英汉语“恐惧”情感隐喻的认知对比分析
摘要
情感,作为人类经验的重要组成部分,是人体经验中最中心、最普遍的方面之一。如何理解和概念化情感一直是人们关注的问题。当代隐喻认知理论认为隐喻关系着人们的思维和推理,是一种重要的认知手段,是两个不同域之间的映射,揭示了人们是如何基于身体经验,通过较为熟悉、具体的概念来理解陌生、抽象的概念。隐喻作为具体事物和抽象事物之间的桥梁,为理解情感提供了可能性。从认知的角度研究基本情感之一—恐惧是如何被隐喻化以及在英汉语中恐惧隐喻表达的异同及原因是本论文的研究目的。
本论文依据束定芳归纳的辨认隐喻的原则,对英汉两个相当的语料库进行恐惧隐喻句的穷尽性搜索。在K?vecses分类的基础上对搜集的英汉恐惧隐喻句进行分类,从认识角度加以分析,通过对比找出它们的相同点和不同点并试从文化着手探究异同的原因。
本论文在英汉大量恐惧隐喻例句对比分析的基础上验证了前人在情感隐喻研究中得出的一般性规律,即由于人类的身体结构有着明显的相同特征和功能,不同语言中情感的概念化必定存在着共同点;另一方面,由于受到不同文化模式的影响,不同语言中情感的理解和具体表达式展现出不同的文化个性。本论文填补了人们对恐惧隐喻研究的空白,对外语中情感词汇学习也有一定的启示作用。
In today's society emotion is considered as the central and most pervasive aspect of human experience. How to conceptualize emotion is always an issue of concern. According to contemporary theories, metaphor is a matter of people’s thought and reason, being a mapping between two different domains in essence. It is an important cognitive tool and reveals how people perceive unfamiliar, abstract concepts via familiar, concrete ones on the basis of bodily experience. The purpose of this paper is to study how fear—one basic emotion term is metaphorized in English and Chinese from cognitive aspects. Furthermore, it looks in depth at the reasons for similarities and differences between English and Chinese fear metaphors.
Based on the principles about metaphor identification concluded by Shu Dingfang, this paper makes an exhaustive search for fear metaphors in British National Corpus—one English corpus and its Chinese equivalent—Center for Chinese Linguistics. Then, on the basis of K?vecses’research, the metaphorical expressions are classified into 12 groups and analyzed from the perspective of cognition. Similarities and differences exist side by side between English and Chinese fear metaphors and the reason for this are explained from cultural aspects.
On the basis of contrastive analysis of fear metaphors, from English and Chinese corpuses, this study verifies the general law which has been proposed about emotion metaphors: based on common bodily experience, universalities exist in emotion metaphors in different languages; meanwhile there are culturally specific characteristics as governed by different cultural models. This paper finds that differences between English and Chinese fear metaphors have a close relationship with Chinese medicine theory, Chinese traditional philosophy and ghost cultures in the West and East. The findings and results fill the gap in fear metaphor study and give an implication for learning emotion words in foreign languages.
本论文依据束定芳归纳的辨认隐喻的原则,对英汉两个相当的语料库进行恐惧隐喻句的穷尽性搜索。在K?vecses分类的基础上对搜集的英汉恐惧隐喻句进行分类,从认识角度加以分析,通过对比找出它们的相同点和不同点并试从文化着手探究异同的原因。
本论文在英汉大量恐惧隐喻例句对比分析的基础上验证了前人在情感隐喻研究中得出的一般性规律,即由于人类的身体结构有着明显的相同特征和功能,不同语言中情感的概念化必定存在着共同点;另一方面,由于受到不同文化模式的影响,不同语言中情感的理解和具体表达式展现出不同的文化个性。本论文填补了人们对恐惧隐喻研究的空白,对外语中情感词汇学习也有一定的启示作用。
In today's society emotion is considered as the central and most pervasive aspect of human experience. How to conceptualize emotion is always an issue of concern. According to contemporary theories, metaphor is a matter of people’s thought and reason, being a mapping between two different domains in essence. It is an important cognitive tool and reveals how people perceive unfamiliar, abstract concepts via familiar, concrete ones on the basis of bodily experience. The purpose of this paper is to study how fear—one basic emotion term is metaphorized in English and Chinese from cognitive aspects. Furthermore, it looks in depth at the reasons for similarities and differences between English and Chinese fear metaphors.
Based on the principles about metaphor identification concluded by Shu Dingfang, this paper makes an exhaustive search for fear metaphors in British National Corpus—one English corpus and its Chinese equivalent—Center for Chinese Linguistics. Then, on the basis of K?vecses’research, the metaphorical expressions are classified into 12 groups and analyzed from the perspective of cognition. Similarities and differences exist side by side between English and Chinese fear metaphors and the reason for this are explained from cultural aspects.
On the basis of contrastive analysis of fear metaphors, from English and Chinese corpuses, this study verifies the general law which has been proposed about emotion metaphors: based on common bodily experience, universalities exist in emotion metaphors in different languages; meanwhile there are culturally specific characteristics as governed by different cultural models. This paper finds that differences between English and Chinese fear metaphors have a close relationship with Chinese medicine theory, Chinese traditional philosophy and ghost cultures in the West and East. The findings and results fill the gap in fear metaphor study and give an implication for learning emotion words in foreign languages.
引文
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2. Barcelona, A. On the Concept of Depression in American English: A Cognitive Approach. Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses, 1986(12), 7-35.
3. Baxter, L. A. Root Metaphors in Accounts of Developing Romantic Relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 1992(9), 53-275.
4. Black, M. Models and Metaphors. Cornell: Cornell University Press, 1962.
5. British National Corpus. http://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/.
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13. K(?)vecses, Z. Metaphors of Anger, Pride, and Love: A Lexical Approach to the Study of Concepts. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing, 1986.
14. K(?)vecses, Z. Emotion Concepts. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1990.
15. K(?)vecses, Z. Metaphor and Emotion: Language, Culture, and Body in Human Feeling (Excerpt). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
16. Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.
17. Lakoff, G., & K(?)vecses, Z. The Cognitive Model of Anger Inherent in American English.http://www.google.com/books(?)hl=zh-CN&lr=&id=rJ6z1o365YEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA195&dq=The+Cognitive+Model+of+Anger+Inherent+in+American+English+1987&ots=QNu4HfWNb5&sig=SJeFKUy0MQMbvzPZtrDYOlr9tGg#v=onepage&q=&f=false. 1987.
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23. Ricoeur, P. The Rule of Metaphor. London: Routledge, 2003.
24. Ruta, S. Facing Fear: A Corpus-based Approach to Fear Metaphors in English and Lithuanian. Zmogus ir Zodis, 2006(3), 81-88.
25. Touch. http://csmt.uchicago.edu/glossary2004/touch.htm.
26. Ungerer, F., & Schmid, H. J. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.
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28. Yu, N. Metaphorical Expressions of Anger and Happiness in English and Chinese. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 1995(10), 59-92.
29. Yu, N. Heart and Cognition in Ancient Chinese Philosophy. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 2007(7), 27-47.
30. Yu, N. The Chinese Heart in a Cognitive Perspective: Culture, Body, and Language. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2009.
31. Bao, Zhikun. [鲍志坤].情感的英汉语言表达对比研究.复旦大学, 2003.
32. Chen, Jiaxu. [陈家旭].英汉语“悲伤”情感隐喻认知对比分析.民族论坛, 2005(6): 41-42.
33. Chen, Jiaxu. [陈家旭].英汉语“喜悦”情感隐喻认知对比分析.外语与外语教学, 2007(7): 36-37.
34. Chen, Jiaxu. [陈家旭].英汉语“恐惧”情感隐喻认知对比.四川外语学院学报, 2008(1): 66-68.
35. Chen, Jiaxu. [陈家旭].英汉隐喻认知对比研究.华东师范大学, 2004.
36. Cheng, Wei, et al. [程伟,刘雅芳].中国古代“心”“脑”认识再评价.中华中医药学刊, 2008(4):693-695.
37. Gu, Xiang. [顾乡].汉语、英语中表示“害怕”的隐喻和转喻.修辞学习, 2005(2): 63-65.
38. Hu, Zhuanglin. [胡壮麟].语言·认知·隐喻.现代汉语, 1997(4): 50-57.
39. Li, Fuyin. [李福印].研究隐喻的主要学科.四川外语学院学报, 2000(4): 44-49.
40. Li, Fuyin. [李福印].语义学概论.北京:北京大学出版社, 2006.
41. Lin, Shuwu. [林书武].“愤怒”的概念隐喻——英语、汉语语料.外语与外语教学, 1998(2): 9-13.
42. Liu, Jinming. [刘金明].当代隐喻理论与经验主义认知观.湖南科技大学学报(社会科学版), 2004(4): 109-113.
43. Liu, Xie. [刘勰].文心雕龙. http://www.zjdart.com/html/2007-02/729.html. 502.
44. Liu, Yangjin. [刘扬锦].汉语词汇隐喻的认知研究.山东大学, 2007.
45. Liu, Yunhong. [刘云红].认知隐喻理论再研究.外语与外语教学, 2005(8): 16-29.
46. Liu, Zhengguang. [刘正光].隐喻的认知研究——理论与实践.长沙:湖南人民出版社, 2007.
47. Ning, Quanxin. [宁全新].“Anger”与隐喻.外国语, 1998(5): 69-72.
48. Niu, Lihong, et al. [牛丽红,林艳].从概念理论看俄汉情感隐喻.外语研究,2005(1): 16-19.
49. Shu, Dingfang. [束定芳].论隐喻的本质及语义特征.外国语, 1998(6): 10-19.
50. Shu, Dingfang. [束定芳].隐喻学研究.上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2000.
51. Shu, Dingfang. [束定芳].论隐喻的认知功能.外语研究, 2001(2): 28-31.
52. Shu, Dingfang, et al. [束定芳,汤本庆].隐喻研究中的若干问题与研究课题.外语研究, 2002(2): 1-6.
53. Shu, Dingfang. [束定芳].论隐喻的理解过程及其特点.外语教学与研究, 2000(4): 253-259.
54. Xie, Zhijun. [谢之君].隐喻:从修辞格到认知.外语与外语教学, 2000(3): 9-12.
55. Xie, Zhijun. [谢之君].隐喻认知功能探索.上海:复旦大学出版社, 2007.
56. Zhang, Hui. [张辉].汉英情感概念形成和表达的对比研究.外国语, 2000(5): 27-32.
57. Zhao, Yanfang. [赵艳芳].语言的隐喻认知结构——《我们赖以生存的隐喻》评介.外语教学与研究, 1995(3): 67-72.
58. Zhao, Yanfang. [赵艳芳].认知的发展与隐喻.外语与外语教学, 1998(10): 8-10.
59. Zhao, Yanfang. [赵艳芳].认知语言学概论.上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2000.
60. Zhou, Hong. [周红].英汉情感隐喻共性分析.四川外语学院学报, 2001(3): 90-92.
61.在线新华字典. http://xh.5156edu.com/html3/8726.html.
62.中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室.现代汉语词典(汉英双语).北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2002.
2. Barcelona, A. On the Concept of Depression in American English: A Cognitive Approach. Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses, 1986(12), 7-35.
3. Baxter, L. A. Root Metaphors in Accounts of Developing Romantic Relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 1992(9), 53-275.
4. Black, M. Models and Metaphors. Cornell: Cornell University Press, 1962.
5. British National Corpus. http://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/.
6. Brockman, J.“Philosophy in the Flesh”: A Talk with George Lakoff. (?)Quées un Cuerpo(?) A Parte Rei, 1999(14), 1-13.
7. Center for Chinese Linguistics. http://ccl.pku.edu.cn:8080/ccl_corpus/.
8. Chinese Ghost Culture. http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_chinaway/2004-03/17/content_46337.htm.
9. Encyclopedia–Britannica Online Encyclopedia. http://www.britannica.com/.
10. Fauconnier, G. Mental Space. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
11. Gove, P. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged. Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Company, 1976.
12. Image schema. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_schema.
13. K(?)vecses, Z. Metaphors of Anger, Pride, and Love: A Lexical Approach to the Study of Concepts. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing, 1986.
14. K(?)vecses, Z. Emotion Concepts. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1990.
15. K(?)vecses, Z. Metaphor and Emotion: Language, Culture, and Body in Human Feeling (Excerpt). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
16. Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.
17. Lakoff, G., & K(?)vecses, Z. The Cognitive Model of Anger Inherent in American English.http://www.google.com/books(?)hl=zh-CN&lr=&id=rJ6z1o365YEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA195&dq=The+Cognitive+Model+of+Anger+Inherent+in+American+English+1987&ots=QNu4HfWNb5&sig=SJeFKUy0MQMbvzPZtrDYOlr9tGg#v=onepage&q=&f=false. 1987.
18. Lakoff, G. The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor. London: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
19. Ortony, A., Clore, G., & Collins, A. The Cognitive Structure of Emotions. London: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
20. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl.
21. Quintilian’s institutes of oratory. http://www.public.iastate.edu/~honeyl/quintilian/8/chapter6.html.
22. Richards, I. A. The Philosophy of Rhetoric. London: Oxford University Press, 1936.
23. Ricoeur, P. The Rule of Metaphor. London: Routledge, 2003.
24. Ruta, S. Facing Fear: A Corpus-based Approach to Fear Metaphors in English and Lithuanian. Zmogus ir Zodis, 2006(3), 81-88.
25. Touch. http://csmt.uchicago.edu/glossary2004/touch.htm.
26. Ungerer, F., & Schmid, H. J. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.
27. Valentina, A. Emotion Metaphors and Cross-Linguistic Conceptualization of Emotions. Cuadernos de Filología Inglesa, 1997(6), 179-195.
28. Yu, N. Metaphorical Expressions of Anger and Happiness in English and Chinese. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 1995(10), 59-92.
29. Yu, N. Heart and Cognition in Ancient Chinese Philosophy. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 2007(7), 27-47.
30. Yu, N. The Chinese Heart in a Cognitive Perspective: Culture, Body, and Language. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2009.
31. Bao, Zhikun. [鲍志坤].情感的英汉语言表达对比研究.复旦大学, 2003.
32. Chen, Jiaxu. [陈家旭].英汉语“悲伤”情感隐喻认知对比分析.民族论坛, 2005(6): 41-42.
33. Chen, Jiaxu. [陈家旭].英汉语“喜悦”情感隐喻认知对比分析.外语与外语教学, 2007(7): 36-37.
34. Chen, Jiaxu. [陈家旭].英汉语“恐惧”情感隐喻认知对比.四川外语学院学报, 2008(1): 66-68.
35. Chen, Jiaxu. [陈家旭].英汉隐喻认知对比研究.华东师范大学, 2004.
36. Cheng, Wei, et al. [程伟,刘雅芳].中国古代“心”“脑”认识再评价.中华中医药学刊, 2008(4):693-695.
37. Gu, Xiang. [顾乡].汉语、英语中表示“害怕”的隐喻和转喻.修辞学习, 2005(2): 63-65.
38. Hu, Zhuanglin. [胡壮麟].语言·认知·隐喻.现代汉语, 1997(4): 50-57.
39. Li, Fuyin. [李福印].研究隐喻的主要学科.四川外语学院学报, 2000(4): 44-49.
40. Li, Fuyin. [李福印].语义学概论.北京:北京大学出版社, 2006.
41. Lin, Shuwu. [林书武].“愤怒”的概念隐喻——英语、汉语语料.外语与外语教学, 1998(2): 9-13.
42. Liu, Jinming. [刘金明].当代隐喻理论与经验主义认知观.湖南科技大学学报(社会科学版), 2004(4): 109-113.
43. Liu, Xie. [刘勰].文心雕龙. http://www.zjdart.com/html/2007-02/729.html. 502.
44. Liu, Yangjin. [刘扬锦].汉语词汇隐喻的认知研究.山东大学, 2007.
45. Liu, Yunhong. [刘云红].认知隐喻理论再研究.外语与外语教学, 2005(8): 16-29.
46. Liu, Zhengguang. [刘正光].隐喻的认知研究——理论与实践.长沙:湖南人民出版社, 2007.
47. Ning, Quanxin. [宁全新].“Anger”与隐喻.外国语, 1998(5): 69-72.
48. Niu, Lihong, et al. [牛丽红,林艳].从概念理论看俄汉情感隐喻.外语研究,2005(1): 16-19.
49. Shu, Dingfang. [束定芳].论隐喻的本质及语义特征.外国语, 1998(6): 10-19.
50. Shu, Dingfang. [束定芳].隐喻学研究.上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2000.
51. Shu, Dingfang. [束定芳].论隐喻的认知功能.外语研究, 2001(2): 28-31.
52. Shu, Dingfang, et al. [束定芳,汤本庆].隐喻研究中的若干问题与研究课题.外语研究, 2002(2): 1-6.
53. Shu, Dingfang. [束定芳].论隐喻的理解过程及其特点.外语教学与研究, 2000(4): 253-259.
54. Xie, Zhijun. [谢之君].隐喻:从修辞格到认知.外语与外语教学, 2000(3): 9-12.
55. Xie, Zhijun. [谢之君].隐喻认知功能探索.上海:复旦大学出版社, 2007.
56. Zhang, Hui. [张辉].汉英情感概念形成和表达的对比研究.外国语, 2000(5): 27-32.
57. Zhao, Yanfang. [赵艳芳].语言的隐喻认知结构——《我们赖以生存的隐喻》评介.外语教学与研究, 1995(3): 67-72.
58. Zhao, Yanfang. [赵艳芳].认知的发展与隐喻.外语与外语教学, 1998(10): 8-10.
59. Zhao, Yanfang. [赵艳芳].认知语言学概论.上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2000.
60. Zhou, Hong. [周红].英汉情感隐喻共性分析.四川外语学院学报, 2001(3): 90-92.
61.在线新华字典. http://xh.5156edu.com/html3/8726.html.
62.中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室.现代汉语词典(汉英双语).北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2002.