《汤姆叔叔的小屋》：翻译、文体、比较
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摘要
“忠实”被广泛地认为是译者在翻译过程中应该遵守的基本原则。由于审美功能是文学作品中最重要的功能,因此译者在翻译文学作品时应同时兼顾原作的内容与风格两方面的忠实。作品风格反映作者的人生观、世界观、美学理念和艺术技巧。风格是作者独特的语言形式的选择,它让读者在阅读中获悉主题意义,欣赏艺术魅力和审美价值。尽管国内外学者对“忠实”一说仁者见仁、智者见智,但对原作风格忠实的可能性和必要性却从来没有断然否定过。本文借鉴文学文体学理论,以斯托夫人的废奴小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》的两个中译本的比较,来探讨风格的翻译。本文首先从作者的写作背景和小说的主题中考察小说的整体风格,然后试图分别从语言和文化角度就李自修和周冬华的合译本以及黄继忠的译本进行对比研究。通过分析两个译本的优、缺点,本文试图证明一元论的可靠性和正确性。特定的语言形式具有其特定的主题意义和美学效果。小说中的语言形式同样也是作者出于主题和美学考量的选择,因此风格的传递和故事内容的传递在小说翻译中同等重要。为了达到忠实原作的目标,本文特别强调风格再现的重要性,并提出了实现风格再现的三步骤:掌握原作的主题和整体风格,分析与主题和美学有关的语言特征,在译文中保持原作的文化气息。三个步骤循环运动,从而使风格翻译的质量不断得到提升。
It is generally accepted that "faithfulness" is the basic principle translatorsshould follow strictly. Since aesthetic function is the most dominant one of literaryworks, translators should be faithful to both the content and the style of the originaltext in literary translation. Style reflects an author's outlook on life and world,aesthetic idea and artistic skills, and it is an author's unique choice of linguistic formwhereby readers appreciate the thematic meaning, artistic appeal and aesthetic value.Both Chinese and Western translation theoreticians hold that it is possible andnecessary to be faithful to the style of the original text. This thesis applies literarystylistics to the studies of style translation by a comparison between two Chineseversions of Mrs. Stowe's anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, taking intoconsideration the general style of the novel against the author's background and afocus on the theme of the novel, and then attempts to pursue a comparative study ofLi Zixiu and Zhou Donghua's version and Huang Jizhong's version from linguisticand cultural perspectives respectively. The tentative analysis of the merits anddemerits in style translation of the two versions is the attempt of the present study toconfirm the reliability and validity of monism. A particular linguistic form signifiesits particular meaning so as to produce particular thematic meaning and aestheticeffect. The linguistic form of a fiction is also an author's thematically andaesthetically motivated choice, so conveyance of the style of the original is asimportant as the transference of the stories in fiction translation. In order to achievethe goal of faithfulness to the original, this thesis places great emphasis on stylereproduction and puts forward three steps for style reproduction, i.e. to grasp thetheme and general style of the original, to analyze the thematically or aestheticallyrelated linguistic features and to retain the cultural flavor of the original intranslation. The three steps work in a circular way so that the quality of styletranslation may be improved on a continuous basis.
It is generally accepted that "faithfulness" is the basic principle translatorsshould follow strictly. Since aesthetic function is the most dominant one of literaryworks, translators should be faithful to both the content and the style of the originaltext in literary translation. Style reflects an author's outlook on life and world,aesthetic idea and artistic skills, and it is an author's unique choice of linguistic formwhereby readers appreciate the thematic meaning, artistic appeal and aesthetic value.Both Chinese and Western translation theoreticians hold that it is possible andnecessary to be faithful to the style of the original text. This thesis applies literarystylistics to the studies of style translation by a comparison between two Chineseversions of Mrs. Stowe's anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, taking intoconsideration the general style of the novel against the author's background and afocus on the theme of the novel, and then attempts to pursue a comparative study ofLi Zixiu and Zhou Donghua's version and Huang Jizhong's version from linguisticand cultural perspectives respectively. The tentative analysis of the merits anddemerits in style translation of the two versions is the attempt of the present study toconfirm the reliability and validity of monism. A particular linguistic form signifiesits particular meaning so as to produce particular thematic meaning and aestheticeffect. The linguistic form of a fiction is also an author's thematically andaesthetically motivated choice, so conveyance of the style of the original is asimportant as the transference of the stories in fiction translation. In order to achievethe goal of faithfulness to the original, this thesis places great emphasis on stylereproduction and puts forward three steps for style reproduction, i.e. to grasp thetheme and general style of the original, to analyze the thematically or aestheticallyrelated linguistic features and to retain the cultural flavor of the original intranslation. The three steps work in a circular way so that the quality of styletranslation may be improved on a continuous basis.
引文
Bell, Roger T. 2001. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Bussmann, Hadumod. 2000. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Chang Yaoxin. 2003. A Survey of American Literature. Tianjin: NanKai UP.
Cheng Zhaowei. 2007. Essentials of Literary Translation. Beijing: National Defense Industry Press.
Cuddon, J A. 1979. A Dictionary of Literary Terms. London: Andre Deutsch.
Dong, Qiming. 2008. English Stylistics: A New Course Book. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Grice, P. H. 2002. Studies in the Way of Words, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Hou, Weirui. 2008. Literary Stylistics. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Leech, Geoffrey N & Short, Michael H. 2001. Style in Fiction: A linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Liu Zhongde. 1991. Ten Lectures on Literary Translation. Beijing: China Translation and Publishing Corporation.
Ma, Aiying. 2006. Cultural Translation from Chinese to English. Beijing: Science Press.
Munday, Jeremy. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications. Oxon:Routledge.
Newmark, Peter. 2001a. Approaches to Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Newmark, Peter. 2001b. A Textbook of Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Nida, Eugene A. 1993. Language, Culture and Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Nida,Eugene A.2004.Towards a Science of Translating.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Pennell,Melissa McFanland.2007.Masterpieces of American Romantic Literature.Beijing:China Renmin University Press.
Qian,Yuan.2006.Stylistics:A Coursebook For Chinese EFL Students.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Shen,Dan.1998.Literary Stylistics and Fictional Translation.Beijing:Peking University Press.
Stowe,Harriet Beecher.1994.Uncle Tom's Cabin.New York:W.W.Norton.
Stowe,Harriet Beecher.2003.Uncle Tom's Cabin.New York:Bantam Classic.
Sundquist,Eric J.2007.New Essays on Uncle Tom's Cabin.Beijing:Peking University Press.
Toolan,Michael.2008.Language in Literature.An Introduction to Stylistics.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Tytler,Alexander Fraser.2007.Essay on the Principles of Translation.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Wilson,Edmund.1962.Patriotic Gore:Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War.New York:Farrar,Straus and Giroux.
Vanspanckeren,Kathryn.2003.Outline of American Literature.Shengyang:Liaoning Education Press.
Wang,Enming.2003.American Culture and Society.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Wu Weiren.2006.History and Anthology of American Literature.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Chen Dingan[陈定安],2006,《翻译理论与实务丛书》。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
Feng Qinghua[冯庆华],2002,《文体翻译论》。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
Holy Bible,2007,《圣经·中英对照》。南京:中国基督教三自爱国运动委员会,中国基督教协会。
Jia Wenbo[贾文波],2004,《应用翻译功能论》。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
Jin Huikang[金惠康],2002,《跨文化交际翻译》。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
Jin Huikang[金惠康],2003,《跨文化交际翻译续编》。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
Li Dezhu,Ye Xiaowen,[李德洙,叶小文],2003,《当代世界民族宗教》。北京:中共中央党校出版社。
Liu Lu[刘鹭],2007,林纾译本《黑奴吁天录》改写痕迹的文化透视。贵阳:贵州大学。
Liu Shisheng,Zhu Ruiqing,[刘世生,朱瑞青],2006,《文体学概论》。北京:北京大学出版社。
Liu Zhongde[刘重德],2003,《西方译论研究》。北京:中国对外翻译出版社。
Shen Dan[申丹],2002,论文学文体学在翻译学科建设中的重要性,《中国翻译》,23,1:11-15。
Shen Dan[申丹],2005,略论西方现代文学文体学在小说翻译中的作用。Yan Chensong[严辰松]编,《中国翻译研究论文精选》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,217-232。
Shen Dan[申丹],2007,《叙述学与小说文体学研究》。北京:北京大学出版社。
斯托夫人,黄继忠译,2007,《汤姆叔叔的小屋》上海市:上海文译出版社。
斯托夫人,李自修,周冬华译,1996,《汤姆叔叔的小屋》。长沙市:湖南文艺出版社。
Wang Xiangyuan,Chen Yan,[王向远,陈言],2006,《二十世纪中国文学翻译之争》。南昌:百花洲文艺出版社。
Wang Zuoliang,Ding Wangdao,[王佐良,丁往道],2007,《英语文体学引论》。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。
Xu Jun[许钧],2001,《文学翻译的理论与实践——翻译对话录》。南京:译林出版社。
Zhang Delu,Zhang Guo,[张德禄,张国],2008,《英语文体学教程》。北京:高等教育出版社。
Zhang Jin,Zhang ning,[张今,张宁],2005,《文学翻译原理》。北京:清华大学出版社。
Zhang Lixia[张丽霞],2006,关于《汤姆叔叔的小屋》一书几种翻译的批判思考。大连:辽宁师范大学。
Zhu Shiping[朱世平],2005,浅谈作品风格的翻译,《莆田学院学报》,12,4:58-61。
Bussmann, Hadumod. 2000. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Chang Yaoxin. 2003. A Survey of American Literature. Tianjin: NanKai UP.
Cheng Zhaowei. 2007. Essentials of Literary Translation. Beijing: National Defense Industry Press.
Cuddon, J A. 1979. A Dictionary of Literary Terms. London: Andre Deutsch.
Dong, Qiming. 2008. English Stylistics: A New Course Book. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Grice, P. H. 2002. Studies in the Way of Words, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Hou, Weirui. 2008. Literary Stylistics. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Leech, Geoffrey N & Short, Michael H. 2001. Style in Fiction: A linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Liu Zhongde. 1991. Ten Lectures on Literary Translation. Beijing: China Translation and Publishing Corporation.
Ma, Aiying. 2006. Cultural Translation from Chinese to English. Beijing: Science Press.
Munday, Jeremy. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications. Oxon:Routledge.
Newmark, Peter. 2001a. Approaches to Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Newmark, Peter. 2001b. A Textbook of Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Nida, Eugene A. 1993. Language, Culture and Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Nida,Eugene A.2004.Towards a Science of Translating.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Pennell,Melissa McFanland.2007.Masterpieces of American Romantic Literature.Beijing:China Renmin University Press.
Qian,Yuan.2006.Stylistics:A Coursebook For Chinese EFL Students.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Shen,Dan.1998.Literary Stylistics and Fictional Translation.Beijing:Peking University Press.
Stowe,Harriet Beecher.1994.Uncle Tom's Cabin.New York:W.W.Norton.
Stowe,Harriet Beecher.2003.Uncle Tom's Cabin.New York:Bantam Classic.
Sundquist,Eric J.2007.New Essays on Uncle Tom's Cabin.Beijing:Peking University Press.
Toolan,Michael.2008.Language in Literature.An Introduction to Stylistics.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Tytler,Alexander Fraser.2007.Essay on the Principles of Translation.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Wilson,Edmund.1962.Patriotic Gore:Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War.New York:Farrar,Straus and Giroux.
Vanspanckeren,Kathryn.2003.Outline of American Literature.Shengyang:Liaoning Education Press.
Wang,Enming.2003.American Culture and Society.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Wu Weiren.2006.History and Anthology of American Literature.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Chen Dingan[陈定安],2006,《翻译理论与实务丛书》。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
Feng Qinghua[冯庆华],2002,《文体翻译论》。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
Holy Bible,2007,《圣经·中英对照》。南京:中国基督教三自爱国运动委员会,中国基督教协会。
Jia Wenbo[贾文波],2004,《应用翻译功能论》。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
Jin Huikang[金惠康],2002,《跨文化交际翻译》。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
Jin Huikang[金惠康],2003,《跨文化交际翻译续编》。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
Li Dezhu,Ye Xiaowen,[李德洙,叶小文],2003,《当代世界民族宗教》。北京:中共中央党校出版社。
Liu Lu[刘鹭],2007,林纾译本《黑奴吁天录》改写痕迹的文化透视。贵阳:贵州大学。
Liu Shisheng,Zhu Ruiqing,[刘世生,朱瑞青],2006,《文体学概论》。北京:北京大学出版社。
Liu Zhongde[刘重德],2003,《西方译论研究》。北京:中国对外翻译出版社。
Shen Dan[申丹],2002,论文学文体学在翻译学科建设中的重要性,《中国翻译》,23,1:11-15。
Shen Dan[申丹],2005,略论西方现代文学文体学在小说翻译中的作用。Yan Chensong[严辰松]编,《中国翻译研究论文精选》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,217-232。
Shen Dan[申丹],2007,《叙述学与小说文体学研究》。北京:北京大学出版社。
斯托夫人,黄继忠译,2007,《汤姆叔叔的小屋》上海市:上海文译出版社。
斯托夫人,李自修,周冬华译,1996,《汤姆叔叔的小屋》。长沙市:湖南文艺出版社。
Wang Xiangyuan,Chen Yan,[王向远,陈言],2006,《二十世纪中国文学翻译之争》。南昌:百花洲文艺出版社。
Wang Zuoliang,Ding Wangdao,[王佐良,丁往道],2007,《英语文体学引论》。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。
Xu Jun[许钧],2001,《文学翻译的理论与实践——翻译对话录》。南京:译林出版社。
Zhang Delu,Zhang Guo,[张德禄,张国],2008,《英语文体学教程》。北京:高等教育出版社。
Zhang Jin,Zhang ning,[张今,张宁],2005,《文学翻译原理》。北京:清华大学出版社。
Zhang Lixia[张丽霞],2006,关于《汤姆叔叔的小屋》一书几种翻译的批判思考。大连:辽宁师范大学。
Zhu Shiping[朱世平],2005,浅谈作品风格的翻译,《莆田学院学报》,12,4:58-61。