农用硝酸铵抗爆性能判定的试验方法研究及标准化
摘要
为防止硝酸铵被用于私制炸药，国家将工业硝酸铵列入爆炸物品进行管理，并提出研制具有防爆性能的农用硝酸铵的要求，国内一些硝酸铵生产厂和科研院所研制了多种农用硝酸铵配方，但没有相关标准对其防爆性能进行判定，作者通过大量的试验研究了提出了评判农用硝酸铵的标准。
根据硝酸铵被用于制造爆炸案件和非法爆破作业的实际情况，结合硝酸铵本身的物理化学性质，确定了判定农用硝酸铵是否具有爆炸性质的基本条件：选择具有较高感度的2#铵油炸药作为标准配方；将农用硝酸铵干燥和粉碎后，将粒径不大于0.90mm而且在0.30mm筛上下各50％的样品作为测试样品；装药密度选定为0.85g·cm~(-3)～0.89g·cm~(-3)；装药直径定为80mm；研究给出了硝酸铵防爆性能测试用标准雷管的技术条件。
根据利用硝酸铵实施爆炸犯罪的实际情况，从宽到严分别设计了四种测试农用硝酸铵抗爆性能的条件：“雷管感度试验方法”；“加强的雷管感度试验方法Ⅰ”；“加强的雷管感度试验方法Ⅱ”；“加强的雷管感度试验方法Ⅲ”。从防范爆炸犯罪的目的出发，最终选定“加强的雷管感度试验方法Ⅲ”作为判定农用硝酸铵能否用于实施爆炸犯罪的装药条件。用通过“加强的雷管感度试验方法Ⅲ”的农用硝酸铵混制2#铵油炸药，在采石场进行实际爆破作业结果表明，用农用硝酸铵混制的炸药在加强起爆条件下达不到预期爆破效果，达到了防止用于非法爆破作业的目标。
从运输和储存安全角度考虑，采用联合国隔板试验测试方法，对通过“加强的雷管感度试验方法Ⅲ”的农用硝酸铵及用其混制的2#铵油炸药的爆炸性分别进行了测试，结果表明用通过“加强的雷管感度试验方法Ⅲ”测试的农用硝酸铵混制的2#铵油炸药仍然具有爆炸性，但是一般实施爆炸犯罪的人员无法按常规方法将其起爆；通过测试的农用硝酸铵已经不具有爆炸性，可以按照普通农用物资进行储存和运输。对硝酸铵与磷酸脲、硫酸脲、氯化钾等混制复合肥性能的试验研究，加入爆炸钝感的其它肥料制造复合肥是一种简单易行、可操作性强的改性方法。
To avoid ammonium nitrate(AN) been used on illegal blasting or criminal, industrialammonium nitrate is forbidden to sale freely in our country. But been one kind of theimportant fertilizer, farming AN is needed widely. So our government require someinstitutes and factories to research non-explosity AN. But there isn't a standard to measurethe anti-detonation property of farming AN. Based on large testing data, this paper give thestandard to measure the anti-detonation property.
Based on the condition of AN been used on producing explosives illegally, thetesting condition is confirmed: We use the formula of 2#ANFO as the standard formula.The pellet diameter of AN is between 0.90mm and 0.30mm 50%, less than 0.30mm50%. The charge density is 0.85g·cm~(-3)～0.89g·cm~(-3). The charge diameter is 80mm. Thestandard detonator to test the anti- detonation AN is also been studied by testing.
Stimulating the facts of explosive criminals,we designed four testing methods:"detonator sensitivity testing method", "fortified detonator sensitivity testing methodⅠ","fortified detonator sensitivity testing methodⅡ" and "fortified sensitivity testing methodⅢ". To defend the mordern explosive criminal, we confirm the "fortified detonatorsensitivity testing methodⅢ" as the standard method. The on site blasting result show thatthe 2#ANFO which oxidant is anti- detonation AN can not be useed on blasting effectly.
To insured the safety of transporting and stocking,we test the explosity of farmingAN that passed the testing of "fortified detonator sensitivity testing methodⅢ"(non-explosity AN) by UN testing standard.The result show that this kind of farm ANhas no explosity. But the 2#ANFO contained it has explosity also. We also tested themixture of urea sulfate, urea phosphate or sodium cholorate with AN. The result show thatproducing compound fertilizer contained AN is an efficient way to modify AN.
根据硝酸铵被用于制造爆炸案件和非法爆破作业的实际情况，结合硝酸铵本身的物理化学性质，确定了判定农用硝酸铵是否具有爆炸性质的基本条件：选择具有较高感度的2#铵油炸药作为标准配方；将农用硝酸铵干燥和粉碎后，将粒径不大于0.90mm而且在0.30mm筛上下各50％的样品作为测试样品；装药密度选定为0.85g·cm~(-3)～0.89g·cm~(-3)；装药直径定为80mm；研究给出了硝酸铵防爆性能测试用标准雷管的技术条件。
根据利用硝酸铵实施爆炸犯罪的实际情况，从宽到严分别设计了四种测试农用硝酸铵抗爆性能的条件：“雷管感度试验方法”；“加强的雷管感度试验方法Ⅰ”；“加强的雷管感度试验方法Ⅱ”；“加强的雷管感度试验方法Ⅲ”。从防范爆炸犯罪的目的出发，最终选定“加强的雷管感度试验方法Ⅲ”作为判定农用硝酸铵能否用于实施爆炸犯罪的装药条件。用通过“加强的雷管感度试验方法Ⅲ”的农用硝酸铵混制2#铵油炸药，在采石场进行实际爆破作业结果表明，用农用硝酸铵混制的炸药在加强起爆条件下达不到预期爆破效果，达到了防止用于非法爆破作业的目标。
从运输和储存安全角度考虑，采用联合国隔板试验测试方法，对通过“加强的雷管感度试验方法Ⅲ”的农用硝酸铵及用其混制的2#铵油炸药的爆炸性分别进行了测试，结果表明用通过“加强的雷管感度试验方法Ⅲ”测试的农用硝酸铵混制的2#铵油炸药仍然具有爆炸性，但是一般实施爆炸犯罪的人员无法按常规方法将其起爆；通过测试的农用硝酸铵已经不具有爆炸性，可以按照普通农用物资进行储存和运输。对硝酸铵与磷酸脲、硫酸脲、氯化钾等混制复合肥性能的试验研究，加入爆炸钝感的其它肥料制造复合肥是一种简单易行、可操作性强的改性方法。
To avoid ammonium nitrate(AN) been used on illegal blasting or criminal, industrialammonium nitrate is forbidden to sale freely in our country. But been one kind of theimportant fertilizer, farming AN is needed widely. So our government require someinstitutes and factories to research non-explosity AN. But there isn't a standard to measurethe anti-detonation property of farming AN. Based on large testing data, this paper give thestandard to measure the anti-detonation property.
Based on the condition of AN been used on producing explosives illegally, thetesting condition is confirmed: We use the formula of 2#ANFO as the standard formula.The pellet diameter of AN is between 0.90mm and 0.30mm 50%, less than 0.30mm50%. The charge density is 0.85g·cm~(-3)～0.89g·cm~(-3). The charge diameter is 80mm. Thestandard detonator to test the anti- detonation AN is also been studied by testing.
Stimulating the facts of explosive criminals,we designed four testing methods:"detonator sensitivity testing method", "fortified detonator sensitivity testing methodⅠ","fortified detonator sensitivity testing methodⅡ" and "fortified sensitivity testing methodⅢ". To defend the mordern explosive criminal, we confirm the "fortified detonatorsensitivity testing methodⅢ" as the standard method. The on site blasting result show thatthe 2#ANFO which oxidant is anti- detonation AN can not be useed on blasting effectly.
To insured the safety of transporting and stocking,we test the explosity of farmingAN that passed the testing of "fortified detonator sensitivity testing methodⅢ"(non-explosity AN) by UN testing standard.The result show that this kind of farm ANhas no explosity. But the 2#ANFO contained it has explosity also. We also tested themixture of urea sulfate, urea phosphate or sodium cholorate with AN. The result show thatproducing compound fertilizer contained AN is an efficient way to modify AN.
引文
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86 Foumey, WL1; Leiste, U1; Bonenberger, R1; Goodings, DI. Explosive impulse on plates. Fragblast, Volume 9, Number 1, March 2005, pp. 1-17(17)
87 Sastry, V.R.~1; Ram Chandar, K.~1 Shock Tube Initiation for Better Fragmentation: A Case Study. Fragblast, Volume 8, Number 4, December, 2004, pp. 207-220(14)
88 A. Saraco(?_lu; C. Cura; H. S. Cotert. Effect of various surface treatment methods on the bond strength of the heat-pressed ceramic samples. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, Volume 31, Number 8, August 2004, pp. 790-797(8)
89 Vijay Golla~1; William Heitbrink~1. Control Technology for Crystalline Silica Exposures in Construction: Wet Abrasive Blasting. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Volume1, Number 3, March 2004, pp. 1-1(1)
90 吕春绪等，工业炸药理论，北京，兵器工业出版社，2003
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92 陆明，工业炸药配方设计，北京理工大学出版社，2002
93 Sharpc, G.~1;Braithwaite, M.~2 Steady Non-ideal Detonations in Cylindrical Sticks of Explosives. Journal of Engineering Mathematics, Volume 53, Number 1, September 2005, pp.39-58(20)
94 Sil'vestrov, V. 1~Density dependence of detonation velocity for some explosives. Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, Volume 42, Number 4, July 2006, pp. 472-479(8)
95 Miyake A.~1; Takahara K.; Ogawa T.; Ogata Y.; Wada Y.; Arai H. Influence of physical properties of ammonium nitrate on the detonation behaviour of ANFO. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Volume 14, Number 6, November 2001, pp. 533-538(6)
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97 Ahmed, O. H.; Aminuddin, H.; Husni, M. H. A. Reducing ammonia loss from urea and improving soil-exchangeable ammonium retention through mixing triple superphosphate, humic acid and zeolite. Soil Use and Management, Volume 22, Number 3, September 2006, pp. 315-319(5)
98 MATHERS, NICOLE J.; HARMS, BEN; DALAL, RAM C. Impacts of land-use change on nitrogen status and mineralization in the Mulga Lands of Southern Queensland. Austral Ecology,Volume 3 i, Number 6, September 2006, pp. 708-718(11)
99 Hamlin, Russell~1; Barker, Allen~1. Influence of Ammonium and Nitrate Nutrition on Plant Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Indian Mustard. Journal of Plant Nutrition, Volume 29, Number 8, August 2006, pp. 1523-1541(19)
100 Xu, Hua-Wei; Ji, Xiu-Mei; Shi, Wei-Ping; Zhu, Guo-Hui; Niu, Jian-Kang; Li,Bao-Sheng; Peng, Xin-Xiang. Oxalate accumulation and regulation is independent of glycolate oxidase in dee leaves. Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 57, Number 9, June 2006, pp. 1899-1908(10
101 Tao, Wendong; Hall, Ken J; Duff, Sheldon J.B. Heterotrophic Bacterial Activities andTreatment Performance of Surface Flow Constructed Wetlands Receiving Woodwaste Leachate. Water Environment Research, Volume 78, Number 7, July 2006, pp. 671-679(9)
102 Palmqvist, Kristin; Dahlman, Lena. Responses of the green algal foliose lichen Platismatia glauca to increased nitrogen supply. New Phytologist, Volume 171,Number 2, July 2006, pp. 343-356(14)
103 Anbutsu, Kaori; Nakajima, Takuo; Takemon, Yasuhiro; Tanida, Kazumi; Goto, Naoshige; Mitamura, Osamu. Distribution of biogeochemical compounds in interstitial and surface standing water bodies in the gravel bar of the Kizu River, Japan. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, Volume 166, Number 2, June 2006, pp. 145-167(23)
104 KIM, Sun-Ju~1; Chiami, KAWAHARADA~2; ISHII, Gensho~1. Effect of ammonium: nitrate nutrient ratio on nitrate and glucosinolate contents of hydroponically-grown rocket salad (Eruca sativa Mill.). Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Volume 52, Number 3, June 2006, pp. 387-393(7)
105 Jinadasa, K.~1; Tanaka, N.~2; Mowjood, M.~3; Werellagama, D.~4 Free water surface constructed wetlands for domestic wastewater treatment: A tropical case study. Chemistry and Ecology, Volume 22, Number 3, June 2006, pp. 181-191(11)
106 Alvarez-Rogel, J.~1; Jimenez-Careeles, F.; Nicolas, C. Phosphorus and Nitrogen Content in the Water of a Coastal Wetland in the Mar Menor Lagoon (Se Spain): Relationships With Effluents From Urban and Agricultural Areas. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Volume 173, Numbers 1-4, June 2006, pp. 21-38(18)
107 FORSUM, A.; DAHLMAN, L.;NASHOLM, T.; NORDIN, A. Nitrogen utilization by Hylocomium splendens in a boreal forest fertilization experiment. Functional Ecology, Volume 20, Number 3, June 2006, pp. 421-426(6)
108 Maijanen, M.~1;Jokinen, H.~2; Saari, A.~1; Strommer, R.~2; Martikainen, P. J.~1 Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes, and carbon dioxide production in boreal forest soil fertilized with wood ash and nitrogen. Soil Use and Management, Volume 22, Number 2, June 2006, pp. 151-157(7)
109 Muller, C.~1; Stevens, R. J.~2; Laughlin, R. J.~2 Sources of nitrite in a permanent grassland soil. European Journal of Soil Science, Volume 57, Number 3, June 2006, pp. 337-343(7)
110 Osborne, S.~1; Riedell, W.~1 Soybean Growth Response to Low Rates of Nitrogen Applied at Planting in the Northern Great Plains. Journal of Plant Nutrition, Volume 29, Number 6, June 2006, pp. 985-1002(18)
111 Bloom, Arnold J.; Frensch, Jurjen; Taylor, Alison R. Influence of Inorganic Nitrogen and pH on the Elongation of Maize Seminal Roots. Annals of Botany, Volume 97, Number 5, 19 May 2006, pp. 867-873(7)
112 Supanjani, S; Lee, Kyung D.; Almaraz, Juan J.; Zhou, Xiaomin; Smith, Donald L. Effect of organic N source on bacterial growth, iipo-chitooligosaccharide production, and early soybean nodulation by Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Volume 52, Number 3, 1 March 2006, pp. 227-236(10)
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146 Szekely, Laszlol; Guttman, Andrasl. Comparison of Various Channel Fabrication Methods for Microchip Electrophoresis. Current Analytical Chemistry, Volume 2, Number 2, April 2006, pp. 195-201(7)
147 Boerio, F. J.1; Roby, B.1; Dillingham, R. G.1; Bossi, R. H.2; Crane, R. L.3. Effect of Grit-Blasting on the Surface Energy of Graphite/Epoxy Composites. Journal of Adhesion, Volume 82, Number 1, Number 1/January 2006, pp. 19-37(19)
148 MAMUYA, SIMON H. D.; BRATVEIT, MAGNE; MWAISELAGE, JULIUS; MASHALLA, YOHANA J. S.; MOEN, BENTE E. High Exposure to Respirable Dust and Quartz in a Labour-intensive Coal Mine in Tanzania . Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Volume 50, Number 2, March 2006, pp. 197-204(8)
149 Aleksandrov, I.; Filippov, V.; Shmyrko, A.; Federyaev, O. Drilling-and-Blasting Technology for Forming the Benches with Cambered-Broken Profile in a Limiting State in the "Udachny" Open-Pit. Journal of Mining Science, Volume 41, Number 4, July 2005, pp. 350-356(7)
150 Bochenin, V. A radioisotope technique for estimation of heat resistance of aluminum coatings after shot blasting. Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing, Volume 41, Number 12, December 2005, pp. 775-777(3)
151 Day, James; Huang, Xiao; Richards, N.L. Examination of a Grit-Blasting Process for Thermal Spraying Using Statistical Methods. Journal of Thermal Spray Technology, Volume 14, Number 4, December 2005, pp. 471-479(9).
152 Seryakov, V.1; Volchenko, G.2; Seryakov, A.1. Geomechanical Substantiation of Ore-Block Breaking Schemes Taking into Account Static Stress Field Redistribution under the Short-Delay Blasting. Journal of Mining Science, Volume 41, Number 1, January 2005, pp. 38-43(6)
153 Aldas, GU1. Application of the Stockwell transform to blasting-induced ground vibration. International Journal of Surface Mining, Reclamation and Environment, Volume 19, Number 2, June 2005, pp. 100-107(8)
154 Ruziev, A.1. Engineering Evaluation of the Consolidation of a Saturated Loess Stratum with a Blast-Disturbed Structure. Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Volume 42, Number 3, May 2005, pp. 105-109(5)
155 Ouchterlony, Finn. The Swebrec(?) function: linking fragmentation by blasting and crushing. Mining Technology : IMM Transactions section A, Volume 114, Number 1, March 2005, pp. 29-44(16)
156 Furihata, Naotal; Hirose, Shigeo2. Development of Mine Hands: Extended Prodder for Protected Demining Operation. Autonomous Robots, Volume 18, Number 3, May 2005, pp. 337-350(14)
157 Miyakawa, Shumpei~1; Kawamura, Haruo~1; Mishima, Hajime~1; Yasumoto, Jun~1. Grit-blasted and hydroxyapatite-coated total hip arthroplasty: an 11- to 14-year follow-up study. Journal of Orthopaedic Science, Volume 9, Number 5, September 2004, pp. 462-467(6)
158 Zhang, Z.X.~1; Lindqvist, P.-A.~2; Naarttijarvi, T.~1; Wikstrom, K.~1 A Feasibility Study on Controlling Ground Vibrations Caused by Blasts in Malmberget Underground Mine. Fragblast, Volume 8, Number 1, March, 2004, pp. 3-21(19)
159 Zaitsev, G.~1; Cheskidov, V.~1; Mattis, A.~1; Labutin, V.~1 Blast-free technology of mineral mining: State and prospects. Part III: Equipment for open mining. Journal of Mining Science, Volume 40, Number 3, May 2004, pp. 273-282(10)
160 Zaitsev, G.~1; Cheskidov, V.~1; Mattis, A.~1; Labutin, V.~1 Blast-free technology of mineral mining: State and prospects. Part III: Equipment for open mining. Journal of Mining Science, Volume 40, Number 3, May 2004, pp. 273-282(10)
161 A. K. Chakraborty~1; A. K. Raina~1; M. Ramulu~1; P. B. Choudhury~1; A. Haldar'; P. Sahoo~1; C. Bandopadhyay~1. Development of rational models for tunnel blast prediction based on a parametric study Geoteehnicai and Geological Engineering, Volume 22, Number 4, 2004, pp. 477-496(20)
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163 V. Bacova~1; D. Draganovska~1. Analyses of the Quality of Blasted Surfaces. Materials Science, Volume 40, Number 1, January 2004, pp. 125-131(7)
164 Kuzu, C.; Ergin, H.; Sozen, M. A.; Hudaverdi, T. Performance investigation of aluminised ANFO in limestone blasting operations, Mining Technology: IMM Transactions section A, Volume 114, Number 4, December 2005, pp. 194-198(5)
165 Martel R.; Trepanier L.; Levesque B.; Sanfacon G.; Brousseau P.; Lavigne M-A.; Boutin L-C.;Auger P.;Gauvin D.;Galarneau L.Carbon monoxide poisoning associated with blasting operations close to underground enclosed spaces. Part 1. CO production and migration mechanisms. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Volume 41, Number 3, 1 June 2004, pp. 371-382(12)
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169 Cunningham C.V.B. The Energy of Detonation: A Fresh Look at Pressure in the Blasthole. Fragblast, Volume 6, Number 2, October 2002, pp. 137-150(14)
170 Watts R.T. Choosing the Correct Bulk Loading Equipment Can Help Optimize Your Blasting Program. Fragblast, Volume 5, Number 4, December 2001, pp. 200-220(21)
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172 Morozov, I.; Lyubushkin, R.;Fedorova, A.;Petrov, M.; Burdeinaya, T.;Trets'yakov, V. Physicochemical properties of manganese-containing oxides with a spinel structure prepared with the use of ammonium nitrate and their catalytic activity in carbon monoxide oxidation. Kinetics and Catalysis, Volume 47, Number 1, January 2006, pp. 35-39(5)
173 Aslanov, S.~1 In the theory of blast waves. Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, Volume 42, Number 4, July 2006, pp. 450-455(6)
174 Torano, J.~1; Rodriguez, R.~1; Diego, I.~1; Menendez, M.~1 Environmental impact of rock excavation in urban areas: comparison between blasting and hydraulic breaker hammer. Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, Volume 23, Number 2, June 2006, pp. 117-126(10)
175 Mayfield, Howard~1; Burr, Eila~2; Cantrell, Marlene~2. Analysis of Explosives in Soil Using Solid Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography. Analytical Letters, Volume 39, Number 7, 2006,~pp. 1463-1474(12)
176 Mochalov, S.~1; Udovichenko, V.; Petrov, E. Destructive effect of accidental explosions of some mixed compositions. Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, Volume 42, Number 2, March 2006, pp. 217-222(6)
177 Kopyshev, V.~1; Medvedev, A.; Khrustalev, V. Equation of State of Explosion Products on the Basis of a Modified Van der Waals Model. Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, Volume 42, Number 1, January 2006, pp. 76-87(12)
178 T. N. Singh; R. Kanchan; A.K. Verma. Prediction of blast induced ground vibration and frequency using an artificial intelligent technique. Noise & Vibration Worldwide, Volume 35, Number 11, December 2004, pp. 7-15(9)
179 Prakash, A.J.~1; Palroy, P.~1; Misra, D.D.~1 Analysis of Blast Vibration Characteristics Across a Trench and a Pre-Split Plane. Fragblast, Volume 8, Number 1, March, 2004, pp. 51-60(10)
180 Adhikari, G.R.~1; Theresraj, A.I.~1; Gupta, R.N.~1 Response of Concrete and Masonry Dams to Ground Vibration due to Blasting. Fragblast, Volume 8, Number 1, March, 2004, pp. 41-49(9)
181 Villaescusa, E.~1; Onederra, 1.~2; Scott, C.~3 Blast Induced Damage and Dynamic Behaviour of Hangingwalls in Bench Stoping. Fragblast, Volume 8, Number 1, March, 2004, pp. 23-40(18)
182 Raina, A.~1; Haldar, A.~2; Chakraborty, A.~2; Choudhury, p.~2; Ramulu, M.~2; Bandyopadhyay, C.~2 Human response to blast-induced vibration and air-overpressure: an Indian scenario. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, Volume 63, Number 3, August 2004, pp. 209-214(6)
183 Kentli, B.~~; Topal, T.~2Evaluation of rock excavatability and slope stability along a segment of motorway, Pozanti, Turkey. Environmental Geology, Volume 46, Number 1, July 2004, pp. 83-95(13)
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162 Ringgenberg, Otto; Mathieu, Jorg. Commercial High Explosives. CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry, Volume 58, Number 6, June 2004, pp. 390-393(4)
163 V. Bacova~1; D. Draganovska~1. Analyses of the Quality of Blasted Surfaces. Materials Science, Volume 40, Number 1, January 2004, pp. 125-131(7)
164 Kuzu, C.; Ergin, H.; Sozen, M. A.; Hudaverdi, T. Performance investigation of aluminised ANFO in limestone blasting operations, Mining Technology: IMM Transactions section A, Volume 114, Number 4, December 2005, pp. 194-198(5)
165 Martel R.; Trepanier L.; Levesque B.; Sanfacon G.; Brousseau P.; Lavigne M-A.; Boutin L-C.;Auger P.;Gauvin D.;Galarneau L.Carbon monoxide poisoning associated with blasting operations close to underground enclosed spaces. Part 1. CO production and migration mechanisms. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Volume 41, Number 3, 1 June 2004, pp. 371-382(12)
166 刘殿中，工程爆破使用手册，北京，冶金工业出版社，1999
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168 Singh, P. K.; Sirveiya, A.K.; Roy, M.P.; Prasad, Avinash; Mohapatra, Tarapada. A new approach in blast vibration analysis and prediction at iron ore mines. Mining Technology : IMM Transactions section A, Volume 114, Number 4, December 2005, pp. 209-218(10)
169 Cunningham C.V.B. The Energy of Detonation: A Fresh Look at Pressure in the Blasthole. Fragblast, Volume 6, Number 2, October 2002, pp. 137-150(14)
170 Watts R.T. Choosing the Correct Bulk Loading Equipment Can Help Optimize Your Blasting Program. Fragblast, Volume 5, Number 4, December 2001, pp. 200-220(21)
171 Stramquist D.M.; Wathen B.J. Waste product in distillation for glycol product in ANFO explosives as replacement for fuel oils. Fuel and Energy Abstracts, Volume 38, Number I, January 1997, pp. 19-19(1)
172 Morozov, I.; Lyubushkin, R.;Fedorova, A.;Petrov, M.; Burdeinaya, T.;Trets'yakov, V. Physicochemical properties of manganese-containing oxides with a spinel structure prepared with the use of ammonium nitrate and their catalytic activity in carbon monoxide oxidation. Kinetics and Catalysis, Volume 47, Number 1, January 2006, pp. 35-39(5)
173 Aslanov, S.~1 In the theory of blast waves. Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, Volume 42, Number 4, July 2006, pp. 450-455(6)
174 Torano, J.~1; Rodriguez, R.~1; Diego, I.~1; Menendez, M.~1 Environmental impact of rock excavation in urban areas: comparison between blasting and hydraulic breaker hammer. Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, Volume 23, Number 2, June 2006, pp. 117-126(10)
175 Mayfield, Howard~1; Burr, Eila~2; Cantrell, Marlene~2. Analysis of Explosives in Soil Using Solid Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography. Analytical Letters, Volume 39, Number 7, 2006,~pp. 1463-1474(12)
176 Mochalov, S.~1; Udovichenko, V.; Petrov, E. Destructive effect of accidental explosions of some mixed compositions. Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, Volume 42, Number 2, March 2006, pp. 217-222(6)
177 Kopyshev, V.~1; Medvedev, A.; Khrustalev, V. Equation of State of Explosion Products on the Basis of a Modified Van der Waals Model. Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, Volume 42, Number 1, January 2006, pp. 76-87(12)
178 T. N. Singh; R. Kanchan; A.K. Verma. Prediction of blast induced ground vibration and frequency using an artificial intelligent technique. Noise & Vibration Worldwide, Volume 35, Number 11, December 2004, pp. 7-15(9)
179 Prakash, A.J.~1; Palroy, P.~1; Misra, D.D.~1 Analysis of Blast Vibration Characteristics Across a Trench and a Pre-Split Plane. Fragblast, Volume 8, Number 1, March, 2004, pp. 51-60(10)
180 Adhikari, G.R.~1; Theresraj, A.I.~1; Gupta, R.N.~1 Response of Concrete and Masonry Dams to Ground Vibration due to Blasting. Fragblast, Volume 8, Number 1, March, 2004, pp. 41-49(9)
181 Villaescusa, E.~1; Onederra, 1.~2; Scott, C.~3 Blast Induced Damage and Dynamic Behaviour of Hangingwalls in Bench Stoping. Fragblast, Volume 8, Number 1, March, 2004, pp. 23-40(18)
182 Raina, A.~1; Haldar, A.~2; Chakraborty, A.~2; Choudhury, p.~2; Ramulu, M.~2; Bandyopadhyay, C.~2 Human response to blast-induced vibration and air-overpressure: an Indian scenario. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, Volume 63, Number 3, August 2004, pp. 209-214(6)
183 Kentli, B.~~; Topal, T.~2Evaluation of rock excavatability and slope stability along a segment of motorway, Pozanti, Turkey. Environmental Geology, Volume 46, Number 1, July 2004, pp. 83-95(13)
184 Singh, T.~1; Singh, Virendra~2. An intelligent approach to prediction and control ground vibration in mines. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, Volume 23, Number 3, June 2005, pp. 249-262(14)
185 Hubbs, Annl; Greskevitch, Markl; Kuempel, Eileen2; Suarez, Fernando3; Toraason, Mark2. Abrasive Blasting Agents: Designing Studies to Evaluate Relative Risk. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A, Volume 68, Numbers 11-12, Number 11-12/June 11-June 25 2005, pp. 999-1016(18)
186 Pegden, M.; Birch, W.J.s. Environmental impact of blasting - planning to comply. Mining Technology: IMM Transactions section A, Volume 114, Number 4, December 2005, pp. 199-208(10)
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