英汉学习型词典中近义词辨析栏设置的优化处理
|
摘要
英语近义词的大量存在使近义词辨析成为英语学习中不容忽视的一个领域。作为英语学习重要的参考工具,英语学习型词典都竭力提供各种形式的近义词辨析信息。近义词辨析栏是新版英语学习型词典的重要组成部分,但是现有的近义词辨析栏仍有不尽如人意的地方。
本文从三个方面对英汉学习型词典中近义词辨析栏的设置进行分析。这三个方面分别为近义词列的选取、近义词的多维辨析和英汉学习型词典中近义词的索引系统。
本文系统研究了优化近义词辨析栏设置所需的主要理论。这些相关理论包括同义语义场、原型理论、意义七分法、语义韵理论、凸显原则,以及用户视角理论。在上述理论的基础上对主流英语学习型词典及英汉学习型词典中近义词辨析栏的设置情况进行了纵向和横向的深入分析,并对其中的近义词辨析栏进行了个案研究。结果发现英汉学习型词典中近义词辨析栏的设置在数量和质量上远远滞后于五大主流英语学习词典。尤其是在采用基于语料库的方法进行近义词辨析方面存在严重的不足。
本文采用基于语料库的研究方法选取近义词列,并通过分析近义词在不同语域中的分布、典型搭配词及其语义韵特点区分近义词在语体义及搭配义方面的异同;针对如何将这些辨析信息整合到英汉学习型词典的近义词辨析栏中,作者提出了八种可行的方式,并分别对其进行了分析和探讨。
基于英语学习型词典的成功经验,采用语料库研究的方法,本文从近义词列的选取,近义词的辨析以及近义词的索引系统三个方面研究了优化英汉学习型词典中近义词辨析栏设置的可行性,并提供了优化后的近义词辨析栏样例。
English synonyms,particularly near-synonyms,as they are generally large in number,play a very important role in vocabulary acquisition.The near-synonym discrimination box,a crucial component of ECLDs,is a valuable resource for Chinese EFL learners to retrieve near-synonym discrimination information,however,the setting of the near-synonym discrimination boxes is far from being satisfactory.
In this thesis,the issue of setting near-synonym discrimination boxes is addressed in three interrelated aspects:the range of the cluster,the multi-dimensional discrimination information and the access system.
Six theories are introduced and integrated to lay the theoretical foundation for the present study.They are Semantically Synonymous Field,Prototype Theory,Seven Types of Meaning,Semantic Prosody,Prominence Principle and User Perspective.
A synchronical and diachronical survey of the setting of the near-synonym discrimination boxes in typical ELDs and one ECLD reveals that in the practice of setting the near-synonym boxes,ECLDs lag behind ELDs,especially in applying corpus evidence to the setting of near-synonym discrimination boxes in ECLDs.
Corpus-based approaches are adopted in determining the range of the cluster and in discriminating near-synonyms.The register,significant collocates and the semantic prosody of the near-synonyms are investigated in corpora.Eight ways are proposed to integrate the corpus-based findings into the near-synonym discrimination boxes.
Based on the strong points found in ELDs and the corpus-based approaches, suggestions for improving the setting of the near-synonym discrimination boxes are made.Models for the optimized near-synonym discrimination boxes and the external access system of the near-synonyms are presented as well.
本文从三个方面对英汉学习型词典中近义词辨析栏的设置进行分析。这三个方面分别为近义词列的选取、近义词的多维辨析和英汉学习型词典中近义词的索引系统。
本文系统研究了优化近义词辨析栏设置所需的主要理论。这些相关理论包括同义语义场、原型理论、意义七分法、语义韵理论、凸显原则,以及用户视角理论。在上述理论的基础上对主流英语学习型词典及英汉学习型词典中近义词辨析栏的设置情况进行了纵向和横向的深入分析,并对其中的近义词辨析栏进行了个案研究。结果发现英汉学习型词典中近义词辨析栏的设置在数量和质量上远远滞后于五大主流英语学习词典。尤其是在采用基于语料库的方法进行近义词辨析方面存在严重的不足。
本文采用基于语料库的研究方法选取近义词列,并通过分析近义词在不同语域中的分布、典型搭配词及其语义韵特点区分近义词在语体义及搭配义方面的异同;针对如何将这些辨析信息整合到英汉学习型词典的近义词辨析栏中,作者提出了八种可行的方式,并分别对其进行了分析和探讨。
基于英语学习型词典的成功经验,采用语料库研究的方法,本文从近义词列的选取,近义词的辨析以及近义词的索引系统三个方面研究了优化英汉学习型词典中近义词辨析栏设置的可行性,并提供了优化后的近义词辨析栏样例。
English synonyms,particularly near-synonyms,as they are generally large in number,play a very important role in vocabulary acquisition.The near-synonym discrimination box,a crucial component of ECLDs,is a valuable resource for Chinese EFL learners to retrieve near-synonym discrimination information,however,the setting of the near-synonym discrimination boxes is far from being satisfactory.
In this thesis,the issue of setting near-synonym discrimination boxes is addressed in three interrelated aspects:the range of the cluster,the multi-dimensional discrimination information and the access system.
Six theories are introduced and integrated to lay the theoretical foundation for the present study.They are Semantically Synonymous Field,Prototype Theory,Seven Types of Meaning,Semantic Prosody,Prominence Principle and User Perspective.
A synchronical and diachronical survey of the setting of the near-synonym discrimination boxes in typical ELDs and one ECLD reveals that in the practice of setting the near-synonym boxes,ECLDs lag behind ELDs,especially in applying corpus evidence to the setting of near-synonym discrimination boxes in ECLDs.
Corpus-based approaches are adopted in determining the range of the cluster and in discriminating near-synonyms.The register,significant collocates and the semantic prosody of the near-synonyms are investigated in corpora.Eight ways are proposed to integrate the corpus-based findings into the near-synonym discrimination boxes.
Based on the strong points found in ELDs and the corpus-based approaches, suggestions for improving the setting of the near-synonym discrimination boxes are made.Models for the optimized near-synonym discrimination boxes and the external access system of the near-synonyms are presented as well.
引文
Bao, Keyi. (1996). Hanyu Tongyici Fanyici Duizhao Cidian (Dictionary of Synonym and Antonym.). Beijing: Hanyu Dacidian Chubanshe (Chinese Dictionary Press).
Barrett, G. & Weller, C. (2009). Collins Cobuild Advanced Dictionary 6~(th) edition.Glasgow: Heinle Cengage Learning.
Bian, Zhenxiong. (1992). Luetang yingyu tongyici zai yongfa shang de qubie (Difference among English synonyms in usage). Jiangsu Daxue Xuebao (Journal of Jiangsu University) 4,104-107.
Chen, Guicheng. (2003). Yingyu tongyi ciqun shi kaifangxing de dongtai jiegou (English near-synonyms are open and dynamic structures). Cishu Yanjiu (Journal of Lexicographical Works) 3, 33-36.
Chen, Jiansheng. (1997). Guanyu yuliaoku yuyanxue (On corpus linguistics). Guowai Yuyanxue (Foreign Linguistics) 1.
Chen, Jiansheng. (2004). Yuliaoku yuyanxue yu yingyu jiaoxue (Corpus linguistics and English language teaching). Jiefangjun Waiguoyu Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of PLA University of Foreign Languages) 1.
Cheng, Yirong. (1997). Tongyici bianxi de ganga (A dilemma of near-synonym discrimination). Sichuan Waiyu Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of Sichuan International Studies University) 3, 29-33.
Chu, Xiangqun. & Liu, Caimin. (2007). Gaoji yingyu cihui zizhu xuexi de yuliaoku fangfa (Self-access to advanced English vocabulary acquisition —— Corpus-based approach). Waiyu Dianhua Jiaoxue (Computer-Assisted Foreign Language Education in China).
Claire, K. (1993). Context and Culture in Language Teaching. Shanghai: Shanghai Waiyu Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press).
Cowie, A. P. (2002). English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners: A History. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press/ Oxford University Press.
Cowie, A. P. (1989). Oxford Advanced Learners' Dictionary 4~(th) edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cowie, A. P. (1995). Oxford Advanced Learners' Dictionary 5~(th) edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cruse, D. A. (1986). Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Deng, Xiaoling. (1998). Bianzuan jijixing shuangyu cidian de biyaoxing ji jidian shexiang (Tentative ideas of the compilation of active bilingual dictionaries and its significance). Chengdu: Sichuan Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Sichuan Education Press).
DiMarco, C. & Hirst, G. (1995). Usage notes as the basis for a representation of near-synonymy for lexical choice. Proceedings, Ninth Annual Conference of the University of Waterloo Centre for the New Oxford English Dictionary and Text Research. Oxford University.
DiMarco, C., Hirst, G. & Stede, M. (1993). "The semantic and stylistic differentiation of synonyms and near-synonyms". Proceedings, AAI Spring Symposium on Building Lexicons for Machine Translation. Stanford Universty.
Dong, Xingmao. (1997). Tongyici de benzhi tezheng ji bijiao fangfa (The nature and discrimination of near-synonyms). Fujian Shida Fuqing Fenxiao Xuebao (Journal of Fuqing Branch of Fujian Normal University) 3,51-55.
Du, Yongli. (2003). Zhunque de yongci qiadang de biaoda (Correct collocations and expressions). Sheke Zongheng (Social Sciences Review) 6, 89-90.
Edmonds, P. (1999). Semantic Representations of Near-synonyms for Automatic Lexical Choice. PhD thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto.
Edmonds, P. & Hirst, G. (2002). Near-synonymy and Lexical Choice. Computational Linguistics, 28(2), 105-144.
Egan, R. F. (1942). Webster's Dictionary of Synonyms. Springfield, Mass: G. & C. Merriam Co.
Fan, Bing. & Han, Cunxin. (2008). Yuyiyun yu yuyi pianhao de guanxi ji waiyu jiaoxue de qishi (The relationship between semantic prosody and semantic preference and their pedagogical applications). Hanshan Shifan Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of Hanshan Normal University) 4, 87-89.
Fan, Yingrui. (2006). Yisu fenxifa zai tongyici bianxi zhong de yunyong (Componential analysis in near-synonym discrimination.). Neimenggu dianda xuekan (Journal of Inner Mongolia Radio and TV University) 11, 17-19.
Fei, Zhide. (1981). Qiantan yingyu tongyici he tongyici cidian xu (On English near-synonyms and dictionaries of near-synonym discrimination (continued). Jiefangjun Waiyu Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of Pla University of Foreign Languages University) 1,22-30.
Firth, J. R. (1957). J. R. Firth: Papers in Linguistics. London: Oxford University Press.
Firth, J. R. (1968). A synopsis of linguistic theory. In Palmer, F. R. (ed.) Selected Papers of J. R. Firth 1952-59 (168-205). London: Longmans.
Fu, Huaiqing. (2000). Tongyici yanjiu de jige wenti (Some problems in near-synonym studies.). Zhongguo Yuwen (Studies of the Chinese).
Fu, Weixian. (2001). Duibi yu shuangyu cidian (Comparison and bilingual dictionaries). See: Shuangyu Cidianxue Lunji (Collection of Studies on Bilingual Dictionaries). Nanjing: Jiangsu Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Jiangsu Education Press).
Gave, P. B. (1968). Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms. Massachusetts: G. & C.Merriam Company.
Gillard, P. (2003) Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary 2~(nd) edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gillard, P. (2008) Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary 3~(rd) edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gou, Xiquan. (1995). Tan yinghan shuangjie cidian bianzuan (On the compilation of English-Chinese bilingual dictionaries). Xiandai Waiyu (Modern Foreign Languages) 3, 32-35.
Greenbaum, H. H. (1974). The audit of organizational communication. Academy of Management Journal, 17: 739-754.
Gui, Dingkang. & Sun, Jinglei. (2001). Waiyu jinsici bianxi cidian de zongti sheji(An overall design of the near-synonym discrimination dictionary.). Cishu Yanjiu (Journal of Lexicographical Works) 2, 72-76.
Gui, Xiaoman. & Gui, Dingkang. (2001). Waiyu jinsici bianxi cidian de zongti sheji (An overall design of the near-synonym discrimination dictionary).Cishu Yanjiu (Journal of Lexicographical Works) 2,72-74.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1966). The concept of rank: a reply. Journal of Linguistics 2, 110-118.
Hartmann, R. R. K. (2000). Teaching and Researching Lexicography. London: Longmans.
Hartmann, R. R. K. (2005). Pure or Hybrid? The Development of Mixed Dictionary Genres. In Facta Universitaties 3(2), 193-208.
Hayakawa, S. I. (1984). Modern Guide to Synonyms and Related Words. London: Penguin Books.
Hoey, M. (1991). Patterns of Lexis in Text. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hu, Meihua. (2002).Yingyu xuexi cidian zai daxue yingyu jiaoxue zhong zhengrong weilou qianjing youguang (The bright future of English learners' dictionaries in college English teaching based on two questionaires.). Cishu Yanjiu (Journal of Lexicographical Works) 6.
Huang, Jia. (1996).Qianyi yingyu cidian de tongyici bianxilan (On the discrimination box of English (English-Chinese) near-synonym.). Zhongshan Daxue Xuebao Luncong (Collection of Journals of SUN YAT-SEN University) 3,257-264.
Huang, Qiongying. (1997). Yingyu tongyici xuexi cuowu fenxi ji jiaoxue celue (Error analysis and teaching strategy of English near-synonym learning.). Qujing Shizhuan Xuebao (Journal of Qujing Normal College) 2, 49-53.
Hunston, S. (2002). Corpora in Applied Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Inkpen, D. (2004), Building a lexical Knowledge-Base of Near-synonym Difference. PhD thesis, University of Toronto.
Inkpen, D. & Hirst, G. (2002). Acquiring collocations for lexical choice between near-synonyms, Unservised Lexical Acquisition: Proceeding of the Workshop of the ACL Special Interest Group on the Lexicon. Philadelphia, July 2002, 67-76.
Jackendoff, R. (1983). Semantics and Cognition. Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.
Jackson, H. & Ze Amvela, E. (2000). Words, Meaning and Vocabulary. London: Wellington House.
Jiang, Lie. (1998). Yingyu tongyici tanwei (A study on the English near-synonym discrimination.). Jiefangjun Waiyu Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of PLA Foreign Languages University) 3, 27-31.
Jiang, Weixiu. (1993). Yingyong yuyanxue lilun qufen tongyici zhong (Near-synonym discrimination with theories in applied linguistics ~ middle).Yingyu Zhishi(The Knowledge of English) 1.
Jiang, Weixiu. (1993).Yingyong yuyanxue lilun qufen tongyici xia(Near-synonym discrimination with theories in applied linguistics — last). Yingyu Zhishi (The Knowledge of English) 2.
Jiang, Zhiwen. & Wen, Jun. (1999). Cidianxue yu Shuangyu Cidianxue Yanjiu (Studies of Lexicography and Bilingual Lexicography). Shanghai:Shanghai Cishu Chubanshe (Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House).
Landau, S. I. (2001). The Art and Craft of Lexicography (Second edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Leech, G. (1974). Semantics. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Ltd.
Li, Ergang. (2001). Xiandai Cidianxue Daolun (Introduction to Modern Lexicography). Shanghai: Hanyu Dacidian Chubanshe (Chinese Dictionary Press).
Li, Huimin. (2007).Yingyu tongyici duowei bianxi (Studies on multi-dimensional discrimination of English near-synonyms). Shaoguan Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of Shaoguan University) 8, 86-89
Li, Xiang. (2007). Jiyu yuliaoku de tongyici bianxi jiaoxue (Corpus-based teaching of the differentiation of English synonyms). Changsha Daxue Xuebao (Journal of Changsha University) 4,149-150.
Liao, Fei. (2002). Daxue Yingyu Cidian Xuqiu Yu Diaocha Fenxi (A survey on the needs of college English dictionaries). Shuangyu Cidianlun Zhuanji (Collection of Studies on Bilingual Dictionaries). Beijing: Beijing Chubanshe (Beijing Publishing House).
Lin, Chengzhang. & Liu, Shiping. (2005). Yingyu Cihuixue Yinlun (An Introduction to English Lexicology). Wuhan: Wuhan Daxue Chubanshe (Wuhan University Press).
Liu, Huixiu. (2007). Yingyu xuexi cidian zhong tongyic xinxi chuli diaocha (A survey to the presentation of near-synonym information in learners' dictionaries). In Luo, Yinmin & Wen Jun (eds.) Shuoyu Cidian Xinlun (On Bilingual Dictionaries). Chengdu: Sichuan Renmin Chubanshe (Sichun People's Publishing House).
Liu, Mantang. & Zhang, Huijun. (2006). Lun jiyu yuliaoku de yingyu tongyici jiaoxue (Corpus-based Study on the Teaching of Synonyms.). Shanxi Jiaoyu Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of Shaanxi Institute of Edubation) 4, 98-103.
Liu, Rong. (2000). Luelun yingyu tongyici de bianxi (A try on near-synonym discrimination). Longyan Shizhuan Xuebao (Journal of Longyan University) 2,70-72.
Liu, Yanbin. (1999). Yingyu tongyici gainian yiyi bianxi guil(?) yanjiu (Study on the principles to discriminate English near-synonyms by the conceptual meaning.). Yingyu zhishi (Knowledge of English) 3, 6-8.
Louw, B. (1993). Irony in the text or insincerity in the writer? — The diagnostic potential of semantic prosodies. In M. Baker et al. (eds.). Text and Technology. In honour of John Sinclair. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Lu, Guoqiang. (1999). Xiandai Yingyu Cihuixue (Modern English Lexicology). Shanghai: Shanghai Waiyu Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press).
Lu, Lu. (2005). How corpus-based approach can contribute to the study of seemingly synonymous words. Zhongguo Yingyu Jiaoxue (Teaching English in China) 6,70-72.
Lu, Wenjing. (2000). Yingyu tongyici de chayixing ji yuyi xiaoguo (Differences and semantic effect of English near-synonyms). Qiqiha 'er Daxue Xuebao (Journal of Qiqiha'er University) 2, 62-63.
Lynne F. & Antony K.K.Tong. (1993). Entering Text, Language Centre. Hongkong: The Hongkong University of Science and Technology.
Lyons, J. (2000). Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press; Beijing: Waiyu Jiaoyu yu Yanjiu Chubanshe (Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press).
Mackin, R. (1978). 'On collocations: "Words shall be known by the company they keep"' in P. Strevens (ed.) In Honour of A. S. Hornby. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McEnery, T. & Wilson, A. (eds.) (2001). Corpus Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Michael, M. (2009) Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 5~(th) edition. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
Nesselhauf, L. (2003). The use of collocations by advanced learners of English and some implications for teaching. Applied Linguistics. 24 (2), 223-242.
Palmer, F. R. (1981). Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pan, Fan. & Feng, Yuejin. (2000). Jiyu yuliaoku de tongyici chayixing tezheng diaocha (A survey on the distinctive features of near-synonyms based on corpus). Shandong Waiyu Jiaoyu ( Shangdong Foreign Language Education) 4, 8-12.
Pan, Fan. (2000). Juyu yuliaoku de tongyici chayixing tezheng diaocha (Corpus-based survey to the distinctions between near-synonyms.). Shangdong Waiyu Jiaoxue (Shangdong Foreigh Languages Journal) 4, 8-12.
Pan, Zhongqian. (2003). Hanying Shuangjie Yingyu Tongyici Cidian (A Bilingual Chinese-English Dictionary of English Synonyms). Shanghai: Waiyu Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu Chubanshe (Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press).
Partington, A. (1998). Patterns and Meanings. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Partington, A. (2004). 'Utterly content in each other's company': Semantic prosody and semantic preference. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 9:1,131-156.
Pei, Yu. (2003). Yingyu tongyici de bianxi ji guina yanjiu (Discrimination and induction of English near-synonyms). Ha'erbin Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of Ha'erbin College) 4.
Peng, Niuhong. (2004). Yingyu tongyici — tongzhongyouyi (English synonyms — differences.). Shaoyang Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of Shaoyang University)1,127-129.
Peng, Xuanwei. (2001). Woguo de Yinghan Tongyici Cidian (English-Chinese Near-synonym Dictionaries in China). Nanjing: Jiangsu Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Jiangsu Education Press).
Procter, P. (1978). Longman Dictionary of Contemporaiy English 1~(st) edition. London: Pearson Education Limited.
Procter, P. (1995). Cambridge International Dictionary of English 1~(st) edition Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Qi, Yucun. (ed.) (1985). Yuyanxue yinlun (Introduction to Linguistics). Shanghai: Shanghai Waiyu Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press).
Qiu Shude. (2007). An English Dictionary of Learning and Communication. Beijing: Higher Education Press.
Reiter, E. & Sripada, S. (2004). Contextual Influences on Near-synonym Choice. International Conference on Natural Language Generation.
Ren, Mingzheng. (2001). Yingyu Ciyi ji Yongfa Bianxi (The Meaning and Usage of English Words.). Shanghai: Shanghai Waiyu Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press).
Rundell, M. (2002). Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners 1~(st) edition. Oxford: Macmillan Education.
Rundell, M. (2007). Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners 2~(nd)edition. Oxford: Macmillan Education.
Saeed, John, I. (2000). Semantics. Blackwell Publishers Ltd. Beijing: Waiyu Jiaoyu yu Yanjiu Chubanshe (Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press).
Sardinha, B. T. (2000). Looking at discourse in a corpus: the role of lexical cohesion. From:http://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0004016.
Shi,Jun.(2006).Yingyu tongyici juhe de ciyi chabie fenxi jiqi jiaoxue(Semantic Analysis of Different Shades of Meanings in English Synonymous Paradigm and Synonyms Teaching.).Zhejiang Ligong Daxue Xuebao(Journal of Zhejiang Institute of Science and Technology) 4,540-544.
Shu,Dingfang.(2000).Xiandai Yuyixue(Modern Semantics).Shanghai:Shanghai Waiyu Jiaoyu Chubanshe(Shanghai Foreign Languages Education Press).
Sinclair,J.(1987).Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary 1~(st) edition.London:Harper Collins Publishers.
Sinclair,J.(1991).Corpus,Concordance,Collocation.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Sinclair,J.(1995).Collins COBUILD English Dictionary 2~(nd) edition.London:Harper Collins.
Sinclair,J.(2001).Collins COB UILD English Dictionary for Advanced Learners 3~(rd)edition.Glasgow:Harper Collins.
Sinclair,J.(2003).Reading Concordance.London:Pearson Education Limited.
Sinclair,J.(2006).Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's English Dictionary 5~(th)edition.Glasgow:Harper Collins Publishers.
Stubbs,M.(1995).Collocations and semantic profiles:On the cause of the trouble with quantitative studies.Functions of Language 2,23-55.
Stubbs,M.(1996).Text and Corpus Analysis.Oxford:Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Stubbs,M.(2001a).Texts,corpora,and problems of interpretation:A response to Widdowson.Applied Linguistics 22:149-172.
Stubbs,M.(2001b).Words and Phrases.Oxford:Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Summers,D.(1987).Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 2~(nd) edition.London:Pearson Education Limited.
Summers,D.(1995).Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 3~(rd) edition.London:Pearson Education Limited.
Summers,D.(2003).Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 4~(th) edition.London:Pearson Education Limited.
Tognini-Bonelli,Elena.(2001).Corpus Linguistics at Work.Amsterdam:John Benjamins.
Ullmann.S.(1962).Semantics.Oxford:Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Wang,Anshi.(1993).Yuyi Lun(An Introduction of Semantics).Beijing:Shangwu Yinshuguan(The Commercial Press).
Wang,Fengxin.(1999).Yingyu Tongyici Biaodafa(The Expression of English Near-synonyms).Beijing:Waiwen Chubanshe(Foreign Languages Press).
Wang,Fengxin.(2001).Yinghan Bijiao Yuyixue(English-Chinese Comparative Semantics).Beijing:Waiwen Chubanshe(Foreign Languages Press).
Wang,Longyin.(2008).Yuyiyun yanjiu zai tongyici bianxi zhong de yingyong (Application of the semantic prosody to the near-synonym discrimination.).Leshan Shifan Xueyuan Xuebao(Journal of Leshan Teachers College) 3,84-87.
Wang,Ping.(2003).Yingyu tongyici de jiaoxue yu yingyong(On the teaching and use of English synonyms).Anhui Gongye Daxue Xuebao(Journal of Anhui University of Technology) 4,87-89.
Wang,Rongpei.& Lu Xiaojuan.(1997).Yingyu Cihuixue Jiaocheng(English Lexicology Course).Shanghai:Shanghai Waiyu Jiaoyu Chubanshe(Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press).
Wang,Rongpei.(2002).Yingyu Cihuixue Yanjiu(Studies in English Lexicology).Shanghai:Shanghai Waiyu Jiaoyu Chubanshe(Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press).
Wang,Shouren.(2001).Tantan Yingyu Tongyici De Bianxi(On the Discrimination of English Near-synonyms).Nanjing:Jiangsu Jiaoyu Chubanshe(Jiangsu Education Press).
Wehmeier,S.(2000).Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 6~(th) edition Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Wehmeier,S.(2005).Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 7~(th) edition Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Wei,Naixing.& Zhou Junying.(1999).Daxue Yingyu Tongyici Biaojie Shouce (Manual of Detailed Explanation of Common College English Near-synonyms).
Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaotong Daxue Chubanshe (Shanghai Jiao Yong University Press).
Wei, Naixing. (2002). Yuyiyun yanjiu de yiban fangfa (The approach of the study on Semantic prosody.). Waiyu Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu (Foreign Language Teaching and Research) 4.
Wei, Naixing. (2006). Jiyu yuliaoku xuesheng yingyu zhong de yuyiyun duibi yanjiu (A Corpus-based Contrastive Study of Semantic Prosody in Learner English.).Waiyu Xuekan (Foreign Language Research) 5, 50-54.
Wen, Lingxia. (2007). Jiyu yuliaoku shuju de jinyici yuyiyun diaocha (Corpus data-based study of semantic prosody of synonyms.). Shenyang Daxue Xuebao (Journal of Shenyang University) 5, 56-60.
Xiao, Richard & McEnery, T. (2006). Collocation, semantic prosody and near synonymy: A cross-linguistic perspective. Applied Linguistics 27 (1).
Xu, Yiliang. (2006). Yingyu tongyici bianxi de duoweixing ji yingyong (On multi-dimensional properties of English synonyms discrimination and its application.). Guizhou Minzu Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of Guizhou Ethnic Institute) 1, 190-192.
Yang, Jiezhi. (2007). Yuliaoku dapei jiansuo yu yingyu tongyici bianxi (Corpus Collocation Extraction and English Synonym Discrimination.). Waiyu Dianhua Jiaoxue (Computer-Assisted Foreign Language Education in China) 8, 41-46.
Yang, Wenxiu. (2001). Daxue yingyu jiaoxue zhong shiyong cidian de biyaoxing (The necessity of dictionary using in college English teaching). Shuangyu Cidianxue Lunji (Collection of Studies on Bilingual Dictionaries). Nanjing: Jiangsu Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Jiangsu Education Press).
Yang,Yan. (2008). Jiyu yuyiyun de yingyu cihui xuexi (Semantic Prosody and English Vocabulary Learning). Kunming Ligong Daxue Xuebao Shehui Kexueban (Journal of Kunming University of Science and Technology: Social Sciences) 2.
Yu, Weichang. (2001). Guanyu yinghan hanying cidian de shiyong he xuqiu de diaocha (A survey on the usage and needs of English-Chinese and Chinese-English dictionaries.)- In Yazhou Cishu Lun (Collection of Asian Lexicographical Studies) . Shanghai: Shanghai Cishu Chubanshe (Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House).
Zhang, Bai. (2007). Jiyu yuliaoku de OUTCOME he CONSEQUENCE tongyici duibi yanjiu (A corpus-based contrastive study on OUTCOME and CONSEQUENCE). In Diqijie Zhongwen Xinxi Chuli Guoji Huiyi Huiyi Jilu.
Zhang, Boran. (2001). Shuangyu cidianxue lunji (Essays on Bilingual Lexicographical Studies.). Nanjing: Jiangsu Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Jiangsu Education Press).
Zhang, Jidong & Liu Ping. (2005). Jiyu yuliaoku tongyici bianxi de yiban fangfa (Corpus-based Approaches to the Differentiation of English Synonyms.). Jiefangjun Waiyu Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of PLA University of Foreign Languages) 6, 50-52.
Zhang, Jidong. & Liu, Ping. (2006). Dongci happen\occur he '发生' de yuyan chayixing tanjiu-yixiang jiyu yinghan yuliaoku de diaocha yu duibi fenxi (A Corpus-based Study of the Differences between the Three Synonyms: happen, occur & "fasheng"). Waiyu Yanjiu (Foreign Languages Research) 5, 19-22
Zhang, Mantang. & Zhang, Huijun. (2006). Lun jiyu yuliaoku de yingyu tongyici jiaoxue (Corpus-based study on the teaching of synonyms). Shanxi Jiaoyu Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of Shaanxi Institute of Education) 3, 37-31.
Zhang, Tingyi & Ying Lin. (1993). Shuangyu cidian zhong de yingyu tongyici bianyi (English near-synonym discrimination in bilingual dictionaries). Hainan Shifan Daxue Xuebao (Journal of Hainan Normal University) 1, 112-115.
Zhang, Yihua. (2002). Yuyixue yu Cidian Shiyi (Semantics and Definition in Dictionaries). Shanghai: Shanghai Cishu Chubanshe (Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House).
Zhang, Yihua. (2007). Dangdai Cidianxue (Contemporary Lexicography). Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan (The Commercial Press).
Zhao, Xia. (2003). Yingyu yuying tongyici xintan (On English contextual synonym.). Ningbo Guangbo Dianshi Daxue Xuebao (Journal of Ningbo Radio & TV University) 2, 90-92.
Zhao, Yanfang. (2001). Renzhi yuyanxue gailun (Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics.). Shanghai: Shanghai Waiyu Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press).
Zhou, Jian. (ed.) (2004). Twentieth Shiji Xiandai Hanyu Cihui Lunwen Jingxuan (Selection of the Thesis on Modern Chinese Vocabulary in 20th Century). Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan (The Commercial Press).
Zhou, Ling. (1998). Yingyu tongyici de xuexi (The learning of English near-synonyms.). Nanping Shizhuan Xuebao (Journal of Nanping Teachers College) 1.
Zhou, Ling. (2001). Ruhe bianxi yingyu tongyici (How to discriminate synonyms.). Anhui Guangbo Dianshi Daxue Xuebao (Journal of Anhui Radio and TV University) 1.
Barrett, G. & Weller, C. (2009). Collins Cobuild Advanced Dictionary 6~(th) edition.Glasgow: Heinle Cengage Learning.
Bian, Zhenxiong. (1992). Luetang yingyu tongyici zai yongfa shang de qubie (Difference among English synonyms in usage). Jiangsu Daxue Xuebao (Journal of Jiangsu University) 4,104-107.
Chen, Guicheng. (2003). Yingyu tongyi ciqun shi kaifangxing de dongtai jiegou (English near-synonyms are open and dynamic structures). Cishu Yanjiu (Journal of Lexicographical Works) 3, 33-36.
Chen, Jiansheng. (1997). Guanyu yuliaoku yuyanxue (On corpus linguistics). Guowai Yuyanxue (Foreign Linguistics) 1.
Chen, Jiansheng. (2004). Yuliaoku yuyanxue yu yingyu jiaoxue (Corpus linguistics and English language teaching). Jiefangjun Waiguoyu Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of PLA University of Foreign Languages) 1.
Cheng, Yirong. (1997). Tongyici bianxi de ganga (A dilemma of near-synonym discrimination). Sichuan Waiyu Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of Sichuan International Studies University) 3, 29-33.
Chu, Xiangqun. & Liu, Caimin. (2007). Gaoji yingyu cihui zizhu xuexi de yuliaoku fangfa (Self-access to advanced English vocabulary acquisition —— Corpus-based approach). Waiyu Dianhua Jiaoxue (Computer-Assisted Foreign Language Education in China).
Claire, K. (1993). Context and Culture in Language Teaching. Shanghai: Shanghai Waiyu Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press).
Cowie, A. P. (2002). English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners: A History. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press/ Oxford University Press.
Cowie, A. P. (1989). Oxford Advanced Learners' Dictionary 4~(th) edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cowie, A. P. (1995). Oxford Advanced Learners' Dictionary 5~(th) edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cruse, D. A. (1986). Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Deng, Xiaoling. (1998). Bianzuan jijixing shuangyu cidian de biyaoxing ji jidian shexiang (Tentative ideas of the compilation of active bilingual dictionaries and its significance). Chengdu: Sichuan Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Sichuan Education Press).
DiMarco, C. & Hirst, G. (1995). Usage notes as the basis for a representation of near-synonymy for lexical choice. Proceedings, Ninth Annual Conference of the University of Waterloo Centre for the New Oxford English Dictionary and Text Research. Oxford University.
DiMarco, C., Hirst, G. & Stede, M. (1993). "The semantic and stylistic differentiation of synonyms and near-synonyms". Proceedings, AAI Spring Symposium on Building Lexicons for Machine Translation. Stanford Universty.
Dong, Xingmao. (1997). Tongyici de benzhi tezheng ji bijiao fangfa (The nature and discrimination of near-synonyms). Fujian Shida Fuqing Fenxiao Xuebao (Journal of Fuqing Branch of Fujian Normal University) 3,51-55.
Du, Yongli. (2003). Zhunque de yongci qiadang de biaoda (Correct collocations and expressions). Sheke Zongheng (Social Sciences Review) 6, 89-90.
Edmonds, P. (1999). Semantic Representations of Near-synonyms for Automatic Lexical Choice. PhD thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto.
Edmonds, P. & Hirst, G. (2002). Near-synonymy and Lexical Choice. Computational Linguistics, 28(2), 105-144.
Egan, R. F. (1942). Webster's Dictionary of Synonyms. Springfield, Mass: G. & C. Merriam Co.
Fan, Bing. & Han, Cunxin. (2008). Yuyiyun yu yuyi pianhao de guanxi ji waiyu jiaoxue de qishi (The relationship between semantic prosody and semantic preference and their pedagogical applications). Hanshan Shifan Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of Hanshan Normal University) 4, 87-89.
Fan, Yingrui. (2006). Yisu fenxifa zai tongyici bianxi zhong de yunyong (Componential analysis in near-synonym discrimination.). Neimenggu dianda xuekan (Journal of Inner Mongolia Radio and TV University) 11, 17-19.
Fei, Zhide. (1981). Qiantan yingyu tongyici he tongyici cidian xu (On English near-synonyms and dictionaries of near-synonym discrimination (continued). Jiefangjun Waiyu Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of Pla University of Foreign Languages University) 1,22-30.
Firth, J. R. (1957). J. R. Firth: Papers in Linguistics. London: Oxford University Press.
Firth, J. R. (1968). A synopsis of linguistic theory. In Palmer, F. R. (ed.) Selected Papers of J. R. Firth 1952-59 (168-205). London: Longmans.
Fu, Huaiqing. (2000). Tongyici yanjiu de jige wenti (Some problems in near-synonym studies.). Zhongguo Yuwen (Studies of the Chinese).
Fu, Weixian. (2001). Duibi yu shuangyu cidian (Comparison and bilingual dictionaries). See: Shuangyu Cidianxue Lunji (Collection of Studies on Bilingual Dictionaries). Nanjing: Jiangsu Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Jiangsu Education Press).
Gave, P. B. (1968). Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms. Massachusetts: G. & C.Merriam Company.
Gillard, P. (2003) Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary 2~(nd) edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gillard, P. (2008) Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary 3~(rd) edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gou, Xiquan. (1995). Tan yinghan shuangjie cidian bianzuan (On the compilation of English-Chinese bilingual dictionaries). Xiandai Waiyu (Modern Foreign Languages) 3, 32-35.
Greenbaum, H. H. (1974). The audit of organizational communication. Academy of Management Journal, 17: 739-754.
Gui, Dingkang. & Sun, Jinglei. (2001). Waiyu jinsici bianxi cidian de zongti sheji(An overall design of the near-synonym discrimination dictionary.). Cishu Yanjiu (Journal of Lexicographical Works) 2, 72-76.
Gui, Xiaoman. & Gui, Dingkang. (2001). Waiyu jinsici bianxi cidian de zongti sheji (An overall design of the near-synonym discrimination dictionary).Cishu Yanjiu (Journal of Lexicographical Works) 2,72-74.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1966). The concept of rank: a reply. Journal of Linguistics 2, 110-118.
Hartmann, R. R. K. (2000). Teaching and Researching Lexicography. London: Longmans.
Hartmann, R. R. K. (2005). Pure or Hybrid? The Development of Mixed Dictionary Genres. In Facta Universitaties 3(2), 193-208.
Hayakawa, S. I. (1984). Modern Guide to Synonyms and Related Words. London: Penguin Books.
Hoey, M. (1991). Patterns of Lexis in Text. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hu, Meihua. (2002).Yingyu xuexi cidian zai daxue yingyu jiaoxue zhong zhengrong weilou qianjing youguang (The bright future of English learners' dictionaries in college English teaching based on two questionaires.). Cishu Yanjiu (Journal of Lexicographical Works) 6.
Huang, Jia. (1996).Qianyi yingyu cidian de tongyici bianxilan (On the discrimination box of English (English-Chinese) near-synonym.). Zhongshan Daxue Xuebao Luncong (Collection of Journals of SUN YAT-SEN University) 3,257-264.
Huang, Qiongying. (1997). Yingyu tongyici xuexi cuowu fenxi ji jiaoxue celue (Error analysis and teaching strategy of English near-synonym learning.). Qujing Shizhuan Xuebao (Journal of Qujing Normal College) 2, 49-53.
Hunston, S. (2002). Corpora in Applied Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Inkpen, D. (2004), Building a lexical Knowledge-Base of Near-synonym Difference. PhD thesis, University of Toronto.
Inkpen, D. & Hirst, G. (2002). Acquiring collocations for lexical choice between near-synonyms, Unservised Lexical Acquisition: Proceeding of the Workshop of the ACL Special Interest Group on the Lexicon. Philadelphia, July 2002, 67-76.
Jackendoff, R. (1983). Semantics and Cognition. Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.
Jackson, H. & Ze Amvela, E. (2000). Words, Meaning and Vocabulary. London: Wellington House.
Jiang, Lie. (1998). Yingyu tongyici tanwei (A study on the English near-synonym discrimination.). Jiefangjun Waiyu Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of PLA Foreign Languages University) 3, 27-31.
Jiang, Weixiu. (1993). Yingyong yuyanxue lilun qufen tongyici zhong (Near-synonym discrimination with theories in applied linguistics ~ middle).Yingyu Zhishi(The Knowledge of English) 1.
Jiang, Weixiu. (1993).Yingyong yuyanxue lilun qufen tongyici xia(Near-synonym discrimination with theories in applied linguistics — last). Yingyu Zhishi (The Knowledge of English) 2.
Jiang, Zhiwen. & Wen, Jun. (1999). Cidianxue yu Shuangyu Cidianxue Yanjiu (Studies of Lexicography and Bilingual Lexicography). Shanghai:Shanghai Cishu Chubanshe (Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House).
Landau, S. I. (2001). The Art and Craft of Lexicography (Second edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Leech, G. (1974). Semantics. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Ltd.
Li, Ergang. (2001). Xiandai Cidianxue Daolun (Introduction to Modern Lexicography). Shanghai: Hanyu Dacidian Chubanshe (Chinese Dictionary Press).
Li, Huimin. (2007).Yingyu tongyici duowei bianxi (Studies on multi-dimensional discrimination of English near-synonyms). Shaoguan Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of Shaoguan University) 8, 86-89
Li, Xiang. (2007). Jiyu yuliaoku de tongyici bianxi jiaoxue (Corpus-based teaching of the differentiation of English synonyms). Changsha Daxue Xuebao (Journal of Changsha University) 4,149-150.
Liao, Fei. (2002). Daxue Yingyu Cidian Xuqiu Yu Diaocha Fenxi (A survey on the needs of college English dictionaries). Shuangyu Cidianlun Zhuanji (Collection of Studies on Bilingual Dictionaries). Beijing: Beijing Chubanshe (Beijing Publishing House).
Lin, Chengzhang. & Liu, Shiping. (2005). Yingyu Cihuixue Yinlun (An Introduction to English Lexicology). Wuhan: Wuhan Daxue Chubanshe (Wuhan University Press).
Liu, Huixiu. (2007). Yingyu xuexi cidian zhong tongyic xinxi chuli diaocha (A survey to the presentation of near-synonym information in learners' dictionaries). In Luo, Yinmin & Wen Jun (eds.) Shuoyu Cidian Xinlun (On Bilingual Dictionaries). Chengdu: Sichuan Renmin Chubanshe (Sichun People's Publishing House).
Liu, Mantang. & Zhang, Huijun. (2006). Lun jiyu yuliaoku de yingyu tongyici jiaoxue (Corpus-based Study on the Teaching of Synonyms.). Shanxi Jiaoyu Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of Shaanxi Institute of Edubation) 4, 98-103.
Liu, Rong. (2000). Luelun yingyu tongyici de bianxi (A try on near-synonym discrimination). Longyan Shizhuan Xuebao (Journal of Longyan University) 2,70-72.
Liu, Yanbin. (1999). Yingyu tongyici gainian yiyi bianxi guil(?) yanjiu (Study on the principles to discriminate English near-synonyms by the conceptual meaning.). Yingyu zhishi (Knowledge of English) 3, 6-8.
Louw, B. (1993). Irony in the text or insincerity in the writer? — The diagnostic potential of semantic prosodies. In M. Baker et al. (eds.). Text and Technology. In honour of John Sinclair. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Lu, Guoqiang. (1999). Xiandai Yingyu Cihuixue (Modern English Lexicology). Shanghai: Shanghai Waiyu Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press).
Lu, Lu. (2005). How corpus-based approach can contribute to the study of seemingly synonymous words. Zhongguo Yingyu Jiaoxue (Teaching English in China) 6,70-72.
Lu, Wenjing. (2000). Yingyu tongyici de chayixing ji yuyi xiaoguo (Differences and semantic effect of English near-synonyms). Qiqiha 'er Daxue Xuebao (Journal of Qiqiha'er University) 2, 62-63.
Lynne F. & Antony K.K.Tong. (1993). Entering Text, Language Centre. Hongkong: The Hongkong University of Science and Technology.
Lyons, J. (2000). Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press; Beijing: Waiyu Jiaoyu yu Yanjiu Chubanshe (Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press).
Mackin, R. (1978). 'On collocations: "Words shall be known by the company they keep"' in P. Strevens (ed.) In Honour of A. S. Hornby. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McEnery, T. & Wilson, A. (eds.) (2001). Corpus Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Michael, M. (2009) Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 5~(th) edition. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
Nesselhauf, L. (2003). The use of collocations by advanced learners of English and some implications for teaching. Applied Linguistics. 24 (2), 223-242.
Palmer, F. R. (1981). Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pan, Fan. & Feng, Yuejin. (2000). Jiyu yuliaoku de tongyici chayixing tezheng diaocha (A survey on the distinctive features of near-synonyms based on corpus). Shandong Waiyu Jiaoyu ( Shangdong Foreign Language Education) 4, 8-12.
Pan, Fan. (2000). Juyu yuliaoku de tongyici chayixing tezheng diaocha (Corpus-based survey to the distinctions between near-synonyms.). Shangdong Waiyu Jiaoxue (Shangdong Foreigh Languages Journal) 4, 8-12.
Pan, Zhongqian. (2003). Hanying Shuangjie Yingyu Tongyici Cidian (A Bilingual Chinese-English Dictionary of English Synonyms). Shanghai: Waiyu Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu Chubanshe (Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press).
Partington, A. (1998). Patterns and Meanings. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Partington, A. (2004). 'Utterly content in each other's company': Semantic prosody and semantic preference. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 9:1,131-156.
Pei, Yu. (2003). Yingyu tongyici de bianxi ji guina yanjiu (Discrimination and induction of English near-synonyms). Ha'erbin Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of Ha'erbin College) 4.
Peng, Niuhong. (2004). Yingyu tongyici — tongzhongyouyi (English synonyms — differences.). Shaoyang Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of Shaoyang University)1,127-129.
Peng, Xuanwei. (2001). Woguo de Yinghan Tongyici Cidian (English-Chinese Near-synonym Dictionaries in China). Nanjing: Jiangsu Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Jiangsu Education Press).
Procter, P. (1978). Longman Dictionary of Contemporaiy English 1~(st) edition. London: Pearson Education Limited.
Procter, P. (1995). Cambridge International Dictionary of English 1~(st) edition Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Qi, Yucun. (ed.) (1985). Yuyanxue yinlun (Introduction to Linguistics). Shanghai: Shanghai Waiyu Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press).
Qiu Shude. (2007). An English Dictionary of Learning and Communication. Beijing: Higher Education Press.
Reiter, E. & Sripada, S. (2004). Contextual Influences on Near-synonym Choice. International Conference on Natural Language Generation.
Ren, Mingzheng. (2001). Yingyu Ciyi ji Yongfa Bianxi (The Meaning and Usage of English Words.). Shanghai: Shanghai Waiyu Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press).
Rundell, M. (2002). Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners 1~(st) edition. Oxford: Macmillan Education.
Rundell, M. (2007). Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners 2~(nd)edition. Oxford: Macmillan Education.
Saeed, John, I. (2000). Semantics. Blackwell Publishers Ltd. Beijing: Waiyu Jiaoyu yu Yanjiu Chubanshe (Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press).
Sardinha, B. T. (2000). Looking at discourse in a corpus: the role of lexical cohesion. From:http://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0004016.
Shi,Jun.(2006).Yingyu tongyici juhe de ciyi chabie fenxi jiqi jiaoxue(Semantic Analysis of Different Shades of Meanings in English Synonymous Paradigm and Synonyms Teaching.).Zhejiang Ligong Daxue Xuebao(Journal of Zhejiang Institute of Science and Technology) 4,540-544.
Shu,Dingfang.(2000).Xiandai Yuyixue(Modern Semantics).Shanghai:Shanghai Waiyu Jiaoyu Chubanshe(Shanghai Foreign Languages Education Press).
Sinclair,J.(1987).Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary 1~(st) edition.London:Harper Collins Publishers.
Sinclair,J.(1991).Corpus,Concordance,Collocation.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Sinclair,J.(1995).Collins COBUILD English Dictionary 2~(nd) edition.London:Harper Collins.
Sinclair,J.(2001).Collins COB UILD English Dictionary for Advanced Learners 3~(rd)edition.Glasgow:Harper Collins.
Sinclair,J.(2003).Reading Concordance.London:Pearson Education Limited.
Sinclair,J.(2006).Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's English Dictionary 5~(th)edition.Glasgow:Harper Collins Publishers.
Stubbs,M.(1995).Collocations and semantic profiles:On the cause of the trouble with quantitative studies.Functions of Language 2,23-55.
Stubbs,M.(1996).Text and Corpus Analysis.Oxford:Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Stubbs,M.(2001a).Texts,corpora,and problems of interpretation:A response to Widdowson.Applied Linguistics 22:149-172.
Stubbs,M.(2001b).Words and Phrases.Oxford:Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Summers,D.(1987).Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 2~(nd) edition.London:Pearson Education Limited.
Summers,D.(1995).Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 3~(rd) edition.London:Pearson Education Limited.
Summers,D.(2003).Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 4~(th) edition.London:Pearson Education Limited.
Tognini-Bonelli,Elena.(2001).Corpus Linguistics at Work.Amsterdam:John Benjamins.
Ullmann.S.(1962).Semantics.Oxford:Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Wang,Anshi.(1993).Yuyi Lun(An Introduction of Semantics).Beijing:Shangwu Yinshuguan(The Commercial Press).
Wang,Fengxin.(1999).Yingyu Tongyici Biaodafa(The Expression of English Near-synonyms).Beijing:Waiwen Chubanshe(Foreign Languages Press).
Wang,Fengxin.(2001).Yinghan Bijiao Yuyixue(English-Chinese Comparative Semantics).Beijing:Waiwen Chubanshe(Foreign Languages Press).
Wang,Longyin.(2008).Yuyiyun yanjiu zai tongyici bianxi zhong de yingyong (Application of the semantic prosody to the near-synonym discrimination.).Leshan Shifan Xueyuan Xuebao(Journal of Leshan Teachers College) 3,84-87.
Wang,Ping.(2003).Yingyu tongyici de jiaoxue yu yingyong(On the teaching and use of English synonyms).Anhui Gongye Daxue Xuebao(Journal of Anhui University of Technology) 4,87-89.
Wang,Rongpei.& Lu Xiaojuan.(1997).Yingyu Cihuixue Jiaocheng(English Lexicology Course).Shanghai:Shanghai Waiyu Jiaoyu Chubanshe(Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press).
Wang,Rongpei.(2002).Yingyu Cihuixue Yanjiu(Studies in English Lexicology).Shanghai:Shanghai Waiyu Jiaoyu Chubanshe(Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press).
Wang,Shouren.(2001).Tantan Yingyu Tongyici De Bianxi(On the Discrimination of English Near-synonyms).Nanjing:Jiangsu Jiaoyu Chubanshe(Jiangsu Education Press).
Wehmeier,S.(2000).Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 6~(th) edition Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Wehmeier,S.(2005).Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 7~(th) edition Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Wei,Naixing.& Zhou Junying.(1999).Daxue Yingyu Tongyici Biaojie Shouce (Manual of Detailed Explanation of Common College English Near-synonyms).
Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaotong Daxue Chubanshe (Shanghai Jiao Yong University Press).
Wei, Naixing. (2002). Yuyiyun yanjiu de yiban fangfa (The approach of the study on Semantic prosody.). Waiyu Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu (Foreign Language Teaching and Research) 4.
Wei, Naixing. (2006). Jiyu yuliaoku xuesheng yingyu zhong de yuyiyun duibi yanjiu (A Corpus-based Contrastive Study of Semantic Prosody in Learner English.).Waiyu Xuekan (Foreign Language Research) 5, 50-54.
Wen, Lingxia. (2007). Jiyu yuliaoku shuju de jinyici yuyiyun diaocha (Corpus data-based study of semantic prosody of synonyms.). Shenyang Daxue Xuebao (Journal of Shenyang University) 5, 56-60.
Xiao, Richard & McEnery, T. (2006). Collocation, semantic prosody and near synonymy: A cross-linguistic perspective. Applied Linguistics 27 (1).
Xu, Yiliang. (2006). Yingyu tongyici bianxi de duoweixing ji yingyong (On multi-dimensional properties of English synonyms discrimination and its application.). Guizhou Minzu Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of Guizhou Ethnic Institute) 1, 190-192.
Yang, Jiezhi. (2007). Yuliaoku dapei jiansuo yu yingyu tongyici bianxi (Corpus Collocation Extraction and English Synonym Discrimination.). Waiyu Dianhua Jiaoxue (Computer-Assisted Foreign Language Education in China) 8, 41-46.
Yang, Wenxiu. (2001). Daxue yingyu jiaoxue zhong shiyong cidian de biyaoxing (The necessity of dictionary using in college English teaching). Shuangyu Cidianxue Lunji (Collection of Studies on Bilingual Dictionaries). Nanjing: Jiangsu Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Jiangsu Education Press).
Yang,Yan. (2008). Jiyu yuyiyun de yingyu cihui xuexi (Semantic Prosody and English Vocabulary Learning). Kunming Ligong Daxue Xuebao Shehui Kexueban (Journal of Kunming University of Science and Technology: Social Sciences) 2.
Yu, Weichang. (2001). Guanyu yinghan hanying cidian de shiyong he xuqiu de diaocha (A survey on the usage and needs of English-Chinese and Chinese-English dictionaries.)- In Yazhou Cishu Lun (Collection of Asian Lexicographical Studies) . Shanghai: Shanghai Cishu Chubanshe (Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House).
Zhang, Bai. (2007). Jiyu yuliaoku de OUTCOME he CONSEQUENCE tongyici duibi yanjiu (A corpus-based contrastive study on OUTCOME and CONSEQUENCE). In Diqijie Zhongwen Xinxi Chuli Guoji Huiyi Huiyi Jilu.
Zhang, Boran. (2001). Shuangyu cidianxue lunji (Essays on Bilingual Lexicographical Studies.). Nanjing: Jiangsu Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Jiangsu Education Press).
Zhang, Jidong & Liu Ping. (2005). Jiyu yuliaoku tongyici bianxi de yiban fangfa (Corpus-based Approaches to the Differentiation of English Synonyms.). Jiefangjun Waiyu Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of PLA University of Foreign Languages) 6, 50-52.
Zhang, Jidong. & Liu, Ping. (2006). Dongci happen\occur he '发生' de yuyan chayixing tanjiu-yixiang jiyu yinghan yuliaoku de diaocha yu duibi fenxi (A Corpus-based Study of the Differences between the Three Synonyms: happen, occur & "fasheng"). Waiyu Yanjiu (Foreign Languages Research) 5, 19-22
Zhang, Mantang. & Zhang, Huijun. (2006). Lun jiyu yuliaoku de yingyu tongyici jiaoxue (Corpus-based study on the teaching of synonyms). Shanxi Jiaoyu Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of Shaanxi Institute of Education) 3, 37-31.
Zhang, Tingyi & Ying Lin. (1993). Shuangyu cidian zhong de yingyu tongyici bianyi (English near-synonym discrimination in bilingual dictionaries). Hainan Shifan Daxue Xuebao (Journal of Hainan Normal University) 1, 112-115.
Zhang, Yihua. (2002). Yuyixue yu Cidian Shiyi (Semantics and Definition in Dictionaries). Shanghai: Shanghai Cishu Chubanshe (Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House).
Zhang, Yihua. (2007). Dangdai Cidianxue (Contemporary Lexicography). Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan (The Commercial Press).
Zhao, Xia. (2003). Yingyu yuying tongyici xintan (On English contextual synonym.). Ningbo Guangbo Dianshi Daxue Xuebao (Journal of Ningbo Radio & TV University) 2, 90-92.
Zhao, Yanfang. (2001). Renzhi yuyanxue gailun (Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics.). Shanghai: Shanghai Waiyu Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press).
Zhou, Jian. (ed.) (2004). Twentieth Shiji Xiandai Hanyu Cihui Lunwen Jingxuan (Selection of the Thesis on Modern Chinese Vocabulary in 20th Century). Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan (The Commercial Press).
Zhou, Ling. (1998). Yingyu tongyici de xuexi (The learning of English near-synonyms.). Nanping Shizhuan Xuebao (Journal of Nanping Teachers College) 1.
Zhou, Ling. (2001). Ruhe bianxi yingyu tongyici (How to discriminate synonyms.). Anhui Guangbo Dianshi Daxue Xuebao (Journal of Anhui Radio and TV University) 1.