7(1)：1-3
25．李普霖主编．动物病理学．吉林．吉林科技出版社，1994年，第一版．311—313
26. Fawcett DW, Leak LV, Heidger PJ . Electron microscopic observations on the structural components of the blood-testis barriar. J Reprod Fertil. 1970, 10:105-119
27. Pelletier R.Cyclic Modulation of Sertoli Cell Junctional Complexes in a Seasonal Breeder:The Mink(Mustela vison). J Anat. 1988,183:68-102
28. Mayerhofer A,Bartke A.Developing Testicular Microvasculature in the Golden HAMSTER, Mesocricetus auratus:A Model for Angiogenesis under Physiological Conditions. Acta.Anat. 1990,139:78-85
29. MeyerJM,Mezrahid P, Vignon E,et al.Sertoli cell barriar dysfunction and
sermatogenic cycle breakdown in the human testis:a lanthanum tracer investigation. Int J Androl .1996,19:190-198
30．许庭良．姜俸蓉．刘鲜林等．慢性镉中毒小鼠睾丸支持细胞及血睾屏障超微结构观察和形态计量研究，中国公共卫生学报．1998，17(1)：45-46
31. Shirley levy, Valerie Serre,Louis Hermo,et al.The Effects of Aging on the Seminiferous Epithelium and the Blood-testis Barriar of the Brown Norway Rat. Toxicol,. 1999, 20(3):356-365
32．廖晓岗，李维信．镉对大鼠睾丸间质细胞损伤及锌对其保护的形态学研究，生殖与避孕1999，19(5)：290～295
33．陈敏，谢吉民，高晓钦等．镉对小鼠睾丸的毒作用．工业卫生与职业病．2000．26(52)：275—277
34．宋春风，尹桂山，马洪骏等．糖皮质激素对大鼠睾丸血睾屏障的影响，电子显微学报．2000，19(3)：251～252
35．赵雅君，付红梅，李全凤等．微波辐射家兔阴囊对血睾屏障的影响．中国男科学杂志．2000，14(2)：100—102
36．康友敏 李健 张健等．哺乳动物睾丸微血管构筑的研究进展．解剖科学进展．2002，8(1)：30-35
37. Setchell BP.Anatomy vasculature innervation and fluids of the male reproductive tract.In:Knobil E,Neill J,et al(eds).The physiology of reproduction. Raven,New York.PP 1994,1065-1175
38. Ergun M,Davidoff A.F, Holstein. Capillaries in the lamina propria of human seminiferous tubules are partly fenestrated. Cell and Tissue Research.1996,286 (1) :93-102
39. Erguen S,Kilic N,Harneit S.et al. Microcirculation and the vascular control of the testis. Advance in Experimental Medicine and Biology.1997, 424:163-173
40．宋阳，许增禄．睾丸细胞外间质作用的研究．解剖学报．1997，28(2)：221-223
41．成令忠主编．组织学．第二版，北京，人民卫生出版社．1351-1352
42．刘慧雯，陶树青，金连弘等．大鼠睾丸支持细胞发育的形态学研究．解剖学报．1996，27(3)333-336
43. Kachar B ,Pinto P.Particle displacement in epithelial cell membranes of rat prostate
and pancreas induced by routine low temperature fixation.Cell Biol.Int.Rep. 1980, 4:347-356
44. Lupu F, Simionesus M.Organization of the intercellular junction in the endothelium of cardiac valves. J.Submicrosc.Cytol. 1985,17: 119-132
45．王涛，王更新，曹玉纯等．对睾丸源性不育患者睾丸间质血管的形态观察．解剖科学进展．1997．3(3)：262-266
46．孙辉臣，董志英，丁卫东等．不育症患者睾丸曲细精管界膜的病理学观察．中国男科学杂志．2000，14(4)：243-246
47．才秀莲，李德祥．男性不育患者生精小管界膜定量分析及临床意义．遵义医学院学报．1998，21(2)：46-47
48．杨克敌．睾丸Sertoli细胞的毒理学研究进展．国外医学卫生学分册．1997，24：4，218-222
49．薛同一．血睾屏障．生殖与避孕．1985，5(3)：8-11
50. Fawcett DW.Ultrastructure and function of sertoli cells.In:Astwood EB,Greep RO,eds. American Physiological Society. 1975,5:307-317
51．邢继强，欧玉清，和庆余等．睾酮对大鼠形态学的影响．黑龙江医约．1999，22(1)：9-9
52．李维信，包大千，王亚平，等．微波照射对兔曲细精管超微结构的影响．生殖与避孕．1982；2(3)：4-12
53．陈荣安．房秉仁，黄宗之等．睾丸微波加温节育对性腺轴内分泌功能及体液免疫状态的影响．临床泌尿外科杂志．1995．10(1)：23-25
54．周锡顺，李桂兰，陈鹏等．低温对兔睾丸生精作用的影响．男性学志．1997，11(3)．155-159
55. Sole J,Huguet J.Inviva effects of nickel and cadmium in rats on lipid peroxidation and cerololoplamin activity. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol.1990,44:686-678
56. Manca D,Ricard AC,Trottier B,et al.Studies on lipild peroxidation in rat tissues following administration of low and moderate doses of cadmium chloride. Toxicol, 1991,67:303-310
57．杨建明，吴向东，金泰广田共，镉对大鼠睾丸间质细胞脂质过氧化的影响．中华劳动卫生职业病杂志，1998，2(16)：37-40
58．徐国刚，曾晓非，周袁芬等．镉对雄性大鼠睾丸血管通透性的影响．中国公共卫
生学报．1997，16(3)：183-184
59．修瑞娟．我国微循环研究的现状和对策．中华医学．1995，5：259-261
60. Palmer RM. Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelial relaxing factor. Nature.1987,32:524-529
61. Palmer MJ.Vascularendothelial cells synthesize nitric oxide from L-Arg . Nature. 1988,333:664-671
62. Zini A, Schulsinger D, Schlegel PN.Localization of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) in the normal and postischemic rat testis. Fertil Steril, 1996, 66:S 2058-2062
63. Snyder S H. Nitric oxide:First in a new class of Neurotransmitters ? Science. 1992,257 (5069):494-496.
64. Vallance P, Patton S, Bhagat K, et al. Direct measurement of nitric oxide in human being. Lancet. 1995, 346 (1): 153-156
65. Nathan C.Nitric oxide as a secretory product of mammalian cell. FASEB J.1992, 6(12):305-3061
66. Verdon CP, Burton BA, Prior RL.Sample pretreatmeat with nitrate reductase and glucose -6-phospnate delydrogenase quantitatively reduces nitrate while avoidicy interference by NADP~+ , when the Griess reaction is used to assay for nitrite.Anat Biochem.1995, 224 (2): 502-508
67. Hope BT, Michael GJ, Knigge KM, et al.Neuronal Nadph diaphorase is a nitric oxide synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.1991, 88 (7) :2811-2814
68. Archer S.Measurement of nitric in biological moders. FASEB J.1993, (2):349-360
69. Dawson VL, Dawson TM, London ED. Nitric oxide mediates glutamate neurotoxicity in primary cortical culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.1991, 88:6368-6371
70. Wu G, Bronsnan JT.Macrophages can convert citrulline into arginine. The Biochem J.1992, 281 (1): 45-48
71. Davidoff M S, Middendorff R, Mayer B, et al.Nitric oxide synthase(NOS-1)in leydig cells of the human testis. Arch Histoi Cytol.1995, 58 (1):17-30
72. Zini A, O Bryan M K, Magid M S, et al. Immunohistochemical localization of
endothelialnitric oxide synthase in human testis, epididymis, and vas deferens suggests a possible role for nitric oxide in spermatogenesis, sperm maturation, and programmed cell death. Bio-Reorod.1996, 55 (5): 935-941
73．王世鄂，陈奕权，周瑞祥．一氧化氮合酶同功异构酶在大鼠睾丸中的表达和定位生殖医学杂志，2001，10(2)99-102
74．张威．张玮．一氧化氮对精子功能的影响．中华男科学，2000，6(4)：255-258
75. Sabanegh E, Dewire D, Inman S, et al.The effect of nitric oxide blocked on rat testicular microcirculation.Fertil Steril, 1994, S9: 1-17
76. Chamness SL.Maguire MP, Richer DD.The effect of androgen on nitric oxide synthase in the male reproductive tract of the rat. Fertil Steril, 1995, 63 (5): 1100-1107
77. Greech MM, Arnold EV, Boyle B, et al.Sperm motility enhance ment by nitric oxide produced by the oocytes of fathead mincows, Pimephelas promelas. J Androl, 1998, 19(6): 667-67
78. Weinberg JB, Doty E, Bonaventura J, et al.Nitric oxide inhibition of human sperm motility. Fertil steril, 1995, 64 (2): 408-413
79. Sengoku K, Tamate K, Yoshida T, el al.Effects of low coocentration of nitric oxide on the zona pellucide binding of human spermatozoa. Fertil Steril, 1998, 69 (3): 522-527
80. Yeoman RR, Hazelton JM, Aksel S, et al.Inhibition of nitric oxide(NO )differentially effects hyperactivation and acrosome reaction in live hamster sperm. Fertil Steril, 1994,S10: 121-122
81. Nobunaga T, Tokugawa Y, Hashimoto K, et al.Elevated nitric oxide concentration in the seminal plasma of infertile males: nitric oxide inhibits sperm motility. Am J Reprod Immunol, 1996, 36 (4): 193-197
82．曹坚．我国男性生殖健康的现状与未来．中华医学杂志，1998，78(1)：83-84．
83．毛新良，宋瑞琨，石年等．增产菊胺酯对小鼠睾丸间质细胞一氧化氮合酶和 3-β羟基淄体脱氢酶影响的酶组织化学研究．组织化学与细胞化学杂志．1997．6(1)：48-52
84．马文领，张峰，刘卫等．雷公藤及铅镉对小鼠睾丸间质细胞一氧化氮合酶活性的影响．解剖学报．2000，31(2)：183-185
85．李积胜，焦富勇，徐鹏霄．大剂量吡哆醇对大鼠睾丸一氧化氮合酶和细胞凋亡的影响．工业卫生与职业病，2000，26(6)：325-328
86．刘卫．周广平．邵新玺等．微波辐射对睾丸间质细胞一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)的影响．现代中西医结合杂志，2000，9(13)：1206-1207．
87 李积胜，江超．王静等．补锌对衰老大鼠睾丸细胞凋亡和一氧化氮合酶的影响．中国老年学杂志．2000，20(3)：93-95
88 Kaler L W Neaves W B. The androgen status of aging male rats.Endocrin.1981, 108(2)：712-716.
89 蒋冶棠，刘建康．大鼠睾丸年龄性变化的定量组织学研究[J]．男性学杂志．1993，(1)：6-8．
90 王晓云，张健，张国红等．大鼠生精小管组织结构增龄变化的研究[J]．河北师范大学学报(自然科学版)．2001，25(4)：522-525
91 Lissbrant, E., U. Lofmark, O. Collin and A. Bergh.Is nitric oxide involved in the regulation of the rat testicular vasculature? Biol. Reprod.1997,56:1221-1227
92 Fujisawa, M., K. Yamanaka, H. Tanaka, H. Okada, S. Arakawa and S. Kamidono. Expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the Sertoli cells of men with infertility of various causes. BJU Internationa. 2001 , 87(1):85-93
93 Edward G. Shesely, Nobuyo Maeda, H.-S. Kim, Kaushik M. Desai, John H. Krege Elevated blood pressures in mice lacking endothelial nitric oxide synthase, Victor E. Laubach. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.1996,93 pp. 13176-13181
94 Gottlieb AI,Langille BL, Wong MK,et al. Structure and function of endothelial cytoskeleton.Lab Invest. 1991,65:123-137
95 Mcdonald DM. endothelial gaps and perability of venules in rat tracheas exposed to imflammatory stimuli Am J Physiol. 1994,266:L61-L83
96 Schnitzer JE,Oh P.Aquaporin-lin plasma membrane and caveolae provides mercury-sensitive water channels across lung endothelium.Am J Physiol. 1996,270( 1 pt 2):H416-422
97 Moncada S,Palmer RM,Higgs E A. nitric oxide physiology, Pathphysiology and mharmacology.Pharmarcol Rev. 1991, 43(2): 109-132。
98 Yuan Y, Granger H J,Zawieja D C,et al.Histamin increases venular permeability via a pholipase C-NO synthase guanylate cyciase cascade .Am J Physiol. 1993, 264(5 pt 2):
H1734 -H1738
99 Salzaman AL,Menconi MJ,Unno N,et al. S Nitric oxide dilates tight iunctio and depletes ATP in cultured Caco-2 BBe intestinal epithelial monolayers.Am J Physiol. 1995,268(2 pt 1):G361-G373
100 Volk T, loannikdis I,Hensi M,et al. Endothelial damage in duced by nitric oxide synergism with reactive oxygen species.Biochem Biophy Res Commun,. 1995,213(1);196-203
101 肖贞良，孙耕耘．血管内皮屏障功能调节的研究进展．生理科学进展．1998，29(3)：215-220
102 Fox J R, Wayland H. Interstitial diffusion of macromolecules in the rat mesentary. Microvasc Res. 1979,18:255-276.
103 Diaz Floresl,Gutierrez R, Lopez Alonso A,et al.Clin Orthopaed Rel Res. 1992,275:280-2868
104 Nagano T ,Suzuki F.The postnatal development of the junctional complex of the mouse Sertoli cells as revealed by freeze fracture.Anat Rec. 1976, 185(1):403-407
105 Gondos B,Renston RH,Conner LA. Ultrastructure of germ cells and Sertoli cells in the postnatal rabbit tastis. Am J Anat. 1973, 136(4): 437 -441
106 Bergmann M, Dierichs R.Postnatal formation of the blood-testis barrier in the rat with special reference to the initiation of meiosis. Anat Embryol (Berl). 1983,168(2):269-75
107 Pelletier RM, Byers SW.The blood-testis barrier and Scrtoli cell junctions: structural considerations Microsc Res Tech. 1992,20(1):3-33.
108 Furuya S, Kumamoto Y, Sugiyama S。Fine structure and development of Sertoli junctions in human testis. Arch Androl. 1978 ,1(3):211-219
109 Cavicchia JC, Sacerdote FL, Ortiz L. The human blood-testis barrier in impaired spermalogenesis.Ultrastruct Pathol. 1996, 20(3):211-218
2．张朝佑主编．人体解剖学．北京．人民卫生出版社．1998年，第二版548—54
3．张朝佑主编．睾丸及输精管道的微循环．北京，科学出版社，1988年，第一版，88—98
4．张朝佑主编．微循环研究概况．北京，科学出版社，1988年，第一版．19—22
5. Harrison RG: The comparative anatomy of the blood supply of the mammalian testis Proc Zool Soc Lond.1949, 119:325
6. Mller I: Kanalchenund capillararchitektonik des Rattenhodens. Zellforsch. 1957, 45: 522-528
7. Kormano M: An angiographic study of the testicular vasculature in the postnatal rat. Z Anta Entwickl Gesch.1967,126:135-143
8. Murakami T : Application of the scanning electron microscope to the study of the fine distribution of the blood vessels. Arch Histol Jpn.1971,32: 445-449
9. Suzuki F: Microvasculature of the mouse testis and excuttent duct system . Am J Anat. 1982, 163: 309-316
10. Hees H, Leiser R,Kohler T, et al. Vascular morphology of the bovine spermatic cord and testis I .Light and scanning electron microscopic studies on the testicular artery and pampiniform plexus. Cell tissue Research,. 1984, 237(1): 31-37
11. Ohsuka A: Microvascular architecture of the pampiniform-testicular artery system in the rat. A scanning electron microscope study of corrosion casts.Am Anat.1984,169:285-291
12．韩云明．雷琦，张朝佑等：人睾丸的微血管构筑．解剖学报．1984，7(3)：280-283
13．韩云明，雷琦，张朝佑等：大鼠睾丸微血管构筑的观察．解剖学报．1987，18(1)：65-68
14. Ergün S, Davidoff M, Holstein A.F. Capillaries in the lamina propria of human seminiferous tubules are partly fenestrated. Cell and Tissue Research.1996,286: 93-99
15. Erguen, S.,Kilic,N.,Harneit,S.,et al. Microcirculation and the vascular control of the testis. Advance in Experimental Medicine and Biology.1997, 424: 163-168
16. Pradidarcheep W ,Kongstaponkit S,Warakiang P, et al.Testicular microvascularization in the common tree shrew as revealed by vascular corrosion cast SEM and by TEM. Microscopy Research and Technique.1998, 429 (3): 226-233
17. Waites GMH and Setchell BP, Changes in blood flow and vascular permeability of the testis,epididymis and accessory reproductive organs of the rat after the administration of cadmium chloride. J Endocrinol. 1996, 34:329-335
18. Inagami T, Naruse M, Hoover R. Endothelium as an endocrine organ,Annu Rev Physiol. 1995,57:171-177
19．叶林书．血管内皮细胞功能障碍与心血管疾病治疗学关系．医学信息．1999，12(11)：44-45
20．李澈主编．老年生物学 ，北京．中国人口出版社，1995年，第一版，78—88
21．张燕．微血管的周细胞．国外医学生理、病理科学与临床分册．1999，19(3)：229-232
22．宫晓洁．NO在男性生殖系统中的作用．华夏医学．1999．13(2)：234-236
23. Hirschi,KK and D' Amore PA. Pericytes in the microvasculature. Catdiovasc Research. 1996, 32(4): 687
24．修瑞娟．微循环——微妙的生命源泉 ．微循环学杂志．1997，7(1)：1-3
25．李普霖主编．动物病理学．吉林．吉林科技出版社，1994年，第一版．311—313
26. Fawcett DW, Leak LV, Heidger PJ . Electron microscopic observations on the structural components of the blood-testis barriar. J Reprod Fertil. 1970, 10:105-119
27. Pelletier R.Cyclic Modulation of Sertoli Cell Junctional Complexes in a Seasonal Breeder:The Mink(Mustela vison). J Anat. 1988,183:68-102
28. Mayerhofer A,Bartke A.Developing Testicular Microvasculature in the Golden HAMSTER, Mesocricetus auratus:A Model for Angiogenesis under Physiological Conditions. Acta.Anat. 1990,139:78-85
29. MeyerJM,Mezrahid P, Vignon E,et al.Sertoli cell barriar dysfunction and
sermatogenic cycle breakdown in the human testis:a lanthanum tracer investigation. Int J Androl .1996,19:190-198
30．许庭良．姜俸蓉．刘鲜林等．慢性镉中毒小鼠睾丸支持细胞及血睾屏障超微结构观察和形态计量研究，中国公共卫生学报．1998，17(1)：45-46
31. Shirley levy, Valerie Serre,Louis Hermo,et al.The Effects of Aging on the Seminiferous Epithelium and the Blood-testis Barriar of the Brown Norway Rat. Toxicol,. 1999, 20(3):356-365
32．廖晓岗，李维信．镉对大鼠睾丸间质细胞损伤及锌对其保护的形态学研究，生殖与避孕1999，19(5)：290～295
33．陈敏，谢吉民，高晓钦等．镉对小鼠睾丸的毒作用．工业卫生与职业病．2000．26(52)：275—277
34．宋春风，尹桂山，马洪骏等．糖皮质激素对大鼠睾丸血睾屏障的影响，电子显微学报．2000，19(3)：251～252
35．赵雅君，付红梅，李全凤等．微波辐射家兔阴囊对血睾屏障的影响．中国男科学杂志．2000，14(2)：100—102
36．康友敏 李健 张健等．哺乳动物睾丸微血管构筑的研究进展．解剖科学进展．2002，8(1)：30-35
37. Setchell BP.Anatomy vasculature innervation and fluids of the male reproductive tract.In:Knobil E,Neill J,et al(eds).The physiology of reproduction. Raven,New York.PP 1994,1065-1175
38. Ergun M,Davidoff A.F, Holstein. Capillaries in the lamina propria of human seminiferous tubules are partly fenestrated. Cell and Tissue Research.1996,286 (1) :93-102
39. Erguen S,Kilic N,Harneit S.et al. Microcirculation and the vascular control of the testis. Advance in Experimental Medicine and Biology.1997, 424:163-173
40．宋阳，许增禄．睾丸细胞外间质作用的研究．解剖学报．1997，28(2)：221-223
41．成令忠主编．组织学．第二版，北京，人民卫生出版社．1351-1352
42．刘慧雯，陶树青，金连弘等．大鼠睾丸支持细胞发育的形态学研究．解剖学报．1996，27(3)333-336
43. Kachar B ,Pinto P.Particle displacement in epithelial cell membranes of rat prostate
and pancreas induced by routine low temperature fixation.Cell Biol.Int.Rep. 1980, 4:347-356
44. Lupu F, Simionesus M.Organization of the intercellular junction in the endothelium of cardiac valves. J.Submicrosc.Cytol. 1985,17: 119-132
45．王涛，王更新，曹玉纯等．对睾丸源性不育患者睾丸间质血管的形态观察．解剖科学进展．1997．3(3)：262-266
46．孙辉臣，董志英，丁卫东等．不育症患者睾丸曲细精管界膜的病理学观察．中国男科学杂志．2000，14(4)：243-246
47．才秀莲，李德祥．男性不育患者生精小管界膜定量分析及临床意义．遵义医学院学报．1998，21(2)：46-47
48．杨克敌．睾丸Sertoli细胞的毒理学研究进展．国外医学卫生学分册．1997，24：4，218-222
49．薛同一．血睾屏障．生殖与避孕．1985，5(3)：8-11
50. Fawcett DW.Ultrastructure and function of sertoli cells.In:Astwood EB,Greep RO,eds. American Physiological Society. 1975,5:307-317
51．邢继强，欧玉清，和庆余等．睾酮对大鼠形态学的影响．黑龙江医约．1999，22(1)：9-9
52．李维信，包大千，王亚平，等．微波照射对兔曲细精管超微结构的影响．生殖与避孕．1982；2(3)：4-12
53．陈荣安．房秉仁，黄宗之等．睾丸微波加温节育对性腺轴内分泌功能及体液免疫状态的影响．临床泌尿外科杂志．1995．10(1)：23-25
54．周锡顺，李桂兰，陈鹏等．低温对兔睾丸生精作用的影响．男性学志．1997，11(3)．155-159
55. Sole J,Huguet J.Inviva effects of nickel and cadmium in rats on lipid peroxidation and cerololoplamin activity. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol.1990,44:686-678
56. Manca D,Ricard AC,Trottier B,et al.Studies on lipild peroxidation in rat tissues following administration of low and moderate doses of cadmium chloride. Toxicol, 1991,67:303-310
57．杨建明，吴向东，金泰广田共，镉对大鼠睾丸间质细胞脂质过氧化的影响．中华劳动卫生职业病杂志，1998，2(16)：37-40
58．徐国刚，曾晓非，周袁芬等．镉对雄性大鼠睾丸血管通透性的影响．中国公共卫
生学报．1997，16(3)：183-184
59．修瑞娟．我国微循环研究的现状和对策．中华医学．1995，5：259-261
60. Palmer RM. Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelial relaxing factor. Nature.1987,32:524-529
61. Palmer MJ.Vascularendothelial cells synthesize nitric oxide from L-Arg . Nature. 1988,333:664-671
62. Zini A, Schulsinger D, Schlegel PN.Localization of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) in the normal and postischemic rat testis. Fertil Steril, 1996, 66:S 2058-2062
63. Snyder S H. Nitric oxide:First in a new class of Neurotransmitters ? Science. 1992,257 (5069):494-496.
64. Vallance P, Patton S, Bhagat K, et al. Direct measurement of nitric oxide in human being. Lancet. 1995, 346 (1): 153-156
65. Nathan C.Nitric oxide as a secretory product of mammalian cell. FASEB J.1992, 6(12):305-3061
66. Verdon CP, Burton BA, Prior RL.Sample pretreatmeat with nitrate reductase and glucose -6-phospnate delydrogenase quantitatively reduces nitrate while avoidicy interference by NADP~+ , when the Griess reaction is used to assay for nitrite.Anat Biochem.1995, 224 (2): 502-508
67. Hope BT, Michael GJ, Knigge KM, et al.Neuronal Nadph diaphorase is a nitric oxide synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.1991, 88 (7) :2811-2814
68. Archer S.Measurement of nitric in biological moders. FASEB J.1993, (2):349-360
69. Dawson VL, Dawson TM, London ED. Nitric oxide mediates glutamate neurotoxicity in primary cortical culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.1991, 88:6368-6371
70. Wu G, Bronsnan JT.Macrophages can convert citrulline into arginine. The Biochem J.1992, 281 (1): 45-48
71. Davidoff M S, Middendorff R, Mayer B, et al.Nitric oxide synthase(NOS-1)in leydig cells of the human testis. Arch Histoi Cytol.1995, 58 (1):17-30
72. Zini A, O Bryan M K, Magid M S, et al. Immunohistochemical localization of
endothelialnitric oxide synthase in human testis, epididymis, and vas deferens suggests a possible role for nitric oxide in spermatogenesis, sperm maturation, and programmed cell death. Bio-Reorod.1996, 55 (5): 935-941
73．王世鄂，陈奕权，周瑞祥．一氧化氮合酶同功异构酶在大鼠睾丸中的表达和定位生殖医学杂志，2001，10(2)99-102
74．张威．张玮．一氧化氮对精子功能的影响．中华男科学，2000，6(4)：255-258
75. Sabanegh E, Dewire D, Inman S, et al.The effect of nitric oxide blocked on rat testicular microcirculation.Fertil Steril, 1994, S9: 1-17
76. Chamness SL.Maguire MP, Richer DD.The effect of androgen on nitric oxide synthase in the male reproductive tract of the rat. Fertil Steril, 1995, 63 (5): 1100-1107
77. Greech MM, Arnold EV, Boyle B, et al.Sperm motility enhance ment by nitric oxide produced by the oocytes of fathead mincows, Pimephelas promelas. J Androl, 1998, 19(6): 667-67
78. Weinberg JB, Doty E, Bonaventura J, et al.Nitric oxide inhibition of human sperm motility. Fertil steril, 1995, 64 (2): 408-413
79. Sengoku K, Tamate K, Yoshida T, el al.Effects of low coocentration of nitric oxide on the zona pellucide binding of human spermatozoa. Fertil Steril, 1998, 69 (3): 522-527
80. Yeoman RR, Hazelton JM, Aksel S, et al.Inhibition of nitric oxide(NO )differentially effects hyperactivation and acrosome reaction in live hamster sperm. Fertil Steril, 1994,S10: 121-122
81. Nobunaga T, Tokugawa Y, Hashimoto K, et al.Elevated nitric oxide concentration in the seminal plasma of infertile males: nitric oxide inhibits sperm motility. Am J Reprod Immunol, 1996, 36 (4): 193-197
82．曹坚．我国男性生殖健康的现状与未来．中华医学杂志，1998，78(1)：83-84．
83．毛新良，宋瑞琨，石年等．增产菊胺酯对小鼠睾丸间质细胞一氧化氮合酶和 3-β羟基淄体脱氢酶影响的酶组织化学研究．组织化学与细胞化学杂志．1997．6(1)：48-52
84．马文领，张峰，刘卫等．雷公藤及铅镉对小鼠睾丸间质细胞一氧化氮合酶活性的影响．解剖学报．2000，31(2)：183-185
85．李积胜，焦富勇，徐鹏霄．大剂量吡哆醇对大鼠睾丸一氧化氮合酶和细胞凋亡的影响．工业卫生与职业病，2000，26(6)：325-328
86．刘卫．周广平．邵新玺等．微波辐射对睾丸间质细胞一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)的影响．现代中西医结合杂志，2000，9(13)：1206-1207．
87 李积胜，江超．王静等．补锌对衰老大鼠睾丸细胞凋亡和一氧化氮合酶的影响．中国老年学杂志．2000，20(3)：93-95
88 Kaler L W Neaves W B. The androgen status of aging male rats.Endocrin.1981, 108(2)：712-716.
89 蒋冶棠，刘建康．大鼠睾丸年龄性变化的定量组织学研究[J]．男性学杂志．1993，(1)：6-8．
90 王晓云，张健，张国红等．大鼠生精小管组织结构增龄变化的研究[J]．河北师范大学学报(自然科学版)．2001，25(4)：522-525
91 Lissbrant, E., U. Lofmark, O. Collin and A. Bergh.Is nitric oxide involved in the regulation of the rat testicular vasculature? Biol. Reprod.1997,56:1221-1227
92 Fujisawa, M., K. Yamanaka, H. Tanaka, H. Okada, S. Arakawa and S. Kamidono. Expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the Sertoli cells of men with infertility of various causes. BJU Internationa. 2001 , 87(1):85-93
93 Edward G. Shesely, Nobuyo Maeda, H.-S. Kim, Kaushik M. Desai, John H. Krege Elevated blood pressures in mice lacking endothelial nitric oxide synthase, Victor E. Laubach. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.1996,93 pp. 13176-13181
94 Gottlieb AI,Langille BL, Wong MK,et al. Structure and function of endothelial cytoskeleton.Lab Invest. 1991,65:123-137
95 Mcdonald DM. endothelial gaps and perability of venules in rat tracheas exposed to imflammatory stimuli Am J Physiol. 1994,266:L61-L83
96 Schnitzer JE,Oh P.Aquaporin-lin plasma membrane and caveolae provides mercury-sensitive water channels across lung endothelium.Am J Physiol. 1996,270( 1 pt 2):H416-422
97 Moncada S,Palmer RM,Higgs E A. nitric oxide physiology, Pathphysiology and mharmacology.Pharmarcol Rev. 1991, 43(2): 109-132。
98 Yuan Y, Granger H J,Zawieja D C,et al.Histamin increases venular permeability via a pholipase C-NO synthase guanylate cyciase cascade .Am J Physiol. 1993, 264(5 pt 2):
H1734 -H1738
99 Salzaman AL,Menconi MJ,Unno N,et al. S Nitric oxide dilates tight iunctio and depletes ATP in cultured Caco-2 BBe intestinal epithelial monolayers.Am J Physiol. 1995,268(2 pt 1):G361-G373
100 Volk T, loannikdis I,Hensi M,et al. Endothelial damage in duced by nitric oxide synergism with reactive oxygen species.Biochem Biophy Res Commun,. 1995,213(1);196-203
101 肖贞良，孙耕耘．血管内皮屏障功能调节的研究进展．生理科学进展．1998，29(3)：215-220
102 Fox J R, Wayland H. Interstitial diffusion of macromolecules in the rat mesentary. Microvasc Res. 1979,18:255-276.
103 Diaz Floresl,Gutierrez R, Lopez Alonso A,et al.Clin Orthopaed Rel Res. 1992,275:280-2868
104 Nagano T ,Suzuki F.The postnatal development of the junctional complex of the mouse Sertoli cells as revealed by freeze fracture.Anat Rec. 1976, 185(1):403-407
105 Gondos B,Renston RH,Conner LA. Ultrastructure of germ cells and Sertoli cells in the postnatal rabbit tastis. Am J Anat. 1973, 136(4): 437 -441
106 Bergmann M, Dierichs R.Postnatal formation of the blood-testis barrier in the rat with special reference to the initiation of meiosis. Anat Embryol (Berl). 1983,168(2):269-75
107 Pelletier RM, Byers SW.The blood-testis barrier and Scrtoli cell junctions: structural considerations Microsc Res Tech. 1992,20(1):3-33.
108 Furuya S, Kumamoto Y, Sugiyama S。Fine structure and development of Sertoli junctions in human testis. Arch Androl. 1978 ,1(3):211-219
109 Cavicchia JC, Sacerdote FL, Ortiz L. The human blood-testis barrier in impaired spermalogenesis.Ultrastruct Pathol. 1996, 20(3):211-218